For Pitched Trusses

8/8/2019 For Pitched Trusses

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For pitched trusses, an effective depth-to-span ratio between 1:5 and 1:6

is recommended, and a minimum of not less than 1:7 unless specialconsideration is given todeflection. Much deeper trusses may be used forthe sake of appearance, such as for the steeply pitched roofs popular inchurches.It is desirable to use as few truss panels as the use of reasonable member

sizes willallow. This practice will mean fewer members to handle, fewerjoints to fabricate and assemble,and theoretically improved performance.The number of panels usually should be determined by reasonable top-chord sizes rather than by any fixed formula. For material of 2 to 4 in. thickness, desirable panel length will usually be in the range of 6 to 10 ft.

Thus, a symmetrical truss of 3 0 ft span would probably have four panels

whereas a 40 ft truss might have either four or six, and an 80 ft trusseight or ten.ROOF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMSOnly two basic systems of roof construction need be considered in truss

design. Oneapplies roof loads to the truss only at the panel points; theother applies them either continuously, as with plank roofing; or atintervals along the top, as with joints. The former system produces onlydirect stress in the chord member; the latter introduces bending as well

as direct stress.In terms of lumber alone, joints closely spaced along the chords or purlins

placed at and between panel points are more economical than purlinsplaced only at the panel points because the latter require heavier plankroofing or rafters and sheathing. However, labor costsare less if purlinsand planking are used instead of closely spaced joists because there are fewer pieces to handle and fewer points at which the planking must be

nailed. Thick planks of the lighter species of wood, with special tonguesand grooves, are sometimes applied directly to the top chords in palee of

joists or purlins. They are probably the least expensive to install from alabor standpoint. Plank roofing and heavy purlins offer improved fire

resistance, as doall heavy truss members compared to thinner or lightermembers. Purlins used at panel points do not introduce appreciablebending in the top chord. They may therefore be desirable as a means of


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keeping chord sizes reasonable, particularly for larger spans, heavier

loadings, and forflat, pitched, or other straight-chord trusses. ROOF-TRUSS SPACINGThere are no fixed rules for spacing trusses in buildings. Spacing may be

affected by roof framing, wall construction, size of material available,loading conditions, and the column spacing desired for material handlingor traffic. In general, the greater the spacing, the moreeconomical thenconstruction, and the longer the span, the more desirable the greater

spacing. Spacing limits are set by the purlin or joists sizes available forframing between trusses.

Spacing is often more or less arbitrarily chosen because of its suitabilityfor a particular roof and wall construction or building function. Forexample, if masonry walls are used, a truss spacing is frequently selected

that will fit the pilaster spacing required for the lateral support of thewalls. If roof sheathing material is to be applied directly to the trusses

without auxiliary framing-in order to save the labour of placing thepurlins-the spacing might vary from, say, 2 ft with 1-in. sheathing, to 7 to9 ft, with 2 in. plank, or to still greater dimensions with heavier plank. If

joists or purlins are used between trusses, the spacing might bedetermined by economical and available joints sizes although common

usage would probably call for a spacing in the range of 14 to 20 ft. Ifspacing exceeds 20 ft, the availability of required sizes and lengths shoulddefinitely be considered. If spacing is desired that is greater than that

suitable for sawed purlins, either glued-laminated purlins or trussedpurlins may be used instead. PURLINSTRUSSIf the spacing of trusses requires longer purlins than are commercially

avilable, purlinstrusses are frequently used. Their design is similar to thatof any simple truss. If purlin trusses are inclined from the vertical, that is,if they do not have their top and bottom, chords in the same vertical


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plane, as when used on pitched truss es, it is important that bracing be

providedto keep the bottom chords in proper position. ROOF- TRUSS BRACING AND ANCHORAGEBracing and anchorage is necessary to hold trusses and truss members in

proper position so that they can resist vertical loads as well as lateralloads such as wind, impact, or earthquake. Although roof framing willusually serve as lateral bracing for the top-chordmembers, it is importantthat adequate lateral supports be provided for the bottom-chord members(see Fig3.10), and also that consideration be given to the possible need

for vertical- sway bracing between top and bottom chords of adj acenttrusses (see (Fig. 3.11). Horizontalcross-bracing is sometimes required inthe plane of either the top and bottom chord, particularly in long buildingsin which the diaphragm action of the roof framing is not adequate for

end-wall forces, or in which side-wall loads are resisted by end walls ortruss and its support are not designed as a bent to resist the lateral load. Trusses must be securely anchored to properly designed walls or columns

and columnsin turn anchored to foundations. Unless some other provisionmade for lateral loads on the sidewalls and on the vertical projection ofthe roof-such as for diaphragm action in walls and roofsheathing- lateralresistance should be provided in the column members by means of k neebraces or fixity at the column base. The bracing should be designed and

detailed with the samecare as the truss itself and not left to the judgmentof the contractor. The bracing requirements here suggested areminimums, and are not dependent on actual lateral-load analysis or onlocal code requirements. Vertical cross-bracing should be installed at thebottom chord at the location of the vertical bracing and be continuous

from end.


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If required, bottom lateral bracing usually appears in same sections as

vertical sway bracing. Members are fastened to truss or to horizontalrunners and plate. Wood members may be used, or steel rods. Hangersmay be used from roof framing to eliminate sag in members. Continuousrunners run full length of building. They may be nearly square, solid members or built up in T,U, or I shapes. They are fasten to bottomchord or webmembers near chord. Built-up runners should be spiked andbolted together. For top lateral bracing, diagonal roof sheathing wellapplied to joists or purlins-with these in turn securely fastened to thetruss is usually sufficient. Sometimes, however, bracing similar to bottom lateral bracing should be applied in the plane of the top chords. DesignConditions


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Vertical sway bracing is to be used in end section as a minimum, possibly

two sections ateach end and near midspan for long buildings. It consistsof wood members or steel rods fastened to the truss, roof structure, orrunners. Column-and-wall bracing should be usedwhere possible, it mayconsist of diagonal sheathing with studs or girts, let -in braing, or cross-bracing. Crossing may be of wood members or steel rods.

TYPICAL ROOF TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING

I. DESIGN LOADING - Top and bottom chord

dead and live loads in pounds per square foot used

in designing the roof or floor truss.II. UNIT STRESS INCREASE - This is a short

term loading stress increase allowed for the lumber

and any fasteners in the lumber.III. LUMBER SPECIFICATIONS - Lumber size

and structural grade required for each member of

the floor or roof truss design.IV. PANEL POINT LOAD - The uniform live and

dead loads are transferred to panel points for

VIII. HEEL - The heel is the point on the truss

where the top chord intersects the bottom chord.IX. SLOPE - The amount of vertical rise compared

to horizontal run of floor of roof truss members.X. PANEL POINTS - The panel points of truss

denote the intersections of the webs with thechords.XI. PEAK - The peak is the intersection of two

separate top chords generally at the centerline of

the truss.


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determining axial forces.V. AXIAL FORCE - The internal force compression

or tension, acting along the length of each member.VI. GAGE - The gage of truss plates used on the

truss design. It could be either 20, 18, or 16 gage.VII. RATING - The rating is the particular truss

plate holding ability in pounds per tooth.

XII. SPLICE - The splice is the point where two

top chords or bottom chords are butted together

to form a single member.XIII. SPAN - The span is the length of which the

roof truss or floor truss has been designed.XIV. NOTES/DISCLAIMER BLOCKS - Some notes

that apply to all truss designs.

View Typical Roof Truss Layout HERE.SUCCESSFUL DESIGN of FLOOR/FLAT or ROOF TRUSSES

requires the provision of the following information:

y Type/style of truss required.y The length of the bottom chord (overall length and clear span.) See COMMON TRUSS

DETAILS.y Top and bottom chord live and dead loads.y The horizontal distance from the end of the bottom chord to the bottom edge of thetop chord (overhang length.)y The number of trusses required. (trusses are most often spaced at from 12" to 24"

centers.)

y Style/type of cut for the ends of the top chord.y Type/style of gable end(s) and special trusses (party walls, etc.) if applicable.y Roof pitch or slope.y Soffit framing design detail.y Slope of interior/bottom chord (scissors truss.)y Any other special requirements such as cantilevers and girders.

COMMON ROOF TRUSS DESIGN TERMSALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS INCREASE A

percentage increase in the stress permitted in a

member, based on the length of time that the load

causing the stress acts on the member. The shorter

the duration of the load, the higher the percent

increase in the allowable stress.

COMBINED STRESS The combination of axial

and bending stresses acting on a member

simultaneously, such as occurs in the top chord

(compression + bending) or bottom chord (tension +

bending) of a truss.


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AXIAL FORCE A push (compression) or pull

(tension) acting along the length of a member.

Usually measured in pounds.AXIAL STRESS The axial force acting at a point

along the length of a member, divided by the cross-

sectional area of the member. Usually measured in

pounds per square inch.BENDING MOMENT A measure of the bending

effect on a member due to forces acting

perpendicular to the length of the member. The

bending moment at the given point along a member

equals the sum of all perpendicular forces, either to

the left or right of the point, times their

corresponding distances from the point. Usually

measured in inch-pounds.

BENDING STRESS The force per square inch of

area acting at a point along the length of a member

resulting from the bending moment applied at that

point. Usually measured in pounds per square inch.

CONCENTRATED LOAD Additional loading

centered at a given point. An example is a crane or

hoist hanging from the bottom chord at a panel

point.DEAD LOAD Any permanent load such as the

weight of the member itself, purlins, sheathing,

roofing, ceiling, etc.DEFLECTION Downward vertical movement of a

truss due to dead and live loads.LIVE LOAD Any loading which is not of a

permanent nature such as snow, wind, movable

concentrated loads, furniture, etc.REACTION Forces acting on a truss through itssupports that are equal but opposite to the sum of

the dead and live load thereby holding the truss in a

stable position.STRESS DIAGRAM Graphical solution of axial

forces as they interact within the members of a

truss.

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Advantages of Tubular Steel Roof Trusses

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Documents

For Pitched Trusses