Project Report

ON

FOOTFALL GENERATORSubmitted for partial fulfillment of award of

POLYTECHNICDIPLOMAIn

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FROM

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

2014-2015SUBMITTED BY

SHISHUPAL SINGH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Er. B. P. SINGH MR.HARISH CHANDRA NAMDEVKUNAL PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ACADEMYTEHRA (AGRA)Certificate

Certified that Abhishek Kumar has carried out the research work presented in this project entitled FOOTFALL GENERATOR for the award of POLYTECHNIC from BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION University, Lucknow under my supervision. The project embodies result of original work and studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the project do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

H.O.D (Name of Supervisor) Er. B. P. SINGH MR.HARISH CHANDRA

NAMDEVABSTRACT

This project developed a new alternative energy system that harvests mechanical energy imparted to roadways, railways and runways from passing vehicles and trains and converts it into green electricity.

The objective of this project is to generate energy from the moving traffic on the road. Horizontal roller is connected with the dynamo. Whenever vehicles passes through the road, horizontal roller will move, dynamo will convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generated electrical energy is used to charge DC battery. During the night time street lights are run through the charged DC Battery. Photovoltaic cells have been used to sense the light of the surroundings. During the night time it gives signal to turn on Street Light.

Moving roller is connected to the dynamo. Dynamo converts mechanical energy produced by the roller into the electrical energy. DC dynamo has been connected to the DC battery which stores generated energy.

Infrared sensors are placed on the roadside. These sensors detect the presence of vehicles. During night time, when there is no traffic half of the street lights are turned on. Whenever there is significant traffic, all the traffic lights are turned on. Photovoltaic cells have been used to sense light of the surrounding. During the night time it turns on the traffic light.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTI am highly grateful to the MR. B. P. SINGH SIR HOD ME, KUNAL PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY COLLEGE for providing this opportunity to carry out the Major Project at FOOTFALL GENERATOR. I would like to expresses my gratitude to other faculty members of Mechanical Engineering department , providing academic inputs, guidance & encouragement throughout this period.

The author would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thank _

The help rendered by Mr. HARISH CHANDRA NAMDEV Guide for experimentation is greatly acknowledged. Finally, I express my indebtedness to all who have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of my major project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Titles

Page nos.

Certificate

ii

Abstract

iii

Acknowledgment

v

List of figures

viii

Chapter 1: Introduction

1-41.1General

1

1.2Alternative method

2

Chapter 2: Overview

5-10

2.1 Working Principle

5

2.1.1 Mechanical to Electrical Energy

62.2 Construction & Operation

6

2.3 Materials Required

9

2.4 Components Used

10

Chapter 3: Construction Details

11-45

3.1.1Dynamo

11

3.1.2 Faraday Principle

12

3.1.3 Jedliks Dynamo

14

3.1.4 Gramme Dynamo

15

3.5 Terminology

16

3.2 Gear 17 3.2.1 Type of Gear 18

(a) External Vs Internal Gear 18

(b) Spur Gear 19

(c) Helical Gear

19

(d) Skew Gear

20

(e) Double Helical Gear

21

(f) Bevel Gear

23

(g) Spiral Bevel Gear

23

(h) Hypoid Gear

24

(i) Crowm Gear

25

(j) Worm Gear

25

3.2.2 Gear Parameters

27

3.2.3 Gear Terminology

28

3.3 Freewheel

30

3.4 Lever

31

3.5 Battery

34

3.5.1 Usage and Apllication

34

3.5.2 Charging and Dischaging

35

3.6 Spring

38

3.6.1 Type of Spring

39

(a) Tension / Extension Spring

39

(b) Compression Spring

39

(c) Torsion Spring

39

(d) Constant Spring

40

3.7 LED

43

3.8 PCB

44

Chapter 4: Future Scope

46-52

4.1 Stepper Motor

474.2 Types

48Advantage

49

Chapter 5: Conclusion

50-53

References

51

LIST OF FIGURETitle

Page no.

1. Fig 1.1 Roller Mechanisms during Electricity 3 GENERATOR from Speed Breaker

2. Fig 1.2 Rack And Pinion Mechanism for 4 Electricity GENERATOR from Speed Breaker3. Fig 2.1 General Idea of Installation of Dynamo Motor 6

4. Fig 2.2 Rechargeable Battery

7

5. Fig 2.3 General Block Diagram

8

6. Fig 3.1 Right Hand Rule

12

7. Fig 3.2 Left Hand Rule

12

8. Fig 3.3 Jedlils Dynamo

14

9. Fig 3.4 Internal Gear

1810. Fig 3.5 Spur Gear

1911. Fig 3.6 Helical Gear

2012. Fig 3.7 Double Helical Gear

2213. Fig 3.8 Bevel Gear

23

14. Fig 3.9 Spiral Bevel Gear

2315. Fig 3.10 Hypoid Gear

2416. Fig 3.11 Crown Gear

25

17. Fig 3.12 Worm Gear

27 18. Fig 3.13 Gear Terminology

2819. Fig 3.14 Freewheel

3020. Fig 3.15 Charging of Secondry Cell

3721. Fig 3.16 Tension Spring

3922. Fig 3.17 Compression Spring

39

23. Fig 3.18 Torsion Spring

40

24. Fig 3.19 Light Emitting Diode 44

25. Fig 3.20 Printed Circuit Board 45

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In this model we show that how we can generate a voltage from the busy traffic. Conversion of the mechanical energy into electrical energy is widely used concept. Its a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into rotational energy. We have used that simple concept to the project. We connect one mechanical rod with the dynamo and fit this rod on the surface of the road. When any vehicle moves from this roller then due to friction, vehicle Rotate the rod or roller and roller then move the dynamo. When dynamo move then it generates a voltage and this voltage now connects to the bulbs. In actual practice with the help of this voltage we will charge the battery and then we use this voltage to light the small bulb. If we install this unit to the any small flyover then with the help of this voltage we generate a small voltage, and with the help of this voltage we light the bulb. The second part of that project is an efficient use of energy by using simple electronics. We always see that road light continuously glow whether vehicle on path or not. We have introduced a concept to avoid a waste of light. We have used two sensors between some distances. When vehicle pass through first sensor it sends the signal to the microcontroller that the vehicle is passing along that particular distance then light will glow for that particular time and when vehicle goes out from the second sensor 2

then the second sensor sends a signal to a microcontroller that vehicle has been passed through that particular path then light gets off automatically. Different types of basic electronics components has been used to get the desired output like capacitor, resister etc. We have also used a light diode resistance(LDR) when LDR senses a light around it all the road lights gets off and when LDR senses there is a dark around it then LDR sends a signal to microcontroller then all the road lights gets on. By using a LDR we can avoid a waste of light that glow in a day time. The two sensors are made from the concept of electronics. These sensors are called an infrared sensor which is made from photo diode and light emitting diode each. When any vehicle pass from first sensor then first sensor becomes on, for that time the road lights gets on and when it pass from second sensor the second sensor become on and the first sensor gets off then the road light gets off.1.2 .ALTERNATIVE METHODIn power GENERATOR using footfall, we can use different mechanism to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy from the speed breaker. The GENERATOR of electricity using the vehicle weight and human weight can considers as an input. The possible three different mechanisms are given below: Crank-shaft mechanism

Roller mechanism

Rack and pinion mechanism In that project we have introduced a roller mechanism to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy. We have connected a roller to the shaft of a dynamo when roller moves it rotates the shaft of the dynamo by that process electricity is generated. In a roller mechanism the maintenance is required of the high level. Material selection is also an important task for the roller type mechanism. The below figure 1.1 shows the basic mechanism of roller type. In that one roller is linked with chain to the shaft of a dynamo, when vehicle moves over a speed breaker then potential energy is converted into a rotational energy which rotates the shaft of a dynamo due to that electricity is generated.

Fig 1.1 Roller mechanism during electricity GENERATOR from footfallBy using a crank shaft mechanism we can also generate an electrical power from mechanical power. But the problem of vibration often occurs. Crank shaft are required to be mounted on bearings which creates a balancing problems in that mechanism which leads a problem of mechanical vibration which in turn can damage a bearings.

The third and last mechanism is a rack and pinion mechanism. This mechanism is most efficient mechanism in comparison of the other two. Rack and pinion gives good mounting convenience. Maximum gear losses which occur in that mechanism can lie between three to five percent and efficiency of that mechanism can lie between ninety to ninety five percent.

Fig 1.2 shows the basic concept of rack and pinion mechanisCHAPTER 2OVERVIEW

2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

2.1.1 MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

One rod with the dynamo is placed like a speed breaker. Dynamo means a generator that producesdirect currentwith the use of acommutator. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electriccurrentthroughFaraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called thestator, which provides a constantmagnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called thearmaturewhich turn within that field. Movement of vehicle just rotates the dynamo shaft and electricity is generated. This voltage is to be stored in the chargeable battery.

In the night lights are automatic on with the help of photovoltaic switch logic. But all lights are not on, only half light are on. Other half lights switch on automatically when any vehicle move on the bridge, when there is no vehicle on the bridge then lights are off automatically. We use two infrared sensors to check the movement of vehicle. When first infra red sensor is on then lights are on and when second sensor is interrupting then lights are off. AStreet light,lamppost,street lamp,light standard, orlamp standardis a raised source oflighton the edge of aroad, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitivephotocellsto turn them on atdusk, off atdawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of asolar dial. Here we used some electronics for that purpose. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them, such as ontelephone polesorutility poles.

Major advantages of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more vulnerable in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately half percent.

2.2 CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION:

Fig 2.1 General idea of installation of dynamo motorIn this model we show that how we generate a voltage from the busy road traffic. In all the citys traffic is very much high and on some road, traffic move like a tortoise. If we employ a speed breaker type generator on the road then we utilize the friction of vehicle into mechanical energy and then this mechanical energy is further converted into electrical energy with the help of the powerful dynamo. So we install a one powerful dynamo on the road.Output of the dynamo is connected to the L.E.D. in this project. When we move the shaft of the dynamo then dynamo generate a voltage and this voltage is sufficient to drive the L.E.D.

In actual practice we use this dynamo to generate a voltage and after generating a voltage we charge the battery. When battery is fully charged then we use this battery as a storage device. We use this storage device to run the lights of the road. Arechargeablebattery(also known as astorage battery) is a group of one or moreelectrochemical cells. They are known assecondary cellsbecause their electrochemicalreactionsare electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different sizes and use different combinations of chemicals; common types include:lead acid,nickel cadmium(NiCd),nickel metal hydride(NiMH),lithium ion(Li-ion), andlithium ion polymer(Li-ion polymer). Fig 2.2 Rechargeable battery

Fig 2.3 general block diagram

In this project we show that how we use IC 555 as a automatic street light function. Here in this project IC 555 work as a monostable timer. Pin no 4 and 8 of the IC is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 of the IC is connected to the ground pin. Pin no 3 is the output pin. On this pin we connect a output L.E.D. LDR is connected to the pin no 2 of the IC via 100 k ohm resistor. When light fall on the LDR then LDR offers a low resistance. When LDR is in dark then LDR offers a high resistance. When we convert the LDR by hand then LDR resistance become high and so pin no 2 become more negative. When pin no 2 become negative then IC 555 triggers itself and output is on. This is the function of the monostable timer.

2.3 MATERIAL REQUIRED

After the general layout of the speed breaker system has been made of successful working it is necessary to select proper material for the system of refrigeration. This involves the consideration of many facts about available material such as dynamo weight, size shape of the component material cost, fabrication cost, overhead charges and many other properties peculiar to the use of which to member is to be fitted.

The following four types of principle properties of material effect their selection.

1. Mechanical

2. Physical

3. Chemical

4. Form manufacturing point of view

It is important that the material to be used in such a way as to take full advantage of their natural characteristics following material is selected for the fabrication of speed breaker by road. The roller which is extensively used in speed breaker to generate a electricity are made from a materials like synthetic rubber, rumble strips etc for a low weight vehicles and medium weight vehicles like bikes, scooters, bicycles, auto rickshaw, cabs etc

2.4 COMPONENTS USED

DC Dynamo1. Gear Arrangement2. Free Wheel3. Batteries4. Lever5. Spring6. Charging Circuit7. LEDs8. PCBCHAPTER 3

CONSTRCTION DETAILS

Power GENERATOR using speed breaker and efficient use of energy has been constructed from different components, some of the important components details are given below

3.1DYANAMOA dynamo is an electrical generator that producesA dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power GENERATOR, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic. Dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electriccurrentthroughFaraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called thestator, which provides a constantmagnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called thearmaturewhich turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or morepermanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or moreelectromagnets, which are usually calledfield current.Thecommutatorwas needed to producedirect current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,alternating currentgenerally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such aselectroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquidbatteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.3.1.1 FARADAY PRINCIPLE: Fig 3.1 Left-hand rule for generators.

Fig 3.2 Right-hand rule for motorIn 1831-1832 Michael Faraday discovered that a potential difference is generated between the ends of an electrical conductor that moves perpendicular to a magnetic field. He also built the first electromagnetic generator called the 'Faraday disc', a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage, and large amounts of current. The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by Hippolyte Pixii, a French instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. Furthermore, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents

in opposite directions. By adding a commutator, Pixii was able to convert the alternating current to direct current. Unlike the Faraday disc, many turns of wire connected in series can be used in the moving windings of a dynamo. This allows the terminal voltage of the machine to be higher than a disc can produce, so that electrical energy can be delivered at a convenient voltage. The relationship between mechanical rotation and electric current in a dynamo is reversible; the principles of the electric motor were discovered when it was found that one dynamo could cause a second interconnected dynamo to rotate if current was fed through it.

3.1.2 JEDLIKS DYMAMO:

Fig 3.3 Jedlik's dynamo

In 1827, Anyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter (finished between 1852 and 1854) both the

stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of the dynamo at least 6 years before Siemens and Wheatstone. In essence the concept is that instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets opposite to each other induce the magnetic field around the rotor. 3.1.4 GRAMME DYNAMO:

Both of these designs suffered from a similar problem: they induced "spikes" of current followed by none at all. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian scientist, fixed this by replacing the spinning coil with a toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring. This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current. Znobe Gramme reinvented this design a few years later when designing the first commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. His design is now known as the Gramme dynamo. Various versions and improvements have been made since then, but the basic concept of a spinning endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos. The generator moves an electric current, but does not create electric charge, which is already present in the conductive wire of its windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water itself.

Other types of electrical generator exist, based on other electrical phenomena such as piezoelectricity, and magneto hydro-dynamics. The construction of a dynamo is similar to that of an electric motor, and all common types of dynamos could work as motors.3.1.2 TERMINOLOGY

The parts of a dynamo or related equipment can be expressed in either mechanical terms or electrical terms. Although distinctly separate, these two sets of terminology are frequently used interchangeably or in combinations that include one mechanical term and one electrical term. This causes great confusion when working with compound machines such as a brushless alternator or when conversing with people who are used to working on a machine that is configured differently than the machines that the speaker is used to.

Mechanical

Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.

Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.

Electrical

Armature: The power-producing component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator.

Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The field can be on either the rotor or the stator and can be either an electromagnet or a permanent magnet. 3.2 GEAR A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.When two gears mesh, and one gear is bigger than the other (even though the size of the teeth must match), a mechanical advantage is produced, with the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in an inverse relationship.In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars, the term gear, as in first gear, refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term is used to describe similar devices even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain any gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.The earliest known reference to gears was circa A.D. 50 by Hero of Alexandria,but they can be traced back to the Greek mechanics of the Alexandrian school in the 3rd century B.C. and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287212 B.C.). The Antikythera mechanism is an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150 and 100 BC Gears are the most common means used for power Transmission They can be applied between two shafts which are Parallel Collinear Perpendicular and intersecting Perpendicular and nonintersecting Inclined at any arbitrary angle Gears are wheels with teeth. Gears mesh together and make things turn. Gears are used to transfer motion or power from one moving part to another. Gears are made to high precision Purchased from gear manufacturers rather than made in house However it is necessary to design for a specific application so that proper selection can be made Used to be called toothed wheels dating back to 2600 b.c3.5 TYPE OF GEAR:(a) External vs internal gears:

An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone. Conversely, an internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or cone. For bevel gears, an internal gear is one with the pitch angle exceeding 90 degrees. Internal gears do not cause output shaft direction reversal.

Fig.3.4 Internal Gear(b) SPUR GEARSpur gearsorstraight-cut gearsare the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio, mainlyinvolute), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.

Fig. 3.5 Spur Gear

(c) HELICAL GEAR:Helicalor "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment of ahelix. Helical gears can be meshe inparallelorcrossedorientations. The former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this configuration the gears are sometimes known as "skew gears". The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth, causing them to run more smoothly and quietly.[6]With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact at a single point at one side of the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face to a maximum then recedes until the teeth break contact at a single point on the opposite side. In skew gears, teeth suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire width causing stress and noise. Skew gears make a characteristic whine at high speeds. Whereas spur gears are used for low speed applications and those situations where noise control is not a problem, the use of helical gears is indicated when the application involves high speeds, large power transmission, or wherenoise abatement is important.[The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line velocity exceeds 25m/s. A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultantthrust along the axis of the gear, which needs to be accommodated by appropriatethrust bearings, and a greater degree ofsliding frictionbetween the meshing teeth, often addressed with additives in the lubricant.

Fig. 3.6 Helical Gear(d) SKEW GEAR :For a 'crossed' or 'skew' configuration, the gears must have the same pressure angle and normal pitch; however, the helix angle and handedness can be different. The relationship between the two shafts is actually defined by the helix angle(s) of the two shafts and the handedness, as defined:

for gears of the same handedness

for gears of opposite handedness

Whereis the helix angle for the gear. The crossed configuration is less mechanically sound because there is only a point contact between the gears, whereas in the parallel configuration there is a line contact. Quite commonly, helical gears are used with the helix angle of one having the negative of the helix angle of the other; such a pair might also be referred to as having a right-handed helix and a left-handed helix of equal angles. The two equal but opposite angles add to zero: the angle between shafts is zero that is, the shafts areparallel. Where the sum or the difference (as described in the equations above) is not zero the shafts arecrossed. For shaftscrossedat right angles, the helix angles are of the same hand because they must add to 90 degrees.

(e) DOUBLE HELICAL GEAR :Double helical gears, orherringbone gears, overcome the problem of axial thrust presented by "single" helical gears, by having two sets of teeth that are set in a V shape. A double helical gear can be thought of as two mirrored helical gears joined together. This arrangement cancels out the net axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts in the opposite direction resulting in a net axial force of zero. This arrangement can remove the need for thrust bearings. However, double helical gears are more difficult to manufacture due to their more complicated shape. For both possible rotational directions, there exist two possible arrangements for the oppositely-oriented helical gears or gear faces. One arrangement is stable, and the other is unstable. In a stable orientation, the helical gear faces are oriented so that each axial force is directed toward the center of the gear. In an unstable orientation, both axial forces are directed away from the center of the gear. In both arrangements, the total (ornet) axial force on each gear is zero when the gears are aligned correctly. If the gears become misaligned in the axial direction, the unstable arrangement will generate a net force that may lead to disassembly of the gear train, while the stable arrangement generates a net corrective force. If the direction of rotation is reversed, the direction of the axial thrusts is also reversed, so a stable configuration becomes unstable, andvice versa.Stable double helical gears can be directly interchanged with spur gears without any need for different bearings.

Fig. 3.7 Double Helical Gear(f) BEVEL GEAR :A bevel gear is shaped like aright circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are calledmitre gears.

Fig. 3.8 Bevel Gear(g) SPIRAL BEVEL GEAR :A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called mitre gears.

Fig. 3.9Spiral Bevel Gear

(h) HYPOID GEAR :Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not intersect. The pitch surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in facthyperboloidsof revolution. Hypoid gears are almost always designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear teeth, but also have a sliding action along the meshing teeth as it rotates and therefore usually require some of the most viscous types of gear oil to avoid it being extruded from the mating tooth faces, the oil is normally designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a number denoting the viscosity. Also, thepinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid gears.This style of gear is most commonly found driving mechanical differentials; which are normally straight cut bevel gears; in motor vehicle axles.

Fig.3.10 Hypoid Gear(i) CROWN GEAR:

Crown gearsorcontrate gearsare a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A crown gear can only mesh accurately with another bevel gear, although crown gears are sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also sometimes meshed with anescapement such as found in mechanical clocks.

Fig. 3.11 Crown Gear

(j) WORM GEAR :Worm gearsresemblescrews. A worm gear is usually meshed with aspur gearor ahelical gear, which is called thegear,wheel, orworm wheel. Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed gear ratio. For example, helical gears are normally limited to gear ratios of less than 10:1 while worm-and-gear sets vary from 10:1 to 500:1.A disadvantage is the potential for considerable sliding action, leading to low efficiency. Worm gears can be considered a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is usually somewhat large (close to 90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in the axial direction; and it is these attributes which give it screw like qualities. The distinction between a worm and a helical gear is made when at least one tooth persists for a full rotation around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A worm may have as few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix, the worm will appear, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual screw nomenclature applies: a one-toothed worm is calledsingle threadorsingle start; a worm with more than one tooth is calledmultiple threadormultiple start. The helix angle of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the lead angle, which is equal to 90 degrees minus the helix angle, is given. In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear attempts to drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead angle is small, the gear's teeth may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because the force component circumferential to the worm is not sufficient to overcome friction. Worm-and-gear sets that do lock are calledself locking, which can be used to advantage, as for instance when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by turning the worm and then have the mechanism hold that position. An example is themachine headfound on some types ofstringed instruments. If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only a single point of contact will be achieved.If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth shape of the gear is modified to achieve more intimate contact by making both gears partially envelop each other. This is done by making both concave and joining them at asaddle point; this is called acone-drive.or "Double enveloping" Worm gears can be right or left-handed, following the long-established practice for screw threads.

Fig. 3.12 Worm Gear3.2.2 GEAR PARAMETERS Number of teeth

Form of teeth

Size of teeth

Face Width of teeth

Style and dimensions of gear blank

Design of the hub of the gear

Degree of precision required

Means of attaching the gear to the shaft

Means of locating the gear axially on the shaft

3.2.3 GEAR TERMINOLOGY

Fig. 3.13Gear TerminologyPitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to replace.

Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.

Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a right section of the gear.

Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spaces between the teeth, in a right section of the gear.

Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.

Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle.

Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the mating gear.Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the pitch surface. Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the pitch surface. Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line. Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle. Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one gear and the tooth space of the mating gear. Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the pitch circle. 3.3 FREEWHEEL :Inmechanicalorautomotive engineering, afreewheeloroverrunning clutchis a device in atransmissionthat disengages the drive shaftfrom the driven shaft when the driven shaft rotates faster than the driveshaft. Anoverdriveis sometimes mistakenly called a freewheel, but is otherwise unrelated. The condition of a driven shaft spinning faster than its driveshaft exists in mostbicycleswhen the rider holds his or her feet still, no longer pushing thepedals. In afixed-gear bicycle, without a freewheel, the rear wheel would drive the pedals around. An analogous condition exists in anautomobilewith amanual transmissiongoing down hill or any situation where the driver takes his or her foot off thegaspedal, closing thethrottle; the wheels want to drive the engine, possibly at a higher RPM. In atwo-strokeenginethis can be a catastrophic situation: as many two stroke engines depend on afuel/oilmixture forlubrication, a shortage of fuel to the engine would result in a shortage of oil in thecylinders, and thepistonswould seize after a very short time causing extensive engine damage.Saabused a freewheel system in theirtwo-stroke modelsfor this reason and maintained it in theSaab 96V4and earlySaab 99for betterfuel efficiency. This is a type of pulley having cone shaped metal merging out from the circumference of the pulley. Its rotation is restricted to rotate to one direction only. This is use because when driven pulley is stop then also it keeps rotating with having power from the driven.

Fig 3.14 Free Wheel

3.4 LEVER

Lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. The word comes from the French lever, "to raise", cf. a levant. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever. Levers are one of the basic tools that were probably used in prehistoric times. Levers were first described about 260 BC by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes (287-212 BC). A lever is a simple machine that makes work easier for use; it involves moving a load around a pivot using a force. Many of our basic tools use levers, including scissors (2 class 1 levers), pliers (2 class 1 levers), hammer claws (a single class 2 lever), nut crackers (2 class 2 levers), and tongs (2 class 3 levers).(a) FIRST CLASS LEVER:

In a Type 1 Lever, the pivot (fulcrum) is between the effort and the load. In an off-center type one lever (like a pliers), the load is larger than the effort, but is moved through a smaller distance Examples of common tools (and other items) that use a type 1 lever include:ItemNumber of Class 1 Levers Used

see-sawa single class 1 lever

hammer's clawsa single class 1 lever

scissors2 class 1 levers

pliers2 class 1 levers

(b) SECOND CLASS LEVER

In a Type 2 Lever, the load is between the pivot (fulcrum) and the effort.Examples of common tools that use a type 2 lever include:ItemNumber of Class 2 Levers Used

staplera single class 2 lever

bottle openera single class 2 lever

wheelbarrowa single class 2 lever

nail clippersTwo class 2 levers

nut crackerTwo class 2 levers

(c) THIRD CLASS LEVER

In a Type 3 Lever, the effort is between the pivot (fulcrum) and the load.Examples of common tools that use a type 3 lever include:

ItemNumber of Class 3 Levers Used

fishing roda single class 3 lever

tweezersTwo class 3 levers

tongsTwo class 3 levers

3.5 BATTERYA rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, and is a type of energy accumulator used for electrochemical energy storage. It is technically known as a secondary cell because its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: leadacid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).Rechargeable batteries have a lower total cost of use and environmental impact than disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as common consumer disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have a higher initial cost but can be recharged inexpensively and reused many times.3.5.1 USAGE AND APPLICATION

Rechargeable batteries are used for automobile starters, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as motorized wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and electric forklifts), tools, and uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles are driving the technology to reduce cost and weight and increase lifetime. Traditional rechargeable batteries have to be charged before their first use; newer low self-discharge NiMH batteries hold their charge for many months, and are typically charged at the factory to about 70% of their rated capacity before shipping.Grid energy storage applications use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they store electric energy for use during peak load periods, and for renewable energy uses, such as storing power generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night. By charging batteries during periods of low demand and returning energy to the grid during periods of high electrical demand, load-leveling helps eliminate the need for expensive peaking power plants and helps amortize the cost of generators over more hours of operation.The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that US demand for rechargeable batteries is growing twice as fast as demand for nonrechargeables.Rechargeable batteries are used for mobile phones , laptops, mobile power tools like cordless screwdrivers. They are used as electric vehicle battery for example in electric cars, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric buses, electric trucks. In most submarines they are used to drive under water. In diesel-electric transmission they are used in ships, in locomotives and huge trucks. They are also used in distributed electricity GENERATOR and stand-alone power systems.

3.5.2 CHARGING AND DISCHARGINGDuring charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit. The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in leadacid cells.The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. Regardless, to store energy in a secondary cell, it has to be connected to a DC voltage source. The negative terminal of the cell has to be connected to the negative terminal of the voltage source and the positive terminal of the voltage source with the positive terminal of the battery. Further, the voltage output of the source must be higher than that of the battery, but not much higher: the greater the difference between the power source and the battery's voltage capacity, the faster the charging process, but also the greater the risk of overcharging and damaging the battery.Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery. Slow "dumb" chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes. Fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge (change in terminal voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating.

Fig. 3.15 charging of a secondary cell battery.

Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a "C" rate of current. The C rate is that which would theoretically fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour. For example, trickle charging might be performed at C/20 (or a "20 hour" rate), while typical charging and discharging may occur at C/2 (two hours for full capacity). The available capacity of electrochemical cells varies depending on the discharge rate. Some energy is lost in the internal resistance of cell components (plates, electrolyte, interconnections), and the rate of discharge is limited by the speed at which chemicals in the cell can move about. For lead-acid cells, the relationship between time and discharge rate is described by Peukert's law; a lead-acid cell that can no longer sustain a usable terminal voltage at a high current may still have usable capacity, if discharged at a much lower rate. Data sheets for rechargeable cells often list the discharge capacity on 8-hour or 20-hour or other stated time; cells for uninterruptible power supply systems may be rated at 15 minute discharge.Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC; this is volts per cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. (This is typically in reference to 12-volt lead-acid batteries.) For example, to charge a 12 V battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals.Non-rechargeable alkaline and zinccarbon cells output 1.5V when new, but this voltage drops with use. Most NiMH AA and AAA cells are rated at 1.2 V, but have a flatter discharge curve than alkalines and can usually be used in equipment designed to use alkaline batteries.

3.6 SPRING A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts is proportional to its change in length. The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring has units of force divided by distance, for example lbf/in or N/m. Torsion springs have units of torque divided by angle, such as Nm/rad or ftlbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.Depending on the design and required operating environment, any material can be used to construct a spring, so long as the material has the required combination of rigidity and elasticity: technically, a wooden bow is a form of spring.3.6.1 TYPE OF SPRINGSprings can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them(a) Tension/Extension spring the spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is applied to it.

Fig. 3.16 Tension Spring

(b) Compression spring is designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it.

Fig. 3.17 Compression Spring(c) Torsion spring unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.

Fig.3.18 Torsion Spring

(d) Constant spring - supported load will remain the same throughout deflection cycle.

Fig.3.19 Constant Spring

Variable spring - resistance of the coil to load varies during compression.They can also be classified based on their shape:

Coil spring this type is made of a coil or helix of wire

Flat spring this type is made of a flat or conical shaped piece of metal.

Machined spring this type of spring is manufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or milling operation rather than coiling wire. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features in addition to the elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of compression/extension, torsion, etc.

The most common types of spring are:Cantilever spring a spring which is fixed only at one end.Coil spring or helical spring a spring (made by winding a wire around a cylinder) and the conical spring these are types of torsion spring, because the wire itself is twisted when the spring is compressed or stretched. These are in turn of two types:

Compression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points.A volute spring is a compression spring in the form of a cone, designed so that under compression the coils are not forced against each other, thus permitting longer travel.Tension or extension springs are designed to become longer under load. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded position, and they have a hook, eye or some other means of attachment at each end.

Hairspring or balance spring a delicate spiral torsion spring used in watches, galvanometers, and places where electricity must be carried to partially rotating devices such as steering wheels without hindering the rotation.

Leaf spring a flat spring used in vehicle suspensions, electrical switches, and bows.

V-spring used in antique firearm mechanisms such as the wheellock, flintlock and percussion cap locks.

Other types include :

Belleville washer or Belleville spring a disc shaped spring commonly used to apply tension to a bolt (and also in the initiation mechanism of pressure-activated landmines).

Constant-force spring a tightly rolled ribbon that exerts a nearly constant force as it is unrolled.

Gas spring a volume of gas which is compressed.

Ideal Spring the notional spring used in physics: it has no weight, mass, or damping losses.

Mainspring a spiral ribbon shaped spring used as a power source in watches, clocks, music boxes, windup toys, and mechanically powered flashlights

Negator spring a thin metal band slightly concave in cross-section. When coiled it adopts a flat cross-section but when unrolled it returns to its former curve, thus producing a constant force throughout the displacement and negating any tendency to re-wind. The commonest application is the retracting steel tape rule.Progressive rate coil springs A coil spring with a variable rate, usually achieved by having unequal pitch so that as the spring is compressed one or more coils rests against its neighbour.

Rubber band a tension spring where energy is stored by stretching the material.

Spring washer used to apply a constant tensile force along the axis of a fastener.

Torsion spring any spring designed to be twisted rather than compressed or extended. Used in torsion bar vehicle suspension systems.

Wave spring a thin spring-washer into which waves have been pressed.

3.7 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction of the P-n junction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. LEDs are small extended sources with extra optics added to the chip, which emit a complex intensity spatial distribution. The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and condition of the semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet.

Fig 3.19 Light emitting diode

The kinetic energy of the wheel gets converted in to electrical energy by the help of generator. This electrical energy is shown by LED.

3.8 PCBA printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as component are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated. When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

Fig.3.20 Printed Circuit BoardCHAPTER-4FUTURE SCOPEIn a present scenario such kind of speed breaker are being used for a light vehicles in various countries. Now in a future that technology can be used for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque to various mechanism and ultimately output of the generator or dynamo. To enhance the efficiency of that system, engineers have to find out more compact, reliable and suitable mechanism to produce electricity.

Future goal of that system to enhance the efficiency, so there should be rapid rotation of the dynamo shaft; to do the same we can employ a flywheel to the system in such a way that it would be increase the rotation per minute of dynamo or a generator. Generally a flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during the period when supply energy more than the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy more than the supply. Flywheel energy storage(FES) works by accelerating arotor(flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system asrotational energy. When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel i.e. increasing the rotational energy of the shaft. Advanced FES systems have rotors made of high strength carbon filaments, suspended bymagnetic bearings, and spinning at speeds from 20,000 to over 50,000 rpm in a vacuum enclosure.

Stepper motor can be replaced by the dynamo in single way traffic system to produce electricity from speed breakers. Stepper motors operate differently from normal DC motors, which rotate when voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit. To make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is called a "step." In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.4.1 STEPPER MOTOR

Stepper motors are constant-power devices (power = angular velocity x torque). As motor speed increases, torque decreases. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing the driving voltage.

Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speed range, physically damping the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with fewer phases.4.2 TYPES

There are three main types of stepper motors.

Permanent Magnet Stepper

Hybrid Synchronous Stepper

Variable Reluctance Stepper

TWO PHASE STEPPER MOTOR

There are two basic winding arrangements for the electromagnetic coils in a two phase stepper motor: bipolar and unipolar.

UNIPOLAR MOTORSA unipolar stepper motor has logically two windings per phase, one for each direction of current. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple (e.g. a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, one end of each winding is made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor. Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.4.3 ADVANTAGES Compact System. Easy to install. Produce sufficient electricity to charge the batteries. Used at footfall area as well as speed breakers. Using non-conventional source of energy.CHAPTER-5CONCLUSION

It is a non conventional type of producing the energy. The existing source of energy such as coal, oil etc may not be adequate to meet the ever increasing energy demands. These conventional sources of energy are also depleting and may be exhausted at the end of the century or beginning of the next century. Consequently sincere and untiring efforts shall have to be made by engineers in exploring the possibilities of harnessing energy from several non-conventional energy sources. This project is a one step to path of that way. The overall goal was to design the speed breaker System while keeping the engineering, producer and customer models in check. The reason why this feature was used more than all of the other features are because the other features would not have as much effect on the complete system. By changing the size and desirable price, weight and capacity can be realized.

We used a survey to find out how the price, weight and capacity were scaled. Much was learned on how to and not to conduct a survey. A preliminary survey should have been conducted to determine a realistic value of variables. Also many of choices were not close enough together to get a reasonable cut off value. Therefore the data that was produced using conjoint analysis was most likely not as accurate as it could have been.

Future work would consist of a redesign of this model to see exactly how much data we may be missing with the assumption that we made with low price, weight and capacity. Despite all the assumptions, we still have realized that this product can be very marketable and that the demand is extremely large which means this is a viable design that will yield a high return on an investment.1