Food additives appendix

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The UFS Food Labelling Guide 2012 is published by:

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Chemical/Common Name Food Additive

E-number (in heading)

E-numbers are part of a European numbering system. An E-number signifies approval of an additive by the European Union (EU). To obtain an E-number, the additive must have been fully evaluated for safety by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Also known asSome additives may be known by a number of different names. We show the most common ones here to help you through the maze.

Short description Short description of the additive.

Sources Details of the origin of the food additive.

Function

Food additives are grouped into classes according to their main function (use). Some additives are used for more than one purpose. See for example Lecithin (E322). It can be used as an emulsifier as well as a stabilizer.

Please see the Food ingredients & additives chapter for more information about various types/classes of food additives.

Products Examples of food products which may contain this additive.

Suitability

Suitability of the additive for the most common religious diets, vegetarians and vegans. This is an indication of use only; please always check with your guest before serving a meal.

Note: suitability of the additive for allergies, intolerances or similar (nutritional) disorders is not taken into account unless indicated. If you are in any doubt, always consult a skilled dietician!

Food additives appendixIn this appendix, we list additives used in foods, state their use and origin and

indicate their suitability for different groups of people including vegetarians,

vegans and ethnic groups.

Disclaimer:

• This guide is a general list of food additives. It does not necessarily mean

that these additives can be found in Unilever Food Solutions products.

For information about the ingredients used in Unilever Food Solutions

products please refer to the ingredient list on the product label

• This guide does not in any way supplement the law, nor constitutes

legal guidance

Information you will fi nd for each food additive

Main references used

http://www.food-info.net

http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientifi c-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/

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Acetic acid, glacial – E260

Also known as Ethanoic acid, glacial acetic acid

Short descriptionAcid, for example used against the growthof fungi in bread

SourcesNatural acid, present in fruits like figs. Also synthetically made of wood-vinegar

Function Preservative

ProductsVinegar, cheese, bread, salad dressing, mayonnaise, meats, soup, beer

Suitability Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Acetylated di-starch adipate – E1422

Also known as Starch G, acetated starch

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make a productthicker and to make the texture stronger

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch and aceticacid (E260) and adipic acid (E355)

Function Thickener

Products Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products


Acesulfame potassium – E950

Also known as Acesulfame K

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources Synthetic substance, made of ketones

Function Sweetener

ProductsSoft drinks, fruit juice, dairy drinks, jam, ice cream, marinated fish, chewing gum


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Acid treated starch

Also known as Acid modified starch

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function Thickener and stabilizer

Products Gumballs, sugared candy, chips, chocolates, biscuits, sausages


Adipic acid – E355

Also known as Hexanedioic acid

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to minimize taste and odour in products

Sources Natural acid, present in beets and sugar cane (juice)

Function Acidity regulator

ProductsConfectionery, baking products, gelatin, canned vegetables, sausages


Acetylated di-starch phosphate – E1414

Also known as Starch J

Short description Substance, for example used to make a product thicker

Sources Synthetic substance, made of starch

Function Thickener



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Alginic acid – E400

Also known as Norgine, polymannuronic acid, sazio

Short description White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweed

Function Emulsifier, thickener

ProductsLemonade, instant pudding powder, confectionery, chewing gum, glaze, chocolate milk, mayonnaise


Agar – E406

Also known asAgar-agar, bengal isinglass, Ceylon isinglass, Chinese isinglass, gelose, Japanese isinglass, Japan agar, layor carang

Short descriptionWhite or yellowish, occurs in different forms (e.g. strips, flakes, powder), for example used to absorb water so a gel can be formed

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds (vegetable alternative of gelatin)

Function Thickener, stabilizer

Products Ice cream, confectionery, bakery products, beer, marmalade


Alitame

Also known as Alclame


Sources Synthetic substance, made by a complex chemical process

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, chocolates, chewing gum, jam, marmalade


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Allura red AC – E129

Also known as CI (1975) No.16035, CI Food Red 17, FD&C Red No.40

Short description Red colour powder

Sources Synthetic azo dye

Function Food colour

Products Candy, hamburgers and other meat products


Alpha-Amylase

Also known as

alpha-Amylase and Glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae,alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-Amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis, Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger, Carbohydrase from Bacillus lichen

Short descriptionEnzyme, for example used in production to prepare the ingredients

Sources Natural enzyme, extracted from fungus

Function Flour treatment agent

Products Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals


Alkaline treated starch


SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch and sodium or potassium hydroxide (E524 or E525) (also indicated as modified starch)


ProductsCustard, yoghurt, ice cream, margarine, mayonnaise, cheese spread, candy, chewing gum


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Alpha- Tocopherol – E307

Also known as Vitamin E, RRR-alpha-tocopherol

Short descriptionOily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products. There are two different types of this additive,307a and 307b

SourcesNatural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from sunflower oil), also made synthetically

Function Antioxidant

Products Oils and fats, frying oil, cheese, pastry, soup


Aluminium – E173

Also known as CI (1975) No. 77000, CI pigment metal

Short descriptionSilver-grey colour powder. There are five types of this additive; (i) up to (v)

SourcesNatural metal, a low concentration is found in grains and vegetables


Products Pastry decorations, candy, pasteurized protein


Aluminium ammonium sulphate – E523

Also known as Ammonium alum, aluminium, ammonium disulphate

Short descriptionColourless substance with a sweet taste, for example used as acid source in baking powder. Also used to prevent colour loss

Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from aluminium sulphate (E520)

Function Acidity regulator and stabilizer

Products Baking powder


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Aluminium silicate – E559

Also known as Kaolin, light or heavy

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Natural substance, extracted from white clay

Function Anti-caking agent

Products Flavours and colours


Aluminium potassium sulphate – E522

Also known as Burnt alum (anhydrous), potassium alum, potash alum

Short descriptionColourless or white crystals, for example used to regulate the sourness of food

Sources Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)

Function Acidity regulator and raising agent

Products Baking powder


Aluminium sodium sulphate – E521

Also known as Sodium Alum, soda Alum

Short descriptionColourless substance, for example used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruits during processing

Sources Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)


Products Cheese, candy


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Aluminium sulphate – E520

Also known as Alum, cake alum, patent alum

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruits during processing

SourcesNatural substance, derived from the mineral alunogerite or from clay


Products Pickled vegetables, beer, herbal vinegar


Amaranth – E123

Also known as CI (1975) No. 16185, CI Food Red 9, Naphtol Rot S




ProductsFruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, red gelatine, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, custard (all imported from outside the EU)


Ammonia solution – E527

Also known asAmmonium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, strong ammonia solution

Short descriptionClear liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product and for the production of caramel

Sources Synthetic liquid, made of ammonia and water


Products Egg and cacao products


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Ammonium carbonates – E503

Also known as Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to rise the product and to neutralize sour ingredients. There are two different types of this additive, 503(i) and 503(ii)

SourcesSynthetically produced from ammonium sulphate and calcium carbonate (both natural minerals)


Products Cookies, pretzels, chocolates, candy, baking powder


Ammonium alginate – E403

Also known as Alginic acid ammonium salt


Sources Ammonium salt of alginic acid (E400)


Products Soft drinks, food colours, icings


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Ammonium chloride

Also known as Ammonium muriate, sal ammoniac

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in baking goods to stabilize the mixture

SourcesNatural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt. Synthetically produced from hydrochloric acid (a synthetic acid) and ammonia


Products Salmiac pastiles, doughnuts, low salt crackers and biscuits


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Ammonium phosphate

Also known asAmmonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate

Short description White powder, has many uses

SourcesNatural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced from phosphoric acid (E338)

Function Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products Baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast cereals, soup


Ammonium polyphosphate

Also known asAmmoniumpolymetaphosphate, ammoniummetaphosphate, ammoniumhexametaphosphate

Short description White powder, for example used as food source for yeast

SourcesSynthetic substance, made by heating ammonium hydrogen phosphate (E342)


Products Frozen poultry, meat products, cheese spread


Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid – E442

Also known as Ammonium phosphatides, emulsifier YN

Short description Substance, only used in chocolate production

SourcesMixture of the ammonium compounds of phosphatidic acids derived from edible fat (usually rapeseed oil)


Products Chocolate

SuitabilityE442 is generally produced with rapeseed oil. However, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) cannot be completed excluded

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Annatto, bixin, norbixin – E160b

Also known asAnnatto B, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4), Orlean, L. Orange, Terre orellana, annatto F, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4), Orlean, L. Orange, Terre orellana

Short descriptionRed-brown colour liquid. There are three different types of this additive; 160b(i), 160b(ii) and 160b(iii)

SourcesNatural pigment, derived from the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana). Annatto is the mixture, bixin is the fat-soluble colour and norbixin is the water-soluble colour


ProductsMargarine, cooking oil, salad dressing, cheese, ice cream, mayonnaise, chocolate cake, salads, pretzels


Ammonium sulphate – E517

Also known as Sulphuric acid diammonium salt, mascagnite

Short descriptionWhite crystals, for example used to make bread doughstronger and stable so that the texture doesn’t change

SourcesNatural substance, extracted from mascagniet. Now made synthetically from ammonium salt and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function Stabilizer

Products Bread cream, baking goods, baking powder


Anthocyanins – E163

Also known as Enociania, eno

Short descriptionRed to blue colour powder. There are nine different types of this additive, a, b, c, d, e, f, (i), (ii) and (iii)

Sources Natural pigment, derived from many different plants


ProductsBerry juice, pudding, custard, soft drinks, lemonade, milkshake, ice cream, yoghurt drinks, candy, ketchup

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians, except Jews because the juice can come from grapes

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Arabic gum – E414

Also known as Acacia gum, gum Arabic

Short descriptionYellow-white substance, for example used against crystals forming in sugar

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, produced from the Axacia tree (Acacia senegal)

Function Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer

Products Chewing gum, confectionery, jelly, fondants


Argon – E938

Also known as Ar, atomic number 18

Short descriptionColourless gas, for example used to keep the product well preserved in packaging

Sources Natural inert gas

Function Propellent gas

Products Canned products


Ascorbic acid – E300

Also known asVitamin C (however, it cannot be added as a vitamin supplement when labelled E300)

Short descriptionWhite to slightly yellow, odourless crystalline powder, for example used to prevent discolouration of fruit and meat after cutting

SourcesNatural acid, which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of glucose


ProductsMilk powder, buttermilk, meatloaf, lemonade, wheat flour, beer, apple juice, grape juice, meats, jam, candy, canned mushrooms, soup, egg products


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Aspartame-acesulfame salt – E962

Also known as Salt of Aspartame-acesulfame, twinsweet


Sources Synthetic salt, made of aspartame and acesulfame

Function Sweetener

Products Jam, canned fruit, aromatized alcoholic beverages


Azodicarbonamide – E927b

Also known as ADA, azoformamide, carbamide, carbonyldiamide, aquadrate

Short descriptionYellow powder, for example used to optimize the dough of baked goods

Sources Synthetic substance, made of ammonia and carbon dioxide (a gas)

Function Flour treatment agent, raising agent

Products White bread, wine


Aspartame – E951

Also known as APM, aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make the taste ofa product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of asparaginic acid and phenylalanine (both natural amino acids). Also made of genetically modified bacteria

Function Sweetener

ProductsLemonade, soft drinks, yoghurt drinks, chewing gum, sweeteners, coffee creamer, instant pudding powder, chocolates, candy


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Bees wax – E901

Also known as Bees wax, white or yellow

Short description

Wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside. Also used for citrus fruit to prevent the affect of fungus and against drying out. There are two different types of this additive, 901(i) and 901(ii)

SourcesNatural wax, produced by bees. The white wax is bleached by sunlight or hydrogen peroxide

Function Glazing agent

ProductsCoffee, citrus fruit, candy, lemonade, ice cream, chewing gum, baked goods, cheese, honey

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions and vegetarians. Some vegans won’t want to eat this additive because it is made by bees

Azorubine – E122

Also known as Carmoisine, CI Food Red 3, CI (1975) No. 14720




ProductsFruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, strawberry quark, ice cream, cake, pastries, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, custard, jam, candy, marzipan


Beet red – E162


Sources Natural pigment, derived from the roots of red beet


ProductsStrawberry pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, jam, ketchup, candy, liquor, pastry filling


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Benzoic acid – E210

Also known as Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid

Short descriptionAcid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in food products

Sources

Natural substance, present in many fruits. In addition to fruits, benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and some dairy products (as a result of bacterial fermentation). For commercial purposes, it is prepared chemically from toluene


ProductsSambal, ice cream, lemonade, mustard, vegetables in jars, jam, mayonnaise, margarine, egg yolk products


Benzoylperoxide

Also known as Benzoylsuperoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, lucidol, oxy-5

Short descriptionColourless substance, for example used to optimize the flour in baked goods and to bleach flour or oil

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of benzoylchloride (an organic compound) and sodium peroxide (a synthetic compound made when sodium is burned with oxygen)


Products White bread, white cheese (such as gorgonzola)


Bentonite – E558

Also known as Bentoniteicum, aluminium silicate

Short descriptionCream-white powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to make a solution clear

Sources Natural substance, derived from volcanic clay

Function Anti-caking agent and emulsifier

Products Cacao butter, fruit juice, fruit wine


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Benzyl alcohol

Also known asBenzenemethanol, alpha-hydroxytoluene, phenylcarbinol, phenylmethyl alcohol

Short descriptionLiquid, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

SourcesNatural substance, present in yasmin-, hyacinth- and ylang-ylang oil. Mostly synthetically produced

Function Flavour agent

ProductsLemonade, soft drinks, ice cream, soup, pudding powder, chewing gum


Beta-Apo-8’-carotenal – E160e

Also known as CI Food Orange 6, CI (1975) No. 40820, beta carotene


Sources Natural pigment, derived from plants or made of beta-carotene


Products Soft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup, cheese


Beta-Cyclodextrin – E459

Also known as BCD, cyclodextrin B, beta-cyclodextrin, beta-schardinger dextrin

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to stabilize unstable compounds in a product

Sources Synthetic compound, produced from starch

Function Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier

Products Sugar-free candy, frozen meals, snacks, sport drinks


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Bone phosphate

Also known as Edible bone phosphate

Short descriptionCream-white powder, for example used to clear syrups and to prevent ingredients clumping together

SourcesSubstance made from the residue of animal bones, this method is approved by authorities

Function Anti-caking agent and emulsifier

Products Cane sugar syrup

SuitabilityBecause of the animal origin of this additive, vegans and vegetarians won’t eat these products. Muslims, Jews and Hindus also can’t eat this additive because of its animal origin

Bleached starch

Also known as Partially oxidized starch, starch E

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to make a product thickerand to make the texture stronger

SourcesSynthetic substance, made by bleaching starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function Thickener

Products Salad dressing, custard, fruit yoghurt, pudding powder, ice cream


Brilliant black PN – E151

Also known as Black PN, CI Food Black 1, CI (1975) No. 28440

Short description Black colour powder



Products Custard, soft drinks, candy, liquor


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Brilliant blue FCF – E133

Also known as CI Food Blue 2, CI (1975) No. 42900, FD&C Blue No.1

Short description Blue colour powder

Sources Synthetic pigment


Products Ice cream and a few other food products


Brown FK – E154

Also known as CI Food Brown 1

Short description Brown colour powder

Sources Synthetic pigment, mixture of azo dyes


Products Fish products


Brown HT – E155

Also known as Chocolate brown HT, CI (1975) No. 20285, CI Food Brown 3

Short description Brown colour powder



Products Pasties, chocolate, cake, candy, toffees


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Butylated hydroxyanisole – E320

Also known asBHA, antracine 12, sustane 1-F, tenox BHA, embanox, nepantiox 1-F

Short descriptionWhite or slightly yellow substance, for example usedto prevent rancidity in fats and fatty products

Sources Synthetic antioxidant


ProductsBiscuits, cake mix, pretzels, chips, cookies, oil, salad oil, chewing gum, instant soup, pudding powder


Butane, isobutane – E943 a,b

Also known as n-Butane, 2-methyl propane; methyl propane

Short descriptionGas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to freeze products



Products Aerosols


Butylated hydroxytoluene – E321

Also known as BHT, vianol, DBMP, impruvol, antracine 8

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to prevent rancidityin fats and fatty products



Products Cake mix, chewing gum, pretzels, instant sauce and soup

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Soy-lecithin can cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to soybeans or eggs

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Calcium 5’-guanylate – E629

Also known as Calcium guanylate

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and calcium salt

Function Flavour enhancer

Products Bouillon cube, sprinkle flavour

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines

Calcium 5’-inosinate – E633

Also known as Calcium inosinate

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products

Sources Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and calcium salt


ProductsSoup, bouillon cubes, sausages, corned beef, hot dogs, hamburger, ham

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians as it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides – E634

Also known as Calcium ribonucleotides

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626), inosinic acid (E630) and calcium salt


ProductsLoempia, soup, bouillon cubes, sprinkle flavour, prepared minced meat, sausages, hamburger, corned beef, hot dogs, ham, low salt meat products

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

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Calcium alginate – E404

Also known as Alginic acid calcium salt

Short descriptionWhite to yellowish brown substance, for example usedto prevent crystals forming in frozen products

Sources Calcium salt of alginic acid (E400)


Products Ice cream, frozen bakery products


Calcium acetate – E263

Also known as Brown acetate of lime, grey acetate of lime

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used against the growth of micro-organisms in bread

Sources Synthetic salt, made of acetic acid (E260) and calcium


Products Bread, instant pudding powder, cake mix


Calcium aluminium silicate – E556

Also known asAluminium calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate,calcium silicoaluminate, sodium calcium silicoaluminate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources Natural substance, derived from natural minerals


ProductsNoodles, powdered sugar, instant coffee, salt, milk powder, dried egg yolk, rice


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Calcium ascorbate – E302

Also known as Calcium L-ascorbate

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to preventdiscolouration of fruit and meat

Sources Natural calcium salt of ascorbic acid


Products Soup, egg products, ready-to-eat meat products


Calcium benzoate – E213

Also known asBenzenecarboxylic acid calcium salt, dracylic acid calcium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid calcium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, bacteria and some fungi in food products

Sources Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and calcium


ProductsBrandy, sauces, margarine, cheese, steak tartare, chips, ketchup, sambal, mayonnaise, ice cream, marmalade, cake mix


Calcium carbonate – E170

Also known as Chalk

Short description White colour powder

Sources Natural mineral

Function Anti-caking agents, stabilizer

Products Ice cream, candy, salt, flavours and fragrances, soya milk


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Calcium citrates – E333

Also known as Monocalcium citrate, dicalcium citrate, tricalcium citrate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to improve the structure of canned vegetables. There are three different types of this additive: 333(i), 333(ii), 333(iii)

Sources Calcium salt of citric acid (E330)


Products Few products, due to limited solubility


Calcium di-L-glutamate – E623

Also known as Calcium glutamate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensityof a product. Can be used in salt reduced products

Sources Synthetic substance, made of glutamic acid (E620)


Products Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat


Calcium chloride – E509

Also known as Calcium chloride anhydrous

Short descriptionPowder, for example used to optimize the structure of vegetables and fruit

Sources Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt


ProductsApple cake mix, cheese, chocolate, candy, tomatoes, kidney beans, cream, milk powder, quark, instant pudding powder


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Calcium ferrocyanide – E538

Also known as Hexacyanoferrate of calcium, yellow prussiate of lime

Short descriptionYellow substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Synthetically made of calcium hydroxide (E526)


Products Dietary salt

Suitability Can be used by all religions and vegetarians

Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate – E385

Also known as Calcium disodium edetate, calcium disodium EDTA

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the structure of a product

Sources Synthetic compound, calcium/sodium salt of EDTA

Function Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

ProductsMayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars, liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab


Calcium gluconate – E578

Also known asCalciumdigluconate, calcium-di-D-gluconate monohydrate, calciofon

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve the structure of a product during processing

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and calcium carbonate


ProductsCheese, pudding powder, sugar replacers, chocolate, candy, chocolate cake, dried apples, canned tomatoes


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Calcium hydroxide – E526

Also known as Slaked lime

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to control the pH value in a product. Also used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruit during processing

Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from calciumoxide


ProductsCheese, cacao products, wine, sweet frozen products, dried fish, chips


Calcium lactate – E327

Also known as Calcium dilactate

Short descriptionWhite to cream coloured powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeasts

Sources Calcium salt of lactic acid (E270)


ProductsWhipped cream, cheese spread, ice cream, soup, industrial baking powder

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance

Calcium hydrogen sulphite – E227

Also known as Calcium bisulphite solution

Short descriptionGreen-yellow liquid, for example used as a preservative in beer production

Sources Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid


Products Beer


145

Calcium lignosulfonate (40-65)

Also known as Lignosulfonic acid, calcium salt (40-65)

Short description

Brown powder, for example used to optimize the tasteof an aroma in a product

SourcesNatural substance, extracted from the sulphite pulpingof softwood

Function Flavour solvent

Products Fruit drinks, vitamin drinks


Calcium malate – E352

Also known as Calcium hydrogen malate, calcium malate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to thicken and give strength to the product. Also used to prevent colour reduction

Sources Calcium salt of malic acid (E296)

Function Thickener

Products Fried products, ice cream, marmalade


Calcium oxide – E529

Also known as Lime

Short descriptionGrey-white powder, for example used to clear the juice in sugar production and to stabilize ingredients in bakery goods. Also used as a food source of yeast

Sources Synthetic powder, extracted from limestone or chalk


Products Cacao, ice cream mix, chocolate, sour cream, waffles


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Calcium polyphosphate

Also known asCalciumpolymetaphophate, calciummetaphosphate, calciumhexametaphosphate

Short descriptionColourless powder, for example used to prevent demixingin melted cheese

Sources Synthetic substance, made by heating calciumphosphate


Products Cheese spread, cheese without crust


Calcium phosphate – E341

Also known asMonocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent clumps formingin powders


Function Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, sequestrant (metal binder)

ProductsBakery products, baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast cereals, soup


Calcium propionate – E282

Also known as Calcium propanoate, calcium-mycoban

Short description White substance, for example used against fungus

Sources Natural calcium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)


Products Rye bread, baked goods with chocolate, frozen pizza


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Calcium sorbate – E203

Also known as Calcium salt of sorbic acid

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

SourcesNatural salt, present in the fruit of mountain ash trees. Commercially made by a synthetic process


ProductsRye bread, fruit yoghurt, concentrated fruit juice, frozen pizza, jam, meat and fish salads, meatballs, dairy products


Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate – E482

Also known as Calcium stearoyl lactylate, calcium stearoyl lactate

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to optimizethe baking process in bread

SourcesSynthetic mixture of calcium, stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and lactic acid (E270)

Function Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products Bread, cream, candy, potato flakes

SuitabilityAlthough this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

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Calcium silicate – E552

Also known as Micro-cell, silene, sil-ka

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve shine, such as candy

Sources Natural substance, derived from chalk and special sand


ProductsSalt, baking powder, chewing gum, candy, glace of sugar, instant sauce and soup


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Calcium sulphite – E226

Also known as Calcium salt of sulphurous acid

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and some yeast in food products

Sources Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid


Products Cider, fruit juice, granulated sugar


Calcium peroxide

Also known as Calcium superoxide

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to bleach flourand optimize flour in baked goods

Sources Synthetic substance, made of calcium


Products White bread, pastry


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Calcium sulphate – E516

Also known as Gipsum, annaline, alabaster, sleniet, terra alba, satin spar

Short descriptionYellow-white powder, for example used to optimize the function of gelling agents and the structure of vegetables and fruit during processing. Also used to make bread dough stable

SourcesSynthetically produced from calcium salts and sulphuric acid (E513). Natural mineral

Function Stabilizer

Products Danish blue cheese, gorgonzola, beer, tomatoes, pepper, potatoes


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Calcium tartarate – E354

Also known as DL-calcium tartarate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in seaweed to mask the odour of fish

Sources Calcium salt of tartaric acid (E334)

Function Acidity regulator, preservative

Products Fish and fruit preserves, seaweed products


Candilla wax – E902

Also known as Candilla cera, euphorbia wax

Short descriptionBrown-yellow wax, for example used to makea product shine on the outside

Sources Natural wax, made of plants


Products Coffee, candy, chewing gum, fruit


Canthaxanthin – E161g

Also known as CI Food Orange 8, CI (1975) No. 40850

Short description Orange colour powder

SourcesNatural pigment, present in many plants and birds. Commercially prepared from catharelles (mushroom) or flamingo feathers. However, it is mainly produced synthetically from carotene


Products Imported egg yolk (from outside EU), salmon, canned shrimp


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Carmine and carmine acid – E120

Also known as CI (1975) No. 75470, CI Natural Red 4, Cochineal carmine


SourcesNatural pigment, derived from the coccus insect(Dactylopius coccus)


ProductsFruit dessert, strawberry sauce, soft drinks, lemonade, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, lipstick, eye shadow

SuitabilityNOT for all religions, vegans and vegetarians because this additive comes from insects.

150

Carbon dioxide – E290

Also known as Dry ice

Short descriptionColourless gas, for example used in carbonated drinks for the sparkling effect

Sources Natural gas, part of air


ProductsCarbonated soft drinks, sparkling alcoholic drinks, spray whipped cream, freeze dried vegetables, pre-packed foods


Caramel – E150 (a,b,c,d)

Also known asSugar couleur, burnt sugar, alkaline caramel, Class I caramel, alkali-sulphite caramel, Class II caramel, ammonia caramel, Class III caramel, sulphite-ammonia caramel, Class IV caramel

Short descriptionBrown colour powder, there are four different types of this additive, 150a, 150b, 150c and 150d

SourcesNatural pigment, made by heating sugar. There are four different methods to make this colour, so there are four subadditives (a, b, c and d)


ProductsBeer, liqueur, whisky, cognac, vinegar, pudding, bouillon, soft drinks, ice cream, cookies, candy, toffee, ketjap, peanut sauce


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Carnauba wax – E903

Also known as Brazil wax

Short descriptionGreen wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside

SourcesNatural wax, made from palm leaves of the Canauba palm or related trees


Products Citrus fruit, coffee, baked goods, chewing gum, chocolate


Carob bean gum – E410

Also known as Locust bean gum, visco gum

Short descriptionYellow-white powder, for example used to make gelsor to make products thicker

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, extracted from the seeds of theCarob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)

Function Stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener

ProductsFrozen desserts, cultured dairy products, cream cheese, sauces, chocolate spread


Carotenes – E160a

Also known asCI Food Orange 5, CI (1975) No. 40800, carotenes-natural, CI (1975) No. 75130, CI (1975) No. 40800 (beta-Carotene), Natural beta-carotene

Short descriptionYellow-orange colour powder. There are two different types of this additive 160a(i) and 160a(ii)

SourcesNatural (160a(ii)) and synthetic (160a(i)) pigment, derivedfrom plants and carrots


ProductsCheese, margarine, soup, mayonnaise, pudding, custard, soft drinks, candy


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Castor oil

Also known as Ricinus oil

Short descriptionLight-yellow oil, for example used to optimize the tasteof an aroma in the product

SourcesNatural oil, extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus tree (castor bean)


Products Sugar candy


Cassia gum – E427

Short descriptionPale yellow-white powder, for example used to make products thicker

Sources Natural substance, extracted from the seeds of the Cassia plants

Function Thickener, emulsifier

Products Cheese, frozen dairy desserts, meat and poultry products


Carrageenan – E407

Also known asEucheuman, furcellaran or Danish agar, hypnean, iridophycan, Irish moss gelos

Short descriptionYellow-white powder, for example used to form gels or make the product thicker. There are three different types of this additive, the most common one is 407a, processed Eucheuma seaweed

Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds


ProductsIce cream, flavoured milk, bakery products, salad dressings, cheese


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Cellulose – E460

Also known as Microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose gel, powdered cellulose

Short description White powder, with many uses

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, present in plants and wood.Commercially prepared from wood

Function Thickener, anti-caking agent, emulsifier

ProductsFrozen pudding, canned whipped cream, chocolate, candy, chewing gum, meats, bread, ice cream


Chlorine

Also known as Chloor, chlor, chlore, cholo, monocular chlorine

Short descriptionYellow-green gas, for example used to bleach flour and optimize flour in baked goods

Sources Natural gas obtained from salt


Products Cake flour, walnuts, mushrooms, white bread


Chlorophyll – E140

Also known asCI Natural Green 3, CI (1975) No. 75810, magnesium phaeophytin, magnesium chlorophyll

Short description Green colour powder

SourcesNatural pigment, present in all plants and algae.Commercially extracted from nettle, grass and alfalfa


ProductsFeta cheese, mayonnaise with herbs, concentrated green vegetables, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, fruit yoghurt


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Copper complexes of chlorophyll – E141

Also known asCI (1975) No. 75810, CI Natural Green 3, Copper chlorophyll, Copper phaeophytin


SourcesSynthetic pigment, extracted from the green colour agent chlorophyll (E140, made of plants and algea)


Products Custard, pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, wine gums


Cholic acid

Also known as Cholate, choleate

Short descriptionColourless substance, for example used to combine ingredients in a product that normally wouldn’t mix

SourcesNatural substance, present in the bile of vertebrate animals. Also made synthetically

Function Emulsifier

Products Protein powder

SuitabilityCannot be used by all vegans, vegetarians and religions, because of its origin (chicken egg)

Citric acid – E330

Also known asCitric acid monohydrate, citric acid anhydrous, B-hydroxytricarballic acid

Short descriptionWhite or colourless powder, for example used to decrease enzymatic browning of fruit and fruit products

SourcesNatural acid, found in citrus fruits, kiwi, strawberries and many other fruits. It is commercially prepared by fermentation of molasses with the mould Aspergillus niger


ProductsMeat, jam, marmalade, canned vegetables and fruit, soft drinks, lemonade, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, mustard, cheesecake, beer, wine, cider, ice cream, candy


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Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – E468

Also known asCrosscarmellose sodium, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium CMC, cross-linked cellulose gum, cross-linked CMC

Short description White to greyish-white powder

SourcesSynthetic salt, made of sodium and carboxymethyl cellulose (E466, a synthetic substance of cellulose)

Function Stabilizer and thickener

ProductsCheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta and noodles, baked goods


Cupric sulphate

Also known as Copper sulphate, blue stone

Short descriptionBlue powder, for example used against the growthof bacteria and to add colour to a product

Sources Natural substance, extracted from sulphuric acid (E513)

Function Preservative and colour agent

Products Meat, cereals, vegetables, grapes, melons, berries


Curcumin – E100

Also known as Kurkum, turmeric yellow

Short description Yellow-orange colour powder

Sources Food colour


Products Curry powder, curcuma, salad dressing, mayonnaise


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Cyclotetraglucose

Also known asCycloalternanotetraose, cyclotetraose, cycloalternan, cyclic nigerosyl-(1→6)-nigerose

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

SourcesNatural substance, present in sake leeks. Synthetically produced from acetic acid


Products Bread, dairy products, fruit juice, canned soup, candy


Curdlan

Also known as beta-1,3-Glucan

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make products thicker and stable

Sources Natural substance, produced by bacteria

Function Thickener, stabilizer, firming agent, gelling agent

ProductsCheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast cereals, chocolate products


Cyclamates – E952

Also known as Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, sodium cyclamate, calcium cyclamate

Short description

White substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value and to make the taste of fruit stronger. There are three different types of this additive, 952(i), 952(ii) and 952(iii)

Sources Synthetic salt of cyclamic acid (a sweet/sour acid)

Function Sweetener

Products Canned fruit and fruit cocktail, baked goods, jam, pudding


157

Delta-Tocopherol – E309

Also known as Vitamin E, DL-delta-tocopherol

Short description Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

SourcesNatural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from soybean oil), also made synthetically


Products Oils and fats, particularly olive oil, soup


Dextrin

Also known as British gum, white or yellow dextrin, roasted starch

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to make a product thicker and to let the outside of a product shine

SourcesNatural substance, made by heating starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function Thickener

Products Custard, beer, liquor, candy, chewing gum, low energy products


Dicalcium pyrophosphate

Also known as Calcium pyrophosphate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in dough to make the texture stable and bread or baking goods rise

Sources Synthetic salts of phosphoric acid (E338)

Function Emulsifier, acidity regulator and raising agent

Products Cookies, cheesecake, cheese without crust, frozen bread, pretzels


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Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Also known as Docusate sodium, DSS

Short descriptionWaxy substance, for example it prevents a product from drying out, used to make a firm structure

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of octane (a hydrocarbon), malic acid (E296) and sodium

Function Emulsifier

Products Sweetener tablets, bouillon cubes, instant cacao powder


Dimethyl dicarbonate – E242

Also known as Dimethyl pyrocarbonate, DMDC

Short description Colourless liquid, for example used to prevent spoiling

Sources Synthetic liquid


Products Soft drinks


Dilauryl thiodipropionate

Also known as DLTDP, didodecyl ester, thiodipropionic acid dilauryl ester

Short description White powder, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources Synthetic compound


Products Fats and oils


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Dipotassium 5’-guanylate – E628

Also known as Potassium guanylate, potassium 5’-guanylate

Short descriptionColourless substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and potassium salt


Products Sprinkle flavour, soup, meat, bouillon cubes


Dipotassium 5’-inosinate – E632

Also known as Potassium inosinate, potassium 5’-inosinate

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to increase thetaste intensity of a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630)and potassium salt


Products Soup, meat, bouillon cubes

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians becauseit is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Diphenyl – E230

Also known as Diphenyl, 1,1-Biphenyl, bibenzene, phenyl benzene

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used against fungi (mostly used on citrus fruit)

Sources Synthetic substance, derived from heating benzene


Products Oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fruit in syrup, jam of citrus fruit


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Disodium 5’-inosinate – E631

Also known as IMP, sodium 5’-inosinate, sodium inosinate, I-nucleotide

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and sodium salt


ProductsSoup, sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, sausages, hamburger, ham, corned beef, chips

Suitability


Disodium 5’-guanylate – E627

Also known as GMP, sodium guanylate, sodium 5’-guanylate, G-nucleotide

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the tasteintensity of a product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and sodium salt


ProductsSprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, corned beef, hamburger, sausages, hot dogs


Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides – E635

Also known as Sodium ribonucleotides, sodium 5’-ribonucleotides

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensityof a product

Sources Synthetic mixture of inosinic acid (E630) and guanylic acid (E626)


ProductsSprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, meat, canned corned beef, hot dogs, hamburger

Suitability


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Di-starch phosphates – E1412

Also known as Starch I

Short description Substance, for example used to make a product thicker

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch and phosphoroxychloride (a synthetic liquid, made of phophor and chloride)

Function Thickener

Products Frozen pastry and cake, mayonnaise, ice cream, pudding


Dodecyl gallate – E312

Also known as Lauryl gallate, gallic acid dodecyl ester, gallic acid lauryl ester

Short descriptionWhite or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources Synthetically made of lauryl (an alcohol) and gallic acid


Products Oils and fats, milk powder, soup, biscuit, margarine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However, there is the possibility that the lauric acid used for lauryl alcohol is obtained from animal fat, although the main source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannotbe ruled out

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Also known as Disodium EDTA, disodium edetate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize thestructure of a product


Function Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

ProductsMayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars, liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab


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Erythorbic acid – E315

Also known as Iso-ascorbic acid

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to prevent change of colour

Sources Synthetic variant of vitamin C


Products Sliced meat, beverages, baked goods


Erythrosine – E127

Also known as CI (1975) No. 45430, CI Food Red 14, FD&C Red No. 3


Sources Synthetic dye

Function Emulsifier

ProductsCocktail cherries, custard, chewing gum, candy, glacé-biscuits, strawberry sauce (all imported from outside the EU)


Esters of glycerol – E472

Also known as

Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol, acetylated mono- and diglycerides, acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, acetoglycerides, citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol, citroglycerides, CITREM, citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides

Short descriptionWaxy substance, for example used to improve the volume and texture of a product (such as bread). There are seven different types of this additive, 472a to 472g

SourcesCompound of synthetic fats, extracted from glycerol and natural fat


ProductsPudding powder, pastry, cake mix, bread, cookies, chocolate milk, frozen pizza, soup, margarine, coffee creamer


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Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8’-carotenoic acid – E160f

Also known as CI (1975) No. 40825, CI Food Orange 7


SourcesNatural pigment, derived from plants or made synthetically of beta-apo-8’-carotenal (E160e)


ProductsSoft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup, processed cheese


Ethyl cellulose – E462

Also known as Ethocel

Short descriptionWhite-grey powder, for example used to equally distribute the colour over the whole product and to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources Synthetically made of wood-pulp or cotton


Products Aromatic substances


Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose

Also known asBermocoll EBS 481 FQ, cellulose ethyl hydroxyethyl ether, ethyl 2-hydroxyethyl ether cellulose, etulos, bermocoll E 511 FQ

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to make the product thicker and stable

Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose

Function Preservative and colour agena Emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener



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Ethyl lauroyl arginate

Also known as Lauric acid ester

Short description White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria

Sources Synthetic salt


ProductsCheese, dried fruit, fruit filling for pastries, chewing gum, egg products


Ethyl maltol

Also known as 3-Hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone; 2-Ethyl pyromeconic acid

Short descriptionWhite substance with a sweet taste and the smell of candyfloss, for example used to give taste to a product and make the taste of a product stronger

Sources Synthetic substance, made of maltol


Products Chocolate, candy, pastry, pudding powder, fruit sauces

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar lactose it doesn’t contain any lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use it

Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E214

Also known as Ethylparaben, ripagin A, solbrol A

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeastand fungi in food products

Sources Synthetic substance


Products Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice


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Ferric ammonium citrate

Also known asAmmonium iron citrate, ammonium ferric citrate, iron ammonium citrate

Short description

Brown or green salt, for example used to enrich the amount of iron in a product and to prevent salt from caking together. There are two different types of this additive, 381(i) which has a brown colour and 381(ii) which has a green colour

Sources Mixture of ammonium, iron and citric acid (E330)


Products Bread flour, salt


Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate – E304

Also known as Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate

Short descriptionWhite or yellowish-white solid, with a citrus-like odour. There are two different types of this additive, 304i (Ascorbyl palmitate) an 304ii (Ascorbyl stearate)

SourcesSyntethically made of a combination of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, E300) and palmitic acid (a fatty acid) or stearic acid (a fatty acid)


Products Oils and fats, margarine, chewing gum

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However, it is possible the palmitic acid is obtained from animal fat (incl. pork)

Ferro carbonate

Also known as Ferro (II) carbonate, ferrous carbonate

Short description Powder, for example used to enrich products with iron

Sources Natural mineral, present in natural mineral water


Products Fruit lemonade, dietary products


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Ferrohexacyano manganate – E537

Also known as Ferrous hexacyanomanganate

Short descriptionPowder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of iron hydroxide


Products Salmiac salt, licorice


Ferrous gluconate – E579

Also known as Iron(II)gluconate, fergon, ferlucon, iromon, irox

Short descriptionYellow-grey powder, for example used to enrich theproduct with iron and to add colour

Sources Synthetic salt, made of gluconic acid (E574) and iron

Function Colour agent

Products Olives


Ferrous lactate – E585

Also known as Ironlactate, iron(II)lactate

Short descriptionGreen-white powder, for example used to enrich foodproducts with iron

Sources Synthetic substance, derived from lactic acid (E270)

Function Nutrient

Products Baby nutrition


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Gellan gum – E418

Also known as Amylopektine

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make products thicker and stable

Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by bacteria


Products Milk products, sauces, fruit juice


Gamma-Tocopherol – E308

Also known as Vitamin E, DL-gamma-tocopherol

Short description Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

Sources Natural extract of vegetable oils, also made synthetically


Products Oils and fats, particularly olive oil


Fumaric acid – E297

Also known as Allomaleic acid, boletic acid

Short description Acid with many functions

SourcesNatural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables. Commercially made by fermentation of sugar by fungi or synthetically

Function Acid, antioxidant and stabilizer

Products Baking powder, pudding powder, candy, marmalade


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Gluconic acid – E574

Also known asD-gluconic acid, dextron acid, maltn acid, glycon acid, glyconene acid

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to prevent lemonade turningbrown because of the reaction with oxygen

Sources Synthetic substance, made of glucose by fungi


Products Fruit lemonade, pudding powder, fruit juice


Glucose oxidase and catalase from Aspergillus Niger

Also known asAero-glucose dehydrogenase, glucose aerodehydrogenase, glucose oxyhydrase, notatin

Short descriptionWhite-brown substance, for example used to prevent spoilage due to oxidation



Products Milk, cheese, eggs, salad, canned vegetables


Glucono delta-lactone – E575

Also known as GDL, glucono-delta-lactone, delta-gluconolactone, gluconolactone

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in the production of beerand to speed up the ripening of dried sausages

Sources Synthetic substance, made of glucose by bacteria


ProductsPudding powder, canned corned beef, ham, hot dog, milk, beer, cake mix, baking powder, canned vegetables and fruit


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Glycerol – E422

Also known as Glycerin, trihydroxypropane, IFP

Short description Clear syrupy liquid, for example used to make products sweeter

SourcesNatural substance, compound of fat. This additive is commercially produced either synthetically from propene (organic compound), or by bacterial fermentation of sugars; it is not produced from fat

Function Sweetener, humectant

Products Baking and confectionery products


Glycerol ester of wood rosin – E445

Short description

Yellow to pale amber solid, for example used to mix the ingredients of a product. There are three different types of this additive: glycerol ester of gum rosin (445(i)), glycerol ester of talloil rosin (445(ii)), glycerol ester of wood rosin (445(iii))

Sources Synthetic mixture of glycerol and wood resin


Products Energy drinks, sport drinks, water based drink


Glycerol diacetate – E1517

Also known as Diacetin

Short descriptionClear oily liquid, for example used to dissolve flavouring agents in a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of acetic acid (E260) and glycerol(a type of alcohol)


ProductsIce cream, chewing gum, candy, marshmallows, cola, chocolate, wine, beer


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Glycines – E640

Also known as Glycine, sodium glycinate

Short descriptionSweet substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity and sweetness of a product

Sources Mainly produced from gelatin, partly synthetic

Function Bread enhancer

Products Bakery products

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from animal bones. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Green S – E142

Also known as CI Food Green 4, CI (1975) No. 44090, Food Green S




ProductsCustard, pudding, cake mix, instant sauces, soft drinks,lemonade, candy, ice cream, milkshake, fruit yoghurt


Gold – E175

Also known as CI 77480

Short description Gold-yellow colour powder

Sources Natural metal, derived from pulverized gold ore


Products Pastry decoration


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Guaiac gum

Also known as Guaiacum, guaiac resin

Short description Brown powder, for example used against rancidity

SourcesNatural resin of the tree Guajacum officinale andsome related tropical trees


Products Cola


Guar gum – E412

Also known as Gum cyamopsis, guar flour, Jaguar, cyamopsiggum, Mazaca

Short descriptionWhite to yellowish-white powder, for example used to make gels or make products thicker

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, produced from the guar shrub (plant) found in Pakistan and India


Products Processed meat, dressings, sauces, instant soup


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5’-Guanylic Acid – E626

Also known as GMP, guanylic acid

Short descriptionWhite powder. Guanylic acid and guanylates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amount of salt needed in a product

SourcesNatural substance, present in all living organisms. Mostly synthetically derived from sardines and yeast-extract


Products Meat, canned fish


172

Hexamethylene tetramine – E239

Also known as Hexamine, methenamine

Short description White powder, for example used against fungi

Sources Synthetic acid


Products Caviar, pickled herring, canned fish


Hydrochloric acid – E507

Also known as Muriatic acid

Short description Clear liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product

SourcesSynthetically produced from rock salt and sulphuric acid (E513). Natural acid, present in gastric juice


Products Cheese spread, beer


Helium – E939

Also known as He, atomic number 2

Short descriptionColourless gas, for example used to keep the product well preserved in packaging



Products Food transported in containers with pressure


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Hydrogenated poly-1-decene – E907

Also known as Hydrogenated poly-alpha-olefin

Short descriptionColourless substance, for example used to prevent cheese becoming dry and the formation of foam in a product. Also used to make a product shine on the outside

SourcesSynthetic mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound of hydrogen and carbon)

Function Glazing agent, preservative and anti-foaming agent

Products Crust of cheese, chewing gum, candy


Hydroxypropyl cellulose – E463

Also known asCellulose hydroxypropyl ether, modified cellulose, klucel, cellulose HPC

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make the product thicker and to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

SourcesSynthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) by high temperature

Function Emulsifier, thickener and stabilizer

Products Sugar glazes, canned whipped cream, frozen desserts


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Hydrogen – E949

Also known as Protium

Short description Gas, for example used to maintain the shelf life of a product

Sources Natural gas


Products Gas packed food products


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Hydroxypropyl-di-starchphosphate – E1442

Also known as Starch R

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make a product thickerand to make the texture stronger

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch with propylene oxide (an organic compound) and phosphoric acid (E338)

Function Thickener, stabilizer, binding agent and gelling agent

Products Frozen pudding, ice cream


Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose – E464

Also known as Hypromellose

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used as filler and to prevent ingredients clumping together

SourcesSynthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) or chemically modified

Function Gelling agent, stabilizer and thickener

Products Instant pudding powder, instant mousse, frozen ice cream, waffles


Hydroxypropylstarch – E1440

Also known as Starch K

Short description Substance, for example used to improve the texture

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch and propylene oxide (an organic compound)

Function Emulsifier, thickener and binding agent

ProductsCoffee creamer, caramel chocolates, dried plums, kidney beans, almonds, nuts


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Insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone – E1202

Also known as

Cross linked polyvidone, crosspovidone, cross linked homopolymer of 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidone, insoluble cross linked homopolymer of N-vinyl-1-pyrrolidone,polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, insoluble PVP

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent discolouration and colour loss

Sources Synthetic substance, a polymer (a chain of identical molecules)

Function Stabilizer and colour agent



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5’-Inosinic acid – E630

Also known as IMP, inosinic acid

Short description

Colourless or white powder. Inosinic acid and inosinates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amount of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product

SourcesNatural substance, present in all living organisms. Synthetic process by extraction from meat or fish (sardines). May also be produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars


Products Soup, spiced minced meat, meat

Suitability


Indigotine – E132

Also known asCI Food Blue 1, CI (1975) No. 73015, FD&C Blue No. 2, Indigo Carmine

Short description Blue colour powder

SourcesNatural pigment, derived form the shrub Indigofera tinctoria. However commercially it is produced synthetically


Products Custard, ice cream, mustard, soft drinks, lemonade, candy


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Iron oxides – E172

Also known asCI (1975) No. 77499, I (1975) No. 77492, CI pigment black 11, CI (1975) No. 77491, CI pigment yellow 42 and 43, CI pigment red 101 and 102, Iron oxide black, Iron oxide red, Iron oxide yellow

Short descriptionBlack, brown-red and yellow colour powder. There are three different types of this additive; 172(i) (black), 172(ii) (brown-red), 172(iii) (yellow)

Sources Natural minerals, but commercially made of iron powder


ProductsCandy, salmon pasta, cake mix, ready-to-eat desserts, chewing gum


Invertase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae – E1103

Also known as Invertin, saccharase, sucrase

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in bakery goods to optimize the texture


Function Stabilizer

Products Baked goods, chocolate


Isomalt – E953

Also known as Hydrogenated isomaltulose

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources Synthetic substance, made of saccharose

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, jam


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Konjac flour – E425

Also known as Konjac gum, konjac glucomannane, konnyaku, conjac, yam flour

Short description White powder, for example used to make products thicker

SourcesNatural substance, extracted from the tubers of the Amorphophallus

Function Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, gelling agent

Products Desserts, confectionery


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Karaya gum – E416

Also known asGum sterculia, gum karaya, karaya, katilo, kadaya, kullo, kuterra, sterculia

Short descriptionYellow-brown substance, for example used to prevent crystals forming in ice

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, obtained from the tree Sterculia urens found in India, as well as some related trees


ProductsSalad dressing, soup, sauces, snacks, cheese spreads, bakery products, desserts, egg-based liqueurs


Isopropyl citrate mixture

Also known as Isopropyl citrates

Short descriptionColourless syrup, for example used in fatty products to prevent rancidity

Sources Mixture of the alcohol propanol and citric acid (E330)

Function Antioxidant and preservative

Products Fat spreads, vegetable oil and fat


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Lactitol – E966

Also known as Lactobiosit, lactit, lactositol


SourcesSynthetic substance, produced by milk sugar derived from whey (milk)

Function Sweetener

ProductsSugar free candy, chewing gum, chocolates, hard baked goods like cookies

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians. Cannot be used by vegans, because the origin is milk. Although this additive can be made of milk, it doesn’t contain the milk sugar lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use this additive

Lactic acid – E270

Also known asDL-Lactic acid; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, lactovagan, racemic lactic acid, tonsilosan

Short descriptionWhite liquid, for example used against the growth of yeast and fungi

SourcesNatural acid, produced by bacteria in fermented products like sour milk

Function Preservative and acid

ProductsSpicy tomato sauce, carbonated drinks, beer, sangria, buttermilk, margarine, mayonnaise, candy, fish, bread, pastry, fried snacks

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. It doesn’t contain milk or lactose, so people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance can use this additive as well

L-Cysteine – E920

Also known as Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides – sodium and potassium salts

Short description Substance, for example used in bread to optimize the dough

Sources Synthetic substance, derived from proteins


Products Beverages without gas, wholewheat bread, wholewheat cookies

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians becauseit is made from animal sources. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

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L-Glutamic acid – E620

Also known as Glutamic acid

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product so less salt is needed

Sources Synthetic substance, made of carbohydrates or vegetable proteins


Products Soup, spiced minced meat, meat


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Lecithin – E322

Also known as Phospholipids, phosphatides

Short description Waxy substance, for example used to make chocolate softer

SourcesNatural compound found in all living organisms. Commercially derived from egg yolk and soy beans


Products Cookies, biscuits, coffee creamer, margarine, desserts

SuitabilityThe lecithin is not only derived from soy beans but also from chicken eggs. The origin of this compound should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L-Cystine – E921

Also known as Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the flour of baked goods

Sources Synthetic substance, derived from proteins


Products Bread, cream

SuitabilityThe use of animal products cannot be excluded completely, so this additive can’t be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

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Lutein – E161b

Also known as Bo-Xan (lutein), vegetable luteol, vegetable lutein, xanthophylls

Short description Yellow colour powder

SourcesNatural pigment, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from grass, nettles or Tagetes species


Products Soup, liquor


Lipase from animal

Also known as Lipase, triglycerin lipase, tributyrase

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used in the fermentation of cheese and yoghurt products. This additive has many functions

SourcesNatural enzyme, extracted from fungi and animals (forestomach and pancreatic)

Function Stabilizer

Products Cheese, yoghurt

SuitabilityThe use of animal products can’t be excluded completely, so this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Lithol Rubine BK – E180

Also known asBrilliant carmine 6B, carmine 6B, CI pigment red 57, CI (1975) No. 15850, FD&C red No. 7, litholrubintoner BKL, permanent rubin L6B, rubinpigment




Products Cheese


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Magnesium carbonates – E504

Also known asMagnesium hydroxide carbonate, hydrated basic magnesium carbonate, magnesium subcarbonate (light or heavy), magnesium carbonate hydroxide

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used against colour loss or to extract water from the product

SourcesSynthetically produced from magnesium hydroxide or derived from magnetite, lansfordiet, limestone or dolomite (all natural substances). Also occurs as a natural mineral

Function Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent

Products Salt, chewing gum, sour cream, butter, ice cream, raw cacao


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Lysozyme hydrochloride – E1105

Also known asLysozyme, muramidase, N-acetyl muramidase, globulin G1, delvozyme

Short description White powder, for example used to prevent decay of the product

SourcesNatural substance, present in body fluids like tears and blood. Mostly made of chicken eggs or produced by bacteria


Products Baby nutrition

SuitabilityCannot be used by vegans, because it is made from animal sources. Vegetarians and all religions can use this additive

Lycopene – E160d

Also known as y-caroteen, lycopine

Short descriptionDark red colour. There are three different types of this additive; 160d(i), 160d(ii) and 160d(iii)

SourcesNatural pigment, present in many yellow and red plants and fruits. Commercially isolated from tomatoes


Products Cheese, salad dressing, custard


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Magnesium di-L-glutamate – E625

Also known as Magnesium glutamate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products



Products Low salt meat products


Magnesium chloride – E511

Also known as Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, magnogene

Short descriptionPowder, for example used to make vegetables andfruit stronger during processing and to prevent colour loss



Products Peas in jar, carrots with peas in jar


Magnesium gluconate

Also known as d-Gluconic acid magnesium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources Synthetic salt, made of magnesium and gluconic acid (E574)

Function Flavour enhancer and acidity regulator

Products Cheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast cereals


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Magnesium oxide – E530

Also known as Magnesia, magnesia usta, magcal, maglite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to control the pH valueof the product and to prevent ingredients clumping together

SourcesNatural substance, derived from minerals. Also made synthetically

Function Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent

Products Cacao products, waffles, bakery products


Magnesium hydroxide – E528

Also known as Marinco H, hydro-magma

Short descriptionPowder, for example used to control the PH value of a product and to prevent colour loss

SourcesNatural substance, derived from minerals. Also made synthetically


Products Cheese, canned vegetables, cacao products


Magnesium L-lactate

Also known as L-Lactic acid magnesium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and yeasts

Sources Magnesium salt of lactic acid (E270)


ProductsCheese, dried vegetables, canned vegetables, baked goods, egg based desserts


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Magnesium phosphate – E343

Also known asMonomagnesium phosphate, dimagnesium phosphate, trimagnesium phosphate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product


Function Anti-caking agent, emulsifier

Products Bakery products


Magnesium sulphate

Also known as Epsom salt (heptahydrate)

Short descriptionPowder, for example used to improve the texture of vegetables and fruit during processing. Also used to optimize the quality of beer

SourcesNatural substance, present in some minerals like limestone. Mostly made synthetically from magnesium salts and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function Stabilizer

Products English beer, mineral water, mineral salt


Magnesium silicate – E553

Also known as Magnesium silicate (synthetic), magnesium trisilicate, talc

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together and to let a product shine, like candy. There are three different types of this additive, 553a(i), 553a(ii) and 553b (or sometimes called 553(iii))

SourcesNatural and synthetic substance, made of magnesium sulphate and sodium silicate or directly from minerals such as talcum, sepiolite and steatite

Function Anti-caking agent and glazing agent

ProductsVanilla powder, salt, herbal salt, candy, chewing gum, milk powder


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Maltol

Also known as Larixin acid, platone, veltol, corps praline

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity and sweetness of a product without increasing the sugar level

SourcesIn general, commercially extracted from the bark of lark trees or roasted malt. Also made synthetically by heating the sugars lactose and maltose


ProductsLemonade, ice cream, candy, baked goods, bread, chewing gum, pudding powder

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar lactose it doesn’t contain lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use it

Maltitol – E965

Also known as Hydrogenated maltose, D-maltitol

Short descriptionWhite powder or colourless liquid, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value. Also used as a stabilizer and to prevent a product from drying out

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of the carbohydrate maltose or corn starch-glucose solution

Function Sweetener

Products Chocolate, candy, chewing gum, sugar free products


Malic acid – E296

Also known as 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, malate

Short descriptionAcid, for example used as a flavour compound and colour stabilizer in apple- and grape juice.

SourcesNatural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables.Also made synthetically

Function Acid, flavour and colour stabilizer

ProductsCanned soup, (sugarless) soft drinks, canned tomatoes, apple juice, grape juice, candy, chips, frozen vegetables, spaghetti sauce


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Metatartaric acid – E353

Short description Acid, for example used against the growth of yeasts in fruit juice

Sources Acid, present in sugar cane and produced from glucose


Products Wine, fruit juice


Methyl cellulose – E461

Also known asCellulose methyl ether, cologel, cellumethe, hydrolose, nicel, tylose, cethytine, methocel, cellothyl, syncelose, bagolax

Short descriptionFor example used to replace natural vegetable gums.Often used in dietary products

Sources Synthetically made of cellulose or wood-pulp

Function Thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer

ProductsMayonnaise, cocktail sauce, ice cream, canned hot dogs, instant pudding powder, potato products, dietary products


Mannitol – E421

Also known asD-Mannitol, mannite, manicol, mannidex, diosmol, osmitrol, osmosal

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the structure of products and to prevent drying

SourcesNatural substance, present in many plants like conifers, seaweed and mushrooms. Commercially produced from glucose

Function Anti-caking agent, sweetener, bulking agent

Products Chewing gum, baking and confectionery products


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Microcrystalline wax – E905

Also known asMineral oil, petroleum jelly, vasiline, microcrystalline wax, petroleum wax

Short descriptionColourless oil, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to prevent foam forming in a product. There are three different types of this additive, 905a, 905b and 905c

SourcesOily mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound of hydrogen and carbon)


ProductsPre-packed meat, dried protein, raisins, dried plums, citrus fruit, candy, chewing gum, cookies


Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E218

Also known as Methyl p-oxybenzoate, methylparaben

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of fungi, yeast and some bacteria in food products



Products Beer, pastry filling, pickles in sour, canned fish


Methyl ethyl cellulose – E465

Also known as MEC, ethylmethylcellulose

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used as a filler or to prevent ingredients clumping together



Products Fruit glaze mix, fruit cake mix, mayonnaise


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Monoammonium L-glutamate – E624

Also known as Ammonium glutamate




Products Sprinkle flavour, soup


Monopotassium L-glutamate – E622

Also known as MPG, potassium glutamate


Sources Synthetically made of vegetable protein or carbohydrates




Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – E471

Also known asGlyceryl monopalmitate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monooleate, Dimodan, GMS (for glyceryl monostearate), monoolein, monostearin, monopalmitin

Short descriptionWhite waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to make a firm mixture

Sources Synthetic fat, extracted from glycerol and natural fatty acids


ProductsInstant cacao, chocolate drinks, apple cake, ice cream, biscuits, toast, baguettes, pretzels


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Mono-starch phosphate – E1410

Also known as Phosphate starch, starch P, F starch

Short description Substance, for example used to improve the texture

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of starch by treating it with phosphoric acid (E338)


ProductsInstant pudding, meat sauces, cream soups, ice cream, mayonnaise, mustard


Montan acid esters – E912

Also known as Montan wax, lignite wax, OP wax

Short descriptionClear wax, for example used to make the outside of fruit shine and to extend the shelf life of fruit

Sources Natural substance, extracted from brown coal

Function Glazing agent and preservative

Products Citrus fruit


Monosodium L-glutamate – E621

Also known as MSG, sodium glutamate, ve-tsin, chinese salt, glutacyl, glutavene

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

SourcesNatural substance, present in seaweed. Often made synthetically from vegetable protein or carbohydrates


ProductsSausages, hamburgers, meatballs, bouillon powder, soup, ketchup, peanut sauce


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Neohesperidine DC – E959

Also known as Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources Synthetic substance, made from the residue of citrus fruit

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, chewing gum


Neotame – E961

Also known as Nutrasweet


Sources Synthetic substance, made of aspartame

Function Sweetener and flavour enhancer

Products Chewing gum, aromatized alcoholic beverages


Natamycin – E235

Also known asPimiricin, antibiotic A 5283, tennecetin, myprocin, pimafucin, mycophyl

Short description White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi

Sources Natural substance, produced by bacteria

Function Preservative and antibiotic

Products Cheese crust, meat, residue on apples, pears and citrus fruit


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Nitrous oxide – E942

Also known as Dinitrogen oxide, dinitrogen monoxide



Function Propellent gas and flour treatment agent

Products Whipped cream, chocolate cream


Nitrogen – E941

Also known as N, atomic number 7

Short descriptionGas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to optimize flour in baked goods



Products Chips, soup, pre-packed meat and vegetables


Nisin – E234

Also known as Nisin preparation

Short description White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria

Sources Natural antibiotic, produced by bacteria

Function Preservative and antibiotic

Products Quark, cheese, cream


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Octenyl succinic acid modified gum Arabic

Also known asGum Arabic hydrogen octenylbutandioate, gum Arabic hydrogen octenylsuccinate, OSA modified gum Arabic, OSA modified gum acacia

Short descriptionOff-white powder, for example used to help mix some ingredients in the product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of Arabic gum (E414)

Function Emulsifier

ProductsFruit juices, fruit flavoured drinks, carbonated juice, energy drinks, salad dressings, sauces, icing, bread


Octyl gallate – E311

Also known as Gallic acid octyl ester, n-Octyl gallate

Short descriptionWhite or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

SourcesSynthetically made of octanol (an alcohol) and gallic acid (produced by plants)


Products Oils and fats, margarine, dressings


o-Phenyl phenol

Also known as Orthoxenol, dowicide 1

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used against fungus on citrus fruit, apples and pears



ProductsOranges, mandarins, grapefruit, lemons, pears, apples, jam made of these fruits


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Oxidized polyethylene wax – E914

Also known as Ethene, homopolymer

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make fruit shine on the outside and to extend the shelf life of fruit

SourcesSynthetic polymer, extracted from poly-ethylene (a hydrocarbon) and oxygen

Function Glazing agent, humectant

Products Citrus fruit, pineapple, melon


Oxygen – E948

Also known as O, atomic number 8

Short description Gas, for example used to prevent decay in pre-packed vegetables

Sources Natural gas


Products Pre-packed vegetables


Oxidised starch – E1404

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to make a product thicker and to combine ingredients so the product is stronger


Function Thickener and binding agent

ProductsCustard, margarine, ice cream, mayonnaise, compote, melted cheese, cheese spread, jam, marshmallows


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Paprika extact – E160c

Also known as Capsanthin, capsorubin, oleoresin paprika

Short description Dark red colour powder

Sources Natural pigment, derived from bell pepper


ProductsHerbal essences, soft drinks, ice cream, candy, meat products, egg yolk


Patent blue V – E131

Also known as CI Food Blue 5, CI (1975) No. 42051, Patent Blue 5

Short description Blue-violette colour powder



ProductsCustard, pudding, fruit cocktail in syrup, soft drinks, lemonade, soft fruit candy, liqueur, milkshake, yoghurt drinks


Pectins – E440

Also known asPectin (440a(i)), sodium pectate (440a(ii)), potassium pectate (440a(iii)), ammonium pectate (440a (iv)), amidated pectin (440b)

Short descriptionWhite, yellowish, light greyish or light brownish powder with many functions. There are five different types of this additive, 440a (pectin, split in i, ii, iii and iv) and 440b (amidated pectin)

SourcesNatural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) present in nearly all fruits, especially apples, quinces and oranges. It is commercially produced from apple pulp and orange peels.

Function Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling agent

ProductsMarmalades, fruit jellies and sauces, and many other different products


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Phosphoric acid – E338

Also known as Orthophosphoric acid

Short description Clear liquid, for example used to peel fruit without a knife

SourcesNatural acid present in many fruits and vegetables. Commercially produced from phosphate mined in the US

Function Acidity regulator, chelating agent

Products Cola, cheese and meat products


Polydextroses – E1200

Also known as Modified polydextroses

Short descriptionGrey powder, for example used to make a product thicker.Also used to freeze products like meat and prevent productsfrom drying out

SourcesSynthetic substance, made by heating dextrose (glucose) in the presence of sorbitol and citric acid (E330)

Function Thickener

ProductsChewing gum, frozen pudding, baked goods, candy, peanut butter, lemonade


Phosphatylated di-starch phosphate – E1413

Also known as Starch N




Products Frozen soup and ragout, pastry fillings


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Polydimethylsiloxane – E900

Also known asDimethicone, dimethylsilicone fluid, dimethylsilicone oil, dimethylpolysiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Short descriptionClear liquid, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and the formation of foam

Sources Synthetic mixture, made of silica gel or silicium dioxide

Function Anti-foaming agent

ProductsCooking oil, lemonade, fruit juice, jam, marmalade, soup, meat bouillon


Polyethylene glycols – E1521

Also known as Macrogol, PEG

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of ethylene oxide (a synthetic gas)


Products Chewing gum, water based drinks, sport drinks, energy drinks


Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids – E475

Also known as Glycerin fatty acid esters, polyglycerol fatty acid esters

Short descriptionYellow-brown liquid, for example used against the formation of crystals in sugar during production of sugar rich products

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of polyglycerol (a type of alcohol) and natural fatty acids




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Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate – E432

Also known as Polysorbate 20, tween 20

Short description Lemon to amber coloured oily liquid

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and lauric acid (a natural fatty acid).

Function Emulsifier

Products Ice cream, soft drinks

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate – E433


Short descriptionLemon to amber coloured oily liquid, for example used o improve volume and texture in bakery products

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and oleic acid (a fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier

Products Salt, chocolates, ice cream, desserts, bakery products, soft drinks

Suitability


Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid – E476

Also known asGlyceran esters of condensed castor oil fatty acid, polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids from castor oil

Short description Substance, for example used to make chocolate softer

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of castor oil and polyglycerol (a type of alcohol)


Products Bread cream, chocolate cake, chocolate bread


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Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate – E435

Also known as Polysorbate 60, tween 60, Crillet 3

Short descriptionYellow-orange oily substance, for example used to help ingredients which don’t mix well (e.g. water and oil), mix and stay mixed

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier

ProductsCake, cake mix, glaze, sugar coating for chocolates, frozen desserts, ice cream, salad dressing, instant soup, bouillon

Suitability


Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate – E436


Short descriptionTan coloured waxy substance, for example used againstthe creation of foam during the production of sugar

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier, anti-foaming agent

ProductsCake, cake mix, mayonnaise in tubes, glace, frozen pudding, sorbet

Suitability


Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate – E434


Short descriptionYellow-orange oily substance, for example used to help ingredients which don’t mix well (e.g. water and oil), mix and stay mixed

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and palmitic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier

Products Cake, cake mix

Suitability


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Polyphosphates – E452

Short description

Colourless-white substance, for example used to improve the structure of a product and prevent it drying out. There are five different types of this additive: 452(i) (sodium), 452(ii) (potassium), 452(iii) (sodium-calcium), 452(iv) (calcium) and 452(v) (ammonium)

Sources Synthetic salt, made of sodium or potassium and phosphate

Function Emulsifier, stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

Products Cheese spread, pudding powder, frozen turkey


Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate – E431

Also known as Polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate, polyoxyl (40) stearate

Short description Cream coloured flakes or waxy solid

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier

Products Bakery products, pudding

Suitability


Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate

Also known as Polyoxyl (8) stearate

Short descriptionCream-white soft waxy solid, for example used to mix and stabilize ingredients in fruit sauces

SourcesSynthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function Emulsifier

Products Sauces

Suitability


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Ponceau 4R – E124

Also known asBrilliant Scarlet, CI (1975) No. 16255, CI Food Red 7, Cochineal Red A, New Coccine




ProductsFruit yoghurt-drinks, fruit in syrup, custard, pudding, jam, compote, liqueur, cheese, ice cream, candy, chips, crab salad


Polyvinylpyrrolidone – E1201

Also known as Povidone, PVP

Short descriptionWhite-grey powder, for example used to clear a solution and to improve its structure

Sources Synthetic substance, a polymer (a chain of identical molecules)

Function Stabilizer, thickener

Products Beer, chewing gum, vinegar


Polyvinyl alcohol – E1203

Also known as PVOH, vinyl alcohol polymer, PVA, or PVAl

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to thicken

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of vinyl acetate (derived from a carbohydrate and acetic acid)

Function Glazing agent and thickener

Products Food supplements


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Potassium alginate – E402

Also known as Potassium polymannuronate, alginic acid potassium salt


Sources Potassium salt of alginic acid


ProductsLow salt/sodium products, ice cream, cake mix, pudding powder, custard, chocolates, wine, meat


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Potassium acetate – E261

Short description Acid, used against bacteria and loss of colour

Sources Natural potassium salt of acetic acid, also synthetically made


Products Cooked sausages, herbs and spices


Potassium adipate – E357

Also known as Adipic acid potassium salt

Short description White powder, for example used to regulate the pH of the product

Sources Potassium salt of adipic acid

Function Acid regulator

Products Herbal salts


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Potassium benzoate – E212

Also known asBenzenecarboxylic acid potassium salt, dracylic acid potassium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid potassium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and bacteria in food products

Sources Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and potassium




Potassium and sodium di-phosphates – E450

Short description

White powder. There are five different types of this additive: di sodium di phosphate (450(i)), tri sodium di phosphate (450(ii)), tetra sodium pyrophosphate (450 (iii)), tetra potassium pyrophosphate (450(v)), Calcium di hydrogen di phosphate (450(vi))

Sources Synthetic compounds, derived from minerals

Function Emulsifier

Products Bakery products, meat products, sauces, cheese products, desserts


Potassium aluminium silicate – E555

Also known as Mica, muscovite






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Potassium citrates – E332

Also known as Monopotassium citrat, tripotassium citrate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to maintain the pH value in a product. There are two different types of this additive, 332(i) and 332(ii)

Sources Potassium salt of citric acid


ProductsLow-sodium/sodium-free (salt-free) products, milk powder, coffee cream, cheese, wine, soft drinks


Potassium carbonates – E501

Also known asPotassium hydrogen carbonate, perelas, potas, potassium bicarbonate

Short description

White powder, for example used to help the product rise andto optimize the structure of chocolate products so the different ingredients won’t separate. There are two different types of this additive, 501(i) and 501(ii)

Sources Synthetically produced from potassium chloride

Function Acidity regulator, raising agent

Products Cacao, low salt products, chocolates, candy, wine


Potassium chloride – E508

Also known as Sylvite, sylvine

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to replace salt in salt reduced products



Products Dietary salt, mineral salt, low salt soup


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Potassium hydrogen sulphite – E228

Also known as Potassium bisulphite, potassium acid sulphite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungi and bacteria in food products

Sources Synthetic potassium salt of sulphurous acid


Products Sweet-and-sour products, like pickles or onions


Potassium gluconate – E577

Also known as Potassium D-gluconate, kaon, katorin, potasoral

Short descriptionYellow-white powder, for example used as a food source for yeast in baked goods

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and potassium carbonate

Function Sequestrant (metal binder), acidity regulator, stabilizer

Products Pudding powder, custard


Potassium ferrocyanide – E536

Also known as Hexacyanoferrate of potassium, yellow prussiate of potash

Short descriptionYellow substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Synthetically made of potassium hydoxide (E525)


Products Wine, salt


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Potassium lactate – E326

Also known as Lactic acid potassium salt

Short descriptionSlightly viscous liquid, for example used to prevent the drying out of products and against the growth of yeasts and fungi

Sources Potassium salt of lactic acid


Products Cheese, confectionery, ice cream, fruit jellies, soups, canned fruits


Potassium hydroxide – E525

Also known as Caustic potash, potassium hydrate

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to peel fruit and to make green olives black. Also used to control the pH value in a product

Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from potassium chloride


Products Cacao products, tea extract


Potassium iodate

Also known as Iodic acid, potassium salt

Short description White powder, for example used in bread to optimize the dough

Sources Synthetic substance, made of potassium


Products Bread, salt


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Potassium nitrate – E252

Also known as Salpeter, nitre

Short descriptionColourless powder, for example to prevent fading of natural colours and used as preservative

Sources Natural mineral, also present in many vegetables


Products Meats, sausages, canned and vacuum meat products


Potassium metabisulphite – E224

Also known as Potassium pyrosulphite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and some yeast in food products



Products Pickled onions, frozen shrimps and mussels


Potassium malate – E351

Also known as Monopotassium malate, dipotassium malate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to mask the aftertaste in a product. There are two different types of this additive, 351(i) and 351(ii)

Sources Potassium salt of malic acid


Products Ice cream, fried products


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Potassium propionate – E283

Also known as Potassium propanoate, potassium-mycoban

Short description White substance, for example used against fungi

Sources Natural potassium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)


ProductsBaked goods with chocolate, rye bread, bread, pasty, cheese products, dietary products


Potassium nitrite – E249

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria in meat

Sources Natural mineral, but also made synthetically


Products Meat and fish products


Potassium phosphate – E340

Also known asMonopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product. There are three different types of this additive, 340(i), 340(ii) and 340(iii)

SourcesNatural salt, present in our body. Synthetically made of phosphoric acid (E338)


Products Pudding powder, noodles, meats for a low salt diet, chocolate drink


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Potassium sulphate – E515

Also known as Sal polychrestrum

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to replace salt in salt reduced products

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of sulphuric acid (E513)and potassium salt


Products Beer, dietary salt


Potassium sorbate – E202

Also known as Potassium salt of sorbic acid, BB-powder

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product



ProductsSandwich spread, fish sauces, cake, mayonnaise, frozen pizza, cookies, low-sodium diet products, wine


Potassium sodium tartrate – E337

Also known as Rochelle salt, seignette salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources Potassium-sodium salt of tartaric acid

Function Acidity regulator, emulsifier, stabilizer

Products Mainly meat and cheese products


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Propane – E944

Also known as Dimethylmethane; propyl hydride




Products Aerosols


Potassium sulphite

Also known as Potassium salt of sulphurous acid

Short description White powder, for example used against discolouration



Products Beer


Potassium tartrate – E336

Also known as Monopotassium tartrate, tripotassium tartrate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to control the pH value in food products

Sources Potassium salt of tartaric acid

Function Acidity regulator, emulsifier

Products Baking powder, confectionery and baking products


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Propylene glycol – E1520

Also known as Propan-1,2-diol; propylene glycol, Methyl glycol, propanediol

Short description Clear liquid, for example used to prevent products from drying out

Sources Synthetic substance, made of propylene and carbonate


Products Margarine, candy, pastry, biscuits, oil


Propyl gallate – E310

Also known as Propyl ester of gallic acid, progallin P, tenox PG

Short description White or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources Synthetically made of propanol (an alcohol) and gallic acid


Products Chewing gum, soup, biscuits, margarine, breakfast cereals, snacks


Propionic acid – E280

Also known as Ethylformic acid, methylacetic acid, propanoic acid

Short description Oily liquid, for example used against fungus

Sources Natural acid, present in many foods. Also made synthetically


ProductsRye bread, sliced bread, pastry, canned sausages, milk products, pizza


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Proteases

Also known as Protease, papain, bromelain, ficin

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the structure of bread dough

Sources Natural enzyme, extracted from plants related to pineapples

Function Stabilizer

ProductsCheese, dairy products, breakfast cereals, canned and dried vegetables, beer, meat


Propylene glycol alginate – E405

Also known as Hydroxypropyl alginate, propane 1,2-diol alginate


Sources Synthetic substance, made of algenic acid (E400)

Function Thickener

Products Ice cream, confectionery, dressings


Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids – E477

Also known as Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids

Short descriptionWhite-yellow substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of fatty acids and propanediol (a type of alcohol)


Products Pudding powder, strawberry dessert, cake mix


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Quinoline yellow – E104

Also known as CI Food Yellow 13, CI (1975) No. 47005




Products Soft drink, lemonade, milkshake, ice cream, vermicelli


Quillaia extract – E999

Also known asBois de Panama, Panama bark extract, quillai extract, quillaja extract, quillay bark extract, soapbark extract

Short description

Brown substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value. Also used as foaming agent. There are two different types of this additive, 999(i) and 999(ii)

SourcesNatural substance, extracted from the bask of the soap bark (Quillaia saponaria)

Function Foaming agent

Products Soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, candy


Pullulan – E1204

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to thicken

Sources Synthetic substance, made of starch by fungi




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Saccharines – E954

Also known as Calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin, sodium saccharin

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste ofa product sweeter without increasing the caloric value. There are four different types of this additive, 954(i), 954(ii), 954(iii) and 954(iv)

Sources Synthetic substance, made of sulphuric acid (E513)

Function Sweetener

Products Sweeteners


Red 2G

Also known as Azogeranine, CI Food Red 10, CI (1975) No. 18050




Products Candy, hamburgers, cooked meat products


Riboflavin (vitamin B2) – E101

Also known as Lactoflavin, vitamin B2


SourcesNatural pigment, present in products such as milk, egg, vegetable and liver. Commercially prepared from yeasts. Also manufactured synthetically


Products Breakfast cereals, processed cheese, jam, soft drinks, lemonade


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Shellac – E904

Also known as Lacca, lac

Short descriptionYellow-transparent resin, for example used to make a product shine on the outside

Sources Natural wax, derived from lice


Products Candy, crust of cheese, cake decoration, fruit

SuitabilityCan be used by vegetarians. Not all religions and vegans consume this additive because it comes from scale insects, although the purified product doesn’t contain lice

Salts of fatty acids – E470

Also known asPotassium stearate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate

Short description

Yellow-white powder or solid, for example used to preventthe product sticking to the pan while cooking. There are four different types of this additive, all made of another salt, 470a(i) (sodium), 470a(ii) (potassium), 470a(iii) (calcium) and 470b (iv) (magnesium)

Sources Synthetic salts, derived by heating fatty acids


ProductsBiscuits, toast, pretzels, pastry, cookies, chips, low salt biscuits and toast, candy


Silicon dioxide – E551

Also known as Silica, silicic anhydride, flogard, sipernat 22S pirosil, aerosil 200

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve its structure

Sources Natural substance, derived from sand

Function Anti-caking agent, anti-foaming agent

ProductsCoffee syrup, milk powder, salt, herbs and spices, instant sauce and soup, wine, beer


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Sodium adipate – E356

Also known as Adipic acid sodium salt

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to regulate the pH value of the product

Sources Sodium salt of adipic acid


Products Herbal salts


Silver – E174

Also known as CI No. 77820

Short description Silver-grey colour powder

Sources Natural metal, derived from silver ore and the mineral argentite


Products Pastry decoration, candy


Sodium acetate – E262

Also known as Sodium diacetate, sodium hydrogen diacetate, dykon

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of micro-organisms. There are two different types of this additive, 262(i) and 262 (ii)

Sources Synthetic salt, made of acetic acid (E260) and sodium


Products Herbs (powder), bouillon, sausages, bread, pastry


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Sodium aluminium silicate – E554

Also known as Sodium silicoaluminate






Sodium aluminium phosphate – E541

Also known as Kasal

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to help a cake rise and to make melted cheese. There are two different types of this additive, 541(i) and 541(ii)

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of phosphoric acid, aluminium and sodium hydroxide

Function Raising agent, emulsifier

Products Baking powder, cake mix


Sodium alginate – E401

Also known as Alginic acid sodium salt, algin, sodium polymannuronate


Sources Sodium salt of alginic acid


ProductsIce cream, cake mix, pudding powder, custard, chocolates, wine, meat


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Sodium calcium polyphosphate

Also known as Sodium calcium polyphosphate, glassy

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to improve the structure of the product during processing

Sources Synthetic mixture of sodium- and calciumphosphate


Products Cheese spread, frozen products, cake


Sodium ascorbate – E301

Also known asSodium L-Ascorbate, sodium L-(+)-ascorbate, monosodium ascorbate

Short description White powder, for example used to prevent discolouration of food

Sources Natural sodium salt of ascorbic acid


ProductsSausages, cutted meat, milk powder, lemonade, flour, beer, fruit puree, buttermilk, egg products, soup, jam


Sodium benzoate – E211

Also known asBenzenecarboxylic acid sodium salt, dracylic acid sodium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid sodium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and bacteria in food products

Sources Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and sodium




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Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolyzed – E469

Also known as CMC-ENZ, enzymatically hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose

Short description White-grey powder, used to make the product thicker

SourcesSynthetic salt, made of sodium and carboxymethyl cellulose (466, a synthetic substance of cellulose)

Function Stabilizer and thickener



Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – E466

Also known as Cellulose gum, Na CMC, sodium cellulose glycolate, sodium CMC

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent ice crystals forming in a product or to let a product shine on the outside (like glace)


Function Thickener, emulsifier

ProductsPudding powder, pastry filling, strawberry or cherry dessert, fruit yoghurt, milkshake, mayonnaise, cheese products, lemonade, soup


Sodium carbonates – E500

Also known asSoda ash, sodium salt of carbonic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, baking soda, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium monohydrogendicarbonate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to keep the colour in a product and to make the product rise. There are three different types of this additive, 500(i), 500(ii) and 500(iii)

Sources Synthetically produced from sea water or salt

Function Acidity regulator, raising agent

ProductsTomato soup, tomato ketchup, cacao, salt, pretzels, custard, beer, cream, milk powder, cake, biscuit, ice cream, chocolates, waffles, olives in jars


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Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E215

Also known as Ethyl-p-hydroxybenzene, PHB-ethyl ester




Products Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice


Sodium erythorbate – E316

Also known asSodium iso-ascorbate, erythorbic acid sodium salt, mercate 20, neo-cebitate

Short description White powder, for example used to prevent change of colour

Sources Sodium salt of erythorbic acid, a synthetic variant of vitamin C


Products Meat products


Sodium citrates – E331

Also known as Monosodium citrate, disodium citrate, trisodium citrate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to decrease enzymatic browning of fruit and fruit products. There are three different types of this additive, 331(i), 331(ii) and 331(iii)

Sources Sodium salt of citric acid


Products Marmalade, ice cream, chocolate cake


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Sodium gluconate – E576

Also known as Sodium-D-gluconic acid

Short descriptionWhite-grey powder, for example used to give powdery products a longer shelf life and used as a food source for yeast

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and sodium carbonate

Function Sequestrant (metal binder)

Products Pudding powder, herbal sauces, dipping sauce


Sodium fumarate

Also known as Monosodium fumarate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to regulate the pH value of powders

Sources Sodium salt of fumaric acid


Products Confectionery, baking products, baking powder


Sodium ferrocyanide – E535

Also known asHexacyanoferrate of calcium or potassium or sodium, yellow prussiate of lime or potash or soda

Short descriptionYellow substance, for example used to form gels and to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Synthetically made of sodium hydroxide (E524)


Products Salt, salt bath for cheese


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Sodium lactate – E325

Also known as Lactoline, lactic acid sodium salt, L-sodium lactate, purasal S

Short descriptionColourless, transparent liquid, for example used to prevent drying out of products and against the growth of yeasts and fungi

Sources Sodium salt of lactic acid


Products Cheese, confectionery, ice cream, soup, canned fruit

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.

Sodium hydrogen sulphite – E222

Also known as Sodium bisulphite, acid sodium sulphite


Sources Synthetic sodium salt of sulphurous acid


Products Liquor, pickled onions, dairy products, fruit juice, mashed potatoes


Sodium hydroxide – E524

Also known as Caustic soda, lye, sodium hydrate

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to peel vegetables and fruits. Also used to give pretzels a glazed brown colour and to turn green olives black

Sources Synthetically made of rock salt


ProductsPretzels, cacao products, coffee creamer, black olives, sour cream, canned peas


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Sodium metabisulphite – E223

Also known as Disodium pyrosulphite, sodium pyrosulphite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungus and bacteria in food products



Products Liquor, pickled onions, sausages


Sodium malate – E350

Also known as Monosodium malate, disodium malate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to mask the aftertaste of products. There are two different types of this additive, 350(i) and 350(ii)

Sources Sodium salt of malic acid


Products Soft drinks, candy, ginger


Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E219

Also known asSodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate, sodium methyl hydroxybenzoate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and fungi and some bacteria in food products



ProductsCandied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice, beer, pastry filling, herring in sauce, pickles in sour, beet in jar


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Sodium nitrate – E251

Also known as Chile saltpetre, cubic or soda nitre

Short descriptionWhite powder, used against the fading of natural colours and used as preservative

Sources Natural mineral, also present in many vegetables


ProductsCheese (made of vegetable oil), vacuum meat products, frozen pizza


Sodium o-phenyl phenol

Also known as Sodium orthophenylphenate, dowicide A

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against fungus on citrus fruit, apples and pears

Sources Synthetic salt, made of sodium and phenylpenol (E231)


ProductsOranges, mandarins, grapefruit, lemons, pears, apples, jam made of these fruits


Sodium nitrite – E250

Also known as Nitrous acid sodium salt, erinitrit

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used against fading of natural colours and against the growth of bacteria in meat

Sources Natural mineral, but also made synthetically


Products Cheese, meat, frozen pizza


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Sodium sorbate – E201

Also known as Sodium salt of sorbic acid

Short descriptionAcid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeastin a food product



ProductsMeat and fish salads, meatballs, frozen pizza, meat sauces, ice-cream, margarine, jam, strawberry-sauce


Sodium phosphate – E339

Also known asMonosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate,trisodium phosphate

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to optimize the texture of the product, without losing moisture. There are three different types of this additive, 339(i), 339(ii) and 339(iii)

SourcesNatural salt, present in our body. Synthetically made of phosphoric acid (E338)


ProductsSoft drinks, sausages, ice cream, margarine, instant pudding powder, chocolate cake, noodles


Sodium propionate – E281

Also known as Sodium propanoate, sodium mycoban

Short descriptionWhite or colourless substance, for example used against the growth of fungi and some bacteria in food products

Sources Natural sodium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)


Products Baked goods with chocolate, dietary products


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Sodium sulphite – E221

Also known as Disodium sulphite




Products Egg salads, wine, beer, caramel


Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate – E481

Also known as Sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium stearoyl lactate

Short descriptionYellow powder, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to improve the structure of the product

SourcesSynthetic mixture of stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and lactic acid (E270)


ProductsVegetable powdered soup, cake mix, pancake mix, biscuits, toast, cookies, cake, spray for baking


Sodium sulphate – E514

Also known asGlauber’s salt (decahydrate form), sodium hydrogen sulphate, nitre cake, sodium bisulphate, sodium acid sulphate, sulphuric acid, monosodium salt

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to dilute colour agents and to ensure the colour won’t change

SourcesNatural substance, present in rock salt and mountain spring water. Mostly made synthetically of salt and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function Stabilizer

Products Chewing gum, colour agents


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Sodium thiosulphate

Also known as Sodium hyposulphite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to prevent potato slices getting brown after cutting

Sources Synthetic substance, made of sodium and sulphite


Products Liquor, potato products


Sodium tartrate – E335

Also known as Monosodium tartrate, disodium tartrate

Short descriptionColourless powder, for example used to enhance the flavour and purple colour of grapes. There are two different types of this additive, 335(i) and 335(ii)

Sources Sodium salt of tartaric acid


Products Confectionery, marmalade, sausages


Sodium tetraborate – E285

Also known as Borax, sodiumpyroborate, sodiumborate

Short descriptionWhite substance, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources Natural sodium salt, derived from boric acid


Products Rarely used in foods, often used in pharmaceuticals


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Sorbic acid – E200

Also known as 2-propenylacryl acid

Short descriptionWhite acid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

SourcesNatural acid, derived from the berries of the mountain ash tree (Sorbus aucuparia). It is commercially produced by several different chemical pathways


ProductsSambal, salad dressing, mayonnaise, sliced bread, vegetables in jar, margarine


Sorbitan monolaurate – E493

Also known as Sorbitan laurate, span 20

Short descriptionBrown liquid, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix, to optimize the structure of the product and to prevent foaming

SourcesSynthetic liquid, made of sorbitol (E420) and lauric acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)


Products Filled chocolates, ice cream


Sorbitan monooleate – E494

Also known as Span 80

Short description Brown liquid, for example used to keep the product malleable

SourcesSynthetic liquid, made of sorbitol (E420) and oleic acid (a natural unsaturated fatty acid)


Products Chewing gum


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Sorbitan tristearate – E492


Short descriptionCream-grey waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the structure of the product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function Emulsifer and stabilizer

Products Ice-cream, battenberg


Sorbitan monopalmitate – E495


Short descriptionCream-grey waxy substance, for example used against the separation of fat in the product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and palmitic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)


Products Cake, cake mix, bread mix, ice cream


Sorbitan monostearate – E491


Short descriptionCream-grey waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the structure of the product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)


Products Ice cream, coffee creamer, cake mix, dried yeast


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Sorbitol – E420

Also known as D-Glucitol, sorbit, D-sorbitol, sorbol

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to give a sweet taste to the product. There are two different types of this additive, 420(i) and 420(ii)

SourcesNatural substance, present in many fruits. Commercially produced from glucose

Function Sweetener

Products Many bakery and confectionery products, chewing gum


Soybean hemicellulose – E426

Short description For example used to make products thicker

Sources Natural substance, extracted from soybeans

Function Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer, anti-caking agent

Products Baked goods

SuitabilityCan be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Soybean hemicellulose can cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to soybeans

Stannous chloride – E512

Also known as Tin dichloride

Short description Substance, for example used to prevent colour loss

SourcesSynthetically produced of hydrochloric acid (E507) and tin ores (a natural mineral)

Function Stabilizer

Products Green beans in jars, asparagus in jars


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Starch sodium octenyl succinate – E1450

Also known as SSOS

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used to thicken a product and to make the texture stronger

Sources Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic acid (E260)

Function Thickener

Products Rarely used


Stearin acid – E570

Also known as Octadecane acid

Short descriptionWhite waxy substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources Natural acid, present in fats and oils


Products Chewing gum, butter aroma, vanilla aroma, candy, cookies, pastry


Starch acetate – E1420


Sources Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic acid (E260)

Function Thickener



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Stearyl tartrate – E483

Also known as Stearyl palmityl tartrate

Short descriptionCream-white oily substance, for example used in bread cream to create a firm structure

SourcesSynthetic oily substance, extracted from tartaric acid (E334) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)


Products Pudding breads, cake filling, pastry


Steviol glycosides – E960

Also known as Stevioside, rebaudioside A

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources Natural substance, made from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, chewing gum, canned fruit, low sugar dietary products


Stearyl citrate

Also known as Stearoyl citrate

Short descriptionCream-white oily liquid, for example used to combine some ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and citric acid (E330)

Function Emulsifier

Products Margarine, bakery products


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Sucralose – E955

Also known as 4,1’,6’-Trichlorogalactosucrose


Sources Synthetic substance, made of sugar

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, chocolates, sweeteners, jam, chewing gum


Sucroglycerides – E474

Also known as Sugar glycerides

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder or gel, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the texture of the product

SourcesSynthetic mixture of sugars and fats, derived from saccharose and fatty acids


Products Meat bouillon, candy, pastry, fruit


Succinic acid – E363

Also known as Amber, amber acid, butanedicic acid

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to enhance the taste and regulate the pH value of a product

SourcesNatural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables. Synthetically made from acetic acid (E260)

Function Acidity regulator, flavour enhancer

Products Confectionery, baking products


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Sucrose esters of fatty acids – E473

Also known as Sucrose fatty acid esters

Short descriptionWhite-grey powder, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the texture of a product

SourcesCompound of synthetic fats, extracted from glycerol and natural fat


Products Ice cream with fruit, chicken or meat bouillon, bouillon cubes, fruit


Sulphur dioxide – E220

Also known as Sulphurous anhydride, sulphurous oxide

Short description Colourless gas, for example used against decay

Sources Natural gas, produced by burning sulphur


ProductsRaspberry juice, dried vegetables and fruit, beer, wine, cider, sherry, liqueur, garlic powder, gelatin, jam, breakfast cereals


Sucrose acetate isobutyrate – E444

Also known as SAIB

Short description Liquid, for example used to mix ingredients in water based drinks

Sources Synthetic compound derived from sucrose

Function Emulsifier

Products Energy drinks, sport drinks, water based drinks


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Tannic acid

Also known as Gallotannic acid, tannins (food grade)

Short description Yellow-white colour powder with typical odour

Sources Natural pigment, derived from acorns or made synthetically


Products Soft drinks, ice cream, wine, beer, candy, baked goods


Sunset yellow FCF – E110

Also known as CI Food Yellow 3, CI (1975) No. 15985, Orange Yellow S

Short description Orange-red colour powder



ProductsFruit brandy, custard, fruit yoghurt, marzipan, mayonnaise, candy, smoked fish


Sulphuric acid – E513

Short descriptionLight-brown liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources Synthetic substance, made of sulphur dioxide, oxygen and water

Function Acidity regulator and stabilizer

Products Beer, liquor, cheese spread


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Tartaric acid – E334

Also known as L(+)-tartaric acid

Short descriptionColourless or white powder, for example used to enhance the flavour and purple colour of grapes

SourcesNatural acid, present in many fruits, especially grapes. Commercially prepared from waste products of the wine industry (grape skins)


Products Confectionery, soft drinks, marmalade, ice cream, wine


Tartrazine – E102

Also known as CI (1975) No. 19140, CI Food Yellow 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5

Short description Yellow-Light orange colour powder



ProductsLiqueur, currant, milkshake, fruit yoghurt, cake flour, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, mayonnaise, chips, pretzels, candy, custard, pudding


Tara gum – E417

Also known as Peruvian carob

Short description White-yellow powder, for example used to make a product thicker

Sources Natural carbohydrate, obtained from the tree Cesalpinia spinosa

Function Thickener

ProductsMilk-based products, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, sauces, soup


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Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – E479b

Also known as TOSOM

Short descriptionLiquid, for example used to prevent the oil from splashing when heated

Sources Synthetically made by heating soy oil and fatty acids


Products Spray for baking tray


Thaumatin – E957

Also known as Talin

Short descriptionCream-white powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

SourcesNatural mixture of proteins, extracted from the berries of the plant Thaumatococcus daniellii

Function Sweetener

Products Candy, chewing gum


Tertiary butylhydroquinone – E319

Also known as TBHQ, buthylhydrochinon

Short description White powder, for example used to prevent rancidity in oil



Products Oils and fat


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Thiodipropionic acid

Also known as Thiodihydracrylic acid

Short description White solid, for example used to prevent rancidity



Products Fats and oils


Titanium dioxide – E171

Also known as CI (1975) No. 77891, CI pigment white 6, titania

Short description White colour powder

Sources Natural mineral


ProductsCandy, chewing gum, horseradish sauce, quark, cottage cheese, mozzarella


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Thiabendazole

Also known as TBZ, thiaben, thiabendazole, omnizole, thiaben, tribendazole

Short descriptionSubstance, for example used against the growth of fungion food products. Mainly used on fruit

Sources Synthetic pesticide


ProductsBananas, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, residue in meat (products) and potatoes, grains, tomatoes, onions


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Tocopherol concentrate – E306

Also known as Vitamin E concentrate

description Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

SourcesNatural extract of vegetable oils, like soya bean, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize and green leaves


Products Oils and fats, frying oil, cheese, pastry, soup


Triacetin – E1518

Also known as Glyceryl triacetate

Short descriptionClear oily liquid, for example used to dissolve flavouring agentsin a product

SourcesSynthetic substance, made of acetic acid (E260) and glycerol (a type of alcohol)

Function Bulking agent

ProductsDried protein, ice cream, margarine, candy, soft drinks, baked goods, chewing gum


Tragacanth gum – E413

Also known as Tragacanth

Short descriptionWhite-yellow powder, for example used against the formation of crystals in sugar used in confectionery

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, produced from the Tragacanth tree (Astragalus Gummifer)

Function Emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer

Products Confectionery, ice cream, icing, processed cheese


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Triethyl citrate – E1505

Also known as Ethyl citrate, citric acid ethyl ester

Short descriptionOily liquid, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

Sources Synthetically made of citric acid (E330)

Function Bulking agent

ProductsSoft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, candy, baked goods, instant pudding


Triphosphates – E451

Short description

White powder, for example used to improve the structureof meat (such as sausages or hamburgers). There are two different types of this additive, one with sodium (451(i))and one with potassium (451(ii))

Sources Synthetic compounds, derived from minerals

Function Emulsifier, stabilizer,acidity regulator

Products Soup, cheese, meat products, custard powder


Triammonium citrate – E380

Also known as Ammonium citrate tribasic, citric acid triammonium salt

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to mix the ingredients in products. There are two different types of this additive, 380(i) and 380(ii)

Sources Ammonium salt of citric acid

Function Acidity regulator, emulsifier

Products Chocolate, confectionery, cheese spreads


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Xylitol – E967

Also known as D-xylitol; Xyliton; xylite

Short descriptionWhite powder, for example used to make the taste of a productsweeter without increasing the caloric value. It also prevents the growth of yeast

SourcesNatural substance, present in many plants. It is commercially produced from xylan, a polysaccharide fraction of wood pulp.

Function Sweetener

ProductsChewing gum, toffees, peppermint, chocolates, waffles, marmalade, jam, soft drinks


Xanthan gum – E415

Also known as Kelzna, Keltrol

Short description Cream-white powder, for example used to thicken a product

SourcesNatural carbohydrate, produced by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris from sugar and molasses

Function Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier

Products Salad dressing, mayonnaise, sauces, desserts


Vegetable carbon – E153

Also known as Carbon Black, Vegetable black, CI 77266, Charcoal, Norit

Short description Black colour powder

SourcesNatural element, commercially produced by burning vegetable matter


Products Some fish products


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Zeaxanthin

Also known as Citranaxanthin


SourcesNatural pigment, present in many plants. Commercially derived from dried plants


Products Eggs, soup, soft drinks, ice cream


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Eldin Food Consulting, 2012. Your Specialist in

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A Guide to the Consumer Protection Act, PDF

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Act? [Online PDF] http://www.restaurant.org.za/

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Understanding food labels

South African Department of Health, 2012. Food

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COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011

of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II

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Parliament and of the Council by establishing

a Union list of food additives http://eur-lex.

europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.

do?uri=OJ:L:2011:295:0001:0177:En:PDF

Dietary requirements

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Storage continued...

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Documents

Food additives appendix