Flight attendant

“Stewardesses” redirects here. For the 1969 3-D film, see The Stewardesses. “Cabin crew”redirects here. For the Australian dance mu-sic duo, see Cabin Crew. “Air hostess” redirectshere. For other uses, see Air Hostess (disam-biguation).

Flight attendant of Austrian Airlines directing a passenger to hisseat

Flight attendants or cabin crew (also known as stew-ards/stewardesses, air hosts/hostesses, cabin atten-dants) are members of an aircrew employed by airlinesprimarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passen-gers aboard commercial flights, on select business jetaircraft,[1] and on some military aircraft.[2]

1 History

Flight attendant, circa 1949–1950, American Overseas Airlines,Flagship Denmark, Boeing 377 Stratocruiser

The role of a flight attendant derives from that of simi-lar positions on passenger ships or passenger trains, butit has more direct involvement with passengers becauseof the confined quarters on aircraft. Additionally, thejob of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a muchgreater extent than those of similar staff on other formsof transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight col-lectively form a cabin crew, as distinguished from pilotsand engineers in the cockpit.Heinrich Kubis was the world’s first flight attendant, in1912.[3]

Origins of the word “steward” in transportation are re-flected in the term "chief steward" as used in maritimetransport terminology. The term purser and chief stewardare often used interchangeably describing personnel withsimilar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingualderivation results from the international British maritimetradition (i.e. chief mate) dating back to the 14th centuryand the civilian United States Merchant Marine on whichUS aviation is somewhat modeled. Due to internationalconventions and agreements, in which all ships’ personnelwho sail internationally are similarly documented by theirrespective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assignssuch duties to the chief steward in the overall rank andcommand structure of which pursers are not positionallyrepresented or rostered.Imperial Airways of the United Kingdom had “cabinboys” or “stewards"; in the 1920s. In the US, Stout Air-ways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working onFord Trimotor planes between Detroit and Grand Rapids,Michigan. Western Airlines (1928) and Pan AmericanWorld Airways (Pan Am) (1929) were the first US car-riers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passengerFokker aircraft used in the Caribbean had stewards in theera of gambling trips to Havana, Cuba from Key West,Florida. Lead flight attendants would in many instancesalso perform the role of purser, steward, or chief stewardin modern aviation terminology.The first female flight attendant was a 25-year-oldregistered nurse named Ellen Church.[4] Hired by UnitedAirlines in 1930,[5] she also first envisioned nurses onaircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses toserve as flight attendants, then called “stewardesses” or“air hostesses”, on most of their flights. In the UnitedStates, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to per-mit women, which, coupled with the Great Depression,led to large numbers of applicants for the few positionsavailable. Two thousand women applied for just 43 po-

1

2 2 OVERVIEW

sitions offered by Transcontinental and Western Airlinesin December 1935.[6]

Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, andby 1936, they had all but taken over the role.[5] They wereselected not only for their knowledge but also for theircharacteristics. A 1936 New York Times article describedthe requirements:

The girls who qualify for hostesses mustbe petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years.Add to that the rigid physical examination eachmust undergo four times every year, and youare assured of the bloom that goes with perfecthealth.[5]

Three decades later, a 1966 New York Times classified adfor stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these require-ments:

A high school graduate, single (widowsand divorcees with no children considered), 20years of age (girls 19 1/2 may apply for fu-ture consideration). 5'2” but nomore than 5'9”,weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height andhave at least 20/40 vision without glasses.[7]

In the United States, they were required to be unmarriedand were fired if they decided to wed.[6] The requirementto be a registered nurse on an American airline was re-laxed as more women were hired,[6] and it disappearedalmost entirely during World War II as many nurses en-listed in the armed forces.Ruth Carol Taylor was the first African-American flightattendant in the United States.[8] Hired in December1957,[9] on February 11, 1958, Taylor was the flight at-tendant on a Mohawk Airlines flight from Ithaca to NewYork, the first time such a position had been held by anAfrican American.[10] She was let go within six monthsas a result of Mohawk’s then-common marriage ban.[11]

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission'sfirst complainants were female flight attendants com-plaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, andbans on marriage.[12] (Originally female flight attendantswere fired if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on theairline, were fired if they exceeded weight regulations,and were required to be single upon hiring and fired ifthey got married.[13]) In 1968, the EEOC declared agerestrictions on flight attendants’ employment to be illegalsex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Actof 1964.[14] Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex wasnot a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flightattendant.[15] The restriction of hiring only women waslifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court caseof Diaz vs. Pan Am.[16] The no-marriage rule was elimi-nated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.[17]

The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weightrestrictions,[18] were relaxed in the 1990s through litiga-tion and negotiations.[19] Flight attendants still must usu-ally have weight in proportion to height; persons outsidethe normal range may not be qualified to act as flightattendants.[20]

2 Overview

The primary role of a flight attendant is to ensurepassenger safety. In addition to this, flight attendants areoften tasked with customer service duties such as servingmeals and drinks, as a secondary responsibility.[21][22]

The number of flight attendants required on flights aremandated by international safety regulations. For planeswith up to 19 passenger seats, no flight attendant isneeded.[23] For larger planes, one flight attendant per 50passenger seats is needed.[23]

The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are fe-male, though a substantial number of males have enteredthe industry since 1980.[24]

2.1 Responsibilities

An EgyptAir flight attendant performing a pre-flight safetydemonstration

Prior to each flight, flight attendants attend a safety brief-ing with the pilots and lead flight attendant. Duringthis briefing, they go over safety and emergency check-lists, the locations and amounts of emergency equipmentand other features specific to that aircraft type. Board-ing particulars are verified, such as special needs passen-gers, small children traveling as unaccompanied or VIPs.Weather conditions are discussed including anticipatedturbulence. Prior to each flight a safety check is con-ducted to ensure all equipment such as life-vests, torches(flashlights) and firefighting equipment are on board, inthe right quantity, and in proper condition. Any unser-viceable or missing items must be reported and recti-fied prior to takeoff. They must monitor the cabin for

2.2 Chief Purser 3

any unusual smells or situations. They assist with theloading of carry-on baggage, checking for weight, sizeand dangerous goods. They make sure those sitting inemergency exit rows are willing and able to assist in anevacuation and move those who are not willing or ableout of the row into another seat. They then must do asafety demonstration or monitor passengers as they watcha safety video. They then must “secure the cabin” ensur-ing tray tables are stowed, seats are in their upright posi-tions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly andseat belts are fastened prior to takeoff. All the servicebetween boarding and take-off is called Pre Take off Ser-vice.[21]

Aeroflot flight attendant, June 2013

Once up in the air, flight attendants will usually servedrinks and/or food to passengers. When not perform-ing customer service duties, flight attendants must peri-odically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusualnoises or situations. Checks must also be done on thelavatory to ensure the smoke detector hasn't been disabledor destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regu-lar cockpit checks must be done to ensure the health andsafety of the pilot(s). Theymust also respond to call lightsdealing with special requests. During turbulence, flightattendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to land-ing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collectedand secured along with service and galley equipment. Allhot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin checkmust then be completed prior to landing. It is vital thatflight attendants remain aware as the majority of emer-gencies occur during takeoff and landing. Upon landing,flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and mon-itor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark theplane. They also assist any special needs passengers andsmall children off the airplane and escort children, whilefollowing the proper paperwork and ID process to escortthem to the designated person picking them up.Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide vari-ety of emergencies, and are trained in First Aid. Morefrequent situations may include a bleeding nose, ill-ness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressiveand anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training in-cludes rejected takeoffs, emergency landings, cardiac and

in-flight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, fires,depressurization, on-board births and deaths, dangerousgoods and spills in the cabin, emergency evacuations,hijackings, and water landings.

Flight attendants for Germanwings performing in flight serviceduties

2.1.1 Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights

On most commercial airliners, flight attendants receivevarious forms of notification on board the aircraft in theform of audible chimes and colored lights above theirstations. Typically, the following chimes and colors areused:

• Pink orRed - Interphone calls from the cockpit to aflight attendant and/or interphone calls between twoflight attendants (steady with high-low chime), orall services emergency call (flashing with repeatedhigh-low chime).

• Blue - Call from passenger in seat (steadywith singlehigh chime).

• Amber - Call from passenger in lavatory (steadywith single high chime), or lavatory smoke detectorset off (flashing with repeated high chime).

• Green (non-standard) - On some airlines’ Airbusaircraft, this color is used to indicate interphone callsbetween two flight attendants, distinguishing themfrom the pink or red light used for interphone callsmade from the cockpit to a flight attendant, and isalso accompanied with a high-low chime like thepink or red light. On some other airlines’ aircraft,this color has a completely different meaning, andis used to indicate that the cockpit is no longer ster-ile after the aircraft is above a specific altitude.

2.2 Chief Purser

The Chief Purser (CP), also titled as Inflight ServiceManager (ISM), Flight Service Manager (FSM), Cus-

4 4 UNIFORMS AND PRESENTATION

tomer Service Manager (CSM) or Cabin Service Direc-tor (CSD) is the senior flight attendant in the chain ofcommand of flight attendants. While not necessarily themost senior crew members on a flight (in years of serviceto their respective carrier), Chief Pursers can have vary-ing levels of “in-flight” or “on board” bidding seniority ortenure in relation to their flying partners. To reach thisposition, a crew member requires some minimum yearsof service as flight attendant. Further training is manda-tory, and Chief Pursers typically earn a higher salary thanflight attendants because of the added responsibility andmanagerial role.

2.3 Purser

The Purser is in charge of the cabin crew, in a specificsection of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself(if the purser is the highest ranking). On board a largeraircraft, Pursers assist the Chief Purser in managing thecabin. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typi-cally with an airline for several years prior to applicationfor, and further training to become a purser, and normallyearn a higher salary than flight attendants because of theadded responsibility and supervisory role.

3 Qualifications

3.1 Training

Flight attendants are normally trained in the hub or head-quarters city of an airline over a period that may run fromfour weeks to six months, depending on the country andairline. The main focus of training is safety, and atten-dants will be checked out for each type of aircraft inwhich they work. One of the most elaborate training fa-cilities was Breech Academy which Trans World Airlines(TWA) opened in 1969 in Overland Park, Kansas. Otherairlines were to also send their attendants to the school.However, during the fare wars, the school’s viability de-clined and it closed around 1988.Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emer-gency passenger evacuation management, use of evac-uation slides/life rafts, in-flight firefighting, first aid,CPR, defibrillation, ditching/emergency landing proce-dures, decompression emergencies, crew resource man-agement, and security.In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administrationrequires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seatsand used by an air carrier for transportation to hold a Cer-tificate of Demonstrated Proficiency. This is not consid-ered to be the equivalent of an airman certificate (license),although it is issued on the same card stock. It shows thata level of required training has been met. It is not limitedto the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (al-though some initial documents showed the airlines where

the holders were working), and is the attendant’s personalproperty. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2(listed on the certificate as “Group I” and “Group II”). Ei-ther or both of these may be earned depending upon thegeneral type of aircraft, (propeller or turbojet), on whichthe holder has trained.[25]

There are also training schools, not affiliated with anyparticular airline, where students generally not only un-dergo generic, though otherwise practically identical,training to flight attendants employed by an airline, butalso take curriculum modules to help them gain employ-ment. These schools often use actual airline equipmentfor their lessons, though some are equipped with full sim-ulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emer-gency situations. In some countries, such as France, adegree is required, together with the Certificat de Forma-tion à la Sécurité (safety training certificate).[26]

3.2 Language

Multilingual flight attendants are often in demand to ac-commodate international travellers. The languages mostin demand, other than English, are French, Spanish,Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Arabic, Slovak,German, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish[27] and Greek.In the United States, airlines with international routespay an additional stipend for language skills on top offlight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certainlanguages when launching international destinations.

3.3 Height and weight

Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons,making sure that all flight attendants can reach overheadsafety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height forthis is 150 to 185 cm (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 1 in) tall.[28] Someairlines, such as EVA Air, have height requirements forpurely aesthetic purposes. Regional carriers using smallaircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions.Flight attendants are also subject to weight requirementsas well. Weight must usually be in proportion to height;persons outside the normal range may not be qualified toact as flight attendants.[20]

4 Uniforms and presentation

The first flight attendant uniforms were designed to bedurable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers.In the 1930s, the first female flight attendants dressed inuniforms resembling nurses' outfits.[29] The first femaleflight attendants for United Airlines wore green berets,green capes and nurse’s shoes. Other airlines, such asEastern Air Lines, actually dressed female flight atten-dants in nurses’ uniforms.

5

Garuda Indonesia flight attendants uniform featuring kebayaand batik

Perhaps reflecting the military aviation background ofmany commercial aviation pioneers, many early uniformshad a strongly military appearance; hats, jackets, andskirts showed simple straight lines and military detailslike epaulettes and brass buttons. Many uniforms hada summer and winter version, differentiated by coloursand fabrics appropriate to the season: navy blue for win-ter, for example, khaki for summer. But as the role ofwomen in the air grew, and airline companies began to re-alise the publicity value of their female flight attendants,more feminine lines and colours began to appear in thelate 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to com-mission designs from high-end department stores and stillothers called in noted designers or evenmilliners to createdistinctive and attractive apparel.Since the 1980s to present, Asian airlines, especially na-tional flag carrier ones, usually feature the traditionaldress and fabrics of their respective country in their fe-male flight attendants’ uniform. It was meant as a mar-keting strategy to showcase their national culture as wellas to convey the welcoming warmth and hospitality. Forexample, Thai Airways flight attendants are required tochange from their corporate purple suits into traditionalThai costume prior to passengers boarding.[30] While theuniform of Garuda Indonesia female flight attendants isa modified kebaya, inspired by the traditional batik motif

of Parang Gondosuli, the motif is called Lereng GarudaIndonesia.[31] Malaysian. Singapore Airlines flight atten-dants wear batik prints in their uniform. Vietnam Air-lines flight attendants wear red áo dài and Air India flightattendants wear a Sari on all passenger flights.Flight attendants are generally expected to show a highlevel of personal grooming such as appropriate use ofcosmetics and thorough personal hygiene.Flight attendants must not have any tattoos visible whena uniform is worn. These requirements are designed togive the airlines a positive presentation.In several airlines in the IslamicWorld, such as Egypt Air,Iran Air and Saudia, female flight attendants’ uniformshave added a hijab to conform to the Islamic customs.

5 In advertising

Singapore Girls, featured in Singapore Airlines' advertising

In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertisingthe attractiveness and friendliness of their stewardesses.National Airlines began a “Fly Me"; campaign using at-tractive female flight attendants with taglines such as “I'mLorraine. Fly me to Orlando.” (A low budget 1973 filmabout three flight attendants, FlyMe, starring Lenore Kas-dorf, was based on the ad campaign.) Braniff Interna-tional Airways, presented a campaign known as the “AirStrip” with similarly attractive young female flight atten-dant changing uniforms mid-flight.[32] A policy of at leastone airline required that only unmarried women could beflight attendants.[33]

6 7 ROLES IN EMERGENCIES

Flight attendant Roz Hanby became a minor celebritywhen she became the face of British Airways in their “Flythe Flag” advertising campaign over a 7-year period in the1980s. Singapore Airlines is currently one of the few air-lines still choosing to use the image of their female flightattendants, known as Singapore Girls, in their advertisingmaterial. However, this is starting to be phased out, infavor of advertising which emphasises the modernity oftheir fleet.

6 Unions

Flight attendant unions were formed, beginning at UnitedAirlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay,benefits and working conditions.[34] Those unions wouldlater challenge what they perceived as sexist stereotypesand unfair work practices such as age limits, size lim-its, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of preg-nancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by ju-dicial mandates. The largest flight attendants’ union isthe Association of Flight Attendants, representing nearly60,000 flight attendants at 19 airlines within the US.[35]

TheAssociation of Professional Flight Attendants[36] rep-resents the flight attendants of American Airlines, theworld’s largest carrier. APFA is the largest independentflight attendant union in the world.[37]

In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by eitherCabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerfulTransport and General Workers’ Union.InAustralia, flight attendants are represented by the FlightAttendants’ Association of Australia (FAAA). There aretwo divisions: one for international crews (long-haul) andone for domestic crews (short-haul).In New Zealand, flight attendants can be represented byeither the Flight Attendants and Related Services Associ-ation (FARSA) or by the Engineering, Printing and Man-ufacturing Union (EPMU).In Canada, flight attendants are represented by either theCanadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) or by theCanadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU).

6.1 Discrimination

Originally female flight attendants were required to besingle upon hiring, and were fired if they got married,exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 de-pending on the airline.[13] In the 1970s the group Stew-ardesses for Women’s Rights protested sexist advertis-ing and company discrimination, and brought many casesto court. In 1968, the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupa-tional requirement to be a flight attendant.[15] The agerestriction was eliminated in 1970.[13] The restriction ofhiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to

the decisive court case of Diaz vs. Pan Am.[16] The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airlineindustry by the 1980s.[17] The last such broad categor-ical discrimination, the weight restrictions,[18] were re-laxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.[19]Flight attendants still must usually have weight in propor-tion to height; persons outside the normal range may notbe qualified to act as flight attendants.[20] By the end of the1970s, the term stewardess had generally been replacedby the gender-neutral alternative flight attendant. Morerecently the term cabin crew or cabin staff has begun toreplace 'flight attendants’ in some parts of the world, be-cause of the term’s recognition of their role as membersof the crew.

7 Roles in emergencies

Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have longbeen credited in saving lives; in the United States, theNational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and otheraviation authorities view flight attendants as essentialfor safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121aircraft operations.[38] Studies, some done in light ofBritish Airtours Flight 28M, have concluded that as-sertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuationof aeroplanes.[39][40] Notable examples of cabin crew ac-tions include:

7.1 September 11, 2001

The role of flight attendants received heightened promi-nence after the September 11 attacks when flight atten-dants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lylesof United Airlines Flight 93, Robert Fangman of UnitedAirlines Flight 175, Renee May of American AirlinesFlight 77 and Betty Ong and Madeline Amy Sweeney ofAmerican Airlines Flight 11) actively attempted to pro-tect passengers from assault, and also provided vital in-formation to air traffic controllers on the hijackings.[41]

In the wake of these attacks, many flight attendants at ma-jor airlines were laid off because of decreased passengerloads.[41]

7.2 Other emergencies

• In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aidedsurvivors after the crash of TWA Flight 1, thenwalked 4 mi (6.4 km) through a snowstorm to findhelp, before returning to the crash scene.[42][43]

• Naila Nazir, Pakistani flight attendant (employee ofPakistan International Airlines) who received 1985’sFlight Safety Foundation (FSF) Heroism Award forher brave handling of tense and dangerous situ-

7.2 Other emergencies 7

ation during 13 days of flight PK-326 hijackingordeal.[44][45]

• British Airtours Flight 28M, the two forward flightattendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, re-peatedly crawled into the smoked filled and burningcabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, andwere subsequently awarded the Queen’s GallantryMedal. The two rear flight attendants, Sharon Fordand Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors butwere overwhelmed by fire and smoke were awardedthe same medal posthumously.

• Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, when cabin crewrecognised an emergency landing was imminent andcommanded the passengers to “bend down ... holdyour knees” to adopt the brace position.[46]

• Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, whose soleflight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergencybriefings, brace and evacuation commands to thepassengers when the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia air-craft sustained serious damage to one of its enginesand crash landed. The NTSB accident report com-mended “the exemplary manner in which the flightattendant briefed the passengers and handled theemergency”.[47]

• BOAC Flight 712, where a flight attendant, BarbaraJane Harrison died saving passengers from anon-board fire and was posthumously awarded theGeorge Cross.

• British Airways Flight 5390, in which a flight at-tendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lostthrough a cockpit window that had failed.

• Southern Airways Flight 242, on which the cabincrew provided safety briefings to their passengers,and on their own initiative, warned passengers ofthe impending crash by commanding passengers toadopt the brace position. At least one flight atten-dant is known to have assisted in rescuing trappedpassengers.[48]

• Air Florida Flight 90, in which Kelly Duncan,the lone surviving flight attendant, passed the onlylifevest she could find to another passenger. She isrecognised in the NTSB report for this “unselfishact.”[49]

• TWA flight attendant Uli Derickson who protectedpassengers during the TWA Flight 847 hijacking byassisting with negotiation efforts.

• TWA Flight 843, when a TWA Lockheed L-1011aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992.

The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight at-tendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants,evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss oflife. The NTSB in their after accident reportednoted, “The performance of the flight attendantsduring the emergency was exceptional and prob-ably contributed to the success of the emergencyevacuation.”[50][51]

• On British Airways Flight 2069, cabin crew stoppedthe plane from being crashed by a mentally illpassenger.[52]

• Crew on American Airlines Flight 63 preventedshoe bomber Richard Colvin Reid from blowing upthe plane.[53]

• Flight attendants on Qantas Flight 1737 preventedtheir plane from being hijacked by a passenger withmental health issues. Two of them were taken tohospital with stab wounds.[54]

• Aloha Airlines Flight 243 suffered a decompressionwhich tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section of fuselageaway from the plane. The only fatality was flight at-tendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the air-plane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrownviolently to the floor during the decompression but,despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aislereassuring passengers.[55]

• Senior Purser Neerja Bhanot saved the lives of pas-sengers and crew when Pan Am Flight 73 was hi-jacked. She was killed while protecting childrenfrom the terrorists. After her death she received theSpecial Courage Award from the United States De-partment of Justice and India’s highest civilian honorfor bravery, the Ashoka Chakra.

• Flight Attendants on Air Canada Flight 797 (SergioBenetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used proce-dures which were not specifically taught in trainingsuch as moving passengers to the front of the air-craft to move them away from the fire and smoke,and passing out towels for passengers to cover theirnose and mouths with while the cabin was fillingwith smoke.

• Flight Attendants on US Airways Flight 1549 suc-cessfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraftwithin 90 seconds despite the fact that the rear wasrapidly filling with water.

• Nine cabin crew members aboard Air France Flight358 successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway atToronto Pearson International Airport. The NTSBstated that the actions of the cabin crew contributedto the 100% survival rate.

8 9 NOTABLE FLIGHT ATTENDANTS

• The flight attendants of Philippine Airlines Flight434 kept the passengers calm after a bomb explodedduring the flight from Cebu to Tokyo. Though onepassenger was killed during the explosion, Theytook care of the injured passengers.

8 In popular culture

• 1933: Hollywood B-movie Air Hostess portrays alove story about a flight attendant (Evalyn Knapp)and a pilot (James Murray).

• 1947: The Vicki Barr: Flight Stewardess book se-ries, in which Vicki’s career “brings her glamorousfriends, exciting adventures, loyal roommates anddates with a hand some young pilot and an up-and-coming reporter”, sells well in the US.

• 1950: In Batman #62 (December/January), it is re-vealed that Catwoman is an amnesiac flight atten-dant who had turned to crime after suffering a priorblow to the head during a plane crash she survived.The name of the airline she worked for was SpeedAirlines.

• 1951: Hollywood production Three Guys NamedMike, tells the story of flight attendant Marcy (JaneWyman) who has to choose between three admirersand becomes an advertising icon.

• 1956: Doris Day is the title character in the filmJulie. It is also notable as potentially the first filmto feature the subplot of a flight attendant pilotinga plane to safety, later used in Airport 1975 (1975)and parodied in Airplane! (1980). It is further no-table for being technically accurate.

• 1959: in the German romantic comedy An Angel onWheels, Romy Schneider plays the guardian angel ofa racing car driver who disguises herself as an flightattendant.

• 1963: British comedy Come Fly with Me featuredDolores Hart, Pamela Tiffin and Lois Nettleton asthree air stewardesses who find romance in thisadaptation of Bernard Glemser's 1960 novel, “Girlon a Wing”.

• 1965: in the US comedy Boeing Boeing, Tony Curtisplays an American journalist in Paris who is simulta-neously engaged to three different flight attendants.

• 1965: Mickey Rooney has a major role as a purser inthe movie Twenty Four Hours to Kill. It was filmedin Lebanon using a Comet jetliner.

• 1967: best selling memoir Coffee, Tea or Me?, byTrudy Baker andRachel Jones recounts the romanticadventures of two flight attendants.

• 1996: Australian comedian Caroline Reid createsthe character “Pam Ann” to satirise the stereotyp-ical aspects of the job of the female flight attendant.

• 1997: Seventies film star Pam Grier plays a flightattendant in Quentin Tarantino's gangster film JackieBrown.

• 2003: Come Fly With Us! A Global History ofthe Airline Hostess by Johanna Omelia and MichaelWaldock. Publisher: Collectors Press. This historyincludes hundreds of images spanning more thaneight decades from more than 40 international air-lines.

• 2003: British television series Mile High features agroup of flight attendants working for the fictitiouslow-cost carrier “Fresh!". In the film View from theTop, Gwyneth Paltrow plays an ambitious flight at-tendant trying to escape her small-town existence.

• 2004: the hit single Air Hostess by Busted reachesNo. 2 in the UK singles chart.

• 2007: British pop/bubblegum dance group Scooch,comes 22nd in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007with the song "Flying the Flag (For You)", featuringflight attendants and including a liberal amount ofsexual innuendo.[56]

• 2011: the American period television series PanAm, starring Christina Ricci, features pilots andflight attendants working in the 1960s.

• 2012: Transit Girl, a film by former flight attendantMiriam Thiel, premiers at the Berlin Film Festival.

• 2013: Come FlyWith Us! Tenth Anniversary EditionA Global History of the Airline Hostess - a book byJohannaOmelia andMichaelWaldock, published byAilemo Books<Bowker>, featuring flight attendantsfrom 120 airlines, hundreds of images and careerhistories from 1930 to 2013. ISBN 978-0-9819224-2-3 (180 pages)

• 2014: Come Fly With Us Magazine onlinelaunched, a free digital magazine about internationalcabin crew and the joys of travel with a strong retroflavor including flight attendants in the Golden Ageof Air Travel.

• 2014: TAKEOFF! with The Savvy Stews premiereson Destination America hosted by two flight atten-dants Bobby Laurie & Gailen David and profilingflight attendant layovers around the world.

9 Notable flight attendants

• Ron Akana served the second longest career as aflight attendant. From 1949, up until his retirement

9

in 2012, Ron worked for United Airlines cabin crewfor 63 years, retiring at the age of 84.[57]

• Ant, TV personality Celebrity Fit Club formerAmerican Airlines flight attendant

• Kathy Augustine, a flight attendant prior to enteringNevada politics

• Rico Barrera of Pinoy Big Brother Philippines Sea-son 1 and an actor who continues to fly with Seair

• Alex Best, ex-wife of George Best

• Neerja Bhanot, was a flight attendant for Pan Amairlines, based in Bombay, India, who died whilesaving passengers from terrorists on board the hi-jacked Pan Am Flight 73 on September 5, 1986,she went on to become the youngest recipient of In-dia’s highest civilian award for bravery, the AshokaChakra.

• Regina Bird, Big Brother Australia 2003 winner

• Deborah Burlingame, sister of Charles “Chic”Burlingame III, pilot of hijacked American AirlinesFlight 77

• Soraya Raquel Lamilla Cuevas, international award-winning Spanish/English singer and songwriter

• Gailen David, Host of TAKE OFF! with The SavvyStews, flight attendant activist, CNN Airport Net-work travel expert.

• Nh. Dini, Indonesian novelist and mother of Frenchdirector Pierre Coffin. Worked as a Garuda Indone-sia flight attendant during her early life

• Betty Ong, was a flight attendant on board AmericanAirlines Flight 11 the first of four hijacked aircraft’son the morning of September 11, 2001. Ong is bestknown for her actions that morning as well as hercalm and professional manner.

• Madeline Amy Sweeney, was also a flight attendanton board Flight 11, Sweeney was the first to describethe hijackers, and their actions.

• Beverly Lynn Burns, American Airlines stewardessclass of 1971; first woman Boeing 747 Captain inthe world July 1984

• Terence Cao, veteran Singaporean actor

• Ellen Church, first female flight attendant in history

• Uli Derickson, on duty during the TWA Flight 847hijacking

• Brian Dowling, UK Big Brother 2001 winner

• Gaëtan Dugas, alleged Patient Zero for acquired im-mune deficiency syndrome

• Ruth Carol Taylor, first verified African-Americanstewardess, hired by Mohawk Airlines in 1958[58]

• Roz Hanby, face of the British Airways “Fly theFlag” campaign (1970s/1980s)

• Hajah Mariam, the ex-wife of the Sultan of Brunei,was a flight attendant for Royal Brunei Airlines uponher marriage to the Sultan.

• Barbara Jane Harrison, posthumously awarded theGeorge Cross for bravery

• Todd Herzog, winner of Survivor: China

• Shawn Kathleen Howard, creator of “PassengerShaming”

• Jennifer Hosten, 1970 Miss World winner

• Patricia Ireland, former President of the NationalOrganization for Women

• Kris Jenner, was a flight attendant, for a year, beforemarrying Robert Kardashian

• Annita Keating, Dutch-born estranged wife of for-mer Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, flewwith KLM and Alitalia prior to her marriage.

• Sonija Kwok, 1999Miss Hong Kong, now a popularartist with TVB

• Bobby Laurie, Host of flight attendant based showTAKE OFF! with The Savvy Stews and CNN Air-port Network correspondent.

• Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress, who coinciden-tally played a plane crash survivor on Lost, workedfor Royal Airlines.

• Ziana Zain, Malaysian international artist, model,actress

• Katherine Lee, American flight attendant famous forher finger wag in Delta Air Lines' in-flight safetyvideo, which became a hit on YouTube.

• Kate Linder, actress on The Young and the Restless,who continues to fly with United Airlines on week-ends when not filming.

• Jan Brown Lohr, lobbied in Washington for lap ba-bies’ safety belts after the crash of United AirlinesFlight 232

• Catherine Maunoury, French winner of the Aero-batics World Championship in 1988 and 2000

• Pamela Bianca Manalo, a flight attendant forPhilippine Airlines before she was crowned MissPhilippines-Universe in 2009

• Carole Middleton, mother of Catherine, Duchess ofCambridge

10 11 REFERENCES

• Avis Miller, Playboy Playmate Miss November1970

• Jane McGrath, co-founder of the McGrath Founda-tion for breast cancer.

• Chiaki Morita, Japanese-Filipina InternationalModel, FHM Magazine Model 2011,TanduayLiquor Calendar Babe 2012, Taekwondo 2nd DanBlackbelter and member of Philippine TaekwondoDemo Team prior to flying with Zest Air (nowAirAsia Zest)

• Nyla Murphy, lawyer, real estate broker, member ofthe Wyoming House of Representatives

• Naila Nazir, Pakistani air hostess who received1985’s Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) HeroismAward for bravely handling a tense and danger-ous situation during the Flight PK-326 hijackingordeal[44][45]

• Froso Papaharalambous, singer

• Iris Peterson, flew for United Airlines from 1946 un-til 2007, retiring at the age of 85

• Heather Poole, author and flight attendant blogger.

• Lyudmila Putina, former wife of Russian PresidentVladimir Putin, was a flight attendant early in hercareer.

• Linda Louise Rowley, former beauty queen whoheld the title Miss Alaska USA

• Lee Seung-yeon, Korean actress/talkshow host

• Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime Minister of Icelandand first openly homosexual Head of Government

• Ellen Simonetti, first flight attendant to be fired forblogging

• Tania Soni, beauty pageant winner

• Silver Tree, writer and producer

• Sharon Luk, 2005 Miss Hong Kong First Runner-up, artist with TVB

• Skye Chan, 2008 Miss Hong Kong First Runner-upand Miss World 2008 contestant, artist with TVB

• Gabriele von Lutzau (born Gabriele Dillmann) wasa flight attendant on hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181and was credited for her loyalty to the passengersand crew. In the aftermath, she was named “DerEngel von Mogadischu” (The Angel of Mogadishu)

• Vesna Vulović, Guinness World Record holder forsurviving the highest fall without a parachute

• Julie Woodson, Playboy Playmate Miss April 1973

• Queen Silvia of Sweden, was briefly a flight atten-dant before marrying King Carl XVI Gustaf of Swe-den.

On August 9, 2010, Steven Slater gained immediateglobal fame when he claimed he was injured by the lug-gage of a passenger whom he had confronted on an arriv-ing Jet Blue flight at New York’s JFK Airport for disre-garding his order to remain seated. Passengers dispute hisaccount of this confrontation. As the incident continued,he cursed at the passengers over the aircraft’s public ad-dress system, grabbed a beer, opened the evacuation slideand left the aircraft. He was later arrested and chargedwith several crimes.[59][60]

On August 30, 2014, Robert Reardon of Delta Air Linesretired at the age of 90 after having eclipsed Ron Akanaof United Airlines as the world’s longest serving flightattendant and also having been the world’s oldest activeflight attendant. Reardon said the timing of his retire-ment was “not of his choosing.”[61]

10 See also

• Aircrew (Flight crew)

11 References

Citations

[1] “Cabin Managers - Corporate”. cabinmanagers.com.

[2] “1A6X1 - FLIGHT ATTENDANT”. Usmili-tary.about.com. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

[3] Grossman, Dan (July 9, 2010). “The First Flight Atten-dant: Heinrich Kubis, 1912”. Airships: The Hindenburgand other Zeppelins. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

[4] Nov 20th 2009 12:19 PM (2011-10-17). “History ofFlight Attendant Uniforms - AOL Travel News”. AOL.Retrieved 2012-08-22.

[5] “Air hostess finds life adventurous”. The New York Times.April 12, 1936. p. N1.

[6] “The air hostess carries on”, The New York Times. April19, 1936. Page XX12.

[7] “63 Years Flying, From Glamour to Days of Gray”. NewYork Times. March 17, 2012.

[8] Conrard, Don (November 16, 2005). “Promoting Diver-sity”. Alaska’s World. Alaska Airlines. Archived fromthe original on March 24, 2006. Retrieved November 7,2011.

[9] “Flight Attendants in Labor History”

[10] Booneville Herald

11

[11] “Airline Travel”

[12] Gail Collins (14 October 2009). When EverythingChanged: The Amazing Journey of American Womenfrom 1960 to the Present. Little, Brown. pp. 59–. ISBN978-0-316-07166-6.

[13] K Barry. “Timeline of Discrimination”. Femininity inFlight. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

[14] K Barry. “Timeline of Discrimination”. Femininity inFlight. Retrieved 2015-08-06.

[15] “EEOC finally rules that gender is not a bona fide occupa-tional qualification « National Organization for Women”.350fem.blogs.brynmawr.edu. 1968-02-03. Retrieved2015-07-22.

[16] Tiemeyer, Phil. “Male Stewardesses: Male Flight Atten-dants as a Queer Miscarriage of Justice”. Genders. Re-trieved June 8, 2014.

[17] “United Settles Sex-Bias Case”. New York Times. July11, 1986.

[18] Quindlen, Anna (May 16, 1993). “Public & Private; InThin Air”. New York Times.

[19] “Accord on Flight Attendants’ Weight”. NewYork Times.August 30, 1991.

[20] “Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Flight Attendants”.U.S. Department of Labour -- Bureau of Labour Statistics.

[21] “Flight Attendants : Occupational Outlook Handbook :U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics”. Bls.gov. Retrieved2012-08-22.

[22] “Occupational Outlook Handbook, Flight Attendants -Nature of Work”. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau ofLabor Statistics.

[23] “Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:".Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

[24] Saenz, Rogelio and Evans, Louwanda (June 2009) "TheChanging Demography of U.S. Flight Attendants". Pop-ulation Reference Bureau. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

[25] “Flight Attendant Certificate of Demonstrated Profi-ciency” (PDF). faa.gov.

[26] (French)Certificat de Formation à la Sécurité

[27] “Flight Attendant Jobs for Second Language Speakers”.

[28] “Becoming a Flight Attendant - Air New Zealand”. Re-trieved 2010-10-22.

[29] “Flight attendants through the years”. Chicago Tribune.Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[30] “The world’s best airline is ...” 5. Thai Airways Interna-tional”. CNN. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[31] “Sight: Inspired by the Rich Textile Tradition of Indone-sia”. Garuda Indonesia. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[32] “Ask the pilot”. salon.com.

[33] “Flight attendant history 2”. united.com.

[34] From Skygirl to Flight Attendant, Women and theMakingof a Union by Georgia Panter Nielsen, ILR Press/Cornell,Ithaca, New York (1982)ISBN 978-0-87546-093-2

[35] “Association of Flight Attendants - About AFA”. Re-trieved 2014-01-25.

[36] The Association of Professional Flight Attendants

[37] APFA, Nation’s Largest Independent Flight AttendantUnion, Calls for Approval of OneWorld’s Immunity Ap-plication

[38] “14 CFR 121.391 - Flight attendants. | US Law | LII /Legal Information Institute”. Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved2015-07-22.

[39] “Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate” (PDF). casa.gov.au.

[40] “Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Manage-ment” (PDF). atsb.gov.au.

[41] “Flight attendant history 10”. united.com.

[42] Grahama, Frederick (7 January 1940). “Winged Hostess:The girl on the plane may also be a heroine”. The NewYork Times. p. 117.

[43] “Transport: On Cheat Mountain”. Time Magazine. April20, 1936. Retrieved April 19, 2011.

[44] “History of PIA”. August 2, 2009.

[45] “FSF Heroism Award”. August 2, 2009.

[46] “Det gælder dit liv!" (PDF). home3.inet.tele.dk.

[47] “NTSB Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 529”(PDF). ntsb.gov.

[48] “Am I alive?" (PDF). casa.gov.au.

[49] “Full NTSBAccident Report” (PDF). amelia.db.erau.edu.

[50] “NTSB Report” (PDF). airdisaster.com.

[51] “TWA Flight 843”. twaflight843.com.

[52] “Crew’s training saved terror flight”. news.bbc.co.uk. De-cember 29, 2000.

[53] “Explosives scare forces down plane”. news.bbc.co.uk.December 23, 2001.

[54] “Heroes foil Qantas hijack attack”. Melbourne:theage.com.au. May 30, 2003.

[55] “243 is horrific Aloha flight story”. starbulletin.com.

[56] Sullivan, Caroline (2007-03-20). “Assume crash posi-tion”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2007-05-14.

[57] “Meet America’s oldest flight attendant who has been fly-ing the friendly skies for 63 YEARS | Mail Online”. Dai-lymail.co.uk. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-07-30.

[58] AVIATION: Another First TIME, January 6, 1958

12 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[59] Barash, Stephanie (August 10, 2010). “Enraged Jet BlueFlight Attendant Set Free On Bail”. WPIX, BaltimoreSun. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Steven Slater, 38,was arraigned Tuesday morning before Queens Crimi-nal Court Judge Mary O'Donoghue on charges of first-and second-degree reckless endangerment, second-andfourth-degree criminal mischief and third-degree criminaltrespass. Slater, of Belle Harbor, Queens apparently losthis cool after getting into a heated argument with a pas-senger. He slide down the emergency chute and ran to hisparked car. Police later tracked him down at his Queenshome where he was apparently engaging in sex

[60] Miller, Michelle (August 12, 2010). “Slater’s Story Dis-credited by JetBlue Fliers”. CBS News. Retrieved August12, 2010. Slater said he was injured by a passenger whoslammed an overhead door on his forehead. Several pas-sengers saw the injury, but none saw how it happened.“When I first saw it, I thought he had just cut his head andwas on his way to the bathroom to wash it and Band-Aid,and he didn't, and I thought that’s weird; something’s nottotally right here,” passenger Katie Doebler said

[61] Riegler, Paul (August 31, 2014). “World’s Oldest ActiveFlight Attendant to Retire”. Frequent Business Traveler.Retrieved September 1, 2014.

Bibliography

• Harris, Tom. How Airline Crews Work, How-StuffWorks.com website, June 14, 2001. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2014.

12 Further reading• Barry, Kathleen (2007). Femininity in Flight: A His-

tory of Flight Attendants. Durham, NC: Duke Uni-versity Press. ISBN 978-0822339465.

• Vantoch, Victoria (2013). The Jet Sex: AirlineStewardesses and the Making of an American Icon.Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN 978-0-8122-4481-6.

13 External links

Flight Attendant Labour Unions:

• The Association of Flight Attendants, AFL-CIO

• The Association of Flight Attendants, UAL-MEC

• The Association of Flight Attendants, NWA-MEC

• Association of Professional Flight Attendants

• Sindicato de Tripulantes de Cabina American Air-lines, American Airlines Flight Attendant Union ofChile, STCAA

• FARSA Flight Attendants and Related Services As-sociation New Zealand

• EPMU Stand Tall New Zealand

Miscellaneous:

• Collection of flight attendant uniforms, current andhistorical

• Collection of flight attendant uniforms images andvideos

• World’s First Flight Attendant

13

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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artist: ?• File:Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Egypt_air_

Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peter van der Sluijs• File:Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Garuda_

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tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

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