Organ, sistem organ dankonsep homeostasis

DRH NURINA TITISARI MSC

LABORATORIUM FISIOLOGI VETERINER

2020

Pokok bahasan TujuanpembelajaranStructural organization of the body

Introduction : Organ system

Homeostasis consept

Negative and positive feedback mechanism

Mampu menyebutkan berbagai system organ dalam tubuh dan menjelaskan cara kerjanyasecara umum

Mampu menjelaskan bagaimana organismemempertahankan homeostasis ataulingkungan internal yang stabil

Structural organization of the body

Cell : Smallest unit of life

Tissue : Made of a group of similar cells that work together on a specific task

Organ : Structure made up of two or more tissues, organized to carry out a specific function

Organ system : Groups of organs with related functions

Introduction : Body system

Human and animal body systemUntuk bereproduksi :

Reproductive system,

Endocrine system

Circulatory system

Mengabsorbsi nutrisi :Digestive system

Circulatory system

1. Integumentary (Skin)Covering the body

Function : ◦ Regulating body temperature

◦ Balancing water

◦ Protecting internal organ

Consists of skin and skin appendages, including : hair, feathers, nails, claws, hoofs, horns, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

Coat covering differ between animal such as Hair, wool and feather are all comprised of protein and are essential for regulating body temperature.

Hair follicle→have arrector pili→ stimulated when stress or cold → all hairs are standing perpendicular, they trap more air and keep the animal’s body warmer.

2. Skeletal (Bones)❖The skeletal system is the framework of the body.

❖The skeletal system is made up of bones and connective tissue and provides structural support for all of the other organ systems.

❖The skeletal system protects the organs of the body

❖The skeleton also works in conjunction with the muscles to allow movement of the different body parts.

3. Muscular (Muscles)The muscular system, in conjunction with the skeletal system, allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole

Most skeletal muscles attach to two different bones.

Muscles can be categorized by their:

◦ • Function (skeletal, visceral, or cardiac)

◦ • Activation method (voluntary or involuntary)

◦ • Physiology (smooth, striated or unstrained)

4. Nervous (nerves)The nervous system is composed to two major parts.

◦ • The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

◦ • The peripheral nervous system includes nerves found in all other regions of the body.

Functions of the nervous system include:

◦ • Coordinating physical movement of the body.

◦ • Responding to the action of all the senses; hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch.

5. Circulatory/cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels)The circulatory system includes the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands.

The circulatory system is responsible for:

◦ • Distributing blood throughout the body

◦ • Removing wastes

◦ • Mounting immune responses to infection

◦ • Aiding in regulating body temperature

6. Endocrine (glands and hormones)▪A network of glands that secrete hormones, which provide chemical control of various functions of the body.

▪Endocrine glands secrete chemical compounds called hormones into the blood system

▪Hormones are secreted from a secretory cell in a gland and act on a target cell at another part of the body.

▪Target cells must have receptors for the specific hormone.

7. Lymphatic/immuneThe lymphatic system maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body’s immune system

The lymphatic system is comprised of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs and areas of lymph tissue within the intestinal wall.

Lymphatic organs include bone, marrow, tonsils, thymus, and the spleen.

8. Urinary (kidneys and bladder)The urinary system:

• Removes wastes from the blood : mineral salts, urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

• Helps maintain the correct balance of water and minerals in the body

9. Respiratory (lungs and passageways)Provides oxygen to the blood.

Excretes waste gases such as carbon dioxide.

Creates noise via the voice box (in most animals) or the syrinx (in birds)

Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the medulla oblongata.

10. Digestive (stomach and intestines)The digestive system breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

Food must be broken down chemically into molecules before it can enter the blood stream of an animal and be used by its cells.

Digestion is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that are small enough to pass across the wall of the intestines.

The passage of molecules across the intestinal wall in to the blood or lymph system is called absorption.

Different species of animals have digestive tracts adapted to the most efficient use of the feed they consume.

11. Reproductive

Homeostasis concept

IntroductionHomeostasis : maintenance of nearly constant condition in the internal environment

Homeostasis is a state of good health maintained by the normal metabolism (functioning) of the organ systems.

Example : room temperature 37→ body temperature 37

Room temperature 40 → body temperature 37 : sweating

Homeostatis is maintained at many level not only body temperature

Ex : pH in stomach

Maintaining homeostasisHomeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points.

In contrast to negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops amplify their initiating stimuli, in other words, they move the system away from its starting state

Blood glucose Body heat

Positive and negative feedback

The body constantly responds to internal and external changes, yet remains stable; its many aspects of metabolism are kept within normal limits (usually a range of values, not a single value).

Negative feedback mechanism —a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping The response until the stimulus occurs again and There is a need for the response

Positive feedback mechanism —a control system that requires an external interruption or brake. Has The potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore is rare in the body

DifferencesNEGATIVE

✓Body system need to Slow down or stop a process

✓Decreases effect

✓the response is moved to the target set point

✓Most common mechanism

POSITIVE

✓Body system need to Encourage or amplify a prosess

✓ Increases effect

✓the response is move away from the target set point

✓rare

Positive feedback❖ positive feedback amplify the starting signal

❖ usually found in processes that need to be pushed to completion, not when the status quo needs to be maintained

❖ positive feed back promote : child birth, lactation, ovulation

Positive feedback loop

RefferenceEssentials of Anatomy and Physiology (5th ed.) Scalon VC and Sanders T. 2007. FA Davis company.USA

Guyton,AC and J E Hall.2011. Texbook of Medical Physiology.12th ed.W B Saunders, USA.

PPT. Anatomy and Physiology of Animals. http://www-ims.tamu.edu. 2006

Tugas : Jelaskan dalam bentuk diagram ketidakseimbangan yang terjadi pada kasus penyakit dibawah ini

1. Addison disease

2. Cushing disease (hyperadrenocortism)

3. Nymphomania

4. Ovarium cyctic

5. Milk fever

6. Feline hypertyroidsm

7. Grass tetany

8. Ketosis

Absen ganjil mengerjakan soal ganjilAbsen genap mengerjakan soal genap