Fisheries and Oil Fisheries and Oil IndustriesIndustries

Unit 4 ReviewUnit 4 Review

A microscopic, single-celled plant A microscopic, single-celled plant organism that is the basis of the organism that is the basis of the

food chain:food chain:A.A. ZooplanktonZooplankton

B.B. SeaweedSeaweed

C.C. PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

D.D. Decayed marine lifeDecayed marine life

CC

An organism that lives in shallow An organism that lives in shallow seawater and eats decayed marine seawater and eats decayed marine

life:life:A.A. ZooplanktonZooplankton

B.B. SeaweedSeaweed

C.C. PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

D.D. CapelinCapelin

CC

A microscopic, single celled animal A microscopic, single celled animal organism that feeds on organism that feeds on

phytoplankton and is food for small phytoplankton and is food for small fish like capelin.fish like capelin.

A.A. ZooplanktonZooplankton

B.B. SeaweedSeaweed

C.C. PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

D.D. Decayed marine lifeDecayed marine life

AA

True or False?True or False?

The Continental Shelf is a The Continental Shelf is a landmass that is submerged under landmass that is submerged under

500m or less of ocean water.500m or less of ocean water.

False: 200 m or lessFalse: 200 m or less

Fishing Bank:Fishing Bank:

The water is less than ____m deep. Fish The water is less than ____m deep. Fish are attracted to this area because food are attracted to this area because food such as __________ and __________ are such as __________ and __________ are plentiful, and the banks are great places to plentiful, and the banks are great places to _______._______.

150, phytoplankton, zooplankton, spawn150, phytoplankton, zooplankton, spawn

Atlantic Offshore FisheryAtlantic Offshore Fishery

Boats travel great distances from the Boats travel great distances from the shore ( up to 370km). T or F?shore ( up to 370km). T or F?

Remain at sea for many months before Remain at sea for many months before returning to home port. T or F?returning to home port. T or F?

They have traditional and simple They have traditional and simple technology. T or F?technology. T or F?

The boats are long (20-50m) T or F?The boats are long (20-50m) T or F?

T, F, F, TT, F, F, T

Atlantic Offshore Fishery (cont…)Atlantic Offshore Fishery (cont…)

Boats return to large harbours near fish Boats return to large harbours near fish processing plants. T or F?processing plants. T or F?

Many boats have their own fish processing Many boats have their own fish processing equipment on board. T or F?equipment on board. T or F?

Traditionally run by father and sons. T or Traditionally run by father and sons. T or F?F?

T, T, FT, T, F

Offshore Fishery cont…Offshore Fishery cont…

*50% of fishers work in the offshore fishery. T or F?*50% of fishers work in the offshore fishery. T or F?*Offshore fishing accounts for 90% of the total Atlantic *Offshore fishing accounts for 90% of the total Atlantic

catch. T or F?catch. T or F?*Offshore boats are able to withstand the harsh ocean *Offshore boats are able to withstand the harsh ocean

environment, therefore crews can work year-environment, therefore crews can work year-round. T or F?round. T or F?

*Crews’ income is not steady. T or F?*Crews’ income is not steady. T or F?*Major species caught: cod, herring, Atlantic salmon, *Major species caught: cod, herring, Atlantic salmon,

scallops, lobster and crabscallops, lobster and crab

F(15%), T, T, F(steady), TF(15%), T, T, F(steady), T

Fill in the blank…Fill in the blank…

_______________ _______________ is the main type of fishing is the main type of fishing technique used in Canada's Atlantic offshore technique used in Canada's Atlantic offshore fishing fleet .fishing fleet .

_______-shaped nets are towed along the _______-shaped nets are towed along the ocean bottom, allowing only the smaller fish to ocean bottom, allowing only the smaller fish to escapeescape

Catches are often enormous, with up to 2 hours Catches are often enormous, with up to 2 hours towing the net, and yielding up to ____ tons of towing the net, and yielding up to ____ tons of fishfish

Trawlers, Cone, 100Trawlers, Cone, 100

Atlantic Inshore FisheryAtlantic Inshore Fishery

A.A. Boats:Boats: They are smaller than ____m in lengthThey are smaller than ____m in length Crews are large, with 15-20 people. T or Crews are large, with 15-20 people. T or

F?F? Traditionally they are run by father and Traditionally they are run by father and

sons or brother. T or F?sons or brother. T or F?

20, F(3-5), T20, F(3-5), T

Atlantic Inshore Fishery cont…Atlantic Inshore Fishery cont…

80% of Atlantic fishermen were once 80% of Atlantic fishermen were once employed in the inshore fishery. T or F?employed in the inshore fishery. T or F?

Inshore harvests include _________, Inshore harvests include _________, shrimp, __________, and halibutshrimp, __________, and halibut

Very little technology used - maybe a Very little technology used - maybe a depth finder. T or F?depth finder. T or F?

T, lobster and redfish, TT, lobster and redfish, T

Collapse of the Cod FisheryCollapse of the Cod Fishery

In the _____’s, huge factory freezer trawlers In the _____’s, huge factory freezer trawlers started being used in the cod fisherystarted being used in the cod fishery

The number of the trawlers fishing the Atlantic The number of the trawlers fishing the Atlantic increased as the demand for cod increased increased as the demand for cod increased worldwide.worldwide.

Foreign fleets began fishing in the Atlantic Foreign fleets began fishing in the Atlantic (_________, Japan, ________, Poland)(_________, Japan, ________, Poland)

1960, Russia and Korea 1960, Russia and Korea

Collapse of Cod Fishery cont…Collapse of Cod Fishery cont…

By ____ over-fishing was becoming a serious By ____ over-fishing was becoming a serious problem – it was estimated that the Atlantic problem – it was estimated that the Atlantic catch had risen to _____ times it’s traditional catch had risen to _____ times it’s traditional levellevel

In ____, Canada extended its fishing limit to 370 In ____, Canada extended its fishing limit to 370 km – since it was only 22 km – and now had the km – since it was only 22 km – and now had the right to control quotas, size, tonnage, seasons, right to control quotas, size, tonnage, seasons, and equipment within this limitand equipment within this limit

1970, three, 1977, 1970, three, 1977,

Cont…Cont… Despite these efforts, it was clear by the mid 1980’s Despite these efforts, it was clear by the mid 1980’s

that the cod stocks were rebounding to their that the cod stocks were rebounding to their traditional sizes. T or F?traditional sizes. T or F?

In 1994 the cod fishery had collapsed and an In 1994 the cod fishery had collapsed and an indefinite ___________ was put in placeindefinite ___________ was put in place

This ended five centuries of economic activity that This ended five centuries of economic activity that had supported thousands of people in had supported thousands of people in Newfoundland – devastating entire communities Newfoundland – devastating entire communities whose life had been organized around the cod whose life had been organized around the cod fisheryfishery

F (were not rebounding), moratoriumF (were not rebounding), moratorium

Other Major Factors Leading to the Other Major Factors Leading to the CollapseCollapse

__________ were too high and the size of the __________ were too high and the size of the breeding stocks were over estimatedbreeding stocks were over estimated

The use of _____________ damaged plant and The use of _____________ damaged plant and animal life, and therefore disrupted the food chain animal life, and therefore disrupted the food chain that supported the cod stocksthat supported the cod stocks

Changes in the flow of the __________ Current may Changes in the flow of the __________ Current may have caused the fish to migrate elsewherehave caused the fish to migrate elsewhere

The growing number of _______ may have further The growing number of _______ may have further depleted an already depleted stockdepleted an already depleted stock

Quotas, trawler nets, Labrador, sealsQuotas, trawler nets, Labrador, seals

Pacific FisheryPacific Fishery

The Pacific commercial fishery is relatively The Pacific commercial fishery is relatively old compared to that in Atlantic Canada. T or old compared to that in Atlantic Canada. T or F?F?

__________ is the most important catch in __________ is the most important catch in the Pacific coast fishery and the most uniquethe Pacific coast fishery and the most unique

F (young), SalmonF (young), Salmon

Pacific FisheryPacific Fishery

____________:____________: A net with a specific mesh size is used to A net with a specific mesh size is used to

ensnare fish of a specific matching sizeensnare fish of a specific matching size Fish can swim part-way but not all the way Fish can swim part-way but not all the way

through the net. When it tries to back out, it through the net. When it tries to back out, it becomes snagged on its gill coversbecomes snagged on its gill covers

Used on inshore salmon migration routes Used on inshore salmon migration routes near the mouth of salmon-spawning near the mouth of salmon-spawning streamsstreams

Gill NetGill Net

_____________:_____________: __________ are small fishing vessels __________ are small fishing vessels

operated by one or two peopleoperated by one or two people Fish are caught with a number of lines Fish are caught with a number of lines

with baited hooks or artificial lureswith baited hooks or artificial lures It is the least efficient commercial fishing It is the least efficient commercial fishing

method in terms of intercepting fishmethod in terms of intercepting fish ______-caught salmon are high quality ______-caught salmon are high quality

Troll Lines, Trollers, TrollTroll Lines, Trollers, Troll

____________ Nets:____________ Nets: A net with floats at the top and lead A net with floats at the top and lead

weights at the bottomweights at the bottom The net encircles schools of fish at or The net encircles schools of fish at or

near the surface. near the surface. Used on inshore salmon migration Used on inshore salmon migration

routes near the mouth of salmon-routes near the mouth of salmon-spawning streamsspawning streams

Purse Sein NetsPurse Sein Nets

____________ – range from spawning beds ____________ – range from spawning beds in rivers to vast oceansin rivers to vast oceans

____________ ____________ Has the greatest impact on Has the greatest impact on the salmon habitat.the salmon habitat.

____________ obstruct salmon migration____________ obstruct salmon migration

Now – fish ladders are used to allow salmon Now – fish ladders are used to allow salmon to return to their spawning groundsto return to their spawning grounds

Salmon habitat, logging, river damsSalmon habitat, logging, river dams

______________ ______________ results in low water levels and results in low water levels and warmer water temperatures dooming salmon warmer water temperatures dooming salmon to an early death.to an early death.

______________ ______________ Removing water or filling these Removing water or filling these estuaries, it prevents adult salmon from estuaries, it prevents adult salmon from migrating to spawning beds, and smolts can no migrating to spawning beds, and smolts can no longer adapt to salt water in the estuaries.longer adapt to salt water in the estuaries.

River diversions, Draining estuariesRiver diversions, Draining estuaries

Crisis in the Salmon FisheryCrisis in the Salmon Fishery

New technology has meant that commercial New technology has meant that commercial fleets can catch in hours what they used fleets can catch in hours what they used to take days to catch. T or F?to take days to catch. T or F?

Deep sea drift nets “_________” used to Deep sea drift nets “_________” used to catch tuna and other large fish scoop up catch tuna and other large fish scoop up everything in their path including salmoneverything in their path including salmon

true, ghostnetstrue, ghostnets

Crisis in the Salmon FisheryCrisis in the Salmon FisheryPoor management of the resource has added Poor management of the resource has added

to the problem of overfishing. The collapse to the problem of overfishing. The collapse of the _____________in 1995 between of the _____________in 1995 between Canada and the United States resulted in Canada and the United States resulted in quotas being abusedquotas being abused

________________has contributed to the ________________has contributed to the problem by increasing the ocean problem by increasing the ocean temperature – causing an explosion of temperature – causing an explosion of mackerel populations, which feed on mackerel populations, which feed on salmonsalmon

Pacific Salmon Treaty, Global warming Pacific Salmon Treaty, Global warming

Crisis in the Salmon FisheryCrisis in the Salmon Fishery

Solutions to the ProblemSolutions to the Problem::

Reduction of the ___________ salmon Reduction of the ___________ salmon fishing fleet by 50%fishing fleet by 50%

Certain areas like the _________ River Certain areas like the _________ River would be shut down to hopefully replenish would be shut down to hopefully replenish themselvesthemselves

commercial, Frasercommercial, Fraser

AquacultureAquaculture

The raising of marine life in a The raising of marine life in a ___________ environment___________ environment

As known as _____________.As known as _____________. Fish and other marine species are bred Fish and other marine species are bred

and raises fish in tanks, ponds and and raises fish in tanks, ponds and reservoirsreservoirs

controlled, fish farmingcontrolled, fish farming

Oil and Natural Gas TrapsOil and Natural Gas Traps

________________:________________: Often porous rock such as sandstone or limestone Often porous rock such as sandstone or limestone

where petroleum can mix with waterwhere petroleum can mix with water

________________:________________: Areas in the reservoir rock where oil floats above Areas in the reservoir rock where oil floats above

water and accumulateswater and accumulates

________________:________________: Rock that prevents oil from flowing out of the trapsRock that prevents oil from flowing out of the traps

Reservoir Rock, Traps, Cap rockReservoir Rock, Traps, Cap rock

Oil and Natural Gas TrapsOil and Natural Gas Traps_________ Trap:_________ Trap: Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer

(source rock)(source rock) The oil and natural gas migrate upward in the layer of The oil and natural gas migrate upward in the layer of

porous sandstone (reservoir rock) above the source porous sandstone (reservoir rock) above the source rockrock

A fault develops, cutting off the sandstone layer and A fault develops, cutting off the sandstone layer and tilting it on an angletilting it on an angle

A porous layer is blocked by impervious shale (cap A porous layer is blocked by impervious shale (cap rock)rock)

The oil and natural gas are trappedThe oil and natural gas are trapped

Fault TrapFault Trap

Oil and Natural Gas TrapsOil and Natural Gas Traps

__________Trap__________Trap Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale

layer (source rock)layer (source rock) Oil and natural gas migrate upward in a layer of Oil and natural gas migrate upward in a layer of

porous sandstone (reservoir rock)porous sandstone (reservoir rock) A salt dome develops, cutting through the porous A salt dome develops, cutting through the porous

layers layers The salt dome deflects the layer upwardsThe salt dome deflects the layer upwards Oil and natural gas are trapped in pockets Oil and natural gas are trapped in pockets

between the salt dome and the impervious shale between the salt dome and the impervious shale layers (cap rocks)layers (cap rocks)

Salt domeSalt dome

How is oil discovered?How is oil discovered?

It can be seeping out of the ground It can be seeping out of the ground (Turner Valley, Alberta)(Turner Valley, Alberta)

Using __________ – Oil occurs where Using __________ – Oil occurs where sedimentary rock is gently folded or sedimentary rock is gently folded or faulted or where salt domes and porous faulted or where salt domes and porous reefs are buried under the surfacereefs are buried under the surface

GeologyGeology

How is oil discovered?How is oil discovered?

Using _________ exploration – ________ Using _________ exploration – ________ waves are transmitted below the surface waves are transmitted below the surface of the earth and the amount of time it of the earth and the amount of time it takes for the reflected wave to return to takes for the reflected wave to return to the surface indicates what type of the surface indicates what type of geological formations existgeological formations exist

SeismicSeismic

How is oil discovered?How is oil discovered?

Drilling _________ wells is still the only Drilling _________ wells is still the only definite way to determine if oil is presentdefinite way to determine if oil is present

When an oilfield is discovered, exploration When an oilfield is discovered, exploration wells are drilled outwards from the original wells are drilled outwards from the original source to determine the size and extent of source to determine the size and extent of the fieldthe field

WildcatWildcat

Canada’s Oil SupplyCanada’s Oil Supply

Conventional Oilfields: Conventional Oilfields: These produce oil in a liquid These produce oil in a liquid form that is capable of flowing naturally or being pumped form that is capable of flowing naturally or being pumped without processingwithout processing

Potential Reserves: Known deposits of oil that cannot be Potential Reserves: Known deposits of oil that cannot be recovered profitable under existing conditionsrecovered profitable under existing conditions

Actual Reserves: Known oil reserves that can be Actual Reserves: Known oil reserves that can be developed profitablydeveloped profitably

Conventional Oilfields, Potential Reserves, Actual ReservesConventional Oilfields, Potential Reserves, Actual Reserves

Arctic ExplorationArctic Exploration

Arctic oil will be developed if:Arctic oil will be developed if: World oil prices _____________World oil prices _____________ Known ______________ oil supplies are Known ______________ oil supplies are

exhaustedexhausted New technology lowers the cost of arctic New technology lowers the cost of arctic

exploration and productionexploration and production Canada changes its domestic policy and Canada changes its domestic policy and

mandates self-sufficiencymandates self-sufficiency

Increase, conventionalIncrease, conventional

Offshore Oil RigsOffshore Oil RigsType of RigType of Rig Depth of Depth of

Sea Sea WaterWater

Anchoring StructureAnchoring Structure

________________________ 20m20m Cement foundation Cement foundation on sea flooron sea floor

Jack-upJack-up ______mm ________________ extending extending into sea floorinto sea floor

Semi-Semi-submersible submersible anchoredanchored

200m200m Underwater pontoons Underwater pontoons anchored with anchored with ____________ to sea floor to sea floor

Semi-Semi-submersible submersible dynamically dynamically positionedpositioned

____________mm Underwater pontoons Underwater pontoons stabilized with an stabilized with an intricate system of intricate system of values and pumpsvalues and pumps

Submersible, 100, pylons, 2000m Submersible, 100, pylons, 2000m