First Trimester

First Trimester

Second Trimester

Third Trimester

Reproductive Organs in Postpartum.

What is the Postpartum stage?

Postpartum is the stage immediately after child birth up until 6 weeks after.

Uterus

Gradually returns to approximately pre-pregnant size which takes about 4-6 weeks.

The size at the beginning of postpartum is 15 times it normal size, and it weighs 900 grams at the beginning of the stage and towards the end it is about 60 grams.

The height of the uterus is usually in the area around the belly button it slowly returns to it normal area.

A common symptom of the uterus lowering to it’s normal area is called after pains.

Uterus

Cervix

It is soft and has very little tone. It may also have multiple small lacerations (from delivery).

The cervix tightens up rapidly and regains its regular shape by the first week of postpartum.

It is usually fully healed in the 4th-6th week of postpartum.

Cervix

Vagina

It is initially swollen and has little tone (after vaginal delivery).

It returns to its original size by the 4th-6th week of the postpartum stage.

Other Pelvic Organs

Ovaries and the Fallopian Tubes also completely regain their normal size and appearance by the end of the postpartum stage.

Spontaneous Abortion

What is meant by “Spontaneous Abortion”?

The term refers to naturally occurring events; not medical abortions or surgical abortions.

A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. – Pregnancy losses after the 20th week are called

preterm deliveries.

Specific types of spontaneous abortions include:

Complete abortion: All of the products of conception exit the body

Incomplete abortion: Only some of the products of conception exit the body

Inevitable abortion: The symptoms cannot be stopped, and a miscarriage will happen

Infected abortion: The lining of the womb, or uterus, and any remaining products of conception become infected

Missed abortion: The pregnancy is lost and the products of conception do not exit the body

Causes of spontaneous abortions

Most are caused by chromosome problems that make it impossible for the baby to develop. Usually, these problems are unrelated to the mother or father's genes.

Hormone problems Infection Physical problems with the mother's reproductive organs Problem with the body's immune response Body-wide diseases such as uncontrolled diabetes Environmental factors Drug use STD’s Improper implantation into the uterine lining

Chromosomal Abnormality

Still believed to be the most common etiologic factor behind spontaneous abortions; up to 70% of first trimester miscarriages are the result of chromosomal defects

– It has been speculated that spontaneous, random errors in meiosis or mitosis occur in sperms or in oocytes or during early embryogenesis that will lead to chromosomal damage.

– Another possibility relies heavily on defects in parental genes that are creating chromosomal breaks in the embryo.

– It is speculated that chances of chromosomal damage becomes more common with advancing age

– Molar pregnancies, in which the fetus develops abnormally, or in which the placenta or amniotic membranes don’t form, are a common type of chromosomal abnormality.

Facts/Statistics

An estimated 25-50% of conceptions spontaneously abort Among women who know they are pregnant, the

miscarriage rate is about 15-20% Most miscarriages occur during the first 7 weeks of

pregnancy The rate of miscarriage drops after the baby's heart beat

is detected The risk for miscarriage is higher in women who are over

35 or have had previous miscarriages

Symptoms

Low back pain or abdominal pain that is dull, sharp, or cramping

Tissue or clot-like material that passes from the vagina

Vaginal bleeding, with or without abdominal cramps

After a spontaneous abortion occurs

Any passed tissue will be examined in order to look for any underlining problems

Woman may be watched for as much as 2 weeks following to make sure all tissue has exited the womb

Woman usually resumes her normal menstrual cycle within a few weeks.

It is often possible to become pregnant immediately. However, it is recommended that women wait one normal menstrual cycle before trying to become pregnant again.

Possible preventatives

Detect and treat any diseases before attempting to become pregnant.

Receive early, comprehensive prenatal care

Avoid environmental hazards (such as x-rays, drugs and alcohol, high levels of caffeine, and infectious diseases)

After pregnancy is detected, watch/listen closely to your body; contact your prenatal provider immediately is you feel you are having signs of a threatened miscarriage

Supporting someone through/after a miscarriage

You know that you need to say something, but you just don't know what.

The best thing to say is anything along the lines of "I'm sorry, and I'm here for you if you want to talk about it.“

Not all women will want to talk about their feelings, if this is so, let her have her space

Consider sending a card or flowers In most cases, you should avoid offering advice unless asked,

unless you have had a miscarriage yourself and you friend is looking to hear how you coped

Remember that your friend or relative has lost a child; She had probably started to envision her child in her mind and likely feels that she lost a baby, not just a pregnancy

Things to avoid saying

"You can always have another." "It's for the best." "At least you didn't know your baby." "There must have been something

wrong..." "Did you do something you weren't

supposed to do?” "I understand how you feel." "Have you ever thought of not having

children?" "Be grateful for the children you have..."

References used throughout

http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm http://www.fertilitysolution.com/Latest-Research/Spontaneous-

Abortion.html http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm http://miscarriage.about.com/od/forfriendsandfamily/qt/

whattosay.htm http://pregnancy.about.com/cs/miscarriage/a/aa101799.htm

Reptiles and their reproduction!

This section is brought to you by

Mary Inderrieden

Egg Layers

Process of laying eggs: Ovipostion– Which make these type of reptiles: oviparous

WHO LAY EGGS?– All turtles/ tortoises– All crocodiles – Some lizards: Iguanas, geckos, chameleons – Some snakes: Pythons, king snakes, milk snakes, rat

and corn snakes

Egg layers (cont.)

Male reproductive organs: – Two testicles (internal)– One copulatory organ

Turtles/turtioses/crocs: one penis Lizards/snakes: two hemipenes

Female reproductive organs:– Lizards: start with yoke, then form the whites and the

shell, carries eggs in abdomen, doesn’t eat for before laying

– If she doesn’t find a safe place to lay she won’t- which can cause minor-severe problems

Egg layers (cont.)

Snakes: females lay their eggs first, then coil around the bunch until they hatch– Coiling around her eggs provides shelter and

temperature regulation

Live births

WHO HAS LIVE BIRTHS?– Some lizards: Solomon Island, skink Blue-tongue

skink, Shingle-backed skink, Jackson’s chameleon

– Some snakes: All boas, all vipers, garter snakes

Live births (cont.)

Females: Ovoviviparous – Internally fertilize eggs– no placenta attached to young, instead they feed

off the yoke– Mother’s body helps with respiration of young,

until she is ready to give birth Males: have the same organs as egg laying

lizards and snakes (the differences are in the females)

Fish FISH

Most fish reproduce with eggs Some have nests in stream

beds Guarded by male usually In some species(catfish) the

male carries the eggs or young for up to 6 weeks

Seahorses carry eggs in abdominal pouch

Spawning-gathered in huge schools, the females expel eggs(thousands) and the males expel sperm into the water

Many eaten or destroyed

Some fish (sharks) give live births to eggs that have hatched inside the mother already

MarsupialsFemale•two lateral vaginas which lead to separate uteruses•Third canal used for birth, can be transitory or permanent•Give birth in early stage of development (4-5 weeks)•After birth, young live in marsupium pouch for several weeks

Male•Two pronged

penis

MonotremesPlatypus & Echidna

Mammals that lay eggs!!!Monotreme-'single

opening' in Greek urinary, defecatory, and

reproductive systems all open into a single duct,

the cloaca Lactate with no nipples, but with mammary gland

openings in their skin

Albumen and Layers of an Egg

The egg that a hen lays is covered in layers of albumen (a material like jelly)

two membranes and a hard shell. The shell and the membranes protect and support the egg.

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.htmlThe

Albumen and Layers of an egg

The albumen feeds the developing embryo with water and protein. The albumen, membranes and shell are added to the yolk layer-by-layer as it passes down a tube called the oviduct inside the hen's body

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0036.html

Source: www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/lec/lec1/female_hist.html

Oviduct and last layer

Oviduct carries the egg from the ovary out of the hen's body.

The last layer to be added is the shell. If a bird's egg is to be fertilized, mating must take place so that the egg will meet a sperm cell in the oviduct before these layers are added.


Ovary,oviduct, & egg with shell Source: ulisse.cas.psu.edu/4hembryo/female.html

Source: ulisse.cas.psu.edu/4hembryo/female.html

Ovary, oviduct, & egg with shell

Avian Ovary

Development Chart


References


ulisse.cas.psu.edu/4hembryo/female.html

www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/lec/lec1/female_hist.html

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html

Documents

First Trimester