FIRST STEPS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH - file.ucdc.rofile.ucdc.ro/cursuri/T_1_n15_Limba_engleza.pdf.pdf · Gramatica limbii engleze . Editura Mondero, Bucure şti. 18. Lodge, P., Wright-

UNIVERSITATEA CREŞTINĂ “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” FACULTATEA DE MANAGEMENT TURISTIC ŞI COMERCIAL

FIRST STEPS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH

Luiza Caraivan Ioana Ştefan

TIMIŞOARA 2009

Mul ţumim doamnei conf. dr. Mariana Popa

CONŢINUT I. PREZENTAREA MANUALULUI DE STUDIU INDIVIDUAL .................................. 5 1. Generalităţi ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.1. Obiect ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Obiective principale ............................................................................................. 5 1.3. Descrierea structurii manualului ......................................................................... 5 1.4. Bibliografie generală: .......................................................................................... 5

Unit 1.1 Introducing Yourself ................................................................................. 7 Unit 1.2 Greetings ................................................................................................. 10

Module 2 ................................................................................................................... 14 Unit 2.1 What Time Is It? ..................................................................................... 15 Unit 2.2 About You............................................................................................... 20

Module 3 ................................................................................................................... 26 Unit 3.1 At Work .................................................................................................. 26 Unit 3.2 Company Presentation ............................................................................ 32 Unit 3.3 Describing Hotels ................................................................................... 39 Unit 3.4 Checking In and Checking Out ............................................................... 44

Module 4 ................................................................................................................... 50 Unit 4.1 Eating Out ............................................................................................... 50 Unit 4.2 Present Activities .................................................................................... 55 Unit 4.3 Job Responsibilities ................................................................................ 58

Module 5 ................................................................................................................... 67 Unit 5.1 Kids in Business...................................................................................... 67 Unit 5.2 Inventions................................................................................................ 71 Unit 5.3 A Short History of Tourism .................................................................... 79

Module 6 ................................................................................................................... 85 Unit 6.1 Future Plans ............................................................................................ 85 Unit 6.2 Making Money ........................................................................................ 88 Unit 6.3 Million Dollar Products .......................................................................... 93

Module 7 ................................................................................................................. 100 THE BUSINESS TRAVELLER; COMPARING HOTELS .................................. 100

Unit 7.2 Making and Doing ................................................................................ 108 Unit 7.3 Making a Phone Call............................................................................. 111

Module 8 ................................................................................................................. 118 A COMPANY’S HISTORY ................................................................................... 118

Unit 8.1 Finding Solutions .................................................................................. 118 Unit 8.2 Business and the Environment .............................................................. 126 Unit 8.3 Tourism and the Environment .............................................................. 131 Unit 8.4 Marketing and Advertising ................................................................... 136

Module 9 ................................................................................................................. 144 Unit 9.1 Products that Fail .................................................................................. 144 Unit 9.2 Franchising............................................................................................ 150 Unit 9.3 Setting up Your Own Business ............................................................. 155

Module 10 ............................................................................................................... 163 Unit 10.1 Revision and Stress ............................................................................. 163

Module 11 ............................................................................................................... 171

Module 12 ............................................................................................................... 174

I. PREZENTAREA MANUALULUI DE STUDIU INDIVIDUAL

1. Generalităţi

1.1. Obiect Obiectul de studiu al manualului este limba engleză de afaceri (Business English), axându-se cu precădere pe engleza folosită în turism şi comerţ. Cu toate acestea, vor fi întâlnite şi alte teme din domeniul englezei de afaceri.

1.2. Obiective principale Obiectivele principale ale manualului de studiu individual sunt următoarele: - să ofere studenţilor un material practic şi eficient pentru însuşirea şi aprofundarea

limbii engleze; - să îndrume studenţii spre titluri bibliografice semnificative în vederea unor

exerciţii suplimentare; - să instruiască studenţii în a-şi realiza un program propriu de autoînvăţare, prin

divizarea materiei pe module şi unităţi; - să permită studenţilor să realizeze un program propriu de autoevaluare, prin

testele concepute în acest sens în cadrul fiecărei unităţi de învăţare.

1.3. Descrierea structurii manualului Manualul are în structura sa următoarele componente: - ghidul de învăţare în sistem de autoinstruire; - generalităţi privind prezentarea manualului; - modulele de studiu, defalcate pe unităţi de învăţare. Manualul începe de la un nivel de „false beginner” (fals începător) şi conduce studentul spre un nivel de „intermediate” (intermediar).

1.4. Bibliografie generală: 1. Bailey, S., Humphreys Sara, 1998. Accelerate. Elementary. Macmillan

Heinemann. Oxford. 2. Bantaş, A., 1999. Dicţionar Român- Englez. Teora, Bucureşti. 3. Brieger, N., Sweeney, S., 1998. The Language of Business English, Grammar

and Functions. Prentice Hall, London. 4. Cotton, D., 1989. World of Business. Nelson, Edinborough. 5. Emmerson, P., 2002. Business Grammar Builder. Macmillan, Oxford. 6. Firman, S., Bosewitz R., 1998. Penguin Students’ Grammar of English

Exercises. Penguin, London. 7. Gălăţeanu- Fârnoagă, G., Comişel, E., 1993. Gramatica limbii engleze.

Omegapres. Bucureşti.

8. Grant, D., McLarty, R., 1995. Business Basics. Oxford University Press. 9. Hall, E., 1977. The Language of Hotels in English. Prentice Hall Regents,

Englewood Cliffs. 10. Hall, E., 1978. The Language of Tourism in English. Prentice Hall Regents,

Englewood Cliffs. 11. Helgesen, M., Adams, K., 1996. Workplace English: Travel File. Addison

Wesley Longman Ltd., Harlow. 12. Hollett, V., 2000. Quick Work- A Short Course in Business English- pre-

intermediate. Oxford University Press. 13. Hollinger, A. 2000. Test Your Business English Vocabulary. Teora, Bucureşti. 14. Jacob, M. Strutt, P. 1997. English for International Tourism. Longman, Harlow. 15. Lannon, M., Tullis, G., Trappe, T., 1993. Insights into Business. Nelson, London. 16. Leviţchi, L., Bantaş, A., 1999, Dicţionar Englez- Român, Teora, Bucureşti 17. Leviţchi, L., Preda, I. 1992. Gramatica limbii engleze. Editura Mondero,

Bucureşti. 18. Lodge, P., Wright- Watson Beth, 1998. Accelerate. Intermediate. Macmillan

Heinemann. London. 19. Pawlowska, B., Kempinski, Z., 1998. Teste de limba engleza. Teora, Bucuresti. 20. Pohl, A., 2002. Test Your Professional English. Hotel and Catering. Penguin

English 21. Powell, M., 2002, In Company- Intermediate. Macmillan. Oxford. 22. Seidl, J., 1987. Grammar in Practice. Oxford University Press. 23. Soars, Liz & John, 1998. Headway- Elementary. Oxford University Press. 24. Turner, J.F., 2000. Business Grammar and Vocabulary. Cornelsen &Oxford

University Press. Berlin. 25. Turton, N. D., 1995. ABC of Common Grammatical Errors. Macmillan

Heinemann, Oxford.

Module 1

• What you should know at the end of this module (Ce ar trebui să ştiţi după parcurgerea modulului): - the English alphabet (alfabetul limbii engleze);

- the present tense of the verb to be (prezentul verbului a fi); - the use of the indefinite article a/an (folosirea articolului nehotărât o/un); - all the vocabulary included (tot vocabularul inclus).

• What skills you will have at the end of this module (Ce competenţe veţi deţine după parcurgerea modulului): to spell different names, to introduce yourself, to greet, to ask and answer some usual questions (să puteţi spune pe litere diferite cuvinte, să vă prezentaţi altor persoane, să salutaţi, să întrebaţi şi să răspundeţi la diferite întrebări).

Unit 1.1 Introducing Yourself • Objectives (Obiective): to introduce the basic grammar and vocabulary related to

the topic (prezentarea unor noţiuni de bază de gramatică şi vocabular). • What you should know at the end of this unit(Ce ar trebui să ştiţi după

parcurgerea unităţii): the English alphabet (alfabetul limbii engleze), the present tense of the verb to be (prezentul verbului a fi);

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit (Ce competenţe veţi deţine după parcurgerea unităţii): to spell different names, to ask and answer some usual questions.

• Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours (Conţinutul de idei al unităţii: timp maximal de studiu- 3 ore):

1. The Alphabet:

A - [eǺ] M - [ǫm] Y - [waǺ] B - [bi:] N - [ǫn] Z - [zǫd] C - [si:] O - [əȚ] D - [di:] P - [pi:] E - [i:] Q - [kju] F - [ǫf] R - [ǡə] G - [dʒi:] S - [ǫs] H - [eǺtȓ] T - [ti:]

I - [aǺ] U - [ju:]

J - [dʒeǺ] V - [vi:]

K - [keǺ] W - [dȜbəlju:] L - [ǫl] X - [ǫks]

Read aloud the alphabet and answer the question: How do you spell your name? (Citiţi cu voce tare alfabetul şi răspundeţi la întrebarea de mai sus). Ex.: How do you spell your name? I-O-N G-E-O-R-G-E-S-C-U

[aǺ əȚ ǫn ] [dʒi: i: əȚ ǡə dʒi: i: ǫs si: ju:] 2. TO BE – positive form I AM= I’m WE ARE= We’re YOU ARE= You’re YOU ARE= You’re HE IS= He’s THEY ARE= They’re SHE IS= She’s IT IS= It’s (it is used to talk about objects, animals, abstract concepts) (it se foloseşte pentru a vorbi despre obiecte, animale, concepte abstracte) Negative form: in order to form the negative the negation not is added to the verb to be (pentru a obţine forma negativă a verbului a fi, se adaugă negaţia not): I am not= I’m not We are not= we aren’t You are not= You aren’t You are not= You aren’t He is not= He isn’t They are not= They aren’t She is not= She isn’t It is not= It isn’t Question: in order to form the interrogative the inversion between subject and the verb to be is needed (pentru a forma o întrebare are loc inversiunea dintre subiect şi verbul a fi): Am I....? Are we...? Are you? Are you...? Is he...? Are they...? Is she...? Is it...? The verb to be is used in sentences to answer the question “What do you do?” to find out the profession of the interlocutor (verbul a fi se foloseşte pentru a răspunde la întrebarea “Ce faci, cu ce te ocupi?”):

� I am a teacher. (Sunt professor/ profesoară.) � I’m not an artist. (Nu sunt artist/ artistă.) � I am an actor. (Sunt actor.) � I’m a student. (Sunt student/studentă.)

You can introduce yourself to another person giving and asking for more information and using just the verb to be (vă prezentaţi folosind verbul a fi şi puteţi afla mai mule informaţii cu ajutorul aceluiaşi verb):

� What is/ What’s your name? (Cum te numeşti?) My name is... (Numele meu este)

� Where are you from? (De unde eşti?) I am /I’m from Romania. (Sunt din România).

� What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. (Sunt student/ă)

� What is your address? (Care este adresa ta?) It’ s ... � How old are you? (Câţi ani ai?) I’m twenty years old. (Am 20 de

ani.) The verb to be is also used to ask about a person’s age. Expressing age will be studied in Unit 2.1 (Verbul a fi este folosit şi pentru a exprima vârsta unei persoane. Exprimarea vârstei se va face în Unitatea 2.1) Questions (întrebări de auto-control)

1. What are the positive forms of the verb to be? 2. What are the negative forms of the verb to be? 3. What are the interrogative forms of the verb to be? 4. How do you form the negative form of the verb to be? 5. How do you form the interrogative form of the verb to be?

Exercises:

1. Fill in the gaps with the right word (completaţi folosind cuvântul potrivit): 1. Where are … from? 2. What is your …? 3. What … you do? 4. … she French? 5. I… Spanish. 6. He … an actor. 7. … is an actress. 8. … is your address? 9. … do you spell your name? 10. … am Romanian.

2. Spell the following names using the English alphabet (spuneţi pe litere numele care urmează folosind alfabetul englezesc):

William Shakespeare, John F. Kennedy, Paul McCartney, Jane Stewart, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Vivian Leigh, Paul Munroe, Michael Jackson, Liza Minelli

“Don't introduce me to that man! I want to go on hating him, and I can't hate a man whom I know.” Charles Lamb (1775-1834), British Essayist, Critic. Test 1 Choose the right answer: 1. How old … you? a. am b. is c. are d. do 2. What … you do? a. am b. is c. are d. do 3. Where … you from? a. am b. is c. are d. do 4. What … your name? a. am b. is c. are d. do 5. My… is Annie.

a. address b. name c. age d. student 6. How … you spell your name? a. am b. is c. are d. do 7. Where … she from? a. am b. is c. are d. do 8. She … a teacher. a. am not b. aren’t c. isn’t d. are 9. Where … they from? a. am b. is c. are d. do 10. They …. from Portugal, they are from France. a. am not b. aren’t c. isn’t d. are Test 2 Answer the following questions (răspundeţi la următoarele întrebări):

1. What’s your name? 2. How do you spell your name? 3. Where are you from? 4. Are you an actor? 5. Are you a businessman? 6. What do you do? 7. What is your address? 8. How old are you? 9. How do you spell ‘Romania’? 10. How do you spell ‘Timisoara’?

Unit 1.2 Greetings • What you should know at the end of this unit (Ce ar trebui să ştiţi după

parcurgerea unităţii): to use the indefinite article a/an (folosirea articolului nehotărât o/un);

• What abilities /skills you will have at the end of this unit (Ce competenţe veţi deţine după parcurgerea unităţii): to greet, to ask and answer some usual questions.

• Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours (Conţinutul de idei al unităţii: timp maximal de studiu- 3 ore):

Here are the usual greetings people use when they meet and when they leave (forme de salut uzuale): Good morning!- Bună dimineaţa! Good afternoon! -Bună ziua! Good evening! -Bună seara! Hello!- Hi!- Bună! Good bye!- La revedere! Here are some things people say when they introduce themselves (Câteva formule de prezentare): Hello. I’m Annie. (Bună. Sunt Annie.) How do you do!- How do you do! It’s nice to meet you!- I’m glad to meet you, too. (Mă bucur să te cunosc.)

The indefinite article a/an is used with singular nouns. ‘A’ is used in front of a consonant, ‘an’ is used in front of vowel sounds (articolul nehotărât ‘a/an’ se foloseşte cu substantive la singular; se traduce prin ‘o/un’; ‘ a’ se foloseşte în faţa consoanele, ‘an’ se foloseşte în faţa vocalelor; ambele pot fi traduse prin ‘o/un’): Eg.: a + consonant sound an + vowel sound a book (o carte) an orange (o portocală) a teacher (un profesor- o profesoară) an accountant (un contabil) a student (un student- o studentă) an actress (o actriţă) Some words begin with a silent ‘h’, so they are preceded by an: hour, honest, heir, honour (unele cuvinte încep cu ‘h’ mut şi vor fi precedate de ‘an’). Exercises (exerciţii)

1. Fill in the gaps with the correct indefinite article (a/an) (completaţi cu articolul nehotărât): 1. She is ……… teacher. 2. He is ……….…engineer. 3. I am …………… accountant. 4. You are………… clerk. 5. She is …………. travel agent. 6. I am………. chef. 7. He is ………… waiter. 8. You are……… architect. 9. She is………… taxi driver.

2. Read the following conversations (citiţi următoarele conversaţii): Annie: Hello. I’m Annie. Tina: Hi. I’m Tina. What do you do, Annie? Annie: I’m a student at ‘Dimitrie Cantemir’ University. And you? Tina: I’m a tour guide at Dynamic Travel. Annie: Where are you from? Are you English? Tina: No, I’m not. I am from Spain. What about you? Are you Romanian? Annie: Yes, I am. I’m from Timişoara. Tina: OK. It’s nice to meet you. Annie: I’m glad to meet you, too. Tim: You’re new here, aren’t you? What’s your name? Jane: Yes. It’s my first day. My name is Jane Stewart. Tim: I’m Tim Moore. How do you do? Jane: How do you do? Tim: Let me introduce you to our colleagues. Jane: Thank you. Tim: This is Paul Munroe. Jane: Nice to meet you Mr. Munroe. Paul: Please, call me Paul. Jane: Nice to meet you Paul. I’m Jane.

3. Practise the above conversations using the information from the following cards: First name Last name Country/ Nationality Occupation Sam Bellow Great Britain/ British businessman Amelie Legrand France/ French flight attendant Maria Arya Brazil/ Brazilian travel agent Kia Ishiguro Japan/ Japanese assistant manager

4. Use real information about you and introduce yourselves to the other students (folosiţi informaţii reale pentru a vă prezenta celorlalţi studenţi).

5. Use the same names but the following countries and nationalities (folosiţi

următoarele ţări şi naţionalităţi): Spain- Spanish, Ireland- Irish, Hungary- Hungarian, Romania- Romanian, China- Chinese, Portugal- Portuguese, Greece- Greek, Switzerland– Swiss, the United States of America- American, and the Netherlands- Dutch.

6. Use the following occupations (folosiţi următoarele ocupaţii): teacher, engineer, accountant, clerk, chef, waiter, architect, taxi driver.

“Greetings, my friends. We are all interested in the future, for that is where you and I are going to spend the rest of our lives. And remember, my friends, future events such as these will affect you in the future.” Edward D. Wood, Jr. (1922–1978), U.S. director, screenwriter. Writing Task (Temă de reflecţie): Write about you, your nationality, your occupation, etc. (scrieţi despre dumneavoastră, ce naţionalitate aveţi, ce ocupaţie aveţi etc.) Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. It’s … to meet you. a. glad b. nice c. OK d. new 2. I’m glad to …. you. a. introduce b. thank c. call d. meet. 3. I’m .... . a. student b. Canada c. Canadian d. an teacher 4. She is from ... . a. Irish b. Greece c.Greek d. American 5. ... do you do? – How do you do? a. How b. What c. Where d. When 6. ... do you do? – I’m an architect. a. How b. What c. Where d. When 7. ... are you from? a. What b. Where c. When d. Why 8. What’s your ... name? – It’s Bellow. a. last b. first c. new d. student 9. What’s your ... name? – It’s Jane.

a. last b. first c. new d. student 10. Let me ... you to Paul. a. thank b. call c. meet d. introduce Test 2

Find the mistakes in the following sentences and correct them (găsiţi greşelile din următoarele propoziţii şi corectaţi-le):

1. John is businessman. 2. Anna a travel agent is. 3. I glad to meet you. 4. She are from Spain. 5. He is a artist. 6. She isn’t an flight attendant. 7. Paul aren’t Chinese. 8. She is from American. 9. I am a Romanian. 10. You are a new here.

Answer the following questions (răspundeţi la următoarele întrebări): 1. What’s your first name? 2. What’s your last name? 3. Where are you from? 4. Are you a travel agent? 5. Are you Japanese? 6. Are you new here? 7. Are you Romanian? 8. Is your friend Hungarian? 9. Where is your friend from? 10. Is your friend a student?

Test 3 (la nivelul modulului) Choose the right answer:

1. ... do you do? – I’m a flight attendant. a. How b. What c. Where d. When 2. ... are you from? a. What b. Where c. When d. Why 3. … is your name? a. How b. What c. Where d. When 4. My… is Paul. a. address b. name c. age d. student 5. It’s … to meet you. a. glad b. nice c. OK d. new 6. Let me ... you to Paul. a. thank b. call c. meet d. introduce 7. You … an assistant manager. a. am not b. is c. isn’t d. are 8. Where … they from? a. am b. is c. are d. do 9. How … you spell your name? a. am b. is c. are d. do 10. How old … you? a. am b. is c. are d. do 11. What … you do? a. am b. is c. are d. do

12. I’m .... at this University. a. a student b. Canada c. Canadian d. an teacher

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences (puneţi cuvintele în ordinea corectă pentru a forma propoziţii):

13. name how spell do your you? 14. old are how you? 15. you from are where? 16. name your what is? 17. do do you what? 18. is manager he an assistant 19. to me let introduce you Paul 20. you I glad meet am to.

# Each right answer is five points (fiecare răspuns corect valorează 5 puncte) Test 4 (la nivelul modulului) Translate into Romanian (traduceţi în limba română):

1. Hello! My name is Paul Munroe. 2. I’m from Great Britain and I’m a student. 3. My friend is not a student, she is an assistant manager. 4. She isn’t British, she is French. 5. Let me introduce you to my friend, Tina.

Translate into English (traduceţi în limba engleză): 6. Cu ce te ocupi? 7. Sunt student/ă la Universitatea ‚Dimitrie Cantemir’ din Timişoara. 8. Cum te numeşti? 9. Mă numesc Paul Munroe. 10. Mă bucur să te cunosc.

Module 2 • Objectives: the main objective is to keep the conversation flowing using different

topics. • What you should know at the end of this module: - the numerals (numeralele);

- the time (ora); - the plural of nouns (pluralul substantivelor); - the genitive (genitivul); - possessive adjectives (adjectivele posesive); - all the vocabulary included (tot vocabularul inclus).

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to express prices/ telephone numbers/ dates/ the time, to present and describe people and things using one or more adjectives (veţi şti să exprimaţi numere de telefon, data, ora, să prezentaţi şi să descrieţi oameni sau lucruri folosind adjective).

Unit 2.1 What Time Is It? • Objectives the main objective is to keep the conversation flowing using different

topics. • What you should know at the end of this unit: the numbers; the ordinal numerals;

all the vocabulary included (veţi învăţa numerele, numeralul ordinal, tot vocabularul inclus).

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to express prices, to ask about telephone numbers/ dates/ the time(veţi şti să exprimaţi numere de telefon, data şi ora).

The numbers

1-one 2- two 3- three 4- four 5- five 6- six 7- seven 8- eight 9- nine 10- ten 11- eleven 12- twelve 13- thirteen 14- fourteen 15- fifteen 16- sixteen 17- seventeen 18- eighteen 19- nineteen 20- twenty 21- twenty-one 22- twenty- two etc 30- thirty 31- thirty-one… 40- forty 41- forty-one 50- fifty 60- sixty 70- seventy 80- eighty 90- ninety 100- one hundred 1000- one thousand 1.000.000- one million (m) To form numerals after ‘hundred’ add the conjunction ‘and’ (Pentru a forma numeralele după 100, adăugaţi and): e.g. 101- one hundred and one 220-two hundred and twenty You can ask about a person’s phone number using the question:

� What is your phone number? (Care este numărul tău de telefon?) � My phone number is 203447 (two oh three double four seven). (Numărul meu

este...)

Notice that 0 in phone numbers is read ‘oh’ [ əu] and NOT ‘zero’. You can say DOUBLE + number (‘double four’) instead of ‘four four’. The age is expressed using the verb to be (vârsta se exprimă folosind verbul a fi)

� How old are you? (Câţi ani ai?) - I’ m twenty (years old). (Am 20 de ani.) � How old is she? (Câţi ani are ea?) – She is thirty. (Are 30 de ani.)

The Time (Ora)

You can ask about the time using the question: � What time is it? (Cât este ora?) � 8.00- It’s eight o’clock. 8.30- It’s half past eight. 8.05- It’s five past eight. 8.57- It’s three to nine 8.15- It’s a quarter past eight. 8.45- It’s a quarter to nine 8.24- It’s twenty-four past eight. 8.35- It’s twenty-five to nine

Use a.m. to express the time in the morning and p.m. to express the time in the afternoon and in the evening. (Folosiţi a.m. pentru dimineaţă şi p.m. pentru după-masă şi seară)

E.g. 9.00- It’s nine o’clock a.m. OR 21.00- It’s nine o’clock p.m. OR It’s nine o’clock in the morning. It’s nine o’clock in the evening.

Other questions about time (alte întrebări): � What time is your favourite TV programme on? (La ce oră este programul tău

preferat la televizor?) � When is your favourite TV programme on? (Când este programul tău preferat la

televizor?) The date (Data)

Use ordinal numerals in order to speak about things that are ordered (folosiţi numeralele ordinale pentru a vorbi despre lucruri care au o anumită ordine): 1st– the first 4th- the fourth 7th– the seventh 10th– the tenth 2nd– the second 5th - the fifth 8th– the eighth 11th- the eleventh 3rd– the third 6th- the sixth 9th- the ninth 12th– the twelfth ……. 20th- the twentieth 23rd- the twenty-third 30th- the thirtieth 21st- the twenty-first 24th- the twenty-fourth 31st- the thirty-first 22nd- the twenty-second ……

� What date is today? (Ce dată este astăzi?) Write: It’s 3rd September 2003. (Se scrie…) Read: It’s the third of September two thousand and three. (Se citeşte …) The years until 1999 are read differently from Romanian (Anul se citeşte diferit faţă de limba română): 19/99- Nineteen ninety-nine

The days of the week (Zilele săptămânii) Monday Thursday Sunday Tuesday Friday Wednesday Saturday

The Seasons of the year (Anotimpurile) spring summer autumnwinter

The months of the year (Lunile anului) January April July October February May August November March June September December Answer the question: When is your birthday? (Când este ziua ta?) It’s on + date + month (+ year). Write (Se scrie): It’s on 10th March (1977). Read (Se citeşte): It’s on the tenth of March nineteen seventy-seven.

Questions: 1. What are the days of the week? 2. What day is before Tuesday? 3. What day is after Friday? 4. What are the months of the year? 5. How do you read the following telephone number: 455091? 6. How do you read the following years: 1954, 2001? 7. How do you read the following date: 15.05.1994?

Exercises: 1. Here is the TV programme for Channel 4, Saturday, 8th April:

7.25 News 7.30 Weather Forecast 7.35 Cartoons: Tom and Jerry, Felix the Cat 8.00 Live music- featuring Pet Shop Boys and Madonna 10.05 Documentary: Dinosaurs, Dead or Alive? 11.45 Soccer Weekend- soccer news 13.15 Sitcom: Married with Children 13.50 Drama: Chicago Hope 14.40 Soap opera: Young and Restless 15.30 The National Lottery Live 15.35 Opera: Traviata 18.00 News 18.15 Match of the Day: Arsenal- Celtics 19.55 Weather Forecast. Regional News 20.10 Film: Philadelphia Experiment 22.20 Talk-show- Jimmy Tarbuck and his late-night show

2. Ask and answer questions following the pattern (Construiţi întrebări şi răspunsuri după modelul următor):

What time is the film on? It’s at ten past eight p.m.

3. Answer the following questions (Răspundeţi la întrebări): 1. What is your favourite TV programme?- My favourite programme is … . 2. What is your favourite TV channel? – My favourite TV channel is … . 3. What time is your favourite programme on? 4. When is your birthday? 5. What day is your favourite day? 6. What is your favourite season? 7. What time is it? 8. What is your home phone number? 9. What is your mobile phone number? 10. How old are you?

4. Read out the following years (Citiţi următorii ani): 1534; 1427; 1789; 1848; 1934; 1940;1933; 1888; 2000; 1901

5. Read the following conversations (Citiţi următoarele conversaţii): In the street

Tina: Excuse me, can you tell me what time it is? Paul: I’m sorry, I don’t know. Tina: That’s OK. Tina: Excuse me, can you tell me what time it is? Annie: It’s half past nine. Tina: Thank you. Annie: You’re welcome.

In a fast-food restaurant Tim: Good morning. Annie: Morning. Tim: Can I have a sandwich, please? Annie: Here you are. Anything else? Tim: No, thanks. How much is it? Annie: £1.20 (one pound and twenty pence). Tim: Here you are. Annie: Hello! Paul: Hi! Can I have a hamburger and a cup of coffee, please? Annie: Of course. Here you are. Paul: How much is that? Annie: £3.10 (three pounds and ten p) Paul: OK, here you are.

8. Practise the above conversations using the information from the following tables (Folosiţi informaţii din tabelele de mai jos şi construiţi conversaţii după modelul din exerciţiul 7) :

Menu- Summer Café The Time

“They say that time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself.” Andy Warhol (1928 – 1987), Artist Writing Task (Temă de reflecţie): Write about prices in Romania and about your favourite TV programmes and the time they are on. (Scrieţi despre preţurile din România, despre programe de televiziune şi orele lor de difuzare)

2.58 13.15 5.17 8.43 12.08 15.45 15.12

Piece of pizza 90 p Hamburger £2.50 Sandwich £1.20 Cup of coffee 60 p Cup of tea 50 p Coke 55 p Mineral water 45 p

Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. What time is it? - It’s 14.23 … . a. fourteen and twenty- three b. twenty-three past fourteen c. twenty-three past two

d. twenty-three to two 2. What time is it? - It’s ten to eight a.m. … .

a. 8.11 b. 8.10 c. 7. 49 d. 7.50 3. What time is it? - It’s 21.50.

a. ten to ten b. Fifty to ten c. ten to twenty-one d. ten to nine 4. What time is it? - It’s half past eleven p.m.

a. 23.30 b. 11.15 c. 23.15 d. 11.30 5. When is your …?

a. day b. season c. birthday d. year 6. What is your favourite …?

a. time b. season c. birthday d. year 7. How much … a hamburger?

a. is b. are c. am d. do 8. My favourite TV programme … the news.

a. its b. it’s c. it is d. is 9. … I have a cup of coffee?

a. Is b. Can c. Am d. Do 10. Of course. Here you … .

a. is b. are c. am d. can # Each right answer is ten points.

Test 2 Put the words in the correct order to form sentences:

1. is much how that? 2. know I don’t I sorry am 3. me excuse, tell you is me what can time it? 4. have can a coffee cup of I, please? 5. welcome you are. 6. quarter twelve past is it 7. one half is it past 8. your phone mobile is number what? 9. favourite what is TV your programme? 10. on time what film the is?

Answer the following questions: 11. When is your birthday? 12. What is your favourite TV programme? 13. What time is your favourite programme on? 14. What is your home phone number? 15. What is your favourite season? 16. How old are you? 17. How old is your mother?

18. How old is your father? 19. Are you twelve years old? 20. Are you twenty-one years old?

# Each right answer is 5 points.

Unit 2.2 About You

• What you should know at the end of this unit: the plural of nouns; the genitive; the possessive adjectives; all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to present and describe people and things using one or more adjectives.

The Plural of Nouns

The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding –s to the singular noun. Eg: a book- books a girl- girls a table- tables a person- persons

It can also be formed by adding –es to the singular noun, in the following situations: a. the noun ends in –ch/ -tch, -sh, -x, -s/-ss, -zz:

a peach- peaches a dress- dresses a box- boxes a brush- brushes a bus- buses a buzz- buzzes

b. the noun ends in consonant + y; the result is i + es: a city- cities a fly- flies

The transformation does not take place if ‘y’ is preceded by a vowel (a boy- boys) c. The noun ends in –f and –fe, which are transformed in v(es):

a leaf- leaves a life- lives a thief- thieves a wolf- wolves a half- halves ………….. a knife- knives a wife- wives

There are however some exceptions: a roof- roofs a handkerchief- handkerchiefs

d. the noun ends in consonant + o: a potato- potatoes a tomato- tomatoes

There are however some exceptions: pianos, concertos, etc. Irregular nouns do not add –s/- es to the singular, but, instead, they change their form:

a child- children a man- men a woman- women a goose- geese a mouse- mice an ox- oxen a louse- lice a tooth- teeth a foot- feet

The noun people takes the verb in the plural (people are/ people have). There will be more on nouns in the Countable/ Uncountable Unit (Unit 4.1) The singular nouns can be replaced or accompanied by the demonstrative pronouns/ adjectives this and that; the plural nouns can be replaced or accompanied by the demonstrative pronouns/ adjectives these and those.

Singular Plural � This book is interesting. – These books are interesting. (over here) � This is my sister. - These are my brothers. (over here) � That book is boring. - Those books are boring. (over there) � That is his mother. - Those are his parents. (over there)

The ‘s Genitive The ‘s Genitive is used to express the idea of possession. It is usually used to show possession between a noun designating a person or an animal and a noun designating an object or another person or animal.

� My mother’s dress is red. My mother’s sister is my aunt. � The boy’s bicycle is expensive. John’s car is new.

If the noun ends in –s, the possession is marked by an apostrophe: � The boys’ bikes are blue. Dickens’ life was long.

If there are two persons in the possession of the same object we use ‘s after the latter: � Tom and Mary’s toys are cheap.

Word order: Possessor +’s + object possessed E.g. ‘Mary’s dress’, but also ‘Mary’s sister’ The “of” Genitive If the possessor is an object, use the Genitive with “of”: The title of the book is interesting. The city of London is beautiful. The Possessive Adjectives and the Verb to Have The possessive adjectives are always followed by a noun:

E.g.: I have a book. – It is my book. You have a flat. – It is your flat. He has a problem. – It is his problem. She has a house. - It is her house. It has a nice colour. - It is its colour. We have an old car. – It is our old car. You have a beautiful garden. – It is your beautiful garden. They have a dirty car. - It is their dirty car.

Adjectives do NOT change their form. There is no number and gender agreement. � She is nice. He is nice. They are nice. She is my sister. He is my brother. They are

my sisters. Word order: possessive adjective (indefinite article) + (adjective) + noun E.g. My (a/an) new car

My new car is blue. OR I have a new blue car.

Subject Possessive I my you your he his she her it its we our you your they their

Questions: 1. How is the plural of nouns formed in English? 2. What are the exceptions? 3. Do you add -s to the singular of the irregular nouns? 4. Do adjectives have –s for the plural? 5. How is possession expressed in English? Exercises: 1. Change the following sentences into the plural:

E.g. This is a book - These are books. BUT: This book is interesting – These books are interesting.

1. This man is a tourist. 2. She is a shop- assistant. 3. That car is dirty. 4. He is my child. 5. I am (am not) a woman. 6. This woman is a housewife. 7. My neighbour has a car. 8. She has one box. 9. My watch is expensive. 10. Her dress is red. 11. He has a peach. 12. Your city is full of people. 13. The thief is in your flat. 14. My sister has a lovely photo. 15. Your brother is my good friend.

2. Change the following sentences using a genitive and then a possessive: E.g. Mary has a book.- It is Mary’s book. BUT Mary has a sister. - She is Mary’s sister. - It is her book. - She is her sister.

1. My neighbour has a blue car. 2. My daughter has a doll. 3. My cousin has a new hobby. 4. Tina and Paul have a large house. 5. Mary has a son. 6. David has a wife. 7. Jill has a dog. 8. Tim and Paul have the same mother. 9. That woman has a hat. 10. John has a problem.

3. Transform each pair into one sentence following the example: E.g. Claire has a dress. Her dress is new. - Claire’s dress is new. 1. The president has a chauffeur. His chauffeur is reliable. 2. Eve and Paul have a son. Their son is nice. 3. Policemen have guns. Their guns are automatic.

4. The Peters have a car. Their car is black. 5. Tom has a sister. His sister is annoying. 6. Jane has a brother. Her brother is amusing. 7. The child has a bike. His bike is broken. 8. His sister has a radio set. Her radio set is out of order. 9. The children have glasses. Their glasses are empty. 10. Tina has a shop. Her shop is full.

4. Use the same type of sentences using the following adjectives: open/ closed; clean/ dirty; old/new; busy/free; angry / calm; happy/sad;

clever/stupid; E.g.: Tom’s car is dirty. My father’s shop is open.

5. Read the following text: Hello everybody! Let me introduce you to Tim Jones. This is Tim. He is a chief executive officer (CEO) at Phillips. He is 52 years old; he is married and has three children. His wife’s name is Annie; she is 50 and she is a housewife. They have a son and two daughters. Their daughters’ names are Linda and Laura and they are twins. They are students at a University in London and Laura has a part-time job: she is a travel agent. Their son’s name is Andy and he is a marketing assistant at the same company. The company is based in the Netherlands but has offices all over the world; it has almost 100,000 employees.

6. Answer the following questions about the text above: a. Who is Annie? b. How old is she? c. What are her children’s names? d. How old is Tim? e. Who is Linda? f. What does Tim do? g. What does Annie do? h. What does Laura do? i. What does Linda do? j. What does Andy do? k. Is Andy married? l. Where is the company based? m. How many employees does the company have?

“Good friends, good books and a sleepy conscience: this is the ideal life.” Mark Twain (1835 – 1910), American writer Writing Task: Introduce yourself and give as many details as possible. (see exercise 5) Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. The … are happy. a. child b. childrens c. childs d. children

2. The policemen … reliable. a. are b. is c. am d. isn’t

3. These people … the same hobby. a. has b. have c. are d. is

4. … is my brother. He is a marketing assistant. a. This b. That c. These d. Those

5. … people over there are my neighbours. a. This b. That c. These d. Those

6. Those … are travel agents. a. woman b. womans c. womens d. women

7. What is your … name? a. friend b. friends c. friend’ d. friend’s

8. My … is based in the Netherlands. a. father company b. fathers company c. father’s company d.father company’s

9. I have a cat. It is … cat. a. my b. your c. its d. his

10. He has some friends. They are … friends. a. my b. your c. its d. his

11. These … are clever. a. student b. student’s c. students d. some students

12. The company has almost 10,000 … . a. employees b. chief executive officers c. travel agents d. housewives

13. Tony is an … . a. employee b. chief executive officer c. travel agent d. housewife

14. Jane has a … job. a. sleepy b. angry c. part-time d. annoying

15. My uncle is 52 … . a. years b. year’s old c. years old d. old Choose the correct verb:

16. I am/ have a good job. 17. I am/ have 20 years old. 18. She is/ has 16 years old. 19. My friend is/ has twins. 20. These people are/ has reliable.

Test 2 Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 1. is city of full Your people 2. thief in flat is The your 3. sister’s My lovely is photo. 4. my Your are friends good brothers 5. almost The has company employees 100,000 6. world The has all over company the offices. Answer the following questions:

7. Are you married? 8. What is your wife’s/ husband’s name? 9. Are you a student? 10. Where is your University based?

Test 3 Correct the following sentences:

1. I have twenty- one years old.

2. My sisters name is Linda. 3. She not married. 4. She has two dog. 5. This is the flat of Mary. 6. He have two sisters. 7. 9:30 It is thirty to nine a.m. 8. 20.45: It is a quarter to eight p.m. 9. It is 1th September 2003. 10. Have I a cup of coffee? 11. Linda has a hat; his hat is red. 12. People English are nice. 13. Annie and Tim have a house. They’re house is lovely.

Translate into English: 14. Casa surorii mele este frumoasă. 15. Compania lui are 100 de angajaţi. 16. Apartamentul prietenului ei este curat. 17 Copilul fratelui meu are 5 ani. 18. Emisiunea mea preferată este la ora zece şi jumătate. 19. Ceasul tău este un ceas scump. 20. Aceşti oameni sunt de încredere. Test 4 Translate into Romanian (traduceţi în limba română):

1.Excuse me, can you tell me what time it is? 2. Can I have a hamburger, please?-Here you are. 3. Thank you. - You’re welcome. 4. How much is a cup of coffee? 5. Her husband is a chief executive officer. 6. Her son is a marketing assistant at the same company. 7. My neighbour and his children are travel agents. 8. Your TV set is out of order. 9. What time is your favourite programme on? 10. What is your mobile phone number?

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 1. quarter six past is It 2. three half is It past 3. know I don’t I sorry am 4. is city of full Your people 5. is sister His annoying 6. broken bike is His 7. busy executive chief The is officer 8. job She part- has a time 9. are students Our clever 10. has colleague a dirty car old Her.

Module 3 • Objectives: to make students engage in a conversation using the present tense. • What you should know at the end of this module: -simple present tense;

- daily routines; - free time activities; - all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to use verbs in the simple present tense, to talk about daily routines, to talk about free time activities, to describe jobs and explain what people do for a living.

Unit 3.1 At Work • Objectives: to make students engage in a conversation using the present tense. • What you should know at the end of this unit: simple present tense; daily routines;

all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to use verbs in the simple present

tense, to talk about daily routines. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Present Simple The Present simple has the same form as the infinitive (the verb you can find in the dictionary) if the subject of the sentence is I/ you/ we/ they (see Unit 3.2 for the third person singular - he/ she/ it). The negative is formed by adding don’t in front of the verb (see the table below). The English sentence doesn’t accept more than one negation: don’t (do not) and never cannot be in the same sentence. The special questions are formed by adding do in front of the subject and an interrogative word (when, where, why, what, etc.). Present Simple- Positive Negative

I You We They

live wake up study speak

in Timisoara. at 7.00. English. Romanian.

I You We They

don’t (do not)

live wake up study speak

in Timisoara. at 7.00. English. Romanian.

Special Questions Yes/No questions

Short answers: Yes, I do. / No I don’t.

Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

The Present Simple is used • to talk about actions and activities that happen usually, always, never, sometimes,

often, every day/ week/ month/ year: E.g.: We usually travel abroad. You always arrive early.

• to talk about routines and habits: E.g.: I wake up at 7.00, I drink my coffee and I go to work.

• to express feelings, thoughts, opinions: E.g.: I love Vienna at Christmas. I think you are right. I don’t like eating Chinese food.

• to talk about timetables: Unit 3.2 • to talk about scientific facts: Unit 3.2

Likes and dislikes: To express likes and dislikes use the verbs like/ love/prefer/ enjoy and dislike/ hate followed by another verb + -ing:

I like listening to music. We love swimming. They hate waiting too much.

Adverbs of frequency and time expressions: Words like always, usually, never, sometimes, often, rarely, seldom come before the verb except if it is the verb to be:

� I always get to work late. BUT: I am always late. � I never arrive in time. BUT: I am never in time.

Longer time phrases like every day, every week, and every month, etc. come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence:

� Every day I wake up at 7.00. = I wake up at 7.00 every day. � Every day she is in a hurry. = She is in a hurry every day.

By + Means of Transport Use by to express a form of transport: by car, by tram, by bike, by plane, etc. Exception: on foot. E.g.: How do you go to school? – I usually go by bus / on foot.

Where When What What language

do

I you we they

live? wake up? study? speak?

Do

you we they

live wake up study

in Timisoara? at 7.00? English?

Exercises: 1. Make questions for the following sentences and use the interrogative words what,

when, where, why, how whenever possible: E.g.: They love football. – What do they love? I play football. – What do you do? 1. I usually go home at 4.00 p.m. 2. I sometimes travel to Great Britain. 3. They never advertise on local radios. 4. We don’t usually use an interpreter. 5. We usually have a sales promotion in spring. 6. I never smoke in my office. 7. They rarely have a holiday abroad. 8. Tina and Paul are always interested in new things. 9. The executive director and his assistant often conduct interviews. 10. I don’t make coffee at work because I don’t have time. 11. I go to work by tram.

2. Turn the following sentences into negatives: E.g.: I like swimming. - I don’t like swimming. I usually go swimming. – I never go swimming. 1. You usually write all the reports. 2. Our customers call every week. 3. We provide good service. 4. We always take part in trade fairs. 5. I like going to exhibitions. 6. I like face-to-face meetings. 7. You hate attending conferences. 8. I like speaking English at meetings. 9. They usually show visitors round the factory. 10. You like meeting new people.

3. Use short answers for the following questions: E.g.: Do you like Chinese food? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Do your friends like Chinese food? – Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. 1. Do you take part in trade fairs? 2. Do you often travel abroad? 3. Do your friends have a car? 4. Do your parents work for the same company? 5. Do you work in a bank? 6. Do you use a computer? 7. Do your friends speak English? 8. Do you attend conferences? 9. Do you write a lot of reports? 10. Do you speak English?

4. Complete the sentences using the Present Simple forms: E.g.: Do you like (you/ like) football Tom? – I love (love) it. 1. My name………… (be) Tim. 2. I……….… (come) from Great Britain. 3. I ……… (work) for Phillips. 4. I ………. (be) married and I ……….. (have) three children. 5. My hobbies ……….… (include) reading and watching westerns. 6. In summer we ……….… (like) going to southern Europe. 7. In winter we ……….… (go) skiing, either in Switzerland, or sometimes in Canada. 8. Who ………..… (you/work) for? 9. ……………..… (you/ have) a large family? 10. Where …………… (you/like) going?

5. Read the following texts:

Daily Programme Laura Munroe is twenty years old and she is a travel agent. This is her daily programme:

“I work for the ‘Sunshine’ travel agency. Every weekday I get up at 6.30 in the morning because I start work at 8.30 a.m. After I wake up I turn on the radio to listen to the news and, in the meantime, I take a shower, brush my teeth, comb my hair and put on some make up. After I dress up and have my breakfast, I leave home at 7.45. I usually arrive in time at the office, and I am rarely late, because my boss is a very strict person. I stay at the office until 5.00 pm. and I have my lunch break between 12.30 and 1.00 p.m. I love my work because it is exciting and I meet a lot of interesting people. Many of my friends ask what I do every day. Well, here it is: I usually arrange accommodation at hotels for our customers; I arrange transportation facilities and prepare itineraries for our clients. When I don’t book tickets or make reservations, I answer the phone and give information about destinations around the world. I work a lot with the computer and I like ‘surfing the net’. After work, I sometimes go shopping or I meet my friends and we have dinner. When I get home around 9 o’clock p.m. I have a bath and I either watch T.V. or I read a good novel. Later, I go to bed, around 11.00.” Now read about Laura’s weekends: “On Fridays I come home from the travel agency at about 6.00 in the evening and I call some friends. On Friday evenings I don’t go out because my friends come for dinner. They bring the wine and I cook. After having dinner we always play bridge, listen to music and chat. We never turn on the T.V. On Saturday mornings I go shopping. Then I cook lunch and just relax. In the evenings, I go clubbing with my friends. I love dancing! I arrive home late at night and I’m usually very tired. On Sunday mornings I stay in bed late and I don’t get up until 11.00. Sometimes, in the afternoon, I visit my parents or my brother. Other times, I like going on short trips on foot or by bike. I really love weekends!”

6. Answer the following questions: 1. What do you do for a living? 2. What do you do in the mornings? 3. What do

you do in the afternoons? 4. What do you do on Friday evenings? 5. What do you do on weekends? 6. Do you usually wake up early? 7. Do you usually go out in the evenings? 8. Do you usually go on short trips? 9. Do you like dancing? 10. What day of the week is your favourite day? Why?

7. Match a line in A with a line in B to make a question; then find the appropriate

answer in C:

Questions Answers A B C What time Where What When Who Why How

do you go to work? do you wake up? do you do on Mondays? do you like studying English? do you go in summer? do you meet your friends? do you visit on Sundays?

My family. At 6.30 a.m. Because it’s interesting. By car. In the evenings. To the seaside. I go to work.

“Executive ability is deciding quickly and getting somebody else to do the work.” John G. Pollard (1882 – 1948) American governor Writing Task: Write about your daily programme and your weekend activities. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. Where …you live? a. am b. is c. do d. have

2. No, they … like going clubbing. a. not b. no c. aren’t d. don’t

3. We like … good books. a. read b. reading c. not read d. no read

4. They hate … too much. a. waiting b. wait c. not wait d. no wait

5. I never … to the seaside. a. not go b. don’t go c. go d. going

6. Do they enjoy … music? a. listening to b.listening c. listen d.listen to

7. You … never late. a. aren’t b. don’t are c. don’t be d. are

8. I … never in a hurry. a. am not b. don’t am c. don’t be d. am

9. What … for a living? a. do you work b. do you do c. you work d. you do

10. … do you like your job? – Because it’s interesting. a. Why b. When c. Where d. How

11. …do you go to work? - By taxi. a. Why b. When c. Where d. How

12. … do you arrive at the office? a. who b. where c. what time d. at what time

13. … do you meet at the office? a. who b. where c. what time d. at what time

14. I sometimes go … a. shop b. to shop c. shopping d. shops

15. I usually arrange … at hotels. a. accommodations b. informations c. accommodation d. information

16. I give … about destinations around the world. a. accommodations b. informations c. accommodation d. information

17. We never turn … the T.V. in the evening a. on b. up c. for d. from

18. I take a … every morning. a. teeth b. hair c. shower d. make up

19. I brush my … every morning. a. teeth b. hair c. shower d. make up

20. I get … at 6.30 in the morning. a. on b. up c. for d. from Put the words in the correct order to form sentences:

21. ask friends I what day do Many every . 22. half in at get past morning We up the six. 23. phone answer They the. 24. do Friday you on do What evenings? 25. on you What do weekends do? 26. I or reservations book make tickets. 27. same the Do your for parents work company? 28. to I exhibitions like going. 29. have They abroad rarely a holiday. 30. you travel often Do abroad?

Test 2 Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1. They never advertise on local radios. 2. They rarely have a holiday abroad. 3. We usually have a sales promotion in spring. 4. Our customers call every week. 5. I like face- to- face meetings. 6. The executive director and his assistant often conduct interviews. 7. We provide good service. 8. I like going to exhibitions. 9. After I wake up I turn on the radio to listen to the news. 10. In the meantime, I take a shower, brush my teeth, comb my hair and put on some make up. 11. I am rarely late, because my boss is a very strict person. 12. I love my work because it is exciting and I meet a lot of interesting people. 13. I arrange transportation facilities and prepare itineraries for our clients. 14. I usually book the tickets for my clients. Answer the following questions:

1. When do you start work? 2. How do you go to work? 3. What do you do on weekends? 4. Who do you like visiting? 5. Why do you like our University? 6. Where do you usually go on your summer holiday?

Unit 3.2 Company Presentation • Objectives: to make students engage in a conversation using the present tense. • What you should know at the end of this unit: simple present tense for the third

person singular; free time activities, company structure; all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to use verbs in the Simple Present tense, to talk about company structure, to talk about free time activities.

• Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Present Simple- the third person singular The Present simple has the same form as the infinitive (the verb you can find in the dictionary) if the subject of the sentence is I/ you/ we/ they (see Unit 3.1) and the infinitive + -s/ -es for the third person singular (he/ she/ it). The negative when the subject is he/ she/ it is formed by adding doesn’t in front of the verb (see the table below). The special questions are formed by adding does in front of the subject (see the tables below) and an interrogative word (when, where, why, etc) in front of does. Positive: Negative: (no –s)

Special Question: (no –s) Yes/No questions

Short answers: Yes, he/ she/ it does.

No, he/ she/ it doesn’t. –es is added in the following situations:

a. the verb ends in –tch, -sh, -x, -ss, -zz, o: � He watches T.V. She washes dishes. He fixes his car. She dresses. It buzzes. � He goes. It does.

b. the verb ends in consonant + y; the result is i + es: � I study. - She studies.

The transformation does not take place if ‘y’ is preceded by a vowel � I stay- He stays

The Present simple is used • to talk about actions and activities that happen usually, always, never, sometimes,

often, every day/ week/ month/ year: E.g.: He usually travels abroad. She always arrives early. It always rains in autumn.

He She It

doesn’t (does not)

live wake up drink

in Timisoara. at 7.00. water.

He She It

lives wakes up drinks

in Timisoara. at 7.00. water.

Does

he she

live in

Timisoara? it rain

Where When What

does

he she it

live? wake up? drink?

• to talk about routines and habits: E.g.: He wakes up at 7.00, drinks his coffee and goes to work.

• to express feelings, thoughts, opinions: E.g.: She loves Vienna at Christmas. He thinks she is right. She doesn’t like eating Chinese food.

• to talk about timetables: The plane flies at 10.00. The train leaves at 8.00.

• to talk about scientific facts: Sound travels at 600 miles an hour.

The weather

Use sentences beginning with it to talk about the weather: � It is cold. It is hot. It is windy. It is foggy. � It rains. It snows.

Questions:

1. When is the Simple Present used (5 situations)? 2. What form of the verb do you use for Simple Present for the subjects he/she/ it? 3. What is the negation used in front of the verb for the subjects he/she/ it? 4. What do you add in front of the subject to form a question for the subjects he/she/

it? Exercises: 1. Make questions for the following sentences and use the interrogative words what, when, where, why, how whenever possible:

E.g.: He loves football. – What does he love? He plays football. – What does he do? 1. He rarely has a holiday abroad. 2. Tina is always interested in new things. 3. The executive director often conducts interviews. 4. He doesn’t make coffee at work because he doesn’t have time. 5. She goes to work by tram. 6. It rains a lot in this part of the country. 7. He sometimes travels to Great Britain. 8. It isn’t very cold in here. 9. It is a good business. 10. She never smokes in her office.

2. Turn the following sentences into negatives: E.g.: He likes swimming. - He doesn’t like swimming.

He usually goes swimming. – He never goes swimming. 1. He likes going to exhibitions. 2. She likes face- to- face meetings. 3. Lyn hates attending conferences.

4. He likes speaking English at meetings. 5. John usually shows visitors round the factory. 6. It costs too much. 7. He knows exactly how much money he has. 8. Our company produces electronic components for cars. 9. Our main customer is in the U.S.A. 10. Their company employs 600 people.

3. Use short answers for the following questions: E.g.: Does your brother like swimming? – Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

Does it usually rain in this town? – Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t. 1. Does your boss often travel abroad? 2. Does your friend have a car? 3. Does your friend use a computer? 4. Does your boss speak English? 5. Does your colleague attend conferences? 6. Does your company employ a lot of people? 7. Does your company do good business? 8. Does your friend have a business? 9. Does your company have a Vice- President? 10. Does your company have many customers?

4. Complete the sentences using the Present Simple forms: E.g.: Do you like (you/ like) football Tom? – No, but my father does (do). 1. Our company ……………… (produce) electronic components for automobiles. 2. We ………….. (be) based in Singapore and we ……………….. (have) subsidiaries in Korea and Japan. 3. It …………….. (sell) its products all over the world but its customers ………………. (be) mainly in Europe. 4. It ……………….… (employ) about 600 people. 5. About 40 of these people …………………. (work) in programme development because the company ………………… (use) programmes for business applications. 6. ………………..… (the company/ take part) in trade fairs? 7. Of course it …………….. (do), it ……………... (go) to Frankfurt every year. 8. How many people … (your company/ employ)? 9. ………………. (you/ enjoy) working for them? 10. Where ……………….. (be) its head office?

5. Timetables: Look at this agenda for a board meeting and complete the memo:

Board meeting Tuesday 21st October 9.00 Welcome speech Chairman 9.30 - 11.00 Financial Report Financial Director 11.00- 11.30 Advertising Campaign Marketing Director 11.30- 12.30 E2004 Project Production Manager 12.30- 14.00 Lunch 14.00- 16.00 Future Plans All 16.00- 16.30 Tea 16.30- 19.00 Far East Development Project Manager 20.00 Dinner

Memo to: All board members From: MD’s secretary Subject: Board meeting Date: Monday, 20th October Tuesday’s board meeting …………… (start) at………………... with a speech by

the Chairman. The Financial Director ……………….. (present) his report at………………. . Then there ……………. (be) the presentation of the advertising campaign and of the E2004 Project from ………….… until… ………………… Lunch, between ……………….. and ……………… , is followed by a presentation of future plans and the situation in the Far East. Dinner ……….… (start) at ………..… .

6. Complete the dialogue with the verb in the brackets and the information in the table: London- Athens departure arrival Wednesday 12.10 17.55 Thursday 08.15 13.20 Athens- London Sunday 19.00 21.00 Monday 06.30 08.30 Laura: Hello. How may I help you? John: Hello. I need some information about the flights to Greece. I need to be there on Thursday by 12 o’clock. L: Well, let me see. There ……… (be) a flight on Wednesday that ………… (leave) at ……….. and ………. (arrive) at 17.55 local time. J: Is there anything on Thursday? L: Yes, there …….… (be) a flight at 8.15 but it ………… (not arrive) until …………… , and that’s too late. J: OK, what about the return journey? L: There …………. (be) a flight on ……………… which ………..… (depart) from Athens at 19.00. The only problem is that it …………..… (not get) back until …………….. , which may be late for you. There ………….… (be) also a flight on Monday at ……………… but maybe that’s too early. J: I ………… (think) I’ll come back on Sunday. I………….. (not mind) getting back late. Thank you very much. L: You’re welcome. (Adapted from Quick Work) 7. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word in order to find the names of the departments in a company: Personnel, Maintenance, Sales, Market, Public, Advertising, Quality, Logistics, Development, Security, Training, Finance, Human Resources: 1. The ……………..… Relations Department deals with the press. 2. The ……………. Research Department finds out what customers want. 3. The Research and ………… Department improves products and invents new ones. 4. The ………….… Department keeps accounts and manages investments. 5. The……………..… Department services

equipment. 6. The……………..… Department organizes courses for the employees. 7. The ………….… Department organizes the transportation and distribution of products. 8. The…………… Department protects the company from loss and theft. 9. The …………… Control Department makes sure the products meet specification. 10. The …………..… Department looks after the employees and deals with their problems. 11. The …………… Department sells the products. 12. The …………….. Department writes advertisements for products and places them in magazines, newspapers, etc. 13. The …………………. department recruits new employees. (Adapted from Quick Work)

8. Read the following text: Company Presentation: “Our head office is in St. Paul, Minnesota, and we provide domestic and satellite services. We offer voice, fax, and data transmission and we also provide system design, installation and technical support services.” “We’re based in Budapest and we have a lot of experience in Eastern Europe. We help companies introduce change, and deal with problems in the new business climate of this region. Our main strength is our local knowledge and we have many contacts with government agencies.” “I work for BP Amoco which has subsidiaries all over the world. It deals mainly in oil and gas production, but it also has a number of divisions that play an important part in the company. I am in the Solar Energy Division, which manufactures and sells solar panels that produce electricity.” “The Body Shop is a retailer that sells skin and hair care products. It has outlets in the main cities from 47 countries and it has over 86 million customers. It offers over 400 products and all the products are ecological. It is against testing its products on animals and perhaps that’s why they sell a product every 0.4 seconds.” “Volkswagen AG is a car manufacturer which employs almost 300,000 people throughout the world. It manufactures about 4.3 million cars a year at plants in Europe, Africa and Asia. One of its products is named after an insect: Volkswagen ‘Beetle’. It has four basic principles: safety, high quality, driving pleasure and environmental protection.” 9. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the company in Minnesota do? 2. What does it offer? 3. What does the company in Budapest do? 4. Who do they work with? 5. What does BP Amoco do? 6. What does The Body Shop sell? 7. How many customers do they have? 8. Where do they have outlets? 9. What does Volkswagen AG manufacture? 10. How many people do they employ? 11. What are their basic principles?

10. Make sentences from the following notes using the examples in Exercise 8: Name of company Business Head office Main clients It operates Eastman Kodak

photographic equipment; manufactures and sells film/ digital imaging equipment

Rochester, USA

Businesses The general public

in more than 150 countries

The BBC

Public service broadcasting

London, England

around the world

The Coca-Cola company

Soft drinks industry; manufactures and sells over 160 soft drinks

Atlanta, Georgia

The general public

around the world

“The biggest mistake that you can make is to believe that you are working for somebody else. Job security is gone. The driving force of a career must come from the individual. Remember: Jobs are owned by the company, you own your career!” Earl Nightingale (1921-1989) American Radio Announcer, Author Writing task: Write about the company and the department you work for (or you would like to work for). Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. The executive director often … interviews. a. conduct b. make c. conducts d. makes 2. She … to work by tram. a. go b. goes c. arrive d. arrives 3. Lyn hates … conferences. a. attending b. attend c. going d. go 4. … likes speaking English at meetings. a. I b. you c. she d. they 5. Does your company … a lot of people? a. manufacture b. develop c. produce d. employ 6. … your company … many customers? a. does/ has b. does/ have c. do/ has d. do/ have 7. The … Department deals with the press. a. Training b. Finance c. Logistics d. Public Relations 8. The… Department organizes courses for the employees. a. Training b. Finance c. Logistics d. Public Relations 9. Our … is in Budapest but we have subsidiaries in 10 countries. a. shops b. head office c. outlets d. organization 10. The Body Shop is a retailer that has … in all the main cities. a. shop b. head office c. outlets d. organization

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 11. some I information about need the Greece flights to.

12. don’t I getting mind back late. 13. on There a is flight Monday. 14. departs It from seven Athens at o’clock. 15. Department services Maintenance The equipment. 16. Department deals Personnel The with the problems employees’. 17. Control the Department makes The sure products Quality meet specification. 18. lot of We experience in have Eastern a Europe. 19. It cars manufactures million about every 4.3 year. 20. customers How do they many have? 21. does What the sell company? 22. over world It the operates all. 23. equipment sells It photographic.

Answer the following questions: 24. What department organises courses for the employees? 25. What department improves products? 26. What department keeps accounts? 27. What department organises transportation? 28. What department looks after the employees? 29. What department finds out what customers want? 30. What department protects the company from loss and theft? Test 2 Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1. The Body Shop is a retailer that sells skin and hair care products. 2. It has outlets in all the main cities. 3. The Personnel Department looks after the employees and deals with their problems. 4. The Sales Department sells the products. 5. The Advertising Department writes advertisements for products and places them in magazines, newspapers, etc. 6. The Human Resources Department recruits new employees. 7. The Research and Development (R&D) Department improves products and invents new ones. 8. How may I help you? 9. I need to be in Greece on Thursday by 12.00. 10. The company also has a number of divisions that play an important part. 11. This company is against testing its products on animals and perhaps that’s why it sells a product every 0.4 seconds. 12. This company has four basic principles: safety, high quality, driving pleasure and environmental protection. 13. Tuesday’s board meeting starts at 9.00 with a speech by the Chairman. Correct the following sentences:

1. Does he is your brother? 2. Do she like her job? 3. They produces electrical equipment. 4. The R&D department keeps accounts. 5. He don’t work for Volkswagen. 6. You doesn’t come from Hungary. 7. The Personnel Department look afters the employees.

Unit 3.3 Describing Hotels • Objectives: to make students speak about hotels and hotel facilities • What you should know at the end of this unit: The forms there is/ there are, the

uses of some/ any and their compounds, the modal verb can, all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to describe places. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

There is/ there are The two forms are used to enumerate persons or things present in a certain place.

� There is a bank on this street. (+ Singular) � There are two coffee-shops, a bookshop and a bank on that street. (+ Plural)

The negation is the same as the negation of the verb to be: there isn’t/ there aren’t. The question is formed by the inversion between there and the verb to be: Is there?/ Are there? There is can be used with the indefinite pronouns:

• something/ somebody in positive sentences: There is somebody at the door. There is something in that room.

• Nothing/ nobody in negative sentences: There is nobody at the door. There is nothing in that room.

• Anything/ anybody in questions or negative sentences (to avoid the double negation):

Is there anybody at the door? Is there anything in that room? There isn’t anybody at the door. There isn’t anything in that room. There are can be used with the indefinite adjectives

• some in positive sentences: There are some people in the street. There are some books on the table.

• no in negative sentences: There are no people in the street. There are no books on the table.

• any in questions or negative sentences (to avoid the double negation): Are there any people in the street? Are there any books on the table? There aren’t any people in the street. There aren’t any books on the table. Yes/No questions: Short answers: Is there a problem? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Are there any problems? Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. Can/Can’t The modal verb can is used to express the ability (or inability) of doing something, or the possibility. It is always followed by an infinitive (without to) and it has the same form in all persons. There is NO do or does:

� I can ski. You can speak English. He cannot (can’t) be at home. The hotel can provide any facility. We can come. They cannot leave.

(More on modal verbs in Unit 4.3) Questions:

1. When are there is/ there are used? 2. What are the indefinite pronouns used with there is?

Exercises:

1. Tim is a CEO and he travels a lot. Read his description of a hotel room and fill in the gaps with there is/there isn’t or there are/there aren’t:

First of all, …………… large windows, which I like because the rooms are bright. Then ………………..… a beautiful view of the sea. On the left, as you enter the room ……………………. a king size bed, and next to it ……………………….. a night table, and ………………..… a lamp on it. ……………………….. any paintings on the walls, but unfortunately, ………………… some awful photographs. …………………….… some chairs, some pillows, but … ……………….any bedcovers! ……………………… nothing on the balcony, it is empty.

2. Describe your own room or a hotel room that you can remember. 3. Fill in the gaps with some or any:

1. In that hotel there are …………..… expensive deluxe suites. 2. There aren’t …………… flowers in this room. 3. Are there ……………… German guests at Waldorf at present? 4. There are ………………. German students at this bed and breakfast, but there aren’t ……………..… Chinese students. 5. We have …………….… discounts for our regular customers. 6. There are … guests in the lounge. 7. Are there ………. double rooms at this inn? 8. There aren’t ……………… king size beds in this bed and breakfast.

4. Fill in the gaps with some, any, a, an: 1. Heathrow is ………….… international airport. 2. Do you have ………….. free rooms? 3. I want ………… newspapers and … magazine. 4. Linda lives in …………….. old house in London. 5. There are ……………… trees in my garden, but there aren’t ……………..… flowers. 6. Do you have ……………….. laundry service? 7. There are …………….. letters for you at the front desk. 8. There is …………………. problem with your credit card.

5. Read the following texts:

Describing hotels Le Meridien Waldorf is a classical five star hotel in one of London's prime

locations. In London's Aldwych district, the hotel joins the City with the West End. Recently restored to its original Edwardian splendour, this elegant hotel stands on the fringe of the Covent Garden.

There are 292 air-conditioned bedrooms and suites which are beautifully furnished in their own distinctive Edwardian style. All rooms are spacious and well-equipped and guests can choose from a selection of standard, deluxe, mini- and one-bedroom suites. Room facilities include ample wardrobe space, bathrobe, slippers, choice

of pay movies, hair dryer, mini bar, Sony Playstation, radio, trouser press, international direct dial telephones with voice mail. There is also a 24-hour room service. Guests at Le Meridien Waldorf have complimentary access to the hotel's Fitness Club offering a complete range of exercise classes, jacuzzi, sauna, steam room, fully equipped gymnasium and luxurious 13.6 metre swimming pool. An extensive range of treatments and therapies is also available. The hotel's Palm Court is famous for hosting prestigious celebrity events. The venue is available for private parties, banquets and corporate functions and can cater for up to 450 guests at one time.

Le Meridien Waldorf is perfectly situated in Aldwych. It provides easy access to many of London's tourist attractions. Covent Garden with the world-famous Opera House and lively, colourful shopping area is nearby. There are many shops, theatres, restaurants and facilities all within walking distance.

Guests at Le Meridien Waldorf can enjoy fine dining in the Aldwych Brasserie. The hotel is also home to the Club Bar. There are many restaurants, cafés and bars with easy access to the hotel.

Le Meridien Waldorf is located in the centre of London, England. It is within 30 km of Heathrow Airport and 50 km of Gatwick Airport, both of which are easily reached by high speed train or undergound in about an hour. There are bus, tube and train stations within a short walk of the hotel. .

The New York Marriott East Side is a superior, first-class hotel, located at 49th

Street and Lexington Avenue just one block off Park Avenue on midtown Manhattan's prestigious east side. Fifth Avenue shopping is three blocks away and the city's best museums and restaurants and its finest nightlife are within minutes of the hotel. This full-service hotel offers deluxe accommodation including bar and restaurant, exercise room and 21.000 square feet of meeting space on four floors with an outside terrace on the 16th floor. Most of the 19 meeting rooms have 12 foot ceilings and windows. There are 664 rooms on the 35 floors. Audio-visual equipment rental and ISDN lines are available. The hotel staff is friendly and professional.

The hotel offers, for the dining pleasure of the guests, an on-site restaurant, with a variety of choices on the menu. Attractive guest rooms are clean and comfortable. Facilities include a gift shop, a hair dryer in every room, a refrigerator in all rooms, an exercise room, a business center, express check-out, a safe-deposit box, cable T.V., laundry service and a VIP floor. There are also handicap facilities. Non-smoking rooms are available on request. There is a pool inside the hotel but there is no life guard on duty. There is in-room coffee/tea service and in-room movies are available at a charge. Attractions include Carnegie Hall - 1.5 miles, Central Park - 14 blocks, Empire State Building - 15 blocks, Fifth Avenue Shopping - 3 blocks, Lincoln Center - 2.5 miles, Madison Square Garden - 2 miles, Metropolitan Museum of Art - 2 miles, Museum of Modern Art - 1.5 miles, New York Coliseum - 2 miles.

The La Quinta Inn is a first class hotel located 5 miles from Santa Fe Regional Airport and 60 miles from Albuquerque International. The hotel is ideally located five miles from downtown Santa Fe and all its attractions. The hotel offers guests a clean, comfortable room at a price that will allow you to enjoy the rest of your trip. There are

contemporary and comfortable standard and king rooms. The rooms are well- suited to the needs of both the business traveler and the leisure guest. There are spacious, bright bathrooms. To start your day off right, La Quinta provides a daily complimentary breakfast. The La Quinta Inn is very close to dining, shopping and entertainment venues. Facilities include air conditioning, non -smoking rooms, outdoor pool, credit card access, local calls, and wake-up calls.

Rates can change without notice and are based on the season, location, room type, number of adults per room and special discount. The national average for the La Quinta chain is about $65.

The Bell and the Dragon- bed and breakfast The Bell and the Dragon is a lively pub, conveniently situated just ten minutes’

walk from the city center. It has 8 guest rooms and a large car park. Breakfast and evening meals are served in the dining room; or guests can enjoy a drink and a snack in the main bar, which has a selection of fine beer, and a dartboard. There are reasonable prices, starting from £12, depending on the number of adults per room. 1 mile = 1.61 km

6. Answer the following questions on the texts above: 1. Where is Le Meridien Waldorf situated? 2. How many rooms does it have? 3. What facilities does it provide? 4. Is it available for parties? 5. What are London’s tourist attractions? 6. Is it within easy reach from the airports? 7. How can you travel from the airports to the Waldorf hotel? 8. Where is New York Marriott situated? 9. How many floors does it have? 10. What facilities does it provide? 11. Is it available for parties? 12. What are New York’s tourist attractions? 13. Where is La Quinta Inn situated? 14. How much does a room cost? 15. What facilities does it provide? 16. What kind of rooms does it offer? 17. What is the difference between an inn and a bed and breakfast? “Of course great hotels have always been social ideas, flawless mirrors to the particular societies they service.” Joan Didion (1934 - ), American Essayist Writing Task: Describe a hotel that you know. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. There is … on the balcony. I think it is John. a. something b. someone c. anything d. anyone

2. There is … on the balcony. I think it is a chair. a. something b. someone c. anything d. anyone 3. There is … on the balcony. It is empty. a. no b. nothing c. anything d. anyone 4. There aren’t … curtains at the windows. a. no b. some c. nothing d. any 5. There are … lovely flowers in the garden. a. no b. some c. something d. any 6. There … any Japanese tourists in our city. a. isn’t b. aren’t c. is d. are 7. … there anything in the room? a. Does b. Aren’t c. Is d. Are 8. I … speak English. a. can’t b. don’t can c. doesn’t can d. do can 9. Heathrow is … international airport. a. some b. any c. a d.an 10. I want … newspaper. a. some b. any c. a d.an

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 11. classical Waldorf a is five hotel star. 12. bedrooms are There 292 and air-conditioned suites. 13. parties The for venue is private available for. 14. easy There access is to attractions London's tourist. 15. shops, theatres, restaurants, distance walking within are There. 16. is full-service This hotel. 17. clean and The comfortable are rooms. 18. bright There spacious are bathrooms. 19. prices are There reasonable. 20. facilities there any Are special?

Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. There are 292 air-conditioned bedrooms and suites which are beautifully

furnished in their own distinctive Edwardian style. 2. Guests can choose from a selection of standard, deluxe, mini- and one-bedroom suites. 3. Room facilities include ample wardrobe space, bathrobe, and slippers. 4. An extensive range of treatments and therapies is also available. 5. The venue is available for private parties. 6. The hotel can cater for 450 guests at one time. 7. There are bus, tube and train stations within a short walk of the hotel. 8. Fifth Avenue shopping is three blocks away and the city's best museums and restaurants and its finest nightlife are within minutes of the hotel. 9. The hotel staff is friendly and professional. 10. Facilities include a gift shop, a hair drier in every room, a refrigerator in all rooms, an exercise room, a business center, express check-out, safe-deposit box, cable T.V., laundry service. 11. There is in-room coffee/tea service and in-room movies are available at a charge. 12. The rooms are well- suited to the needs of both the business traveler and the leisure guest. 13. To start your day off right, the hotel provides a daily complimentary breakfast. 14. Rates can change without notice and are

based on the season, location, and the room type. 15. Are there any double rooms at this inn? 16. There are some letters for you at the front desk. 17. There is a beautiful view of the sea. 18. We have some discounts for our regular customers. 19. There are some guests in the lounge. 20. In that hotel there are some expensive deluxe suites.

Unit 3.4 Checking In and Checking Out • Objectives: to make students manage at a hotel front desk. • What you should know at the end of this unit: prepositions of place, the

imperative, polite requests, and all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to give and ask for directions, to

check in/ out at a hotel, to ask for different services politely. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Prepositions of place There is a photo on the table. There are people in the street. The bank is next to the supermarket. The tram stop is near the park. There is a chemist’s in front of the hotel. The restaurant is on the left, opposite the bookshop. The travel agent’s is on the right, between the newsagent’s and the library. There is a small building behind the cinema. The imperative

The imperative is used to give instructions. The positive imperative has the form of the infinitive (the verb form from the dictionary): Go there! Come here! Turn left! The negative imperative uses the negation don’t:

� Don’t come here! Don’t go there! Don’t turn left! Asking for and giving directions

Use the questions “How can I get to the +destination?” “Where is the … ?” “Can you tell me how to get to the …?” “Where can I find the …?” usually accompanied by “Excuse me” and “please”.

The answer is usually an imperative: Go straight ahead. Turn right/ left. Go right/ left. Go up/ down/ across/ along. You can also use only the prepositions. (see the conversations in exercises).

Polite questions and answers To ask a question politely use questions beginning with Can / could / May …?, always followed by a verb in the infinitive.

You want to do something Positive answer Negative answer Can I …? Could I …? May I …?

Certainly. Yes, of course. Yes, go ahead.

I’m sorry, (I don’t know). I’m afraid not. etc

You want someone to do something for you

Positive answer Negative answer

Can you…? Could you…?

Certainly. Of course.

I’m afraid I can’t. I’m afraid it’s impossible. etc

� Can I help you? Can you tell me where the park is? � Could I help you? Could you tell me where the park is? � May I help you? Direct expressions like: I don’t/ I can’t are very impolite. Polite preferences Use I’d like and I’d prefer instead of I want: I’d like a twin bedroom on the ground floor. I’d prefer a non-smoking room.

Questions:

1. How do you form the positive imperative? 2. How do you form the negative imperative?

Exercises: 1. Read the following conversations: “Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to a bookshop?” “Go along this street, then take the first street left, then go straight ahead on that street. It is next to a chemist’s.” “Thank you.” “Excuse me, where can I find a bank? I need to change some money.” “It’s down this street, on the corner, but I’m afraid it doesn’t open until 9.30.” “Oh, well, what about a coffee shop?” “Opposite the bank and next to the Italian restaurant.” “I hope it is open. Thank you.” “That’s OK.” 2. Practise the dialogues using the following information: A supermarket/ a hotel/ a newsagent’s + a library To the right / across the street/ next to the library- not open until 9.00- along this street 3. Read the following conversations: Checking in (at the front desk) Receptionist: Good evening, madam. May I help you?

Guest: Yes, my name is Jane Smith and I have a reservation. Receptionist: Let me check on our computer. Yes, Ms. Smith, there is a reservation for a double room for two nights. Am I right? Guest: Yes, that’s right. Oh, by the way, I’d prefer a non-smoking room. Receptionist: Room 306, then. Could I ask you to fill in this card and sign here? Guest: Of course. Is the room available right now? Receptionist: Yes, of course it is. Here is your key card. Guest: Thank you very much. Oh, I’d also like a wake- up call in the morning, at six o’clock. Receptionist: No problem. Thank you, Ms. Smith. Receptionist: Good afternoon. Can I help you? Guest: Yes, please. Could I have a room for the night? Receptionist: Certainly. A single or a double room? Guest: A single room. Receptionist: Would you like a room with a shower or a bath? Guest: A shower. How much is the room? Receptionist: $50 for the room and breakfast. Would you like dinner, too? Guest: No, thank you. Receptionist: Here is your key, then. I hope you enjoy your stay. Guest: Thanks. Checking out Receptionist: Good morning, Mr. Jones. May I help you? Guest: I’d like to check out. I need to catch the 11 o’clock plane to London. There is a problem at my company. Receptionist: No problem, sir. Would you like us to send you the bill or would you prefer to pay now? Guest: Can you send the bill to my office? Here is the fax number. Receptionist: Of course, sir. Can you sign here please? That’s all. Have a good flight. Guest: Thank you. Good-bye! 4. Practise the two conversations. 5. Match the following questions with the appropriate answers: 1. Could I have your name, please? a. D-U-S-S-A-R-T 2. Can you spell your name? b. Of course. Renee Dussart. 3. May I help you? c. Certainly. Can you tell me your

name? 4. Could you tell me your room number? d. Yes, please. I need a room for the

night. 5. Could you check my reservation? e. Of course. It’s 583.

“Doorman -- a genius who can open the door of your car with one hand, help you in with the other, and still have one left for the tip.” Dorothy Kilgallen (1913 – 1965), Newspaper columnist, Actress

Writing Task: Give directions to someone who wants to go from the University to the city centre. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. How can I get to a bank? - Go … the street and then turn left. a. behind b. in front of c. between d. across 2. Where can I find a supermarket? - …right at the second street. a. Turn b. Turns c. Turning d. Don’t turn 3. … on that street! It’s dangerous. a. Go b. Don’t go c. Doesn’t go d. Going 4. The cinema is that small building … right. a. on the b. on c. at the d. at 5. The bank is … ahead, in front of you. a. left b. near c. along d. straight 6. Can you meet me tonight? a. Not. b. I can’t. c. I don’t. d. I’m afraid I can’t. 7. Could I … you? a. helping b. to help c. helps d. help 8. May I … you to your room? a. take b. taking c. takesd. to take 9. I’d … a room for the night. a. want b. like c. take d. have

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 10. your Can spell you name? 11. your Could room you tell me number? 12. flight a Have good. 13. bill Can office you my send the to? 14. out I’d check like to. 15. right Is room the now available? 16. bank Where can find I a? 17. non-smoking I’d a prefer room. 18. tell Excuse me, can get you me to how to a bookshop? 19. I you help May? 20. carpark tell Could me you the is where?

Test 2 Put the words in the correct order to form sentences:

1. in There people some are the street. 2. to The is bank next the supermarket. 3. hotel chemist’s Is there in front the of a? 4. the is restaurant opposite bookshop The. 5. cinema There is behind building small a the. 6. left The is hospital the on. 7. shop coffee is The on corner the. 8. between and The restaurant the hotel is the bank. 9. go Don’t there in!

10. right stop tram Turn at the. Translate the following sentences into English:

11. Îmi puteţi spune unde este o farmacie? 12. Îmi pare rău, dar nu ştiu. 13. Pot să vă ajut? 14. Aş dori o cameră dublă. 15. Iată (poftim) cheia. 16. Este vreo cameră disponibilă chiar acum? 17. Îmi puteţi trimite nota de plată la birou? 18. Din păcate nu se poate. 19. Aş dori să plătesc acum. 20. Semnaţi aici, vă rog. Test 3

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in the brackets: My family and I 1…………. (live) in London. I 2………….. (get up) at 6.30 and I

3……….. (have) a shower. My brother 4…………… (like) to stay in bed until late. I 5.… (start) work at 8.30 and my husband 6 ……… (start) at 9.00 We 7……. (meet) at lunchtime but we 8………… (not meet) when we 9……….. (finish) work. He usually10.................. (not have) dinner at home.

Complete the questions so that they fit the answers: E.g.: Where … you …? (Where are you from?) I am from France.

1. What… you … ? I’m a travel agent.

2. What … your husband … ? He is a businessman.

3. … you … German? No, I don’t. But I speak English.

4. … your husband … English? Yes, he does. He speaks English fluently.

5. What time … you …? At 6.30 in the morning.

6. Why … you … working in a travel agency? I like it because it is interesting.

7. How … you … to work? By bus.

8. Where … you … in summer? To the seaside. Fill in the gaps with am/is/ are/ aren’t/ do/ does/ can/ can’t:

9. I … a bank manager. 10. … he like his job? 11. Where … they live? 12. … she a flight attendant?

13. Why … you like your job? 14. We … students. 15. … I help you? 16. What … she do on weekends? 17. Excuse me, … you tell me where the bank is? 18. There … some photos on the wall. 19. There … any paintings on the wall. 20. I’m sorry I … know. 21. … there a bank on this street? 22. Where … Tim come from? 23. Tina and Linda … English.

Complete the sentences with some/ any/ a/ an: 24. There are … good restaurants in the area. 25. Are there … good beaches near the hotel? 26. Does the room have … view? 27. There are … trees in front of the hotel. 28. There is … open fire in … rooms. 29. There is … hair drier in every room. 30. Are there … magazines in the room?

Correct the following sentences: 31. My brother he works in a hotel. 32. How many languages you speak? 33. I don’t like go to discos. 34. Does she lives in a house or a flat? 35. I’m afraid I don’t can help you. 36. There isn’t nothing in this room. 37. Never I am angry. 38. He don’t work here. 39. My mother works in a hotel is a receptionist. 40. I like listen to music.

Test 4 Translate into Romanian (traduceţi în limba română):

1. They rarely have a holiday abroad. 2. I arrange transportation facilities and prepare itineraries for our clients. 3. I usually book the tickets for my clients. 4. Our main customer is in the U.S.A. 5. Their company employs 600 people. 6. It has outlets in all the main cities. 7. The Personnel Department looks after the employees and deals with their problems. 8. This company has four basic principles: safety, high quality, driving pleasure and environmental protection. 9. The rooms are well- suited to the needs of both the business traveler and the leisure guest. 10. We have some discounts for our regular customers. 11. Could I ask you to fill in this card and sign here? 12. I’d like a wake- up call in the morning, at six o’clock. 13. I’d like to check out. 14. I need to catch the 11 o’clock plane to London. 15. Can you send the bill to my office? 16. How much does a room cost? 17. Room facilities include wardrobe space, bathrobe, and slippers. 18. Are there any double rooms at this inn? 19. I’d like a twin bedroom on the ground floor. 20. Where can I find a chemist’s?

Module 4 • Objectives: to make students speak fluently. • What you should know at the end of this module: -countable and uncountable

nouns; - restaurant language; - present continuous; - modal verbs; - all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to use countable and uncountable nouns; to talk about food and drinks.

Unit 4.1 Eating Out • Objectives: to make students speak about food and drinks. • What you should know at the end of this unit: countable and uncountable nouns,

all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to use restaurant language. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns are the nouns that have a singular and plural form (see Unit 2.2) a book- books a man- men

They are used with the indefinite article a/an, and they can answer the question ‘how many...?’ They are used with many and few.

� How many books do you have? � There are many facilities at this hotel. � We have a few customers in London.

Uncountable nouns have a single form, cannot be used with the indefinite article a/an, and answer the question ‘how much…?’ They are usually used with some, a lot of, much, a little . The following categories contain uncountable nouns: a. food: bread, butter, bacon, meat, ham, honey, jam, flour, rice, cheese, salt, pepper,

sugar, etc. (all seen as a whole). The verb is always in the singular. They can be counted using quantifiers: a piece of, a slice of, a loaf of (bread), a kilo of, etc. �� Fruit is good to eat. This loaf of bread isn’t fresh. Bread is fattening. I need some

sugar. b. liquids: water, coffee, beer, tea, wine, oil, juice, etc. The verb is always in the

singular. They can be counted using quantifiers: a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of, a spoon of etc. �� A cup of coffee is $1. Wine is expensive in France. I need some water.

c. Miscellaneous: soap, gold, silver, money, luggage, homework, advice, furniture, information, knowledge, progress, news, etc. The verb is always in the singular. They can be counted using quantifiers: a piece of, an article of, an item of.

�� Your money is on the table. His advice is good. I need a piece of information. I need some furniture.

Like and Would like Like + verb-ing is used to express a feeling, would like (‘d like) + to +verb is used to express preference: �� I like going to the seaside. (I love going there.) �� I’d like to go to the seaside. (I’d prefer to go there if I have the time.) �� I like animals. I would like a dog. Restaurant language Asking for information: (waiter) What would you like? (client) What would you recommend? What exactly is that? Giving advice: (waiter) I suggest/ recommend … It’s special, because… It’s made of …. It’s bitter/ sweet/ sour/ salty/ spicy/ tasty.

Ordering Complaining Paying As a starter, I’d like… To follow, I’d like… As a main course I’d like… For dessert, I’ll have…

Excuse me, I think the bill is wrong. That’s not what I ordered. Can you change it?

Do you take cards? Is service included? Can I have a receipt, please?

Questions: 1. What are countable nouns? 2. What are uncountable nouns? Exercises:

1. Fill in the gaps with a, an, some: 1. Would you like …….… wine, please? 2. Can I have ……………. apples? 3. I’d like ….… chicken sandwich. 4. Can I have ……… cheese for breakfast? 5. Do you want ….… cigarette? 6. Would you like …… apple or …… grapes? 7. Can I have …… bread? 8. Can you give me ……. money? 9. Could you buy …….. fruit when you go shopping? 10. He always has …….. egg for breakfast.

2. Make sentences with like or would like and the verbs in the brackets: e.g. Jane has many books. (read) – She likes reading. Jane has an old car. (new car) – She would like a new car. 1. Peter has a lot of CDs. (listen to music) 2. Linda thinks her house is small. (large house) 3. My children have a football. (play football) 4. There is a good film on T.V. tonight. (see it)

5. Peter buys much fruit. (fruit) 6. I don’t want to go out tonight. (stay in) 7. Tom always goes on a winter holiday. (ski)

3. Complete the questions with how much or how many and answers them: 1. … exercises do you solve every day? 2. … languages do you speak? 3. … does a cup of coffee cost? 4. … people are in this room? 5. … coffee do you drink a day? 6. … weeks’ holiday do you have in winter? 7. … books do you have? 8. … vegetables do you eat? 9. … meat do you usually eat? 10. … water do you usually drink?

4. Choose the right alternative: 1. Could you give me some information/ informations about trains to London? 2. You have a lot of homework/ homeworks to do. 3. I need some useful advice/advices. 4. They have some lovely furniture/ furnitures, but it is very expensive. 5. The news is/ are not so good. 6. He always eats two breads/ slices of bread. 7. Money is/ are necessary. 8. Your luggage/ luggages is / are very heavy.

5. Read the following conversations: Waiter: Good evening. Tim: Good evening. We’d like a table for two. Waiter: Certainly, sir. Is this table all right? Tim: That’s fine. Could we have the menu? Waiter: Of course. May I suggest the dish of the day, baked salmon?

Waiter: Are you ready to order? Linda: Yes, as a starter, I’d like a salad, and to follow, I’d like a noodle soup. Tim: And for me the lamb and a salad. Waiter: Very well. And what vegetables would you like in your salad? Linda: Lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes, but no onions, please. Waiter: And would you like to order some wine? Linda: Yes, can I see the wine list? Waiter: Here it is. Linda: A bottle of this French red wine. Tim: And some mineral water, please. Waiter: Fizzy or still? Linda: Fizzy, please. Waiter: Would you like anything else? Coffee or dessert? Linda: Black coffee for me, please. Tim: And could we have the bill? Waiter: Of course. Tim: Is service included? Waiter: No, it isn’t, sir. Tim: Can I pay by credit card? Waiter: Yes, that’s fine

6. Practise the conversation using the information from the table:

Dish of the day Vegetables Main course Drink Dessert Smoked salmon on brown bread Baked trout French onion soup French omlette

Potatoes Cauliflower Carrots Green peppers Fresh peas Cabbage

beef/ veal steak (rare/medium/ well-done) Roast mutton/ pork/ Fried chicken Grilled fish

Orange juice Beer White wine Dry wine Sweet wine

Cheese cake Apple pie Ice-cream Fresh fruit salad

7. Read the following text: British meals

A traditional English breakfast is a very big meal – sausages, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, mushrooms… But nowadays many people just have cereal with milk and sugar, or toast with marmalade, jam, or honey. Marmalade and jam are not the same! Marmalade is made from oranges. Jam is made from other fruit. The traditional breakfast drink is tea. Some people have coffee, often instant coffee. Many visitors to Britain find this coffee disgusting!

For many people lunch is a quick meal. In cities there are a lot of sandwich bars, where office workers can choose the kind of bread they want- brown, white or a roll. Pubs often serve good, cheap food, both hot and cold. School – children can have a hot meal at school, but many just take a snack from home – a sandwich, a drink, some fruit, and perhaps some crisps.

‘Tea’ means two things. It is a drink and a meal! Some people have afternoon tea, with sandwiches, cakes, and, of course, a cup of tea. Cream teas are popular.

The evening meal is the main meal of the day for many people. They usually have it quite early, between 6.00 and 8.00, and often the whole family eats together.

On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch. They have roast meat, either beef, lamb, chicken, or pork, with potatoes, vegetables, and gravy. Gravy is a sauce made from the meat juices.

The British like food from other countries, too, especially Italian, French, Chinese, and Indian. People often get take – away meals – you buy the food at the restaurant and then bring it home to eat. Eating in Britain is quite international.

(Adapted from Headway Elementary)

8. Answer the following questions about the text: 1. What is the traditional English breakfast? 2. How are marmalade and jam different? 3. What do the British drink for breakfast? 4. How is British coffee? 5. Where can you have lunch in Britain? 6. What is ‘tea’? 7. What do British people eat on Sundays? 8. What is a ‘take-away’ meal? 9. Answer the following questions:

1. What’s your favourite dish? 2. When do you have it? 3. What is it made with? 4. What do Romanian people usually have for breakfast? 5. What is your favourite drink? “A well-run restaurant is like a winning baseball team. It makes the most of every crew member's talent and takes advantage of every split-second opportunity to speed up service.” David Ogilvy (1911 - ), American Businessman, Advertising Expert Writing Task: Write about traditional meals in Romania. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. … coffee do you drink a day? a. how much b. how many c. a lot of d. a little of 2. … weeks’ holiday do you have in winter? a. how much b. how many c. a lot of d. a little of 3. They have … good news. a. how much b. how many c. a lot of d. a few 4. I’d like … a good film tonight. a. seeing b. to see c. sees d. see 5. I like … good films. a. seeing b. to see c. sees d. see 6. There are … people in the room. a. a little b. much c. many d. a 7. They usually have … cup of coffee. a. a little b. much c. many d. a 8. Can you give me … money? a. a few b. some c. many d. a 9. I’d like … chicken sandwich. a. a few b. much c. many d. a 10. He usually eats … meat. a. a few b. much c. many d. a

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 11. London Could some you me give information about trains to? 12. of a lot homework to You do have. 13. advice I useful need some. 14. some They have lovely furniture. 15. is The not news good. 16. slices of He bread always eats two. 17. on The table money the is. 18. heavy Your is luggage very. 19. quick Lunch a meal is. 20. included Is service?

Test 2 Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. Excuse me, I think the bill is wrong. 2. That’s not what I ordered. 3. Can you change it? 4. Can I have a receipt, please? 5. We’d like a table for two. 6. As a starter, I’d like a salad, and to follow, I’d like a noodle soup. 7. A traditional English breakfast is a very big meal – sausages, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, mushrooms. 8. The evening meal is the main meal of the day for many people. 9. People often get take – away meals. 10 Your advice is useful.

Unit 4.2 Present Activities • Objectives: to make students speak about present activities. • What you should know at the end of this unit: present continuous, all the

vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about present activities. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Present Continuous Present Continuous is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb. The present participle is: verb + ing, e.g. talking, playing, smiling) Positive and negative Special Questions

Yes/ No questions: Short answers: Are you studying English? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, we are. No, we aren’t. Is he/ she reading a book? Yes, he/she is. No, he/ she isn’t. Is it raining? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. Are they writing? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. The Present Continuous is used:

• to describe an action that is going on at this moment. It is used with at the moment, at present, right now.

E.g. You are studying English grammar right now. • to describe an action that is going on during this period of time

E.g.: Are you still working for the same company? • to describe a temporary event or situation

E.g.: He usually works for large companies, but he is working for a small one this year. We usually go to Paris in summer, but this year we are going to Barcelona

I am (not)

going

there.

He She It

is

We They

are

Where

am I going? is he/ she/ it

are we/ you/ they

Some verbs are not used in the continuous form. The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form, because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes:

- feel, hear, see, smell, taste - assume, believe, suppose - forget, imagine, know, remember, understand - hope, love, hate, prefer, regret, want, wish, like, dislike, fear, envy - seem, be, have (= to possess)

Some of these verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning. Questions:

1. How is the Present Continuous formed? 2. When is the Present Continuous used? 3. What verbs cannot usually be used with –ing?

Exercises 1. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the brackets in the Present Continuous Tense: 1. This summer I (study) …………. French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. 2. Be quiet! John ………………..(sleep). 3. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It… ………………(rain). 4. Justin … ……………..(write) a book about his adventures in Patagonia. 5. I ……………………. (read) a very good book at the moment. 6. They …………… (work) very hard because they have exams. 7. I cannot call Paul because the phone …………….… (not work). 8. I …………………. (not do) any more work. I’m tired. 2. Read the following text: Paul Sutherland is a well presented person and an excellent candidate for the post of Director of Sales Department. He wants to leave his present employer, a small company, because he feels that he isn’t using his knowledge. He is looking for a more challenging position. He knows that our company is growing rapidly. He is familiar with our products and regularly reads our publications. Although at present he is living in the south he says that he is willing to move. He occasionally travels for trade fairs and exhibitions. He enjoys meeting people of different nationalities. At the moment, he is attending a training course at the Goethe Institute in order to perfect his German. (Adapted from Insights into Business) 3. Answer the following questions about the text: 1. Where is Paul working at present? 2. What does he want to do? 3. What is he looking for? 4. What does he regularly read? 5. Where is he living? 6. What does he like? 7. What is he doing at the moment? 8. What language is he studying? 4. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the brackets in the Present Simple or the Present

Continuous (see the text in exercise 2 as an example):

1. I ………………(work) for Techno Profile. 2. I ………………… (be) a finance manager and I ……………..… (have) a lot of responsibilities. 3. This year, the company ………………… (introduce) a new range of products. 4. At the moment we ……………………… (import) everything from Germany. 5. I ……………………… (live) in an apartment in the town centre and I usually…………………….. … (drive) to work. 6. This week I …………………. (not drive) because the car ……………… (not work).

“The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows.” Aristotle Onassis (1906-1975), shipping magnate

1. Writing Task: Write a similar description about you and your family, saying what you usually do and what you are doing at the moment.

E.g.: I live in Bucharest, but this year I’m living in Timisoara because I’m studying English. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. I… you are a finance manager. a. understanding b. am understanding c. understand d. understands 2. The negotiations ... very well. a. going b. are going c. goes d. is going 3. They … everything clearly. a. remember b. remembering c. are remembering d. remembers 4. My train … at 7.00. a. is leave b. leave c. is leaving d. leaves 5. … the manager of this company? a. are you knowing b. do you know c. you know d. know you 6. What do you do? – I … an engineer. a. be b. am being c. am d. being 7. What are you doing? – I … the police. a. call b. calling c. calls d. am calling. 8. He … to get that job. a. is wanting b. wants c. want d. is want 9. She … playing football. a. isn’t liking b. not likes c. not like d. doesn’t like 10. They … all their goods on time. a. are delivering b. doesn’t deliver c. deliver d. delivers

Correct the following sentences: 11. Where your sister work? 12. I’m drink coffee because I don’t have any more tea. 13. What you doing right now? 14. Peter is a businessman. He’s work all over the world. 15. At the moment Peter’s work in Finland. 16. Pierre is French. He’s coming from Paris. 17. I read a book right now.

18. It rains at the moment. 19. It usually raining in this part of the country. 20. I don’t liking this idea. Test 2

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 1. for What looking is he? 2. moment the What doing is he at? 3. he What language is studying? 4. familiar He products is with our. 5. isn’t The working phone. 6. you What are doing? 7. importing we Why are products? 8. candidate are a They interviewing. 9. is He Paul asking questions personal. 10. nervous isn’t He.

Answer the following sentences: 11. What are you doing right now? 12. What do you do? 13. What language are you studying? 14. What languages do you speak? 15. Is it raining? 16. Does it usually rain in this town? 17. What book are you reading? 18. What kind of books do you read? 19. Are you speaking English right now? 20. What kind of music do you usually listen to?

Unit 4.3 Job Responsibilities • Objectives: to make students speak about their present or future job

responsibilities. • What you should know at the end of this unit: modal verbs, all the vocabulary

included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about job

responsibilities. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Modal verbs

The modal verbs are special verbs that have only one form for all the persons. Positive Form

Subject Modal verb Main verb

I You He/ She It We They

can/ could may/ might must should

write. read. speak. come. go.

Negative Form

Question

1. Can We use can to talk about possibility and ability, make requests, to ask for or give permission. Can for possibility and ability

� She can drive a car. � John can speak Spanish. � I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.) � Can you hear me?

Can for requests and orders We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family):

� Can you make a cup of coffee, please? � Can you come here a minute? � Can you be quiet!

Can for permission We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:

A. Can I smoke in this room? B. You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.

(Note that we also use could, may, might for permission. The use of can for permission is informal.) 2. Could We use could to talk about past possibility or ability (see Unit 5.1), to talk about a condition, and to make requests: Could for condition:

� I could buy a book (if I wanted).

Subject Modal verb Main verb I You He/ she It We They

cannot (can’t) couldn’t may not might not mustn’t shouldn’t

write. read. speak. come. go.

Modal verb Subject Main verb Can/ Could May/ Might Must Should

I you he/ she it we/ they

write? read? speak? come? go?

Could for requests We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of could in this way is fairly polite (formal):

� Could you tell me where the bank is, please? � Could you send me a catalogue, please?

3. May/ might We use may/ might to express permission and possibility. May for permission It is used to ask for permission and it is formal (polite).

� May I go out? � May I use your phone?

May/ might for possibility

� She may be at home. � She might not come.

4. Must (subjective obligation) We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary:

� I must go. In general, must expresses personal obligation, what the speaker thinks is necessary. That is why it is subjective.

� I must stop smoking. � You must visit us soon. � He must work hard.

Mustn’t expresses prohibition, something that is forbidden. You mustn’t smoke in here. Have To (objective obligation) We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

� Children have to go to school. Have to is not a modal verb. It is followed by an infinitive. In general, "have to" expresses impersonal obligation. It is objective.

� In France, you have to drive on the right. � In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform. � John has to wear a tie at work. � You don’t have to be so formal.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation is imposed from outside. 5. Should It is used to express duty, advice, to make suggestions, or to indicate a sensible action.

� You should work hard. � He should have a rest. � They shouldn’t listen to Tim.

The Object Pronoun The object pronoun is used after verbs and prepositions.

The president knows me. The girl loves you. Can you tell him the truth? The man likes her. I don’t like it. Can you look at us? The book is in front of you. She teaches them English.

Word order: Subject + verb+ indirect object + direct object (who?) (to whom?) (what?) I give my father a book. I give him a book. Subject + verb + direct object + TO + direct object (who?) (what?) (to whom?) I give a book TO my father. I give a book TO him. I give it TO him. Questions:

1. What are the uses of can? 2. What are the uses of could? 3. What are the uses of may and might?

Exercises: 1. Give advice as in the example below:

E.g.: I feel tired. (take a rest) - You should take a rest. 1. I have a headache. (take a pill) 2. My eyes are aching. (sleep) 3. I feel depressed (see a doctor) 4. I have no appetite. (eat some fruit) 5. She has no time for reading. (watch less TV) 6. He wants to become an English teacher. (improve his English) 7. Annie wants to be an accountant. (go to University) 8. Paul wants to get a promotion. (go to training courses)

2. Ask someone to let you do the following things as in the example below (use may, can, could):

E.g.: go out.- Can/ Could/ May I go out? 1. borrow your car 2. park my car in front of your house 3. read your newspaper 4. help you carry your luggage 5. pay by check 6. offer you a glass of wine 7. ask you a question 8. turn off the TV.

3. Complete the sentences with can, can’t, must, have to, might, may: 1. I… ……….remember to email my assistant. 2. Sorry, I …………… go now because the meeting starts at 1.00. 3. I’m afraid I ………..… help you right now. I’m sorry. 4. I

Subject Object I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them

…………..… speak English very well, but I ………….. speak Japanese at all. 5. That’s impossible. It ……….. be true. 6. Look at the sky. I think it ………… rain. 7. Excuse me, … I use your phone? 8. I really ……….… to go to the dentist. My tooth aches really bad. 9. I… hear anything. The music is too loud. 10. I …….. do something because my boss is really angry.

4. Match a sentence from the first column with it’s meaning from the second column:

E.g. 1- e 1. I should do it. 2. I shouldn’t do it. 3. I can do it. 4. I can’t do it. 5. I mustn’t do it. 6. I don’t have to do it. 7. I have to do it. 8. I might do it. 9. May I do it? 10. Could you do it, please?

a. It’s necessary to do it. b. It’s not necessary to do it. c. Sorry, it’s impossible. d. It’s forbidden. e. I have the ability to do it. f. It’s a good idea. g. It’s a bad idea. h. I’m asking permission. i. I’m asking you to do it. j. Maybe I’ll do it.

5. Read the following texts: Job responsibilities Room clerk

As a room clerk you work at the front desk and you must register guests and assign them to their rooms. You must also take care of advance reservations. When guests are arriving you must check them in. You must check their reservations and give them a registration card to fill in with their names, addresses and telephone numbers. You have to fill in the room number and the rate that the guest pays. In case the hotel is overbooked you should try to find a room for them in another hotel. However, this is the assistant manager’s responsibility. You must also be able to provide any information that the guests might ask for.

Concierge

As a concierge you work at the front desk. You must be able to answer all the guests’ questions about the hotel’s services. You must also be informed about local entertainment, events and sights of interest. You have to arrange for local transportation, such as taxis, airport buses or sightseeing tours, if the manager asks you to. You might also take care of mailing the guests’ letters, if they ask you to.

Chambermaid As a chambermaid you must make the beds, dust the furniture, sweep or clean the floors and the carpets, wash the bathrooms, replace the towels, provide new soap and shampoo. You mustn’t forget to check the cupboards in case the guests are leaving something behind. When the guest is about to leave you must check the mini-bar and tell reception. In case something is broken or damaged, you don’t have to repair it – you should just ring

Maintenance. When a family is staying at the hotel and the parents want to go out for the evening, you may have to baby-sit, but that is not part of your usual responsibilities.

Barman You should know how to mix all the cocktails on the list, and you should try to be as professional as possible. You don’t have to know how to make every cocktail in the world, because that’s impossible. If a guest is asking you for a cocktail you don’t know, you mustn’t panic. You should ask him/ her how to make it and you should show some interest because it makes them feel good. There are sometimes problems with people who are under age. If you think someone looks under 18, you should ask them for proof of their age. You mustn’t serve them alcohol if they are less than eighteen years old.

6. Answer the following questions about the four jobs presented above: 1. What must you do if you are a room clerk? 2. What do you have to do if you are a room clerk? 3. What should you do if you are a room clerk? 4. What must you do if you are a concierge? 5. What do you have to do if you are a concierge? 6. What must you do if you are a chambermaid? 7. What do you have to do if you are a chambermaid? 8. What should you do if you are a barman? 9. What mustn’t you do if you are a barman? 7. Replace the underlined parts with pronouns, following the example:

E.g.: Mary is reading a book to Tom. – She is reading it to him. 1. My mother is reading a letter to Linda. 2. My family likes dogs very much. 3. John doesn’t like football. 4. My wife and I drink milk every morning. 5. Your brother loves Susan. 6. John and Mary often visit me and my mother. 7. Linda gives presents to her husband. 8. Linda gives presents to her parents. “If you think your boss is stupid, remember: you wouldn't have a job if he was any smarter.” Albert A. Grant, American Business Executive Writing Task: Write about your responsibilities at work or in every day life. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. You look pale. You … see a doctor. a. can b. may c. should d. have 2. He wants to become an English teacher. He … improve his English. a. shoulds b. cans c. can d. should 3. … borrow your car? a. May I b. May you c. Must I d. Have I

4. … I turn off the TV? a. Have to b. May not c. Don’t have to d. Can 5. … you help me, please? a. May b. Should c. Could d. Must 6. You … serve alcohol to people under 18. a. mustn’t b. must c. don’t must d. may 7. I … go. The meeting is at 8.00 and it is 7.45. a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. have to d. can’t 8. You … listen to him. He says many stupid things. a. don’t should b. doesn’t should c. not should d. shouldn’t 9. He … speak Chinese but he can speak Japanese. a. cannot b. don’t can c. doesn’t can d. not can 10. Look at the sky. It … rain. a. have to b. has to c. might d. must 11. The president knows … . a. I b. my c. we d. me 12. The book is in front of … . a. he b. his c. they d. him 13. The man likes … . a. they b. their c. he d. them 14. Tim often visits …. . a. us b. we c. our d. my

Correct the following sentences: 15. He must takes care of reservations. 16. She shoulds try to find a room. 17. You don’t should know everything. 18. Can you give the book him? 19. She writes a letter me. 20. She tells my everything.

Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. The room clerk works at the front desk and must register guests and assign them to their rooms. 2. He has to fill in the room number and the rate that the guest pays. 3. In case the hotel is overbooked he should try to find a room for the guests in another hotel. 4. The concierge must be informed about local entertainment, events and sights of interest. 5. He has to arrange for local transportation, such as taxis, airport buses or sightseeing tours. 6. A chambermaid must make the beds, dust the furniture, sweep or clean the floors and the carpets, wash the bathrooms, replace the towels, provide new soap and shampoo. 7. When the guest is about to leave she must check the mini-bar and tell reception. 8. In case something is broken or damaged, she doesn’t have to repair it – she should just ring Maintenance. 9. If a guest is asking the barman for a cocktail he doesn’t know the barman mustn’t panic. 10. There are sometimes problems with people who are under age.

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Pot (am voie) să plec? 2. Ea trebuie să meargă la doctor. 3. Ei ar trebui să verifice clienţii. 4. Nu trebuie să plec pentru că nu mă grăbesc. 5. Aş putea să te ajut? 6. Îmi dai voie să îţi car bagajele? 7. Pot să împrumut nişte bani de la tine? 8. Ea îi dă o carte mamei ei. 9. Dă-mi cartea! 10. Dă-i stiloul!

Test 3

Choose the right answer: 1. I’d like … a good film tonight. a. seeing b. to see c. sees d. see 1. There are … people in the room. a. a little b. much c. many d. a 2. … coffee do you drink a day? a. how much b. how many c. a lot of d. a little of 3. Can you give me … money? a. a few b. some c. many d. a 4. The negotiations … very well a. going b. are going c. goes d. is going 5. He … to get that job. a. is wanting b. wants c. want d. is want 6. You… listen to him. He says many stupid things. a. don’t should b. doesn’t should c. not should d. shouldn’t 7. You … serve alcohol to people under 18. a. mustn’t b. must c. don’t must d. may 8. She … dancing a. like b. ‘d like c. likes d. ‘d likes 9. He … to become a travel agent. a. like b. ‘d like c. likes d. ‘d likes 10. Heathrow is … international airport. a. a b. an c. some d. any 11. Your … very heavy. a. luggage are b. luggage is c. luggages are d. luggages is 12. Your money … on the table. a. is b. are c. do d. does 13. They usually … all their goods on time. a. are delivering b. doesn’t deliver c. deliver d. delivers 14. Lamb is … . a. a vegetable b. a job c. meat d. a drink 15. Cabbage is … . a. a vegetable b. a job c. meat d. a drink

16. A concierge is a … . a. a vegetable b. person c. meat d. a drink 17. Excuse me, I think the … is wrong. a. furniture b. credit card c. pay d. bill 18. Would you like to … some wine? a. command b. order c. dust d. eat 19. The chambermaid … the furniture a. commands b. orders c. dusts d. sweeps 20. When the hotel is … you should find a room in another hotel. a. overbooked b. empty c. professional d. broken 21. A barman should be … . a. overbooked b. empty c. professional d. broken 22. You should call Maintenance when there is something … . a. overbooked b. empty c. full d. broken 23. When guests arrive they go to the front desk and … a. fill in b. turn on c. check out d. check in 24. Guests must … a card with their name and address. a. fill in b. turn on c. check out d. check in


1. Could you give me some informations about trains to London? 2. I don’t need your advices. 3. The news are not very good. 4. I’d like dancing. 5. I like a cup of coffee. 6. Where are Paul working at present? 7. You are listening music. 8. English is a language international. 9. I don’t like swim. 10. She can to speak three languages. 11. You don’t must smoke. 12. She hasn’t to be home too early. 13. He mays leave. 14. He doesn’t can drive. 15. You should to see a doctor. 16. I am usually going to the seaside. 17. He not reading a book right now. 18. He gives flowers her. 19. My brother asks I many questions. 20. She meets he every day.

Module 5 • Objectives: to make students speak using the past tense. • What you should know at the end of this module: - the simple past;

- the irregular verbs; - all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to express your opinions.

Unit 5.1 Kids in Business • Objectives: to make students speak using the past tense. • What you should know at the end of this unit: the simple past of the verb to be;

could for past actions, used to for past actions, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to express your opinions. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Past Simple Past Simple is used to talk about completed actions or situations in the past. The actions are begun and ended at a particular time in the past. It is used with time expressions, such as: on Monday, last week/ year/ night, two months ago, yesterday, when I was a child. The Past Simple of the verb to be is presented in the following table:

To BE – Positive and Negative

Special Questions

Yes/ No questions: Short answers: Was he/ she here? Yes, he/ she was. No, he/ she wasn’t. Were you/ we/ they here? Yes, you/ we/ they were.

No, you/we/ they weren’t.

I He/ She/ It

was wasn’t

in England last week.

You We They

were weren’t

in Bucharest yesterday.

Where

was I? he/ she/ it?

were you? we? they?

� When and where were you born? � I was born in Manchester in 1970. And NOT * I am born in 1970.

COULD Could is the past tense of can, expressing past possibility or ability. It has one form for the positive sentence, and one form for the negative sentence (see Unit 4.3):

� He could ski when he was a child. (past ability) � I could ride a bike when I was 6. (past ability) � You couldn’t speak English when you were ten. (past inability) � I couldn’t read until I was seven years old.

We could not open the door because there was a problem. (We couldn't open the door...) (impossibility) USED TO + verb The expression is used to express an action that happened regularly in the past, but does not happen now:

� She used to work in a factory. Now she works in an office. � We used to write memos on paper, now we send them by email.

It can also express past situations that no longer exist: � I used to work in Africa, but now I work in our Bonn office.

TO BE USED TO + verb-ING It expresses a fact or action that is not strange or new to you. The verb to be can be in the present or in the past:

� I am from England. I came to live in Romania ten years ago. Living in Romania is very different to living in England. After many years I'm used to living in Romania.

� I was used to seeing them together. After be/ get used to we can also use a noun phrase:

� We are used to people like James.Make the difference between: � I'm used to living in Romania - it is a familiar experience for me.

I used to live in England (in the past, but no longer). Now I live in Romania. Questions:

1. What are the past positive forms of the verb to be? 2. When is the Past Simple used? 3. What does could express? 4. What does used to express? 5. What does be used to express?

Exercises: 1. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form:

1. When James was a child he used to ……………... (go) to school. 2. My parents used to …………….... (run) a pub. 3. The little boy is used to ...................... (ride) his bike. 4. His brother used to ......................... (ride) the bike, too, but he doesn’t ride

anymore. 5. I am used to .................... (meet) new people everyday because of my job. 6. He is used to .................... (teach) students and not children. 7. Our customers are used to ... (deal) with the manager and not with her assistant. 8. They used to ……………….. (visit) their mother every week, but now they don’t have time. 9. She isn’t used to ... (read) books very often. 10. Our company used to ................. (sell) a lot of products.

2. Complete the sentences using used to + verb or be used to + verb-ing. Use the

verbs in the brackets: E.g.: Last year, I wasn’t used to doing (do) business, but this year I know a lot about it. 1. I.................. (buy) flowers for the restaurant from a florist. Now I buy them from the market. 2. When we were children we .......................... (go) to school. 3. I ... ………….(study) at home and not in a public library. I prefer it. 4. His parents ………….... (run) the shop, so that their son can study. 5. His parents weren’t happy when their son ... …………………..(come) home late at night. 6. When I was at school I …. (do) a lot of sport. Now I prefer reading. 7. When we were in Canada we ………….. (go) on a trip every day. Now we are too busy. 8. I………………. (work) a lot. I like it. 3. Fill in the gaps with could/ couldn’t/ was/ wasn’t/ were/ weren’t: 1. Our teacher ... at school last week because she …………….. ill. 2. Two years ago Linda ………….. a student in Paris. 3. She …………… see Mona Lisa in the Louvre when she ……………….… there. 4. Where ………. you last night? You ………….. at home. 5. I ………… get into my house last night because there ……… a problem with the

key. 6. My sister …………… read when she ……………………… four years old. 7. I ……………………. play the piano until I … six years old. 8. ……………. John’s party good last night? – It … ………….OK. 4. Read the following text: Super Kid in Business

James has a flower shop in the suburbs of London but he is, in fact an antique dealer. ‘He is used to working with flowers now, and is very good at it’, says his mother. ‘James likes both flowers and antiques and knows when something is valuable.’ His father says: ‘he buys his things from second-hand sales; we go to about six sales every Saturday. He can spot anything valuable from the queue outside. Eight years ago, when he was only five years old, he bought Sylvia for five pence. Sylvia is a statuette and is now worth £4,000.Last year he bought a bag of ‘junk’ jewellery for 10 pence. There was a golden bracelet in it. It is now worth £8,000. He earns about £200- 300 a week. His father doesn’t think of him as a child anymore and his mother is used to treating him as an adult. James has his own ideas about running a business.

However, there are other problems. The main problem is the customer’s surprise that he isn’t an adult. When he meets someone for a business lunch and he walks into the restaurant and shakes their hand, they stand there with their mouth open. But they soon get used to the idea. James used to go to school until he was 11. He couldn’t handle it very well and he couldn’t get along with his classmates, so now he has four classes a week with a retired teacher. His teacher thinks that children should go to school, but he feels that James is so unusual that he cannot make any progress there. ‘James is used to working hard, and he works hard at his studies. When he runs out of work, he rings me up for more’, says his teacher. ‘He is using what he learns to improve his business.’ James is very polite, too. If someone swears, he stops talking. Could it be because his parents used to run a pub? Well, then he should be used to all kind of people. (Adapted from Accelerate Intermediate) 5. Decide if the following statements about the text are true or false. If they are false

correct them: a. James works in his father’s flower shop. b. James buys and sells antiques. c. He goes alone at second- hand sales. d. James knows the value of things depending on the number of people standing in line. e. Sylvia, the statuette, was worth £4,000. f. His parents think he is still a child. g. Customers don’t like him because he is a child. h. James doesn’t like going to business lunches. i. James goes to school every day. j. James is used to swearing at other people. k. His parents don’t have a pub anymore. 6. Answer the following questions about the text: 1. Did you like James? Why/ why not? 2. Do you think he is missing anything in his life? 3. Do you know a person/ child who was like him?

“To succeed in business, to reach the top, an individual must know all it is possible to know about that business.” J. Paul Getty (1892-1976) American Oil Tycoon, Billionaire Writing Task: Write about a successful business person that you know. Test 1 (1 hour) Correct the following sentences:

1. I were a student ten years ago. 2. They wasn’t at home yesterday. 3. Were she in Bucharest last week? 4. It don’t was cold yesterday. 5. He a good student was. 6. I used to walking 10 kilometers every day, but now I get tired. 7. I am used to watch TV a lot. 8. She be used to eating a lot of vegetables. 9. She doesn’t could ski when she was five. 10. I can play tennis when I was ten.

Choose the right answer: 11. Two years ago Linda … a student in Paris. a. could b. can c. is d. was 12. Where … you last night? a. was b. were c. is d. are 13. My sister … read when she was four years old. a. could b. can c. can’t d. is used to 14. I couldn’t play the piano until I … six years old. a. could b. am c. was d. is 15. Our company ... sell a lot of products some years ago. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 16. He … teaching students and not children. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 17. My parents … run a pub. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 18. The little boy … ride his bike because it is broken. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 19. He walks into the restaurant and … their hand. a. spots b. runs c. shakes d. improves 20. He has four classes a week from a … teacher. a. dealer b. worth c. unusual d. retired. Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. He is, in fact an antique dealer. 2. He can spot anything valuable from the queue outside. 3. Sylvia is a statuette and is now worth £4,000. 4. Last year he bought a bag of ‘junk’ jewellery for 10 pence. 5. He earns about £200- 300 a week. 6. James has his own ideas about running a business. 7. James used to go to school until he was 11. 8. He couldn’t handle it very well and he couldn’t get along with his classmates. 9. James is used to working hard. When he runs out of work, he rings me up for more.10. He is using what he learns to improve his business.

Unit 5.2 Inventions • Objectives: to make students speak using the past tense. • What you should know at the end of this unit: the Simple Past of the regular and

irregular verbs, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about past events. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Past Simple – Positive Sentences Past Simple is used to talk about completed actions or situations in the past. The actions are begun and ended at a particular time in the past. It is used with time expressions, such as: on Monday, last week/ year/ night, two months ago, etc. The Past Simple has the same form in all persons. There are regular and irregular verbs in English.

Regular verbs The regular verbs add –ed to the infinitive and have one form in all persons: Present Past I visit I visited You move You moved He/ She likes He/ She liked It rains It rained We visit We visited They like They liked Reading tips: If the verb ends in –t or –d, -ed is read [id]: visited [vizitid]; ended [endid] In all the other cases –ed is read [t] or [d]: moved [muvd]; liked [laikt] Irregular verbs The irregular verbs have one form in all the persons which is found in any list of irregular verbs. You can also find the three forms in any dictionary. Here is such a list with the most important verbs: Infinitive (+ translation) Past Simple Past Participle

arise- a se ridica arose arisen

awake- a se trezi awoke/ awakened awoken

B

be- a fi was / were been

bear – a purta bore born / borne

beat – a bate beat beaten / beat

become- a deveni became become

begin- a incepe began begun

bend- a se îndoi bent bent

bet - a paria bet / betted bet / betted

bid-a licita bid bid

bite- a muşca bit bitten

bleed- a sângera bled bled

blow- a sufla blew blown

break- a sparge broke broken

bring- a aduce brought brought

build- a construi built built

burn- a arde burnt/ burned burnt/burned

burst- a izbucni burst burst

buy- a cumpăra bought bought

C

cast- a arunca cast cast

catch- a prinde caught caught

choose- a alege chose chosen

come- a veni came come

cost- a costa cost cost

creep- a se târî crept crept

cut- a tăia cut cut

D

deal- a se ocupa de dealt dealt

dig- a săpa dug dug

do- a face did done

draw- a desena drew drawn

dream- a visa dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed

drink- a bea drank drunk

drive- a conduce drove driven

E

eat- a mânca ate eaten

F

fall- cădea fell fallen

feed- a hrăni fed fed

feel- a simţi felt felt

fight- a lupta fought fought

find- a găsi found found

fly- a zbura flew flown

forbid- a interzice forbade forbidden

forget- a uita forgot forgotten

forgive- a ierta forgave forgiven

freeze- a îngheţa froze frozen

G

get- a obţine got gotten/ got

give- a da gave given

go- a merge went gone

grow- a creşte grew grown

H

hang- a atârna hung hung

have- a avea had had

hear- a auzi heard heard

hide- a se ascunde hid hidden

hit- a lovi hit hit

hold- a ţine held held

hurt- a se lovi hurt hurt

K

keep- a păstra kept kept

kneel- a îngenunchia knelt/ kneeled knelt/ kneeled

know- a şti knew known

L

lay- a aşeza laid laid

lead- a conduce led led

lean- a se apleca leaned/ leant leaned/ leant

learn- a învăţa learned/ learnt learned/ learnt

leave- a pleca left left

lend- a împrumuta lent lent

let- a lăsa let let

lie- a sta întins lay lain

light- a aprinde lit / lighted lit / lighted

lose- a pierde lost lost

M

make- a face made made

mean- a însemna meant meant

meet- a întâlni met met

P

pay- a plăti paid paid

put- a pune put put

Q

quit- a părăsi quit / quitted quit / quitted

R

read [ri:d]- a citi read [red] read [red]

ride- a călări rode ridden

ring- a suna rang rung

rise- a se ridica rose risen

run- a fugi ran run

S

say- a spune said said

see- a vedea saw seen

seek- a căuta sought sought

sell- a vinde sold sold

send- a trimite sent sent

set- a pune set set

shake- a tremura shook shaken

shoot- a împuşca shot shot

show- a arăta showed shown / showed

shrink- a se strânge shrank / shrunk shrunk

shut- a închide shut shut

sing- a cânta sang sung

sit- a şedea sat sat

slay- a ucide slew slain

sleep- a dormi slept slept

smell- a mirosi smelled/ smelt smelled/ smelt

speak- a vorbi spoke spoken

speed- a accelera sped / speeded sped / speeded

spell- a ortografia spelled/ spelt spelled/ spelt

spend- a petrece, cheltui spent spent

spread- a răspândi spread spread

spring- a sări sprang / sprung sprung

stand – a sta în picioare stood stood

steal- a fura stole stolen

stick- a lipi stuck stuck

strike – a lovi struck struck/ stricken

swear- a jura, înjura swore sworn

sweep- a mătura swept swept

swim- a înota swam swum

T

take- a lua took taken

teach- a preda- învăţa taught taught

tear- a rupe tore torn

tell- a povesti told told

think- a gândi thought thought

throw- a arunca threw thrown

U

understand- a înţelege understood understood

upset- a supăra upset upset

W

wake- a trezi woke woken

wear- a purta wore worn

win- a câştiga won won

wind- a răsuci wound wound

withdraw- a retrage withdrew withdrawn

write- a scrie wrote written

Present Past

I usually write letters. I wrote a letter yesterday. They often write essays. They wrote an essay for their exam. He sometimes makes mistakes. He made a mistake last week. She never has breakfast. She had breakfast yesterday morning. Past Simple – Positive I You He/ She/ It We They

moved went

to Bucharest in 1999.

Time expressions Use the following time expressions with Past Simple: Last night/ Saturday/ week/ month/ year Yesterday morning/ afternoon/ evening An hour/ a week/ a month/ a year ago

Exercises:

1. Change the following sentences into the Past Simple. Don’t forget to look up the verbs in the irregular verb list:

E.g. They live next door. – They lived next door. 1. She works from 9 to 5 o’clock. 2. He studies Tourism. 3. We never go to school on Saturdays.

4. I think she’s right. 5. He knows that I’m a spy. 6. He never drinks coffee. 7. Jim drives to work every morning. 8. Rita always goes shopping on Friday. 9. The plane leaves at 2.00. 10 He writes the president’s speeches. 11. Grandfather sometimes plays with the children. 12. He arrives at 7.00 p.m. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past: 1. The jacket … …………(cost) $30. 2. I ………………. (buy) the book yesterday. 3. I … (see) the same things everywhere. 4. I … …………..(hear) a strange noise last night. 5. I ………….. (wake up) and ……………… (get) out of bed. 6. I …………………turn) on the lights and …………. (walk) downstairs. 7. I … ………..(take) a big knife from the kitchen and I ………….. (open) the front door. 8. I …………. (look) outside and I … (see) a man dressed in pyjamas. 9. He … (have) a knife in his hand.. 10. We both … (start) to scream. 3. Read the following texts: Inventions The hamburger An American chef from Connecticut, Louis Lassen, made and sold the first hamburgers in 1895. He called them hamburgers because sailors from Hamburg, Germany gave him the recipe. Students from Yale University and businessmen loved them and bought them. Kenneth Lassen, Louis’ grandson still sells hamburgers in Connecticut. The potato chip Potatoes are on the second place in human consumption (on the first place is rice). America's favorite snack food is the thin, salted, crisp chips. Potato chips came from New England and their production was the result of a quarrel. In the summer of 1853, Native American George Crum became a chef at an elegant resort. On the menu were French-fried potatoes. One time, a dinner guest found the chef's French fries too thick and rejected the order. Crum cut and fried some thinner potatoes, but the guest was still unhappy. Finally the chef decided to serve him potatoes which were too thin and too crisp and couldn’t be picked with a fork. The guest liked the brown, thin potatoes so much that they entered the menu. Soon after that, they were packaged and sold almost as you know them today. The ball-point pen A Hungarian, Laszlo Biro, made the first ball-point pen in 1938. In 1944 the British Army bought thirty thousand of them because soldiers could write with them outside in the rain and pilots could use them at high altitudes. At the end of the war ‘Biros’ quickly became very popular all over the world. The competition among pen manufacturers during the 1940s was tough and advertisements became the key to

success. One manufacturer tried to demonstrate that his pen could write upside- down. Nowadays they can be found everywhere and everybody can use them. The zipper Whitcomb L. Judson loved machines and experimented with many different kinds of gadgets. He invented many gadgets, including the zipper. It all started when his friend could not do up his shoes because he had a bad back. Judson invented the zipper in 1905 but this wasn’t considered practical until 1920. Nowadays, zippers are used in clothing, luggage, etc. 4. Decide if the following statements about the texts are true or false. If they are

false correct them: 1. Louis Lassen made and sold the first hamburgers in 1950. 2. Sailors from Munich, Germany gave him the recipe. 3. Louis’ grandson still sells hamburgers in Chicago. 4. The thin, salted, crisp chips are America’s number one snack. 5. Native American George Crum first made potato chips. 6. Potatoes are on the third place in human consumption. 7. Laszlo Biro made the first ball-point pen in 1939. 8. Judson invented the zipper in 1905. “Doubt is the father of invention.” Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642), Italian Scientist Writing Task: What recent invention do you appreciate the most? Why? Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. I … a strange noise last night. a. heared b. heard c. hear d. hears 2. She …the book yesterday. a. buyed b. buy c. buys d. bought 3. I … TV all day yesterday. a. watched b. watch c. watches d. watchd 4. He … lunch with his wife yesterday. a. haved b. has c. haves d. had 5. Biro … many pens in the 1940s. a. saled b. selled c. sold d. sale 6. They … the president’s speech last night. a. writed b. wrote c. written d. wroted 7. Some German sailors … him the recipe. a. gave b. gaved c. given d. gived 8. He … many gadgets in 1905. a. invents b. invent c. inventd d. invented 9. She … up in the middle of the night. a. waked b. woke c. woked d. woken

10. They … a mistake yesterday. a. made b. maked c. maded d. make 11. The guest … the order of French fried potatoes. a. made b. sold c. rejected d. invented 12. A chef works in … a. an office b. a restaurant c. a travel agency d. the army 13. Potato chips are served … . a. for lunch b. for breakfast c. for dinner d. as a snack 14. Soldiers prefer … because they can write outside in the rain. a. pens b. pencils c. ball-point pens d. phones 15. A person having lunch in a restaurant is a … . a. gadget b. guest c. chef d. sailor 16. A person working on a ship is a a. gadget b. guest c. chef d. sailor 17. Lassen had the … to make hamburgers. a. gadget b. recipe c. luggage d. advertisement 18. They used … to sell their ball-point pens. a. luggage b. hamburgers c. chips d. advertisements 19. Many pieces of … have zippers nowadays. a. luggage b. hamburgers c. chips d. advertisements 20. The name for … comes from the city of Hamburg, Germany. a. luggage b. hamburgers c. chips d. advertisements

Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. Crum cut and fried some thinner potatoes, but the guest was still unhappy. 2. The thin potatoes couldn’t be picked with a fork. 3. The competition was tough.4. His pen could write upside- down. 5. This inventor experimented with many different kinds of gadgets. 6. He invented many gadgets, including the zipper. 7. Nowadays, zippers are used in clothing and on luggage. 8. The guest liked the thick, crisp, salted potatoes. 9. Businesspeople and students loved hamburgers. 10. What is America’s favourite snack?

Unit 5.3 A Short History of Tourism • Objectives: to make students speak using the past tense. • What you should know at the end of this unit: the simple past of the regular and

irregular verbs negative and interrogative, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about past events. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Past Simple – Negative sentences Past Simple is used to talk about completed actions or situations in the past. The actions are begun and ended at a particular time in the past. Negatives in the Past Simple are the same in all persons.

Past Simple – Positive Past Simple – Negative

I You He/ She/ It We They

did not (didn’t)

move go


Subject + past simple Subject + didn’t + verb (infinitive). I saw Peter last night I didn’t see Peter last night. They visited my mother. They didn’t visit my mother. Past Simple – Special Questions

Question: Did + Subject + verb (infinitive)? Did you see Peter? Did they visit my mother?

Yes/ No Questions Short answers

Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. Yes, we/ they did. No, we/ they didn’t Yes, he/ she/ it did. No, he/ she/ it didn’t.

Questions:

1. How is the Past Simple negative formed? 2. How is the Past Simple interrogative (question) formed? 3. What form of the verb follows did/ didn’t?

Exercises:

1. Ask questions about the underlined parts of the following sentences. Use the interrogative words in the brackets:

E.g.: The President entered the room at 9.00. (When) When did the President enter the room?

1. I found these cheap things in a little shop. (Where) 2. We heard an explosion. (What) 3. We traveled on foot. (How) 4. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. (Why) 5. This T-shirt cost $10. (How much)


moved went


Where

did

I you he/ she/ it we they

move? go to?

Did


move? go to?

6. I met my friend ten years ago. (When) 7. I used to live next door to Jessie. (Where) 8. He drove 100 km/h. (how fast) 9. I lost my way because it was dark. (Why) 10. I went to bed at 10.00 last night. (What time)

2. Answer the following questions: 1. When did you start to learn English? 2. Where did you spend last summer? 3. What time did you get up yesterday morning? 4. When did you last read a newspaper? 5. What did you have for lunch yesterday? 6. When did you last swim in the sea? 7. How did you get here? 8. How much did you pay for your shoes? 9. Where and when were you born? 10. Where was your friend born?

3. Answer the following Yes/ No questions with short answers: E.g.: Did you go to work Yesterday?- Yes I did. / No, I didn’t.

1. Did you work 12 hours yesterday? 2. Did you drive to work yesterday? 3. Did you and your family watch TV in the evening? 4. Did it rain yesterday? 5. Did it snow yesterday? 6. Did you have coffee for breakfast? 7. Did you take photos last week? 8. Did your friend visit you yesterday evening? 9. Did your friend call you an hour ago? 10 Did you speak English yesterday?

4. Complete the sentences with the positive Past Simple of the underlined verbs: E.g. I didn’t go to New York, I went to Chicago.

1. We didn’t meet Jim, we ………………………. Tim. 2. He didn’t leave on Thursday, he…………………………. on Monday. 3. They didn’t see Tim, they …………………….. Andy. 4. She didn’t buy clothes, she …………………….… books. 5. I didn’t lose my passport, I ……………….… my ID card. 6. We didn’t have tea, we …………………….. coffee. 7. She didn’t send a letter, she ………………………… a postcard. 8. We didn’t arrive at 6.00, we …………………… at 7.00. 9. The concert didn’t start at 9.00, it ………………….… at 9.30. 10. They didn’t sell their car, they ………………. their bike.

5. Complete the sentences with in, on, at, ago: 1. The company was founded ………. 1995. 2. We first got that idea a year ………… . 3. The meeting ended ……………… midnight. 4. The product was launched ……………. March. 5. I met the director …………. Tuesday. 6. My birthday is ………. 17th April. 7. We always go away…… … weekends. 8. I saw Mary ……..… Sunday evening. 9. …..… summer they always go to the seaside. 10. He arrived two hours … ………..

6. Read the following text: They came, they saw, they ate fast-food Tourism used to be something that Americans and North Europeans did to other

people. They wore coloured clothes and looked at the world as at a zoo. They didn’t care about the natives and were very proud of their currencies, very confident that they could buy virtually anything

Then, West Europeans joined them, and they started to transform Spain, Greece and Turkey into a replica of their own homes. However, the next cultural clash isn’t going to be on the beaches of Asia, but in northern Europe where tourism started from in the first place. Last year Britain had 21 million overseas visitors. Five years ago, it had 16 million visitors. The government’s latest figures show that the number of tourists is still growing. Britain has now to look at mass tourism from the other side, as visitors from Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia invaded not only Britain but Europe, too. During the 1960s some resorts in Britain stopped developing, and they preferred to become centers for business conferences. That was the time of the boom of cheap holidays at Mediterranean resorts. It was the beginning of modern mass- tourism halted in 1973 by a major recession. In the 1980s new markets and new segments emerged and tourists began to ask quality and value for their money. Europe seems to be transformed little by little into a theme park, attracting millions with its ancient cities. The most dramatic impact can be seen in the streets. There, every corner shop became a fast-food outlet ready to cater for foreign visitors. Whether it is a good change or not remains for the future generations to judge. (Adapted from English for International Tourism)

7. Answer the following questions: 1. How does the article describe the behaviour of the first tourists? 2. What part of the world is going to have an increase in tourism, according to the article? 3. What happened in the 1960s in Britain? 4. What countries provide Europe with million of visitors? 5. When did modern mass- tourism begin? 6. What is the change that the author of the article considers as ‘dramatic’? Why? 7. Do you agree with the opinion expressed in the article? Why/ why not? “In the middle ages people were tourists because of their religion, whereas now they are tourists because tourism is their religion.” Robert Runcie (1921 – 1999) Archbishop of Canterbury Writing Task: In your opinion, what is the future of global tourism? What about Romania? Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. She … anything yesterday. a. didn’t bought b. didn’t buy c. not bought d. not buy 2. They …their car last year. a. not sold b. not sell c. didn’t sold d. didn’t sell

3. … you have coffee for breakfast yesterday morning? a. did b. do c. does d. is 4. He … 100 km/h last night. a. drive b. drived c. did drive d. drove 5. I met my friend … . a. at ten years b. ago ten years c. ten years ago d. ten years at 6. The meeting ended … midnight. a. at b. on c. in d. ago 7. I saw Mary … Sunday evening. a. at b. on c. in d. ago 8. We always go away … weekends. a. at b. on c. in d. ago 9. When did you … see a film? a. ago b. at c. in d. last Correct the following sentences: 10. Did you watch the football on TV last evening? 11. I couldn’t come to the party. I were ill. 12. Where are you born? 13. She started work when she is twelve. 14. He didn’t liked his first job. 15. Where did you went on holiday last year? 16. He reads a newspaper an hour ago. 17. When you arrived here? 18. You meet your manager yesterday? 19. I saw Jane Monday ago. Test 2

Put the words in the correct order to form questions. Then write true answers: E.g. were born When you? – When were you born?

I was born on 7th July. 1. school did When start you? 2. dinner night have What you last for did? 3. did train last you by travel When? 4. do What you last Sunday did? 5. holiday did summer go Where on last you? 6. visit you friends your last When did? 7. it Did yesterday rain? 8. morning What time get up did yesterday you? 9. your Where friend was born?

10. you When did start English to learn? Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1. Tourists didn’t care about the natives. 2. They were very proud of their currencies, very confident that they could buy virtually anything. 3. Last year Britain had 21 million overseas visitors. 4. During the 1960s some resorts in Britain stopped developing. 5. The boom of cheap holidays at Mediterranean

resorts affected British tourism. 6. There was a major recession in the 1970s. 7. Europe seems to be transformed little by little into a theme park, attracting millions with its ancient cities. 8. Every corner shop became a fast-food outlet ready to cater for foreign visitors. 9. Whether it is a good change or not remains for the future generations to judge. 10. Tourists began to ask quality and value for their money.

Test 3

Put the verbs in the brackets in the Past Simple: 1. When ………… (you/ begin) negotiations? 2. They ……………. (start) three months ago. 3. ………..… (you/ have) many problems? 4. We …………….… (meet) many times but we only ………………… (reach) an agreement yesterday. 5. She … (go) to the Milan Fashion Show last week. 6. She …………..… (not see) anyone important. 7. Some stands .............. (be) really busy. 8. There ………….. (not be) many people at the show. 9. She ………..… (buy) some shoes and a bag. 10. I … (check) the figures very carefully. 11. Every evening we ………….. (eat) at different restaurants. 12. I’m sorry I … (not be) in the office yesterday. 13. We …………… (discuss) the report last night. 14. Unfortunately, we ………………. (not prepare) the right figures.

Complete the sentences using used to (+ verb) or am/ is are/ used to + (verb-ing): 15. With my old boss we … have a lot of meetings. 16. I … having a lot of meetings. 1 7. He … own a Mercedes, but now he has a BMW. 18. Before they opened this street it … take me an hour to get to work. 19. They … work for a large organization. 20. They … working in a large organization. They work for Continental.

Finish the following sentences: E.g.: She likes ….. (going swimming) 21. I used to… 22. I am used to… 23. I earn … 24. People shake hands when … 25. I’d like to run a … 26. A chef works in a … 27. People go to a resort because they … 28. In a fast- food outlet people can … 29. The American currency is the … 30. The person who buys and sells antiques is an antique …..


1. Did was his idea original? 2. Where did come the first tourists from? 3. She suggested not that. 4. They offer to buy everything yesterday. 5. Did you had any major problems? 6. I weren’t happy with the contract. 7. They was in Bucharest last week. 8. He can ski when he was five years old. 9. I used to working hard. 10. She is used to read all the newspapers on the market.

Module 6 • Objectives: to make students speak about future events. • What you should know at the end of this module: - Future Simple;

- ‘be going to’ for future actions; - present continuous for future actions; - all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to talk about future events, to express agreement and disagreement.

Unit 6.1 Future Plans • Objectives: to make students speak about future events. • What you should know at the end of this unit: Future Simple, all the vocabulary

included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to talk about future events. FUTURE SIMPLE Future Simple is formed by will + verb in the infinitive and it is the same in all persons. Future Simple - Positive Future Simple - Negative


will not (won’t)

go.

Word order: Subject + will + verb Subject + won’t + verb I will go to France. I won’t go to France. She’ll stay at home. – She won’t stay at home. They’ll do business with you. – They won’t do business with you.


will (‘ ll )

go.

Special Questions Word order: Interrogative word+ will + Subject + verb?

What will you do? Where will you go? When will she come? Where will he go?

Yes/ No questions Short answers

Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. Yes, we/ they will. No, we/ they won’t Yes, he/ she/ it will. No, he/ she/ it won’t

a. We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. E.g.: It will rain tomorrow.

People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. Who do you think will get the job?

In this case you can use the following time expressions: next Monday/ week/ month/ year, tomorrow morning/ afternoon/ evening. We often use the Simple Future tense after the verb to think, or accompanied by probably: E.g.: I think I'll probably go to the gym tomorrow.

He thinks he will have a holiday next year. I don't think I'll buy that car. He’ll probably agree with you.

b. Will is also used to express a future promise: E.g.: I will call you when I arrive. With the verb to be, we can use the Simple Future tense even if there is a firm plan or decision before speaking: E.g.: I’ll be in London tomorrow.

I'm going shopping. I won't be very long. Will you be at work tomorrow?

c. Will is also used when there is no plan and no decision to do something, when the decision is made spontaneously at the moment of speaking: E.g.: We will see what we can do to help you.

Maybe we’ll stay in and watch television tonight. A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. B: I'll get you some coffee.

Where

will

I you he/she/it we they

go?

Will


go?

A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it. Exercises:

1. Complete the following sentences with the Future Simple of the verb in the brackets:

E.g.: I think I’ll wait (wait) for my mother. 1. I …(get) you something to drink. 2. We … (watch) a video but we … (not watch) a documentary. 3 Wait here. I … (phone) Marta to ask her. 4. When you come back, I … (introduce) you to Mary. 5. There … probably (be) a fall in profits in the spring. 6. Perhaps I … (go) to Sydney next year. 7. I expect you … (stay) in a hotel. 8. The report … (be) ready next Monday. 2. Match a sentence from column A to a sentence in B to make two-line dialogues:

A B 1. I really need that report today. 2. My plane gets in at seven. 3. I’m going to a meeting. 4. Linda’s off sick today. 5. The boss wants to see you right

now. 6. I’ll come home at 7.00. 7. Can I call you tonight?

a. I’ll come and meet you at the airport. b. I’ll be right there. c. I’ll finish it this morning. d. I’ll phone you later. e. But I’ll have to speak to her! f. I’ll just give you my mobile number. g. I’ll see you there.

3. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Nu voi fi la birou mâine. 2. Voi fi în Bucureşti. 3. Preţul produselor va creşte probabil anul viitor. 4. Luna viitoare vom deschide probabil o fabrică în Suedia. 5. Cred că anul viitor vom merge în Franţa. 6. Ea crede că va ajunge mâine dimineaţă. “A perpetual holiday is a good working definition of hell.” George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish-born British Dramatist Writing Task: Write about your future plans, and about the future of your country. Test 1 Answer the following questions:

1. What will you do on your next holiday? 2. What changes will there be in Europe in 50 years’ time? 3. What will you probably do next week? 4. How do you think life will be in the next century?

5. What will change in your life in five years’ time? 6. Will you go to France next year? 7. Will you buy a new car next year? 8. When will you take a holiday next year? 9. Who will you meet tomorrow? 10. Will you call your friends tomorrow? Test 2

Correct the following sentences: 1. Do will the company employ more people? 2. Does he will visit you next year? 3. It will to rain tomorrow. 4. She probably will come yesterday. 5. I not will go to Spain with you. 6. She wills phone him tomorrow. 7. I don’t will arrive until 7.00. 8. I will be here last month. 9. They won’t arrive last Monday. 10. You’ll will go on a training course.

Unit 6.2 Making Money • Objectives: to make students speak about future events. • What you should know at the end of this unit: be going to and Present

Continuous used for future events, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to talk about future events. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

TO BE GOING TO Positive and negative Question

Am I going to stay at home? Is he/ she/ it going to stay at home? Are you/ we/ they going to stay at home?

Be going to is followed by a verb (infinitive). It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future; it shows that you have a plan to do something. E.g.: He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

I'm going to study law when I finish school. Be going to + infinitive is also used to speak about the future when we have some evidence that something is certain or likely to happen. E.g.: She's going to have a baby. (I can see that she is pregnant)

It 's going to rain. (I can see the dark storm clouds)

I am (not) going to

stay at home

He/ She It

is (not)

We You They

are (not)

The Present Continuous for future actions The Present Continuous is usually used to speak about personal arrangements, usually mentioning the time and the place of a meeting. E.g.: We're meeting Jim at the pub at 6 o'clock.

The taxi's picking us up at 3 o'clock.

The use of be going to+ infinitive and the Present Continuous tense to speak about the future is similar. We use them to talk about plans or decisions: E.g.: What are you doing this weekend? (= What are your plans?)

I'm spending the weekend at home. (=It is decided) I'm going to spend the weekend at home. (= It is decided)

With the verbs to go and to come we usually use the Present Continuous for future plans and intentions: E.g.: We’re going to Paris next week. They are coming for dinner tomorrow. Questions:

1. When is be going to used? 2. When is the Present Continuous used for future actions? 3. What tense do we use to express future actions with the verbs to come and to go?

Exercises: 1. Make questions using the words in the brackets and be going to:

E.g.: I’m hungry. (what/ you / eat?)- What are you going to eat? 1. I’m thirsty. (what/ you/ drink?) 2. We’re going to the cinema. (What/ you/ see?) 3. My parents are coming for dinner. (what / you/ cook?) 4. Andy is going to University. (What/ he/ study?) 5. My friend is not going by train. (she/ fly?) 6. It’s my birthday next week. (you / have a party?) 7. It’s cloudy. (it/ rain?) 8. I have a lot of work to do. (when/ you/ finish?)

2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the brackets into a future form( will or be going to):

1. It’s a fact. Vivendi … (buy) Seagram. 2. Next year it … (be) John’s 30th anniversary. 3. That driver is terrible. He … (have) an accident. 4. In the future they … probably (replace) phones with videophones. 5. We … (test) the new machines sometime next week. 6. I … (go) to Bucharest on Friday. 7. Wait for me, please. I … (not be) long. 8. I think your plan… probably (succeed). 9. What … (you/do) tomorrow at 3.30 pm? 10. Nothing. I … (see) you for lunch.

3. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the brackets into a future form( will or Present Continuous):

1. It is certain. You … (leave) on Tuesday at 8 o’clock. 2. You … (arrive) in London sometime before lunch. 3. Someone …(be) at the airport to meet you. 4. Your first meeting is at 2pm, and you … (see) Mr. Johnson at the headquarters. 5. He … probably (take) you to lunch. 6. After that you … (have) time to go to the hotel. 7. You … (stay) at the Marriot Hotel. 8. I … (go) to the travel agency to buy your tickets. 9. I … probably (give) them to you tomorrow.

Money and banking 4. Match a word from A with a definition in B:

A B 1. a bill 2. cash 3. a safe 4. wealthy 5. broke 6. wages 7. change

a. Money in your pocket. b. You put money in this. c. Rich d. Poor e. You have to pay this. f. Money for your work. g. Something the shop-assistant gives you after you buy

things. 5. Which phrase has a different meaning from the others in each list?

a. It’s a bargain It’s good value It’s poor value b. It’s cheap It’s dear It’s expensive c. It’s worthless It has no value It’s priceless d. Owe £300 Be £300 in debt Earn £300 e. hire purchase buy

6. Complete these sentences by adding the correct preposition: on; for; in 1. Could you pay … the drinks? I don’t have any change. 2. Do you have change … a £20 note? 3. She spent all his money … clothes. 4. Harry invested all his money … company shares.

7. Read the following text: Making money out of money

Andy Munroe had a very good job at his father’s company in London. But, five years ago he decided to resign and do something for himself. Andy used to earn a good salary, but he wanted to make a lot of money, so he needed his own business. He couldn’t afford to start a company immediately, but during his years at his father’s company he spent very little money, and saved as much as he could.

Two years ago he invested his money in his new business, Munroe and Co. Munroe and Co specialized in lending money to other businesses, but only small sums. His decision was a risk but his first client was a firm in London which paid back the money that it owed at an interest rate of 20%. Looking back now, he realizes it was a good idea and he hopes that his profits will rise by 25% next year. He says that he will soon own 80% of Munroe and Co. because his shares in the company are now worth some million pounds. He hopes he will soon become a billionaire, or at least nearly, because he has the same strategy for the company: small loans. A typical client borrows only £30,000 and he personally examines the references and income of every client. Perhaps next year he will hire some young well-trained people to look after his business.

8. Answer the following questions: 1. When did Andy Munroe start Munroe and Co? 2. Why did he resign from his job? 3. Where did he get the money to launch his business? 4. What does his company do? 5. What does he hope for? 6. What is his strategy for lending money?

9. Fill in the gaps with the following words: interest; lends; borrow; earn; afford; profit; save; loan

A bank makes a (1)… when it (2) … money to its customers. For example, a customer wants to buy a new car, but he can’t (3)… to pay for it because he/ she doesn’t (4)… enough money at work. So, he/ she goes to the bank manager and asks to (5)… some money. But when he makes the (6) … he also has to pay (7)… on the money that he owes. A bank is also a place where customers can make money. For example, they can (8)… their money in a fixed interest account. This way, they will know what their money will be worth in three or four years’ time. “After a certain point, money is meaningless. It ceases to be the goal. The game is what counts.” Aristotle Onassis Writing Task: Write about making money in Romania and abroad. Describe a successful business. Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the right answer:

1. This Christmas I … probably on a trip to Greece. a. am going to go b. am going c. will go d. go 2. What … tonight? a. will you do b. are you doing c. will you d. do you 3. He … away for the weekend. You can’t talk to him then. a. will be b. be c. is d. will is 4. You … the manager tomorrow at 4 o’clock.

a. will meet b. are meeting c. meet d. is meeting 5. It is decided. I … the weekend at home. a. spend b. spending c. will spend d. am spending 6. We … the factory sometime next week. a. are visiting b. visit c. will visit d. are going to visit 7. They … for dinner tomorrow at 7.00. a. are coming b. are going to come c. coming d. come 8. She … here to meet you when you arrive. a. be not b. won’t be c. aren’t d. aren’t being 9. He couldn’t … to buy a new car, so he went to the bank. a. lend b. borrow c. afford d. earn 10. He … money from the bank because the interest rate was low. a. lent b. borrowed c. afforded d. earned 11. The bank … him the money because he had good references. a. lent b. borrowed c. afforded d. earned 12. He didn’t like his job, so he … because he was still young. a. hired b. fired c. resigned d. retired 13. The company … many young employees because they were good. a. hired b. fired c. resigned d. retired 14. I need … for a £20 note. a. coins b. pocket money c. cash d. change 15. He … all his money on software. a. invested b. earned c. spent d. saved 16. I … my money in a fixed interest account. a. invest b. earn c. spend d. save 17. She … all her money in company shares. a. invested b. earned c. spent d. saved 18. I made a loan and now I … money to the bank. a. lend b. borrow c. owe d. sell 19. I have no money, I spent it all. I’m completely … . a. broke b. wealthy c. worth d. bargain 20. I bought a very good car for $1000. It was a real … . a. poor value b. good value c. worth d. bargain

Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1.I was £300 in debt. 2. I can’t sell this statuette to you. It’s from my mother and it’s priceless. 3. He couldn’t afford to start a company immediately. 4. His first client was a firm in London. 5. He paid back the money that he owed at an interest rate of 8%. 6. His profits will rise by 25% next year. 7. His shares in the company are now worth some thousand pounds. 8. Small loans are the key to successful business. 9. Next year he will hire some young well-trained people to look after his business. 10. He can buy whatever he wants. He is a wealthy man.

Fill in the gaps with lend- lent (to someone), borrow- borrowed (from someone), owe (to someone) or earn:

1. He …………… me his car last week.

2. He …………..… some money from me last month, but didn’t pay me back. 3. Can I …………………… your pen? 4. Can you ………………… me your book? 5. I …………………. money to no one. I have no debts. 6. I will ……………….… a book from the library tomorrow. 7. He didn’t ……………….. a lot of money, so he resigned and started his own

company. 8. My parents …………….… money from a bank. 9. Here is $30. Now I …………………...you only $20 more. 10. The money that I ……………….… is not enough to buy a car.

Unit 6.3 Million Dollar Products • Objectives: to make students express their opinions. • What you should know at the end of this unit: to express your opinions, to agree

and disagree, to make suggestions, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to express your opinions, to agree

and disagree, to make suggestions, to respond to suggestions. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Asking for and giving opinions

You can ask for somebody’s opinion using one of the following questions: What do you think about…? How do you feel about … ? You can tell somebody your opinion starting the sentence with: I think …/ I don’t think … . In my opinion, …

Making suggestions

Making a suggestion Accepting a suggestion Refusing a suggestion Let’s + verb! How about+ verb-ing? What about + verb-ing? Why don’t we +verb? We could +verb. Could we + verb? Shall we + verb? Would you like to +verb? I think we should +verb.

That sounds great! Good idea! I’d love to! (British English) Sure! (American English) That’s a great idea! OK, let’s do it.

I’m afraid … I’m afraid I’m not free. I’m sorry but … I’m sorry I can’t make it this evening. It isn’t worth it. It’s too complicated. I can’t afford it.

� What do you think about Phil’s suggestion? - I think he should reconsider the

problem. � Let’s go out tonight! � How about going to the cinema? � Why don’t we stay at home and watch T.V.? � We could rent a video.

� Shall we listen to the Prime Minister on the radio? � Would you like me to show you the town? � I think we should ask the boss first.

Agreeing and disagreeing

You can use the following words and sentences to agree: � You’re right. / I agree with you. / Exactly.

You can use the following sentences to disagree: � I think you might be wrong. / I’m not sure if you’re right. / I have to say I disagree

with you. You can also use the following expressions:

A: I like music. (+) A: I like music.(+) B: Me too. (+) B: I don’t.(-)

A: I don’t like music.(-) A: I don’t like music.(-) B: Me neither. (-) B: I do.(+)

(+) = positive sentence (-) = negative sentence Do and don’t change according to the verb tense in the main sentence:

A: I didn’t enjoy the show last night. A: I saw Mary last night. B: I did. B: I didn’t.

A: I will listen to her. A: I won’t listen to her. B: I won’t. B: I will .

Exercises:

1. Agree and disagree with the following statements using Me too/ Me neither, I do/ I don’t, I did/ I didn’t, I will/ I won’t:

1. I saw the President yesterday. 2. I like traveling abroad. 3. I spend too much money. 4. I will open a shop next year. 5. I won’t have a winter holiday. 6. I don’t save my money in a bank. 7. I visited Turkey last summer. 8. I didn’t meet my friends last night. 9. I usually buy cheap things. 10. I wanted to buy a car last month.

2. You work for a travel agent and you want to attract more young customers. Make suggestions to your employer for column A giving the reasons from column B, using How about/ What about/ Why don’t we/ We could/ Let’s:

E.g.: How about employing more young people because most of our staff is over 50?

What about employing more young people because… We could employ more young people because…

Why don’t we employ more young people because … Let’s employ… (Let’s not employ…)

A- Suggestions B- Reasons 1. employ more young people 2. not move to a different location 3. re-decorate our office 4. advertise in universities 5. offer holidays for single people not

only families 6. give discounts to students 7. be less formal with young people 8. not reduce our prices 9. not produce a separate brochure for

young people 10. advertise in means of transport

a. most of our staff is over 50 b. we can’t afford a higher rent c. the colours are old- fashioned d. students don’t know about us e. most of our tours are for

couples and families f. they don’t have a lot of

money g. they feel a little tense here h. our profit will decrease i. the cost of printing is too

high

j. young people usually use them

3. What do you say in the following situations? Use How about/ What about/ Why

don’t we/ We could/ I think we should: E.g.: I think we should employ more young people because most of our staff is over 50.

a. You are at a meeting. It started at 8.00 a.m. and it is still going on at 2.00 p.m. Some of the people are getting tired and you really need to have a break.

b. You are at home with your friend after a hard day’s work. You are reading in the newspaper that an excellent new film is on at the local cinema. You really need to relax.

c. At a meeting your boss asks you of a way to save the company money. What do you say?

d. You are at home with your friend after a hard day’s work. You are hungry and you would like to have a Chinese take-away meal because you are too tired to go out to eat.

e. You and your colleague are taking an important client to lunch. Suggest a suitable restaurant.

f. At a meeting your boss asks you to suggest a way of improving staff’s work.

4. What do you think? Express your opinions about the following issues. Use I think …/ I don’t think / In my opinion:

E.g.: At what age, in your opinion, is it right for men and women to retire? I think men and women should retire at 57 because we need more jobs for young people. 1. Do you think it is right for people to smoke at work? 2. Do you think it is right that the government increases the income tax? 3. What do you think about children playing computer games all day long? 4. Do you think that the speed limit should be restricted to 90 km/h?

5. Do you agree with the fact that the growth of fast food restaurants should be limited? 6. Do you think it should be illegal to buy alcohol if you are less than 21 years old? 7. Do you agree that companies that pollute the environment should be shut down? 5. Read the following dialogue about the marketing of a new magazine for teenagers

and choose the correct word or phrase: A: I think / don’t think a free gift with the first issue is important. It attracts teenagers. Do/ Are you agree? B: Yes, I think that sounds/ looks great. But what are we going to give them? A: What/ Which about something like a love story or a book? B: Well, then somebody has to write that, I suppose/ agree. And we only have 2 months left. Why don’t we give/ giving them a free CD? A: That’s an interested/ interesting idea but I’m not sure we can afford / worth it. B: I suppose yes / so. We really need something that doesn’t cost too much. A: Exactly / Exact. Well, what about to give/ giving them a free sample of some perfume or shampoo. We could / should charge the manufacturers for publicity. B: That’s a great/ big idea.

6. What would you suggest as a gift in the situation above? Practise the dialogue. 7. Read the following text: Billion Dollar Barbie Children may like to kill monsters from outer space, but they always come back to

their dolls. Dolls are universal. Boys have Action Man and they can always imagine they are part of the Marines and girls have their Barbie dolls and they can imagine they are beautiful and independent. Barbie, the bestselling toy in the history of the world is over forty now, but she is not getting old. She still has the same legs and an amazing figure. You might think that Barbie is out of date but she isn’t. The decision in 1961 to give her a boyfriend, Ken, was the first step in a successful brand -stretching exercise. Now there are Barbie CD-ROMs and Barbie digital cameras. As a result, the toy continues to outsell both Nintendo and Lego. Somewhere in the world a Barbie is bought every two seconds. Barbie (real name Barbara Millicent Roberts) was the idea of Ruth Handler, the wife of one of the founders of the Mattel Company, which manufactures Barbie. Ruth saw her daughter playing with paper dolls. “My daughter always imagined that she was sixteen or seventeen when she was around dolls. So, I thought, why don’t we make a doll look like a young woman?” remembers Ruth. And so Barbie was born. Barbie is never the same for too long. She has around 100 new costumes every year and follows new fashion. Barbie can have fun, but she is also a working woman and she became a role model to million of young girls. Her career includes: an astronaut, a surgeon, a business executive, an airline pilot, and even a Presidential candidate. All in all, Barbie has had seventy-five different careers and created a $1.9 billion industry. (Adapted from Quick Work)

8. Read the following statements and say if they are true or false: a. Computer games are replacing dolls. b. Barbie has the figure of a seventeen-year–old girl.

c. Sales of Barbie dolls are still high. d. The first Barbie was designed for a sixteen-year-old girl. e. Mattel produces a large number of different costumes for Barbie every year. f. Barbie changes career every year.

“If you would know the value of money, try to borrow some.” Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American Scientist, Publisher, Diplomat Writing Task: Write about products that sell very well. Test 1 Choose the right answer:

1. I spend too much money. a. Me too. b. Me neither c. I do. d. I did. 2. I visited Turkey last summer. a. I did. b. I not. c. I didn’t. d. Me neither. 3. I didn’t meet my friends last night. a. I do. b. I not. c. Me too. d. Me neither. 4. I don’t like swimming. a. Me too. b. I do. c. I not. d. I yes. 5. I will speak English every day. a. Me neither. b. I won’t. c. I not d. I yes. 6. I agree … you a. to b. for c. with d. in 7. … my opinion, you should start immediately. a. To b. On c. After d. In 8. What about … the meeting at 8.00? a. starting b. to start c. start d. to starting 9. … you agree with my suggestion? a. Are b. Is c. Can d. Do 10. I think we should … them a gift. a. to give b. giving c. give d. to giving 11. Barbie is a … a. car b. doll c. game d. company 12. We don’t have any money, so we can’t … this car. a. worth b. afford c. should d. would like 13. The Barbie idea is now … billions of dollars a. worth b. afford c. should d. would like 14. Magazines usually present … of perfumes because they get paid for advertising. a. bottles b. pages c. boxes d. samples 15. A surgeon works in a … a. restaurant b. company c. hospital d. hotel.

Make suggestions for the following situations:

16. You are waiting in the non-smoking section of the departure lounge at an airport. A woman lights a cigarette next to you. What should you do/ say?

17. Your boss asks you to do extra work at weekends but he tells you there will be no extra payment. What should you ask for to compensate? What should you do/ say?

18. You are at a supermarket, but you are in a hurry. You notice a person putting some things into his/ her bag. What should you do?

19. You have to make a presentation but you forgot everything you prepared at home. What should you do/ say?

20. You are at the restaurant and you notice a mistake in your bill: you are charged for the food but not for the drinks. What should you do/ say?

Test 2 Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1. I think that sounds great. 2. Children may like to kill monsters from outer space, but dolls are universal. 3. Barbie, the bestselling toy in the history of the world is over forty, but she is not getting old. 4. You might think that Barbie is out of date but she isn’t. 5. Putting Ken, Barbie’s boyfriend, on the market was a successful brand -stretching exercise. 6. The toy continues to outsell both Nintendo and Lego. 7. Barbie can have fun, but she is also a working woman. 8. She became a role model to million of young girls. 9. Sales of Barbie dolls are still high.10. All in all, Barbie had seventy-five different careers and created a $1.9 billion industry.

Test 3

Choose the right answer: 1. I … you later. a. will phone b. phone c. phoned d. phones 2. I’ll … you there. a. to see b. seeing c. to seeing d. see 3. I … arrive until 7.00. a. willn’t b. won’t c. don’t will d. not will 4. You … at the Marriott Hotel. It is decided. a. are stay b. staying c. are staying d. will stay 5. It’s cloudy. … rain? a. Will it b. It will c. Is it going to d. It is going to 6. The report … ready next Monday. a. will be b. is being c. wills be d. be 7. … call your friends tomorrow? a. Are you going b. Are you c. Do you will d. Will you 8. We’re going to the cinema. We … an excellent film. a. will see b. are going to see c. are seeing d. will seeing 9. I … to Bucharest sometime next week. a. am going b. am going to go c. will go d. go 10. The bank … him the money because he had good references. a. borrowed b. gave c. lent d. owed 11. Can I … your pen? a. borrow b. give c. lend d. owe 12. The money that I … is not enough to buy a car.

a. give b. owe c. lend d. earn 13. I lent him $40, so he … money to me. a. gives b. owes c. lends d. earns 14. What about … more young people? a. employ b. to employ c. employing d. to employing 15. Let’s … to a different location because we can’t afford a higher rent. a. moving b. not move c. to move d. not to move 16. We won’t have a winter holiday. a. Me too b. Me neither. c. I not d. I do. 17. I think we … the meeting at 10.00. a. starting b. start c. should start d. to start 18. … advertise in universities? a. How about b. What about c. We could d. Why don’t we 19. I suppose … a. so b. yes c. no d. such 20. … you agree with my suggestion? a. Are b. Is c. Can d. Do


1. How about go to a restaurant? 2. Let’s listening to some music. 3. Which about meeting tomorrow at 6.00? 4. I am agree with you. 5. I sorry I can’t make it today. 6. That sounds is great. 7. How do you think about our politicians? 8. What do you feel about their suggestions? 9. That’s a big idea! 10. I will probably going to the cinema.

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 11. I book may borrow your? 12. you lend can me pen your? 13. afraid I’m free not I’m. 14. afford we a rent higher can’t. 15. rate is interest the high. 16. shares are his millions worth. 17. over staff our 50 is. 18. our should money a in bank we save. 19. take-away should we meal Chinese have a. 20. film let’s and see go a.

Module 7

THE BUSINESS TRAVELLER; COMPARING HOTELS

• Objectives: to make students analyse and compare things, products, persons and situations.

• What you should know at the end of this module: - the comparison of adjectives and adverbs; - all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to compare, to analyse, to make phone calls, to check and to confirm appointments.

7.1 Comparison of Adjectives We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things. Often, the comparative adjective is followed by 'than'.

E.g.: John is 1m80. He is tall. But Chris is 1m85. He is taller than John. I want to have a more powerful computer.

There are two ways to form a comparative adjective: 1. One –syllable (short) adjectives form the comparative by adding -er:

Clear - clearer Fast - faster Cheap - cheaper

If a one -syllable adjective ends in -e, we add -r: Nice - nicer Fine - finer

For some adjectives, it is necessary to double the last letter before adding –er: Big - bigger Slim - slimmer Fat – fatter

Adjectives that end in -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -er: Happy - happier Funny - funnier Easy - easier

2. Adjectives of three or more syllables form the comparative with more: Beautiful - more beautiful Comfortable - more comfortable Interesting - more interesting

Most adjectives of two syllables form the comparative with more: Famous - more famous Boring - more boring

3. Irregular comparative adjectives: Good - better Bad - worse Far - farther or further

Little (quantity) - less Much - more Ill - worse Old …older or elder

E.g.: If we talk about the two planets Earth and Mars, we can compare them like this:

Earth Mars

Diameter (km) 12,760 6,790 Mars is smaller than Earth.

Distance from Sun (million km)

150 228 Mars is more distant from the Sun.

Length of day (hours) 24 25 A day on Mars is longer than a day on Earth.

Moons 1 2 Mars has more moons than Earth.

Surface temperature (°C) 22 -23 Mars is colder than Earth.

Superlative Adjectives We use a superlative adjective to describe 1 thing/ person in a group of 3 or more things/ persons. E.g.: John is 1m75. David is 1m80. Chris is 1m85. Chris is the tallest.

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. There are two ways to form a superlative adjective: 1. One –syllable adjectives form the superlative by adding -est:

Clear – the clearest Fast - the fastest Cheap - the cheapest

If a one -syllable adjective ends in -e, we add - st : Nice - the nicest Fine - the finest

For some adjectives, it is necessary to double the last letter before adding – est:. Big - the biggest Slim - the slimmest Fat - the fattest

Adjectives of three or more syllables form the superlative with most: Beautiful - the most beautiful Comfortable - the most comfortable Interesting - the most interesting

2. Most adjectives of two syllables form the superlative with most: Famous - the most famous Boring - the most boring

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use -est or most:

Quiet - the quietest/most quiet Clever - the cleverest/most clever Narrow - the narrowest/most narrow Simple - the simplest/most simple

Adjectives that end in -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -est: Happy - happiest Funny - funniest Easy - easiest

3. Irregular superlative adjectives: Good - the best Bad - the worst Far - the farthest or furthest Little (quantity) - the least Much - the most Ill - the worst Old - the oldest or eldest

E.g.: If we talk about the three planets Earth, Mars and Jupiter, we can use superlatives:

Earth Mars Jupiter

Diameter (km) 12,760 6,790 142,800 Jupiter is the biggest.

Distance from Sun (million km)

150 228 778 Jupiter is the most distant from the Sun.

Length of day (hours) 24 25 10 Jupiter has the shortest day.

Moons 1 2 16 Jupiter has the most moons.

Surface temperature (°C) 22 -23 -150 Jupiter is the coldest.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Adjective Comparative Superlative cheap safe big heavy boring

cheaper safer bigger heavier more boring

the cheapest the safest the biggest the heaviest the most boring

Irregular Comparative Adjectives good bad/ ill much little far old

better worse more less farther/further older/ elder

the best the worst the most the least the farthest/ furthest the oldest/ eldest

The as — as construction can be used to express equality: She is as beautiful as her mother.

So and Such

So and such are used for emphasis. So is used in front of an adjective or an adverb, such is used in front of a noun: So + adjective/ adverb; such a + adjective + noun (singular), such + adj. + nouns (plural) It was so hot yesterday. He was such a nice person. They have such nice colleagues.

Too and Enough

Too shows something is more than necessary. Enough shows that something is sufficient. Too + adjectives/ adverbs/ nouns: It is too hot. They run too slow. Enough + Nouns: There isn’t enough time. Adjectives/ adverbs + enough: It is hot enough. They run fast enough.

Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns are never followed by a noun.

Whose is this book? = Whose book is this? It’s mine. It’s yours. It’s his. It’s hers. It’s ours. It’s yours. It’s theirs.

Questions:

1. How do you form the comparative of short adjectives? 2. How do you form the comparative of long adjectives? 3. How do you form the superlative of short adjectives? 4. How do you form the superlative of long adjectives? 5. How can you express equality? 6. Name three irregular adjectives. 7. When are so and such used? 8. What do too and enough express?

Exercises: 1. Write the opposites of the following comparative adjectives:

E.g.: faster – slower; safer – more dangerous 1. bigger 4. more boring 7. further 2. cheaper 5. more difficult 8. better

Subject Possessive I mine you yours he his she hers it its we ours you yours they theirs

3. cleaner 6. colder 9. more 10. noisier

2. Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the underlined adjectives:

E.g.: This town isn’t very clean. My town is cleaner than yours. a. My car isn’t very new. Your car is ……………………. mine. b. Ann’s house isn’t very modern. Your house is ……………………..………. hers. c. John’s garden isn’t very big. Your garden is …….….…………………….. his. d. Yesterday wasn’t very hot. Today is much …………….………… than yesterday. e. Susan’s homework wasn’t very good. Your homework was ……….…………..… hers. f. Jane’s father isn’t very old. My father is ……………………….. hers. g. Linda’s dress isn’t very pretty. Laura’s dress is ………………….……… Linda’s. h. The Sea View Hotel isn’t very far from the beach. The Hill View is ..…………………… . i. This exercise isn’t very difficult. The next one is ………………………….. this one.

3. Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in the brackets:

E.g.: Coca-Cola is the biggest (big) soft drinks manufacturer in the world. 1. This keyboard is ………..………… (small). 2. We are not …………………… (large) company in our sector. 3. This year the sales figures are ……………… (bad). 4. Of course I’ll speak to him. It’s ………………. (little) I can do for him. 5. He is ……………….. (difficult) customer in the whole world. 6. He took me to …………………… (expensive) restaurant in the city. 7. His problem is …………………… (important). 8. Shares can be ……………………… (risky) form of investment. 9. This is ……………………………. (powerful) machine in the world. 10. Last year we had …………………….. (high) profits.

4. Underline the correct words:

1. Paul is so good a technician as/ as good a technician as John. 2. This product is the most profitable/ the more profitable you can buy. 3. This version of the product is the later/ latest. 4. Timisoara is less busy than/ that/ then Bucharest. 5. Nothing is worse/ worst than being stuck in a traffic jam. 6. This computer is one of the best/ better on the market. 7. The meeting wasn’t long as/ as long as I thought. 8. I’m sorry you had to wait longer than/ the longest we expected. 9. The hotel isn’t much farer/ further. 10. Our budget isn’t as big as your/ yours.

5. Compare the information about visiting the following three cities, checking

the table:

Bombay Melbourne Tokyo Cost of hotel room $25-50 $75-125 $200+ Currency Rupee, weak A$ moderate Yen, strong Quality of beaches(1=worst, 10= best)

1 9 4

Temperature (October average)

27 20 17

Public Transport cheap/ not reliable good/ not very cheap

excellent

Cost of meal in restaurant $3,00 $20,00 $40,00 Safety (1= dangerous 10=safe) 3 8 9 Use the following adjectives: strong/ weak expensive/ cheap warm/ chilly efficient/ inefficient reliable/ unreliable good/ bad safe/ dangerous busy/ quiet rich/ poor E.g.: A hotel room in Tokyo is more expensive than one in Melbourne.

The yen is the strongest of the three currencies. A hotel room in Bombay is ………………. The cost of a meal in Bombay ……………………….. etc.

6. Complete the following sentences with so or such: 1. The work was ………. bad that we refused to pay. 2. The payment was ……….. late that we got worried. 3. After ………… a long time he didn’t recognize me. 4. It was ………..… a large sum of money that they invested it in buildings. 5. ………….. expensive things cost a lot to repair. 6. Costs increased …………… rapidly that we were amazed. 7. It was ………….. a good presentation that he got the job immediately. 8. My agenda is ………….. busy that I can’t meet you until next week. 9. …………… high quality justifies the price. 10. The service was ……….… bad that we had to change the waiter. 7. Complete the following sentences with very, too or enough: 1. We are ……… sorry that you are disappointed with our work. 2. The delivery time is ……….… long. 3. The service you provide isn’t good ………….. for us. 4. The registration fee at the conference was ………… expensive. 5. It is …………. difficult to please everyone. 6. I sold …………… products to get a bonus. 7. I don’t have ………….. time to prepare for the meeting.

8. There are …………….. many people. 9. The room isn’t large …………… . 10. She speaks …………….. quickly for me to understand. 8. Read the description of the three hotels. Then read what the three people say.

Decide where they would like to go:

Empire Hotel Bryn Bras Castle Beach Bungalows Beautiful privately owned hotel, central location for promenade, shops and cinema. Luxury bedrooms, elegantly furnished with antiques, fine paintings, Italian marble. Jacuzzi bathroom, TV/video/satellite. Indoor and outdoor heated pools, sauna, steam room. Beauty treatments. Award winning restaurant, cocktail bar, lounge, coffee shop. Play area for children. Free car parking. Special rates for two night dinner bed &breakfast available all year.

Welcome to elegant Tower- House and enchanting Castle Apartments within romantic Regency Castle. A delightful unique selection of spacious, clean and peaceful accommodation. Each apartment has its own distinctive character. Central heating, hot water, bed linen provided for free. Equipped from dishwasher to … fresh flowers. 32 acres of tranquil gardens, woodland walks and panoramic hill-walk overlooking the sea. Regret no young children.

Exclusive beach bungalow in an area of outstanding natural beauty. Your own beach starting from your door. 1-4 bedrooms, en-suite, washer/ drier, TV, video, dishwasher, microwave. Boating, bathing, fishing, golf. Family baby- sitting, notice required. Nearby restaurants and snack bars. Overlooking Anglesey with the mountain range behind us.

B&B £30-55, Weekly D. B&B £255- £315

Weekly: £200 - £500 Weekly: £89 - £549

Jenny Wright: “I work for one of the largest tour operators in the country, so I spend most of my time traveling. In my opinion, hotels have to be efficient; the phones should work and there should be overnight laundry service. I think a good range of restaurants is very important.” Miguel Morales: “We have a small family business in Spain, and when we travel we like to take our children with us. I don’t think big hotels look after small groups very well- they often put you on different floors, and you can only see each other at the restaurant. If you ask me, self- catering apartments are the best, as long as there are enough facilities.” Agatha Trump: “I used to travel very often, but now that I am 77 I usually go away for the weekend. For me the ideal hotel needs to be far from cinemas or any form of civilization. If you ask me, the best hotels are the old-fashioned ones, with a lot of atmosphere, but of course they should have a range of facilities.” “Be kind to your mother-in-law, but pay for her board at some good hotel.”

Josh Billings (1815-1885) American Humorist, Lecturer.

Writing Task : Which of the three above is your favourite hotel and why? What is your ideal hotel like? Describe it and/ or compare it with one of the hotels above. Test 1 (1 hour) Correct the following sentences: 1. The Atlantic Ocean is not as big the Pacific Ocean. 2. Your hands are dirtyer than mine. 3. Albert Einstein is intelligenter than me. 4. Nobody is rich as the Queen of England. 5. This is the cheaper car on the market. 6. Who is fastest man in the world? 7. That restaurant is best in town. 8. The Ferrari is the faster car of all. 9. I am as taller as you. 10. Where are the more beautiful beaches in the world? 11. China is bigger then India. 12. Who is the better lawyer in town? 13. He is so a clever boy. 14. There aren’t rooms enough for everybody. 15. It is enough easy to talk to him. 16. We are such late that we must take a taxi. 17. His father is younger than my. 18. Yours parents aren’t as old as his. 19. His performance was too excellent. 20. The car was not as noisy so I thought.

Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1.This is a beautiful, privately owned hotel. 2. There are luxurious bedrooms elegantly furnished with antiques, fine paintings, and Italian marble. 3. There is a delightful unique selection of spacious, clean and peaceful accommodation. 4. There are 32 acres of tranquil gardens, woodland walks and panoramic hill-walk overlooking the sea. 5. This is an exclusive beach bungalow in an area of outstanding natural beauty. 6. A hotel room in Tokyo is more expensive than one in Melbourne. 7. The public transport in Tokyo is more reliable than the public transport in Bombay. 8. Tokyo is as busy as Melbourne. 9. Costs increased so rapidly that we were amazed. 10. There are too many people and the room isn’t large enough.

Put the words in the correct order: 11. than food food is German Italian better …………………………………………………… 12. hotel This one the than last cleaner is …………………………………………………… 13. not hot Casablanca is as Paris as …………………………………………………… 14. in tallest world the Mt. Everest mountain is the

…………………………………………………….. 15. important Is more politics education than ? ……………………………………………………..

Answer the following questions: 16. Which is more fun, swimming or playing tennis? Explain your choice. 17. Is skiing more difficult than walking? 18. Which is more unhealthy, smoking or drinking alcohol? 19. Which is the most populated country in the world? 20. Which is the best TV show?

Unit 7.2 Making and Doing • Objectives: to make students compare and analyse things and situations. • What you should know at the end of this unit: the comparative and the superlative

of adverbs, expressions with make and do, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to compare and analyse things,

persons and situations. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Comparative Adverbs What is the difference between adverbs and adjectives? Adjectives are used to describe nouns and they usually come immediately before the noun, and not after it as in some other languages. Adjectives have only one form for singular and plural.

� One black cat. - Two black cats (not blacks). Adverbs are used to describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

� He runs quickly . � It is an extremely difficult question. � The car rolled very slowly down the road.

Many adverbs end in –ly. In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives. We add -er or -est to short adverbs:

hard –harder – the hardest late – later – the latest fast – faster- the fastest

� Jim works harder than his brother. � Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.

With adverbs ending in -ly, we use more for the comparative and most for the superlative:

quietly more quietly most quietly slowly more slowly most slowly seriously more seriously most seriously

� The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand. Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms:

well better the best badly worse the worst much more the most little less the least far further the farthest

� The little boy ran further than his friends. � You're driving worse today than yesterday!

The as — as construction can be used to express equality: He can't run as fast as his sister. Questions:

1. How do you form the comparative of adverbs? 2. How do you form the superlative of adverbs? 3. How can you express equality? 4. Name three irregular adverbs. 5. What is the difference between adjectives and adverbs?

Exercises: 1. Choose a suitable adverb to fill in the gaps:

Hard, well, extremely, fluently, early, quickly, efficiently, perfectly Miss Thomas works for our company and she is an …(1) reliable employee. She is … (2) organized and does her work …(3) . She types …(4), she speaks French …(5) and can understand German … (6). She always arrives to work …(7) and always works …(8).

2. Choose the correct word: 1. The profit forecast is real/ really good. 2. Poor/ poorly sales are caused by recession. 3. The presently/ present board of directors doesn’t have enough experience. 4. The President spoke optimistic/ optimistically about the future of our company. 5. She spoke enthusiastic/ enthusiastically about the new products. 6. The dramatic/ dramatically decline in popularity is bad news. 7. Last year sales increased gradually/ gradual. 8. Natural/ Naturally, we tried to keep up with demand.

3. Fill in the gaps with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets:

Hotel: Good afternoon, Carlton Court Hotel. How may I help you?

Guest: Good afternoon. I’m phoning to ask about the three suites you feature in your brochure – the Nelson, the Clive, and the Drake. I’m trying to decide which one is … (suitable) for me. Are they more or less the same?

Hotel: No, they are individually designed. The Nelson suite has a single bed, a sitting room and an en-suite bathroom. It costs 65 per night, so it’s … (cheap) of the three suites, but of course it is also the … (small) because it is for one person.

Guest: How much … (big) are the other two? Hotel: About twice the size. The Clive is quite a lot … (spacious) than the Nelson,

and has a double bed, en-suite bathroom, a sitting-room, and a small dining –room. It’s … (expensive) and costs 85 per night per person, but that includes dinner for two. It’s the only suite on the top floor, so it has … (good) view of the city.

Guest: And what is the Drake suite like? Hotel: Well, it’s 105 per person per night including dinner, so it’s our … (expensive)

suite, but it’s also our … (popular) one, and reservations need to be made well in advance. It is … (large) than both the Clive and the Nelson, and it’s … (quiet) than them because it’s at the back of the hotel.

Guest: Thank you very much. I’ll contact you soon. 4. Read the following sentences and translate them. Notice the expressions

containing make or do: 1. Hurry up and make up your mind. Do you want the red car or the blue one? 2. I’d like to make an appointment with the manager. Any time after 2 p.m. 3. We are a big international company and we do business in over 20 countries. 4. You have to make an effort to succeed in what you want. 5. Could you do me a favour and post this letter for me? 6. We could do with a new salesman for that area. 7. Our subsidiary in South Africa made a substantial profit last year. 8. If you make a mess of it again, you’ll be fired. 9. Our Department is busy making preparations for the launch of the product. 10. It makes no difference to me if you come today or tomorrow. 11. She left work early to do the shopping. 12. He didn’t want to do his military service. 13. What kind of job do you do? 14. Can you make a decision about accepting the job or not? 15. Make sure you plan everything beforehand. 16. He never makes mistakes. 5. Choose the correct words: 1. The new design is considerable/ considerably more light/ lighter than the older

one. 2. There are near/ nearly twice as many people here as/ than last year. 3. This is our faster/ fastest product. 4. Everything is getting more and more expensive/ expensiver and expensiver. 5. Could you go more quickly/ more quicklier? 6. The product is more expensive but the quality is much better/ more better. 7. This is the best/ the well organized conference.

8. Korea is one of the most rapidly/ most rapid developing countries. 9. This product is more attractively/ attractivelier designed. 10. That house is more solidly/ the most solidly built than this one.

“A business that makes nothing but money is a poor kind of business.”

Henry Ford (1863 – 1947), Founder of Ford Motor Company Writing Task : Write about things that you make and things that you do. Test 1 (1 hour)

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. This product is more attractively designed. 2. Korea is one of the most rapidly developing countries. 3. This is the best organized conference. 4. The product is more expensive but the quality is much better. 5. Everything is getting more and more expensive. 6. There are nearly twice as many people here as last year. 7. The new design is considerably lighter than the older one. 8. The room is more quiet than the others because it’s at the back of the hotel. 9. It is larger than both the Clive and the Nelson. 10. It’s the only suite on the top floor, so it has the best view of the city. 11. The Clive is quite a lot more spacious than the Nelson. 12. It costs $65 per night, so it’s the cheapest of the three suites. 13. They are all individually designed. 14. Are the apartments more or less the same? 15. I’m phoning to ask about the three suites you feature in your brochure. 16. The profit forecast is really good. 17. Naturally, we tried to keep up with demand. 18. Last year sales increased gradually. 19. Poor sales are caused by recession. 20. She spoke enthusiastically about the new products.

Test 2 Fill in the gaps with make/ made or do/ doing:

1. Please …… up your mind about what you want to do in life. 2. ………. me a favour and deliver this parcel. 3. It was a pleasure to ……… business with you. 4. Did you ………… your military service? 5. I very rarely ……………. mistakes. 6. It’s so hot that I could ………….. with a glass of water. 7. Their company ……………. a profit last year. 8. I wanted to ……………. an appointment at the dentist but she was on holiday. 9. What kind of job do you ………… ? 10. ………… sure you have everything ready for the presentation.

Unit 7.3 Making a Phone Call • Objectives: to make students engage in telephone conversations. • What you should know at the end of this unit: telephone expressions, all the

vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to exchange information on the

telephone, to check and to confirm appointments. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Telephone Expressions Caller Operator Receiver of the call Can/ May I speak to Mr. / Ms. …, please? This is…(+name) Can I have extension ………? Can I leave a message? Tell him/ her that … (name) called, please. Could I call back later? There's a bad connection. I can't get through.

Can I help you? May I ask who is calling? Who’s calling ? One moment, please. Can you hold the line? I’ll put you through. The line is busy. Would you like to leave a message?

… (name) speaking. I’m afraid, Mr. / Ms. … isn’t here at the moment. I'm sorry, but he/ she is not in right now. Sorry, you have the wrong number. Can I take a message? Can you call back? The line is bad. I’ll put you on hold for a moment.

We use I’m afraid when we are giving a response which is unhelpful but the reason is outside our control. Checking information We can check information in many ways: - ask people to repeat what they said: Sorry? Could you say that again? I didn’t catch that. - we can repeat what they said: Did you say …?

- we can say so and then for confirmation: So, it’s not suitable for you, then. So, we’ll see each other on the 6th then. Changing appointments You can use the following sentences to change appointments: We can bring it forward to an earlier date. We can postpone it to a later date. We can cancel it completely. Questions:

1. How can you check information? 2. What are the three verbs to change appointments? 3. What does the caller say when she/ he is on the phone? 4. What does the operator say on he/ she answers the phone? 5. What does the receiver say when he/ she answers the phone?

Exercises: 1. Who says this: the caller, the operator, or the person who is receiving the call?

1. Can I help you?

2. Can I speak to Ms Dupont, please? 3. Who's calling, please? 4. This is Jane Konrad from Apex Industries. 5. One moment, please. 6. Hold the line, please. 7. Putting you through. 8. I'm afraid she's out of the office today. I'm replacing her. Can I help you? 9. Can I take a message? 10. Patricia Mellor speaking.

2. What is the most appropriate answer? 1. Could I speak to Ms. Johnson, please? a) Hang up and I'll call you back. b) Yes, I'll put you through. c) No, I prefer to hang on, it's very important. d) Yes, you could. 2. Good afternoon. Can I help you? a) Yes, I'd like to speak to the person who deals with paying your suppliers, please. b) I'm afraid you seem to have the wrong number. c) No, I prefer to hang on, it's very important. d) Hang up and I'll call you back. 3. Is that Munroe and company? a) Well could you get him to call me back as soon as he gets in? b) Yes, I'll put you through. c) I'm afraid you seem to have the wrong number. d) No, I prefer to hang on, it's very important. 4. I'm afraid he's out of the office and won't be back for an hour or so. a) Well, could you get him to call me back as soon as he gets in? b) I'm afraid you seem to have the wrong number. c) Hang up and I'll call you back. d) Yes, I'll put you through. 5. I could get him to call you back in a few minutes. a) Yes, I'll put you through. b) I'm afraid you seem to have the wrong number. c) Hang up and I'll call you back. d) No, I prefer to hang on, it's very important. 6. There's a lot of noise on the line. Could you speak up? a) Hang up and I'll call you back. b) I'm afraid you seem to have the wrong number. c) Yes, I'll put you through. d) Well could you get him to call me back as soon as he gets in?

3. Choose the correct answer: 1. I'm afraid the person you want is … holiday. a. on b. in c. to d. at 2. I'm afraid he's … Helsinki at present.

a. under b. on c. at d. in 3. I'm afraid he's … the other line. a. under b. beneath c. on d. out of 4. I'm afraid Ms Walker is … the factory at the moment and we cannot contact her. a. into b. under c. out of d. towards 5. I'm afraid he's … a trip all week. a. on b. in c. at d. through 6. I'm afraid that he is … his office and I don't know where he is. a. out of b. in c. at d. under 7. I'm afraid he's … a meeting. a. through b. at c. on d. in 8. I'm afraid I’ve put you… to the wrong extension. a. in b. on c. by d. through 9. I'm afraid Mr. Cook is … our Head Office today. a. at b. through c. over d. on 10. I'm afraid Ms. Chang's … lunch. a. in b. on c. at d. with

4. Read the following telephone conversation:

Solving a problem A: Hello, Platinum Systems. How can I help you? B: I’d like to speak to Mr. Munroe, please. A: Who’s calling, please? B: Chris Martin from the Marketing Department. A: I’m putting you through. C: Tim Munroe speaking. B: Hi, Tim, it’s Chris. C: Hello, Chris, what can I do for you? B: We’ve got a problem with the leaflets for the exhibition. We don’t know what happened to them. C: You mean you don’t have them and the exhibition opens on Monday? B: That’s right. C: That’s strange. They were sent last Wednesday. B: Then why aren’t they here? C: Can you contact the freight company? B: I thought that was your responsibility. C: OK. I’ll call them and find out about the leaflets. B: Thanks. C: I’ll call you back as soon as I have some information. B: Do you know my extension number? C: Yes, I have it here. Was there anything else? B: No, that’s all. I’ll wait to hear from you then. Thanks a lot. Bye.

5. Answer the following questions about the conversation above:

1. Is Mr. Munroe in the office? 2. What is Chris’ problem? 3. When does the exhibition open? 4. When were the leaflets sent? 5. Who should they contact? 6. Who is calling the freight company?

6. Complete the following telephone conversation with the correct lines: a. Sorry, I didn’t recognize your voice. b. So, I’ll bring both packages at 11.00, then. c. So, you mean you want me to bring both. d. Sorry, I didn’t catch your name. e. Sorry, did you say the 816 or the 806?

A: Hello, Tom Arnold speaking. B: Hello, Chris Martin calling. A: ….. B: This is Chris Martin from Platinum Systems. It’s about our meeting next week. A: Oh, Mr. Martin. ….. How can I help you? B: Well, firstly, could you bring a copy of the 816 file? And also the 906 file that we talked about. A: … B: The 816 and the 906. A: …. B: Yes, that’s right. And could we bring the meeting forward from 12 o’clock to 11.00? A: Yes, of course, that’s no problem. … B: That’s it then. See you …

7. Read the following telephone conversation: A: Pacific Air Office. Thank you for calling (1). B: May I speak to Ms. Tate (1)? A: I’m sorry. She’s not at her desk (2) right now. May I take a message? B: Yes. This is Annie Dillon from Horizon Travel. Could you ask her (2) to call me back? A: Certainly. Does she have (3) your number? B: It’s 4378803. A: OK. I’ll give her the message (4), then. Good bye.

8. Practise the conversation by replacing the phrases in italic with the phrases in the table:

A B Can I help you? (1) May I help you? (1) not available (2) in a meeting(2) Could you give(3) May I have(3) tell her that you called (4) let her know that you called (4)

Is Ms. Tate in? (1) I’d like to speak to Ms. Tate, please. (1) tell her to (2) remind her (2)

“The reason computers can do more work than people is that computers never have to answer the phone” Anonymous Test 1 (1 hour) Write the comparative and the superlative for the following adjectives: big / beautiful / noisy / bad / good / exciting / small / little / much / large. Make sentences with each of them. (10 sentences). # Each right answer is 5 points. Test 2 Put the words in the correct order to form sentences:

1. through I’ll you put. …………………………………………… 2. number you Sorry, have wrong the. …………………………………………… 3. calling I ask May is who? ……………………………………………. 4. I get can't through. …………………………………………….. 5. line Please the hold. ……………………………………………. 6. sorry I’m not she in is now right. ……………………………………………. 7. take message a May I? ……………………………………………. 8. you him Could back me ask to call? ………………………………………………….. 9. back Could call I later? ………………………………………………….. 10. busy The is line. …………………………………………………...

Test 1 ( Module 7- 2 hours)

Choose the correct answer: 1. I want to have ..… computer. a. powerfuler b. more powerful c. a more powerful d a powerfuler 2. Mount Everest is … mountain in the world. a. the highest b. the more highest c. the most highest d. the most high 3. Your homework was ..… hers. a. better b. gooder c. gooder than d. better than 4. Today is ….. than yesterday. a. more hotter b. much hotter c. much hottest d. more hottest 5. Shares are ….. form of investment. a. the most risky b. the riskiest c. more risky d. riskier than 6. Nothing is ….. than being stuck in a traffic jam.

a. worse b. worst c. bad d. badder 7. The meeting wasn’t ...… I thought. a. so long as b. such long as c. as long as d. so long so 8. The hotel isn’t much ….. . a. farer b. farest c. furthest d. further 9. After ..… a long time he didn’t recognize me. a. so b. such c. too d. enough 10. She speaks ….. quickly for me to understand. a. so b. such c. too d. enough 11. The car was not quick ..…, so they arrived late. a. so b. such c. too d. enough 12. … sales are caused by recession. a. Poorly b. Most poorly c. More poorly d. Poor 13. …, we tried to keep up with demand. a. Naturally b. More naturally c. Most naturally d. Natural 14. ….. your mind. Do you want the red car or the blue one? a. Do up b. Make up c. To do up d. To make up 15. Could you ..…me a favour and post this letter for me? a. do b. make c. to do d. to make 16. She left work early ..…the shopping. a. do b. make c. to do d. to make 17. It was a pleasure ..… business with you. a. doing b. making c. to do d. to make 18. This is ..… organized conference. a. the best b. the well c. best d. well 19. ..… the line, please. a. Put b. Get c. Hold d. Leave 20. Sorry, you have the ..… number. a. right b. correct c. extension d. wrong 21. I’ll ….. you through. a. put b. get c. hold d. leave 22. Can I have ….. 535? a. connection b. extension c. line d. phone 23. May I ask who is…..? a. call b. talk c. calling d. talking 24. I'm afraid he's ….. the other line. a. under b. back c. on d. out of 25. Can you call …..? a. under b. back c. on d. out of 26. We can ..… it to a later date. a. do b. cancel c. postpone d. make 27. We can ..… it completely. a. do b. cancel c. postpone d. make 28. I’m calling ..…our meeting next week. a. on b. for c. to d. about 29. There are bedrooms ….. with antiques and Italian marble.

a. furniture b. furnish c. furnished d. furnitured 30. What is the top-floor ….. like at this hotel? a. suite b. flat c. house d. rooms Test 2 (Module 7) Correct the following sentences:

1. Then, it’s not suitable for you , so. 2. What kind of job do you make? 3. I very rarely do mistakes. 4. It is enough easy to learn English. 5. His father is older than my. 6. The plane is the fastest than the car. 7. I am as younger as you. 8. Theirs parents aren’t as old as yours. 9. She is taller then her brother. 10. I always drive careful. 11. He doesn’t speak French very good. 12. Who is the most rich person in the world? 13. Can I chat to Mr. Smith, please? 14. The line is occupied. 15. I’ll put you across.

Compare the following hotels using big, expensive, near, far, modern: The Star The Marriott The Ritz stars rooms price minutes to the sea minutes to town centre old/ new

*** 100 £80- £150 10 min 20 min old - 1870

**** 55 £90- £200 15 min 8 min new - 1980

***** 40 £120- £250 2 min 15 min old - 1920

Module 8

A COMPANY’S HISTORY • Objectives: to make students use the Present Perfect. • What you should know at the end of this module: - Present Perfect Simple;

- Present Perfect Continuous; verb patterns; all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this module: to talk about loss and profit.

Unit 8.1 Finding Solutions • Objectives: to make students use the present perfect.

• What you should know at the end of this unit: Present Perfect simple, all the vocabulary included.

• What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to talk about loss and profit, to discuss possible solutions.

• Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple is formed from have/ has and the past participle of the verb. If the verb is regular the past participle has the same form as the Past simple (verb+ -ed). If the verb is irregular, see the list of irregular verbs (the third column) in Unit 5.2. We use the Present Perfect to express the idea that although an action or state happened (or started to happen) in the past, it has some connection with the present. We could say that the (present) result of the action is more important than the action itself or that the action is important, but the time when it happened is not. Present Perfect Simple – Positive Present Perfect Simple – Negative

I You We They

haven’t (have not)

travelled. eaten. He

She It

hasn’t (has not)

Subject +have/ has + past participle Subject + haven’t/ hasn’t +past participle I have travelled a lot. I haven’t travelled a lot. She has just eaten. She hasn’t eaten yet. Present Perfect Simple – Special Questions

Question: Have/ Has+ Subject + past participle? Have you travelled a lot lately? Has she eaten?

Yes/ No questions Short answers

I You We They

have (‘ve)

travelled. eaten. He

She It

has (‘s)

Where

have

I you we they

travelled? eaten? has he/ she/ it

I you

Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, we/ they have. No, we/ they haven’t Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.

There are four main uses of the Present Perfect: 1. Unfinished actions or states: actions or states that began in the past and continue in the present. It shows duration from past until now It is usually used with time expressions beginning with for and since:

� I’ ve known Cindy since we worked together in Budapest. � He’s had his motorbike for three years.

2. Actions that happened in the past but are relevant now. Often we use words like just, already, not ...yet with the Present Perfect.

� I feel really tired. I've just finished my report. I haven't spoken to Brian yet but I've already spoken to Malcolm.

3. Actions that are finished but the time period is unfinished. It is usually used with this week/ month/ year, today:

� I've visited my parents three times this week (and the week still hasn't finished). � She's smoked a packet of cigarettes today.

4. Actions that happened in the past but there is a result in the present: � Sorry, I think I’ve lost the file. � My car has broken down.

IMPORTANT When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember: the EXACT TIME when the action happened is NOT IMPORTANT . Time Expressions that can be used with the Present Perfect Simple: Always, never, ever

� I have always liked traveling. � She has never seen you before. � Have you ever been to China?

So far, recently, lately, today, this month/ year, during the last few months, over the last year, in the last week/ year

� I haven’t met him so far. � Have you spoken to her lately? � I have been to the cinema once this month. � They have done a lot of things during the past few years.

Already, yet, not yet

� I have already finished the report (already is used only in positive sentences) � Have you finished the report yet? (yet is used for questions)

Have we they

travelled? eaten? Has he/ she/ it

� I haven’t finished the report yet. (not yet is used only in negative sentences) Just

� I’ ve just spoken to him on the phone. For + length of time period: for a long time, for three weeks, for ever, for ages, for 30 years:

� How long has Tom worked here? � He has worked for 30 years/ for a month/ for ages.

Since + point when the time started: since yesterday, since 5 o’clock, since childhood, since 1990, since you came (= sentence in the past – see unit 8.2)

� How long has Tom worked here? � He’s worked here since 1991/ since last week/ since he was 20 years old.

It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

A. Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

� I have been to France. (= you have the experience of having been to France. Maybe you have been once, or several times.)

� I have been to France three times. � I have never been to France. (= you haven’t had the experience of going to

France.) � I think I have seen that movie before. � He has never travelled by train. � Joan has studied two foreign languages. � Have you ever met him? � No, I have not met him.

B Change over Time

We can use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

� Your hair has turned white since the last time I saw you. � The government has become more interested in education. � My English has really improved since I started this course.

C Accomplishments

We can use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

� Man has walked on the moon. � Our son has learned how to read. � Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. � I have graduated from the University.

D An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We can use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action.

� James has not finished his homework yet. � Susan hasn't finished her English course, but she can communicate in English. � Bill has still not arrived. � The rain hasn't stopped.

E Multiple Actions at Different Times in the Past

We can use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions that took place in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

� The army has attacked that city five times. � I have had five tests so far this semester. � We have had many major problems while working on this project. � She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why

she is ill. Exercises:

1. Ask questions about the underlined parts of the following sentences. Use the interrogative words in the brackets:

E.g.: I’ve never flown in a plane because I’m afraid. (Why?) Why have you never flown in a plane?

1. They’ve been married for ten years now. (How long?) 2. He’s bought a digital camera for his wife. (What kind of?) 3. Paul has just written a report. (What?) 4. We’ve lived here all our lives. (How long?) 5. I have saved only $50 this month. (How much?) 6. She has phoned him twice today. (How many times?) 7. The children have broken the window. (Who?) 8. His assistant has called five people so far. (How many?) 9. The race hasn’t started yet because of the rain. (Why?) 10.We have already finished our work because we started early. (Why?)

2. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Present Perfect Tense: E.g.: Are you sure he isn’t at home? … (you/ call) him?- Have you called him?

1. I… (never/ see) such a boring presentation. 2. Our customers … (complain) about the price rise. 3. They … (already / spend) too much money on this project. 4. … (they/ reply) to your email yet? 5. Prices … (go up) by 10% since January. 6. Linda isn’t here. She … (just / leave) 7. … (you/ ever/ eat) frogs? 8. How long … (you/ know) Peter? 9. It … (not rain) here for two months. 10. Their profits … (fall) since they fired Peter.

11. … (John/ phone) yet? 12. I … (study) your plan carefully but I don’t really understand it. 13. People … (always/ admire) her talent. 14. … (you/ read) anything interesting lately? 15. She … (never/ keep) a promise in her life. 3. Complete the sentences with a suitable time expression: Already, ever, never, always, since, for, yet, just 1. They will be here soon. They have … left their house. 2. We haven’t sold this type of products …. 3. We’ve known each other … 10 years now. 4. Have you … been to Scotland? 5. She has … had the courage to resign from her job. Maybe this year she will do it. 6. I have … liked meeting new people. I think it’s fun. 7. She has known him … they were children. 8. I’ve … spoken to him, and he seemed quite happy.

4. Complete the sentences with for or since: 1. I’ve worked here … about six months. 2. We’ve had a subsidiary in Portugal … 1998. 3. She has been our accountant … the start of the last year. 4. The company has had the same management … twenty years now. 5. I’ve known Andrew … a long time. 6. I’ve lived in this town … I was born. 7. He’s had the car … he was young. 8. I haven’t smoked a cigarette … ages. 9. They haven’t seen each other …six months. 10 I haven’t had any news from him … last summer. 5. Answer the following yes/ no questions using short answers: E.g.: Have you ever been to Scotland? – Yes, I have. / No I haven’t. 1. Have you ever been to Brazil? 2. Has your friend ever been to France? 3. Have you ever tried Indian food? 4. Have you ever ridden a camel? 5. Has your friend ever ridden a motorbike? 6. Have you ever flown in a Concorde? 7. Have you ever been to a Japanese restaurant? 8. Have you ever flown in a balloon? 9. Has your friend ever talked to an actor? 10. Have you ever seen a president of a country? 6. Imagine you are an assistant manager and write positive answers to the

following questions using just: E.g.: Have you talked to the manager yet? - Yes, I’ve just talked to him. 1. Have you prepared all the files? – Yes, I’ve … 2. Have you spoken to all the customers yet? 3. Have you read the report yet? 4. Have you called a taxi? 5. Have you made the coffee yet? 6. Have the guests arrived yet? 7. Read the following text:

Ford: The Road to Recovery

Martin Leach, president of Ford Motor Co. of Europe for about a year, has chosen to leave the company this August. Recent reports have suggested that Leach could replace the chief of Fiat Auto, who is due to retire next year.

The problems at Ford Europe aren’t new. Ford Europe has reported a loss of $525 million in the second quarter of this year, compared with an $18 million loss a year earlier. Ford Europe’s market share has fallen from 12 % six years ago to 9% now. Net prices have gone down in Europe because the mass market has turned to smaller vehicles. So, the company has invested in the Fiesta model, which is smaller than the Ford Focus model. And it has sold well so far, as the company’s turnover has shown.

Rivals like Volkswagen and Renault have done much better over the recent years. They have cut costs and have launched successful models. In contrast, Ford has withdrawn the Scorpio, because it wasn’t selling very well. However, over the last few years the company has spent a lot of money buying brands such as Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover, models with high profit margins. It is taking some time to sort out problems, at Jaguar in particular.

On the other side of the world Geoff Polites, has succeeded in bringing Ford back on the Australian market. After two years of losses and falling market share, Ford came back as a force in the car market. Ford Australia has started the year 2003 strongly. Sales have increased by 12.7%. Its market share has gone up from 12.9% in February 2002 to 14% in February 2003. The BA Falcon model has revitalised the entire Ford brand since its launch in September 2002.

The performance of Australia's car industry has been in sharp contrast to that of the US, where car sales are expected to fall 10% in 2003. Over the past few months, Ford Motor Company (FMC), the American parent company, has lost its market share and analysts say that it is technically bankrupt. FMC can no longer afford to support subsidiaries. Everybody is waiting to see if they have made a decision.

(Adapted from International Herald Tribune) 8. Answer the following questions:

1. What has happened to Ford Company over the last few years? 2. What has the president of Ford Europe decided to do? 3. What has happened to Ford sales recently? 4. What has happened to its market share? 5. Is Ford Motor Company bankrupt? 6. Have they ever been bankrupt? 7. Has Ford Australia had a boom in sales lately? 8. What is the relationship between the parent company and the subsidiaries? 9. What model has relaunched sales in Australia? 10. What model has improved sales in Europe? “Every solution breeds new problems.” Arthur Bloch Writing Task: Write about a company that recovered from bankruptcy. Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the correct answer:

1. Have you ever … to New York? a. flew b. went c. goed d. been 2. No, I’ve never … there

a. been b. went c. was d. existed 3. In fact, I’ve just … back from there.

a. been b. gone c. came d. come 4. Have you … to the top of the Empire State Building?

a. flown b. sat up c. grown up d. gone up 5. No, I … been there yet a. haven't b. don't c. not d. won't 6. I have … called him at his office and he’s not there. a. yet b. already c. so far d. not yet 7. … have you known Peter? a. for how long b. since when c. for what time d. how long 8. Linda has just … a. leave b. leaved c. left d. lived 9. I … met your boss. a. have never b. haven’t never c. never d. not never 10. Profits have… since he resigned. a. fell b. felt c. falled d. fallen

Correct the following sentences: 11. I have just finish writing my report. 12. Did you ever been to Ireland? 13. She hasn’t never worked. 14. I’ve wrote to her three times. 15. How many times you been to England? 16. I know her for I was six years old. 17. I’ve lived here since three years. 18. I haven’t read a newspaper since a long time. 19. She hasn’t yet gone to work. 20. Already we have talked to the customers.

Test 2

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 1. report you yet Have the written? 2. Rome They just have in arrived. 3. never She a smoked cigarette has. 4. seen film you horror Have ever a? 5. Has Peter exhibition decided to the to go? 6. Peter have They met already. 7. lost share its market The company has. 8. has subsidiary bankrupt gone A. 9. decision already made They have a. 10. Scorpio model has Ford withdrawn the.

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 11. Have the customers arrived yet? 12. Recent reports have suggested that Leach could replace the chief of Fiat Auto,

who is due to retire next year. 13. Ford Europe’s market share has fallen from 12 % six years ago to 9% now. 14. The mass market has turned to smaller vehicles. 15. Renault has done much better over the recent years.

16. However, over the last few years the company has spent a lot of money buying brands such as Jaguar.

17. After two years of losses and falling market share, Ford came back as a force in the Australian car market.

18. The BA Falcon model has revitalised the entire Ford brand since its launch in September 2002.

19. The performance of Australia's car industry has been in sharp contrast to that of the USA.

20. The parent company can no longer afford to support subsidiaries..

Unit 8.2 Business and the Environment • Objectives: to make students use the Present Perfect and the Past Simple • What you should know at the end of this unit: Present Perfect Simple versus Past

Simple, all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to talk about environmental

problems • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Present Perfect Simple versus Past Simple You must remember that the Present Perfect Simple always has a connection with the present, with now, whereas the Past Simple does not; it only refers to past time or past events.

� I've written three letters this morning (and it is still morning). � I wrote three letters this morning (and now it is afternoon).

You often use the Present Perfect to present news, but if you continue to discuss the issue you usually change to the Past Simple: A: I've lost my wallet. B: Really, when did you last have it? A: I took it out when I was on the bus. You also use the Present Perfect to talk about an imprecise time in the past but as soon as you become precise you switch to the Past Simple. A: I've never been to Australia. Have you ever been there? B: Yes, I have. I went there in 1992. Past Simple is used with time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day (see Unit 5.2, 5.3) Present Perfect is used with expressions like: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already and yet. (see Unit 8.1 Time Expressions)

� I have seen that film twenty times. � I saw that film yesterday � I think I have met him once before. � I met him last week. � There have been many earthquakes in California.

� There was an earthquake in California when I was young. Exercises:

1. Choose the correct variant: 1. Yesterday I phoned/ I’ve phoned the bank about a loan. 2. The taxi has just arrived/ just arrived. 3. I’ve seen/ I saw Hugh Grant a few days ago. 4. We went/ have been to an interesting seminar last week. 5. Today has been/ was really busy- and it’s only lunchtime. 6. This afternoon has been/ was really busy. Thank God it’s 6 o’clock and I’m going

home. 7. The boss left/ has left her office an hour ago. 8. The boss isn’t here. She left/ has left the office.

2. Complete the sentences with for, since, or last: 1. I haven’t been to the car wash … about a year. 2. I washed my car … month. 3. I haven’t seen Andrew … weeks. 4. She met her friends … Friday. 5. We haven’t played cards … your birthday. 6. I haven’t eaten sweats … a year. 7. We haven’t had a party … Christmas. 8. The letter arrived … week.

3. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense (Present Perfect or Past Simple):

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars"? B: I don't know. I … (never/ see) that movie. 2. Sam … (arrive) in San Diego a week ago. 3. My best friend and I … (know) each other for over fifteen years. 4. I … (not have) this much fun since I … (be) a kid. 5. Things … (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first … (start) working here three years ago, the company … (have) only six employees. Since then, we … (expand) to include more than 2000 full-time workers. 6. During the last hundred years, traveling … (become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it … (take) two or three months to cross North America by wagon. The trip … (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things … (change) a lot in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 7. I … (never / visit) Africa, but I … (travel) to South America several times. The last time I … (go) to South America, I … (visit) Brazil and Peru. I … (spend) two weeks in the Amazon.

4. Find the mistakes and correct the sentences: 1. Chris has hurt his hand yesterday. 2. The company has bought some shares but then it sold them. 3. We can play tennis now. The others finished.

4. The accident has happened an hour ago. 5. The directors have arrived five days ago.

5. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the brackets in the Present Perfect or the Past Simple:

1. The last time we… (go) to London was in August. 2. Martin … (be) to Greece five times. He loves that country. 3. I can ride a bike but I … (not ride) one for years. 4. … (you/ ever/ miss) your train? 5. Marilyn Monroe … (be) in about thirty films. 6. Janet … (be) very ill 2 years ago. 7. John … (leave) a message for you. 8. … (you/ see) the news today? 9. No, I … (not see) the news yet. 10. We … (move) here in 1983. We … (live) here since 1983.

6. Fill in the gaps with this, last, today, yesterday: 1. … month prices went up, but … month they have fallen a little. 2. It has been no rain so far … week, but … week it was wet. 3. I went shopping… and I spent all my money. 4. We didn’t have many customers … year. We’ve had many more … year. 5. I don’t feel tired now, because I’ve got up late …

7. Read the following text: Business and the Environment

B&Q is a British retailer specialized in selling home repair products. Many of the

items that it offers for sale are made from natural materials, like wood, for instance. Since 1991, the company has adopted an environmental policy to reduce the damage that could result from its different activities. In many cases their products have had an effect on some areas of environmental concern such as global warming and deforestation. B&Q has chosen to adapt its business strategy and to pay more attention to the environmental impact of its products. That is why in 1991 the company set a target: by the end of 1995 all of its timber should come from well-managed forests across the world. This meant that all suppliers had to know the impact of their activities on the environment. Unfortunately, it turned out that almost 90% of them didn’t want to reveal their sources for timber. As a result, B&Q assisted some local communities in some countries to set up small scale companies to manage their forest resources. One example is a community in Papua New Guinea: here, a project with the Natives has shown that it is possible to manage the forest economically, to obtain profits and to reinvest them in the community itself. The company was the first to admit that it is almost impossible for any business to be completely green. However, B&Q is proud of what it has achieved. The company has won numerous awards for environmental initiatives and it hasn’t stopped taking this issue into consideration.

“The more environmental problems we solve, the more we find worth solving”, said one of the board members. (Adapted from Insights into Business) 8. Answer the following questions about the text:

1. What does B&Q do? 2. What are its products made from? 3. What is the effect of their products on the environment? 4. What did the company decide to do in 1991? 5. What did they ask from their suppliers? 6. Were the suppliers cooperative? 7. What was the company’s project for small communities? 8. What has the project in Papua New Guinea shown? 9. Has the company limited itself to solving some environmental problems?

9. Look at the following word families and then complete the sentences below:

Verb Noun Adjective ------- environmentalist

environment environmentalism

environmental

to protest protester protest

-------

------ politics politician

political

supply supplier supply

-------

develop developer development

developing

1. Many companies do research to … ways of reducing pollution. 2. An environmental group organized a … against water pollution last week. 3. This conservation group has established an … programme to teach children about

endangered species. 4. The German “Die Grünen” party has a strong influence in green … everywhere. 5. A … is a company that sells products to other companies. 6. The protection of the environment is not the main concern in … countries.

“It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the impurities in our air and water that are doing it.” Dan Quayle (1947 - ), American Politician. Writing Task: Write about a type of business that pollutes the environment and find solutions to prevent it from happening. Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the correct answer:

1. When … the company? a. have you joined b. did you joined c. did you join d. have you ever joined

2. … in Pakistan?

a. Did you ever worked b. Have you ever worked c. Worked you d. Have you work 3. That's the best presentation …. a. I never heard b. I didn't hear c. I used to hear d. I've ever heard 4. He’s the most difficult customer … a. I never dealt with. b. I never had to deal with. c. I've ever had to deal with. d. I've never had to deal with. 5. … to him last week. a. I spoke b. I've already spoken c. I didn't spoke d. I speaked 6. … a contract last year and it is still valid. a. We have signed b. We signed c. We haven't signed d. We have sign 7. I … that film in 1997. a. have seen b. seen c. have saw d. saw 8. It’s obvious that … this report so far.

a. you haven't read b. you didn't read c. you don't read d. you read not 9. You … to anything I’ve said.

a. listened b. didn't listen c. listened d. haven't listened 10. … missed your train? a. Did you ever b. Have you ever c. Do you ever d. Has you ever? 11. Controversial questions or problems are also called … a. strategies b. impact c. issues d. projects 12. The effect of one thing on another is also called … a. strategy b. impact c. issue d. project 13. A (An) … is a plan of action. a. strategy b. impact c. issue d. project 14. A company that sells goods to other companies is a … a. retailer b. shop c. supplier d. manufacturer 15. A company that sells goods to the general public is a … a. retailer b. shop c. supplier d. manufacturer 16. A (An) … is a person who fights against things they don’t agree with. a. environmentalist b. politician c. developer d. protester 17. A (An) … is a person who protects the environment. a. environmentalist b. politician c. developer d. protester 18. The … policy to reduce pollution was successful. a. environmentalist b. environmental c. environment d. environmentalism 19. The living standard has improved in … countries. a. develop b. developer c. development d. developing 20. He joined that party because he liked … a. policy b. politics c. political d. politician Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. This afternoon was really busy. Thank God it’s 6 o’clock and I’m going home. 2. When we first started working here three years ago, the company had only six employees. 3. Since then, we have expanded to include more than 2000 full-time workers. 4. This British retailer specializes in selling home repair products. 5. The company has adopted an environmental policy to reduce pollution. 6. Their products have had an effect on some areas of environmental concern such as global warming and deforestation. 7. In 1991 the company set a target: by the end of 1995 all of its timber should come from well-managed forests across the world. 8. This meant that all suppliers had to know the impact of their activities on the environment. 9. The company was the first to admit that it is almost impossible for any business to be completely green. 10. The company has won numerous awards for environmental initiatives and it hasn’t stopped taking this issue into consideration.

Unit 8.3 Tourism and the Environment • Objectives: to make students use the Present Perfect Continuous • What you should know at the end of this unit: Present Perfect Continuous, all the

vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to talk about the impact of

tourism on environment. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Present Perfect Continuous The Present Perfect Continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to have + been + verb-ing: Positive and Negative Question

Have

I you we they

been

watching TV.

Has he she it

Subject +have/ has +been+ verb-ing I have been watching TV for an hour. She has been watching TV since 9 o’clock. Subject + haven’t/ hasn’t + been+ verb-ing

I You We They

have (‘ve) haven’t

been

watching TV.

He She It

has (‘s) hasn’t

I haven’t been watching TV. She hasn’t been watching TV. Have/ Has +Subject+ been+ verb-ing Have you been watching TV? Has she been watching TV? We use the Present Perfect Continuous tense to speak about situations which started I in the past and are still continuing:

� I've been liv ing here for 12 years. � I’ve been reading for over an hour.

Present Perfect Continuous is also used to emphasise the length of time of the action, or to show the repetition of the action:

� I’ve been trying to talk to you all day. � I’ve been phoning her all morning, but there is no answer.

Present Perfect Continuous is also used to speak about actions which have just finished and affect the present:

� I feel tired because I've been working all day.

Exercises:

1. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous: a. George … (work) hard recently. b. He … (travel) all over the country. c. We … (think) of ways to help him recover. d. There is no answer. I … (phone) this number for two hours. e. I can smell cigarettes. …. (someone/ smoke) in here? f. You deserve a break now. You … (study) since 9 o’clock. g. Your eyes are red. … (you/ cry)? h. Let me drive now. I think you … (drive) for too long. i. I wonder what they are doing in there. He … (talk) to her for half an hour. j. I … (look) for my glasses for two hours now, and I still haven’t found them. 2. Answer the following questions: 1. How long have you been living here? 2. How long have you been studying English? 3. Have you been working hard recently? 4. What have you been doing in the last ten minutes? 3. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense (Present Perfect Continuous or

Present Perfect Simple):

Robin: I think the waiter … (forget) us. We … (wait) here for over half an hour and nobody … (take) our order yet. Michele: I think you're right. He … (walk) by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we … (already/ order). Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (only/ be) here for five or ten minutes and they … (already/ have) their food.

Michele: He must realize we … (not order) yet! We … (sit) here for over half an hour staring at him. Robin: I don't know if he … (notice) us. He … (run) from table to table taking orders and serving food. Michele: That's true and he … (not look) in our direction once.

4. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense (Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Simple):

1. Why are your hands dirty? - Oh I ... (work) in the garden. 2. It's nine o'clock. Jane ... (teach) for 4 hours tonight. 3. I ... (work) for this company for a long time. 4. Lucky Susan. She ... (visit) so many different countries! 5. I ... (live) in Timisoara for 5 years. 6. He ... (arrive) from Tokyo. 7. I ... (think) for a long time and I ... (decide) that you need to give up your job. 8. I ...(buy) a new house. 9. Some of my students ... (study) English for over 5 years. 10. It's a quarter to nine! I ... (wait) for over three hours!

5. Read the following text:

Tourism and the Environment The Galapagos Islands have been the favourite destination for tourists all over the

world for over half a century. Unfortunately, changes in the world climate, such as El Niño, commercial fishing and overpopulation have dramatically affected the islands.

The force of nature has had a destructive impact on the Galapagos, but many of the environmental issues facing the Galapagos originate from human beings. The presence of people in the islands has two sources: migration from the mainland and tourism.

Many of those who migrate to the islands and don’t find work in tourism often find jobs in the fishing industry. Recently, illegal fishing has become a large issue. The sea cucumber and the sharks of the Galapagos have become targets, as they are very popular in Asian markets for their aphrodisiac and medicinal qualities.

The number of visitors has been growing fast during the last decade. In 1996, the total number of tourists on the islands was over 600,000. While the National Park service set a limit of 12,000 visitors in 1974, the number was increased to 25,000 the following year, and currently, there is no limit set by the Park Service on the number of visitors per year. The National Park charges a $100 entrance fee on foreign tourists, yet generally receives only 25% for its total revenue. So while the Park receives little of the money it brings, it often deals with the conservation problems that motor yachts and their trash (often dumped in the waters some 10 km from the Park limits) bring to the island. The officials have been talking about responsible tourism, but so far, nothing has been done.

But humans did not arrive alone on the islands two centuries ago. Non-native species have been imported to the islands, often with drastic consequences. Rats, dogs, cats and goats have had dramatic effects. Dogs have been a threat to tortoise eggs, native

iguana species and even penguins. Four goats were introduced to the Santiago Islands at the beginning of the 19th century but their population has grown to nearly 100,000. Goats may be responsible for the local extinction of 4 or 5 species of vegetation and compete with the Galapagos tortoise for their food source.

While there are a great number of issues and problems facing the fragile environment of the Galapagos, there are also success stories and potential solutions. The efforts to reintroduce and repopulate species have been increasing lately and environmental education helps the inhabitants understand the need for conservation. (Adapted from www.galapagosislands.com)

Another part of the world facing problems because of irresponsible tourism is the Mediterranean coastline. About 220 million people pay a visit every year and they have a large impact on the environment of the area. In 20 years time approximately 350 million tourists will visit the Mediterranean coast, and that figure represents 22% of all the tourists worldwide. This increases the potential for uncontrolled development in the entire Mediterranean basin.

According to the World Tourism Organization, international tourist arrivals are concentrated in France, Italy, Spain and Greece. These countries will see an increase in tourism together with Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Croatia, which will also experience a massive tourism development.

So, what seems to be the problem? Apart from the increasing number of endangered species, the Mediterranean countries face a fresh water crisis during the summer months, due to the water wasted on swimming – pools and golf courses. According to WTO, an average Spaniard uses 250 liters of water per day, but the average tourist uses up to 880 liters. Moreover, resorts, hotels, restaurants and various public facilities pollute water by dumping trash into the sea.

Mass tourism transforms locations and it is not always for the best. In the short term there are benefits, but on the long run the effects could be different from what people expect: water shortage, soil erosion, and extinct species.

It seems that the Mediterranean countries need a new form of tourism and it is a challenge to develop tourism and protect the environment at the same time. (Adapted from www.forests.org)

6. Answer the following questions about the two texts: 1. What has affected the Galapagos Islands over the last decades? 2. What is the most important factor that changed the Islands? 3. How did dogs and goats arrive on the Islands? 4. What is the impact of non-native animals on native ones? 5. What have people done to protect the environment on the Islands? 6. How many tourists visit the Mediterranean coastline every year? 7. Is the number of tourists increasing or decreasing? 8. What are the problems of the Mediterranean countries on the long run? 9. What are the short term problems of the Mediterranean countries? 10. What are the most visited European countries? 11. Do you see any resemblance between the problems of the Galapagos and the problems of the Mediterranean countries? 12. Can you think of any solutions for their environmental problems?

“A man’s feet must be planted in his country, but his eyes must survey the world.” George Santayana (1863 – 1952), philosopher Writing Task: Do you think tourism pollutes the environment? Why? Why not? Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the correct answer:

1. I … for him since 1 o’clock. It’s 1.45 and he hasn’t arrived yet. a. have waited b. have been waited c. have been waiting d. have waiting. 2. It is raining. It … since last night. a. have rained b. have been raining c. has rained d. has been raining 3. They … to make a decision for two days but they still haven’t. a. have been trying b. have tried c. have trying d. have been tried 4. I … Vivian today. a. haven’t seen b. haven’t been seeing c. haven’t been seen d. haven’t seed 5. Illegal fishing … a large issue. a. have become b. has become c. have became d. has became 6. The force of nature … a destructive impact. a. has had b. had had c. has been d. had been 7. Humans … alone on the islands two centuries ago. a. not arrive b. haven’t arrived c. haven’t been arriving d. didn’t arrive 8. They … for two weeks but they haven’t done anything. a. have talk b. haven’t talked c. talked d. have been talking 9. Overpopulation means that there are … people. a. a few b. many c. too many d. enough 10. The Park charges a $100 entrance … a. fee b. bill c. money d. ticket 11. Dogs have been a … for the tortoise eggs. a. friend b. threat c. mistake d. food 12. A goat is a (an)… a. meal b. fruit c. plant d. animal 13. … the World Tourism Organization, the number of tourists will increase. a. After b. For c. According by d. According to 14. On the long … the effects will be dramatic. a. run b. term c. period d. time 15. In the short … there are only benefits. a. run b. term c. period d. time 16. An … Spaniard uses 250 liters of water per day. a. medium b. average c. usual d. simple

Answer the following questions: 17. How long have you been living here? 18. How long have you been studying English? 19. Have you been working hard recently? 20. What have you been doing in the last hours?

Test 2 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Eu citesc această carte de o oră. 2. Eu citesc în fiecare zi ziarul. 3. Eu citesc ziarul chiar acum. 4. Am citit ziarul azi dimineaţă. 5. Am citit ziarul ieri dimineaţă.

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 6. The changes in the world climate, such as El Niño, commercial fishing and

overpopulation have dramatically affected the islands. 7. Sharks have become targets, as they are very popular in Asian markets for their

aphrodisiac and medicinal qualities. 8. The number of visitors has been growing fast during the last decade. 9. There is no limit set by the Park Service on the number of visitors per year. 10. National Park charges a $100 entrance fee on foreign tourists. 11. They often deal with the conservation problems that motor yachts and their trash

bring to the island. 12. While there are a great number of issues and problems facing the fragile

environment of the Galapagos, there are also success stories and potential solutions.

13. Environmental education helps the inhabitants understand the need for conservation.

14. According to the World Tourism Organization, international tourist arrivals are concentrated in France, Italy, Spain and Greece.

15. Apart from the increasing number of endangered species, the Mediterranean countries face a fresh water crisis during the summer months.

16. This is due to the water wasted on swimming –pools and golf courses. 17. Moreover, hotels, resorts, restaurants and other public facilities pollute water by

dumping trash into the sea. 18. Mass tourism transforms locations and it is not always for the best. 19. On the long run the effects could be different from what people expected: water

shortage, soil erosion, and extinct species. 20. It seems that the Mediterranean countries need a new form of tourism and it is a

challenge to develop tourism and protect the environment at the same time.

Unit 8.4 Marketing and Advertising • Objectives: to make students speak fluently. • What you should know at the end of this unit: verb patterns, all the vocabulary

included. • What abilities /skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about

advertising and advertisements • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Verb Patterns

There are different verb patterns when one verb follows another verb: Subject + verb+ to infinitive Subject + verb-ing 1. Subject + verb + verb-ing (present participle): admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, give up, go on, keep on, mention, mind, miss, postpone, stop, suggest, etc. Expressions followed by verb-ing: can’t stand, can’t help, It’s no use, It’s no good, It’s no point, It’s worth, look forward to

� He gave up smoking. � They can’t help remembering. � I don’t remember taking the book. � She avoids smoking. � I look forward to hearing from you.

2. Subject + verb+ to infinitive: There are some verbs followed by to and another verb. Here are the more important ones:

Agree, afford, begin, choose, continue, dare, decide, expect, forget, happen, hope, learn, like, love, manage, need, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, remember, regret, seem, start, stop, try, want, wish, would like, would love, would prefer.

� He agreed to come with me. � She decided not to go to the party. � We managed to cope with all the difficult situations. � She seems to take everything easily. � They refused to listen to their mother. � I’d (would) love to go to that party.

3. Verbs followed either by to -infinitive or by verb-ing with a change of meaning: remember, forget, regret, try, stop, go on.

� I remember posting the letter. � I must remember to post the letter. � I forgot to bring you the book. � I’ll never forget flying to France. � I regret saying that to him. � I regret to inform you that you are fired. � I tried talking to her but it was impossible. � I’ll try to talk to him but I know he is busy. � I stopped buying from that supplier. � I stopped to post a letter. � They’ll go on doing business. � They’ll go on to start a new business.

4. There are some other verbs that can be followed either by to infinitive or be verb-ing but with little change in meaning: begin, continue, intend, start, like, dislike, hate, love, prefer. 5. Subject + verb+ preposition+ verb-ing:

� I didn’t think of calling him. � I complain about walking too much. � She finished by asking questions.

6. Subject+ verb+ pronoun+ verb-ing: keep, catch, spend, waste

� I kept him waiting. � They caught her stealing. � I spent my time looking for the keys. � We wasted hours writing that report.

Questions:

1. Name five verb patterns. 2. What are the verbs that change their meaning according to what form of the

verb follows them? Exercises:

1. Complete the sentences with to infinitive or verb-ing. Use the verbs in the brackets:

E.g.: They agreed … (give) us thirty days. – They agreed to give us thirty days. 1. There’s no point … (advertise) this brand on TV. 2. We’re expecting … (receive) some more stock next week. 3. I have to finish … (write) the report today. 4. I learnt … (speak) English when I worked in England. 5. I can’t help … (think) that something will go wrong. 6. I can’t afford … (fly) business class all the time. 7. I can’t promise … (help) you with this problem but I’ll do my best. 8. He agreed … (pay) the rent in advance. 9. I’m sure this film is worth … (see). 10. You can’t avoid … (meet) him forever. 2. Choose the correct variant: 1. We can’t afford to miss/ missing this opportunity. 2. Are you waiting to use/ using the phone? 3. He decided to leave/ leaving tomorrow. 4. There seems to be/ being a mistake in the bill. 5. He refuses to sign/ signing the contract. 6. May I suggest to postpone/ postponing the meeting? 7. I don’t mind waiting/ to wait for a few minutes.

8. It’s not worth spending/ to spend all your money on one thing. 9. Do you happen to know/ knowing where he is? 10. I’ll keep on trying/ to try.

3. Complete the sentences with to infinitive or verb-ing. Use the verbs in the

brackets: 1. I’d like … (have) a cup of tea. 2. Don’t forget … (send) me a letter. 3. Do you want … (come) with us? 4. Have you finished … (read) the newspaper? 5. We love … (travel). 6. She has tried … (stop) smoking but she can’t. 7. I started … (learn) English a year ago. 8. It has stopped … (rain). 9. We enjoyed … (meet) your family. 10. It’s no use … (talk) to him.

4. Use the words to make sentences: E.g.: this exercise/ difficult/ solve? Is this exercise difficult to solve? 1. I/ pleased/ meet/ you. 2. It possible/ leave/ early? 3. It/ impossible/ learn everything. 4. English/ easy/ understand. 5. Japanese/ difficult/ write. 6. It/ nice/ see you. 7. I/ surprised/ hear the news. 8. He/ happy/ have dinner with you. 9. I/ astonished/ see him on TV. 10. We/ sad/ to hear about the accident. 5. Finish the following sentences by adding an appropriate verb-ing: E.g.: She is very fond of listening to classical music. 1. I don’t mind… 2. It’s no use … 3. I can’t remember … 4. Why don’t you try …? 5. I can’t help … 6. Someone suggested … 7. You can’t avoid … 8. I gave up … 9. I don’t like … 10. It’s worth … 11. I look forward to … 6. Read the following texts:

Statistics

Research conducted in 23 countries has shown that social and demographic factors together with the marketing strategies of multinational food and drink companies tend to make the lifestyles and eating habits of different European countries alike. There are several reasons for the increasing uniformity in consumption in Europe: birth rates keep on falling, thus reducing the number of households which buy microwaves and convenience food. The number of one –person households in Europe also continues to grow rapidly (in Sweden, for example, there are 40% one-person households, compared with 29% in 1984). The aggressive marketing strategies of multinationals can also play a role in changing habits. After winning a major share of a market, companies often decide to expand into new markets and make efforts to attract new consumers. For instance, the French, who used to have croissants for breakfast, now enjoy eating breakfast cereals. Sales of cereals keep on growing in France each year. The British have become fond of drinking mineral water and the Spaniards are beginning to buy frozen pizzas and tomato ketchup more than ever.

With companies looking for new markets and increased choice for consumers, Europe’s gastronomic diversity may soon come to an end.

Coca- Cola and its advertisements

John S. Pemberton invented Coca- Cola in 1886. His partner suggested running an advertisement for the drink in the Atlanta Journal. So they also invented its first slogan: “Drink Coca- Cola”. In 1888, Asa Candler bought the right to sell the product. He made it known through calendars, clocks and the slogan: “Delicious and Refreshing”. He also built a foreign department which exported Coca- Cola to the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928: “Around the corner from everywhere”.

Coca-Cola’s advertising has always attempted to reflect changes in people’s lifestyles. Its research team has always done extensive testing before introducing advertisements on the market. When they felt the ads had little impact on the public they asked celebrities to endorse it. Cary Grant, Ray Charles and Whitney Houston are just three of the stars who have agreed to appear in Coca-Cola commercials.

In 1982 the company launched Diet Coke, and its sales grew rapidly: “Coke is it”. In 1985, the company tried to change the secret formula of Coca-Cola, but realized that Americans are too attached to the original recipe. The slogan “Catch the Wave” couldn’t help the company and their profits decreased. So, they returned the original formula to the market as “Coca- Cola Classic” and there was a boom in sales. The 1990’s carried the slogans “Can’t beat the feeling” and “Always Coca-Cola” and the company expanded to developing countries. Today people in more than 160 countries around the globe enjoy drinking Coca-Cola. Statistics say that people ask for Coke more than 524 million times a day in more than 80 languages.

(Adapted from Insights into Business)

7. Answer the following questions: 1. Are eating habits in Europe different? 2. What are the reasons for uniformity in consumption? 3. What did French people use to have for breakfast? 4. What are the

British fond of, according to the text? 5. What have the Spaniards started to buy recently? 6. Have there been any changes in the Romanians’ eating and drinking habits? Why? Why not? 7. Who invented Coca-Cola? 8. What celebrities have endorsed Coca-Cola over the years? 9. What happened when they tried to bring out on the market a new formula for the drink? 10. Which one of their slogans did you like the most? Why? “I don't know the rules of grammar. If you're trying to persuade people to do something, or buy something, it seems to me you should use their language.” David Ogilvy Writing Task: Choose a TV/ radio/ magazine/ newspaper advertisement that you liked/ disliked and answer the following questions in order to find out what their target market is: 1. Where does the target live (town, suburbs, rural area, etc)? 2. What is the target’s age and sex? 3. What is the target’s marital status? 4. What is the target’s income? 5. What is the target’s occupation and level of education? 6. What is the target’s social class (working, middle, upper-class)? 7. Describe the target’s lifestyle. 8. What benefits does the target look for in the product? (Comfort, safety, luxury, esteem, etc.) Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the correct answer:

1. Why aren’t they working? – They stopped … lunch a. to eat b. for eat c. for eating d. eating 2. I can’t remember … this problem with Tom. a. to discuss b. discuss c. discussing d. to discussing. 3. His friends kept him … a. to wait b. wait c. waiting d. to waiting 4. She can’t help … her husband what to do. a. telling b. tell c. to tell d. to telling 5. …. to make him change his mind. a. It’s no use try b. It’s no use trying c. It’s no worth try d. It’s no worth trying 6. It’s difficult … English with a good accent. a. speak b. speaking c. to speaking d. to speak 7. I’d prefer … at home. a. to stay b. staying c. stay d. to staying 8. I spent my time … TV. a. watch b. to watch c. watching d. to watching 9. I’ll never … flying to France. a. remember b. agree c. forget d. disagree 10. I must … to post the letter. a. remember b. agree c. forget d. disagree 11. Birth rates … falling. a. continue b. go on c. keep on d. go 12. The marketing …of multinational companies is often aggressive. a. project b. strategy c. impact d. endorsement 13. All soft-drink companies make efforts to attract new... a. target b. public c. endorsers d. consumers

14. The Americans are … of drinking Coca-Cola. a. like b. dislike c. fond d. interested 15. “Drink Coca- Cola” is a … a. reputation b. promotion c. publicity d. slogan 16. The market research … does extensive testing. a. team b. people c. crew d. public 17. Sales of a product often increase if celebrities … it. a. market b. target c. endorse d. support 18. You can see lots of … for different products every day on TV. a. promotions b. commercials c. images d. publicity 19. There was a (an)… in jeans sales last year. All retailers increased their profits. a. export b. import c. boom d. fall 20. Multinational companies … very quickly to developing countries. a. expand b. promote c. endorse d. move Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. Social and demographic factors together with the marketing strategies of

multinational food and drink companies tend to make the lifestyles and eating habits of different European countries alike. 2. The number of one– person households in Europe also continues to grow rapidly. 3. The aggressive marketing strategies of multinationals can also play a role in changing habits. 4. The British have become fond of drinking mineral water. 5. The Spaniards are beginning to buy frozen pizzas and tomato ketchup more than ever. 6. Europe’s gastronomic diversity may soon come to an end. 7. His partner suggested running an advertisement for the drink in a newspaper. 8. He built a foreign department which exported Coca-Cola to the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928: “Around the corner from everywhere”. 9. Coca-Cola’s advertising has always attempted to reflect changes in people’s lifestyles. 10. They have often asked celebrities to endorse it.

Test 1 ( Module 8- 1 hour) Choose the right answer:

1. His assistant … five people so far. a. has been calling b. has calling c. has called d. called 2. My hands are dirty because I ... in the garden. a. have been working b. have work c. have working d. worked 3. Paul … a report. a. has been just writing b. just wrote c. has just written d. has just wrote 4. I … such a boring presentation. a. never see b. never saw c. have never seen d. have never saw 5. We’ve known each other … 10 years now. a. for b. since c. last d. from 6. We’ve had a subsidiary in Portugal … 1998. a. for b. since c. last d. from 7. Their profits … since they fired Peter. a. fell b. felt c. fallen d. have fallen

8. She has known him since they … children. a. are b. were c. have been d. have been being 9. We … our work because we started early. a. have already finished b. have already been finishing c. already finished d. have already finishing 10. We … here since 12 o’clock. It’s 12.30 and we are still here. a. have sitted b. have sat c. have been sat d. have bee sitting 11. I don’t mind … for a few minutes. a. to wait b. wait c. waiting d. to waiting 12. They caught her... a. to steal b. stealing c. steal d. to stealing 13. He agreed … with me. a. to come b. coming c. come d. to coming 14. We … time writing that report. a. have b. have had c. spend d. have spent 15. There is no answer. I … this number for two hours. a. have phoned b. have been phoning c. phoned d. have phoning 16. … been to Ireland? a. Did you ever b. Have you ever c. Are you ever d. You ever 17. Yesterday I … the bank about a loan. a. have been phoning b. have phone c. have phoned d. phoned 18. We manage … all the difficult situations. a. coping with b. coping to c. to cope with d. to cope to 19. … meet your family last week? a. Did you b. Have you c. Are you d. You 20. They … for two weeks but they haven’t done anything. a. have talk b. haven’t talked c. talked d. have been talking

Test 2 (Module 8) Correct the following sentences:

1. I’m agreed to prepare everything for the meeting. 2. She hasn’t never flown in a balloon. 3. We’d like invite you to dinner. 4. We’ve been to California two years ago. 5. I’ve just finished do my homework. 6. It’s difficult satisfying all your customers’ needs. 7. We’ve decided move to another town. 8. She can’t stand waste time. 9. He avoids to meet Peter. 10. Last winter they learnt skiing very well. 11. I didn’t see my friends so far this week. 12. I haven’t gone shopping last week because I haven’t had money.

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 13. traveling spends her she time. 14. waiting he me kept. 15. opening you do window the mind?

16. magazine they a advertise decided in to. 17. contract to she sign the promised has. 18. remember you to files the must bring. 19. forgot she client the call to. 20. questions stopped they asking stupid.

Module 9 • Objectives: to make students use conditional clauses. • What you should know at the end of this module: - conditional sentences type 1

and 2; tag questions; all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this module: to speak about probable and

unreal situations in the present, to make deductions.

Unit 9.1 Products that Fail • Objectives: to make students use conditional clauses. • What you should know at the end of this unit: conditional clauses type 1; tag

questions; all the vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak about probable

situations in the present. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Conditional Sentences Type 1 If/ When + Subject + Present, Subject+ Present Simple/ Imperative We use this type of conditional when we talk about things that are generally true and we are not referring to a specific event.

� If interest rates are rising, bank loans become more expensive. � When you see him, don’t tell him about our problems.

If / Unless + Subject + Present, Subject+ Future/ Imperative We use this type of conditional when we talk about future events that will probably (likely) happen.

� If prices rise, people will be unhappy. � If Peter calls, tell him I’m in a meeting. � If he doesn’t come today, I’ll call him again. � Unless she tells the truth, her boss will be very angry.

Unless + Subject + Positive verb Unless has the same meaning as if ... not. It CANNOT be followed by a NEGATIVE sentence.

� Unless the company improves the working conditions, the workers will quit. = If the company doesn’t improve the working conditions…

Question Tags A question tag is a short phrase at the end of a sentence which has the form of a question and it invites the other person to reply. It is translated into Romanian with “nu-i aşa?” In English it is formed using do/ does/ did, have/ has, is/am/are or a modal verb and a pronoun, but never a noun. If the sentence is positive the question tag is negative, and, vice-versa, if the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

To Be (Present and Past) Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag You are English, aren’t you? She is a student, isn’t she? I am clever, aren’t I? She was here, wasn’t she? They were your friends, weren’t they?

You aren’t Spanish, are you? She isn’t an accountant, is she? I’m not stupid, am I? She wasn’t here, was she? They weren’t your friends, were they?

Present Simple

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag You like traveling, don’t you? She likes skiing, doesn’t she? Peter loves the mountains, doesn’t he?

You don’t like playing football, do you? She doesn’t like swimming, does she? Sarah doesn’t love the mountains, does she?

Present Continuous

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag You are reading, aren’t you? Your friends are waiting, aren’t they? Paul is coming, isn’t he?

You aren’t reading, are you? They aren’t coming, are they? Paul isn’t listening, is he?

Past Simple

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag They went to Athens, didn’t they? He left Timisoara last night, didn’t he?

They didn’t phone, did they? he didn’t leave, did he?

Present Perfect

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag You have been to France, haven’t you? She has met your sister, hasn’t she?

You haven’t talked to him, have you? She hasn’t met your sister, has she?

Future Simple

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag You will come to the party, won’t you? He will call me, won’t you?

You won’t tell him, will you? He won’t com, will he?

Modal Verbs

Positive sentence + negative tag Negative sentence + positive tag He can do that, can’t he? He could help you, couldn’t he? They must do that, mustn’t they?

He can’t help me, can he? He couldn’t do that, could he? We mustn’t do that, must we?

Special question tags

Let’s have a break, shall we? Have a cup of coffee, will you? Give me that book, can you? Exercises:

1. Choose the correct variant: 1. If we will take/ take a taxi, we will arrive/ arrive sooner. 2. If we will work/ work for a larger company, we will get/ get a bigger salary. 3. When inflation will go/ goes up, there will be/ is some pressure on salaries. 4. If we don’t / won’t hurry, we will be/ are late. 5. If you change/ will change your mind, give/ you will give me a call. 6. Unless you plug/ will plug in the computer, it won’t work/ doesn’t work. 7. If I lend/ will lend you this book, when do you/ will you bring it back to me? 8. If you will hear/ hear anything about a job, let/ you will let me know.

2. Match the beginning of a sentence from A with its ending from B:

A B 1. I won’t disturb you 2. If we send the letters today 3. If you apply for that job, 4. If the weather is bad, 5. If we change our computers, 6. If he moves to another Department, 7. You won’t get a pay rise 8. If the meeting finishes on time 9. If we take another project, 10. If we employ more people,

a. we’ll need a bigger office. b. we’ll have to buy new software. c. I’m sure you’ll get it. d. we’ll need more staff. e. they’ll arrive tomorrow f. unless there is a real emergency. g. we can all go home. h. the plane may be delayed. i. unless you ask for one. j. he’ll have to spend more time abroad.

3. Complete the sentences with if, unless, or when: 1. … everything goes according to plan, we’ll make a profit. 2. I’m busy, so please hold my calls … something really urgent comes up. 3. Linda is coming this afternoon. Let me know … she gets here.

4. We can’t afford to pay you more … productivity improves. 5. I’ll call you … I’m going to be late, but I’m not sure yet. 6. I’ll come to see you … I get to London. 7. They’ll make a lot of money … the new products sells better than the old one. 8. We can start the project next week … anyone disagrees. 4. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense. Where

necessary use modals (can, could, might): 1. If you … (leave) now, you … (arrive) in time. 2. If you … a minute. I … (see) if the manager … (be) free. 3. If you … (not like) it, you … (bring) it back. 4. You … (get) a discount if you … (pay) cash. 5. If you … (give) me your phone number, I … (call) you later. 6. If you … (not ask) him to do it, he … (not do) it. 7. If you … (not pay) the workers more money, they … (go) on strike. 8. If the company … (not provide) better conditions, the employees … (not do)

overtime. 5. Finish the following sentences: 1. If I finish this exercise on time … 2. If I continue to study English … 3. If I have some free time this weekend … 4. If I go on a trip soon … 5. If I can find a better job … 6. Add a question tag to each sentence: 1. He has a very good job, …? 2. I couldn’t borrow your dictionary, …? 3. I am right, … ? 4. Everyone has gone home …? 5. You won’t be late, …? 6. Harry isn’t going to retire, …? 7. He has never been to Brazil …? 8. Let’s meet again, …? 9. Paul saw you coming, …? 10. Peter didn’t tell you the truth, …? 11. It’s Tuesday, …? 12. It was very crowded, …? 13. You like this film, …? 14. You haven’t finished early, …? 15. You can ski very well, …? 16. 7. Match the beginning of a sentence from A with its ending from B:

A B 1. You have a reservation, a. didn’t they?

2. No one here speaks Japanese, 3. I expect you want my passport, … 4. This is a very nice hotel, 5. You’re leaving tomorrow, 6. Let’s go shopping, 7. She’s a very good assistant, 8. You haven’t seen my pen, 9. They paid by credit card, 10. We must tell her,

b. don’t you? c. mustn’t we? d. Haven’t you? e. have you? f. do they? g. shall we? h. isn’t it? i. aren’t you? j. isn’t she?


Why new products fail New products come on the market all the time. Some do well, others just fail. Here are some of the reasons why they fail.

1. There are too few customers. If the market is too small, the business will not be profitable. A good test is to conduct a research and to find out how many customers there are in a certain city.

2. There are enough customers but they are poor quality customers. And that is because not all customers are good ones. Some are in financial difficulties and others may have higher standards. If a business has too many difficult customers, they will take up too much management time.

3. There is too much competition. If there are a lot of customers, it is very likely that they already belong to a direct or indirect competitor. If the competition is very strong, it will be hard to sell the products.

4. The market share is too little. Companies usually cannot survive on 1% to 5% market share. Some business managers often fool themselves by saying “if we get 3% of the market, we’ll make millions”.

5. The product doesn’t work. If products fail on installation or they never perform according to standards, customers won’t buy them twice. If they are too difficult to use or they often fail the word will spread out.

6. The product is too big. This happens especially with technical products. If a product takes too much time to develop, competitors can come out on the market with better and smaller products. Unfortunately, sometimes the product is simply wrong, without a reason. If customers don’t want something, they won’t buy it.

7. The product is too complicated. If a product requires many explanations, or a change in customers’ behaviour, it will be very hard to sell.

8. The product is neither the first nor the best. It certainly helps to be the first on the market but that doesn’t mean you will be successful on the long run. If you aren’t the first then you definitely must be the best.

Examples of products that failed: In the 1970s Hewlett-Packard introduced the wristwatch calculator. It was big, heavy and the keys were too small. You could operate on it only with a pin or the end of a pen. It cost ‘only’ $800.

The 8-function bicycle was invented by a Chinese. The machine could become a tricycle, a bicycle that went backwards, a wheelchair, a sofa and a tripod for cameras. In the 1990s, a German company introduced the artificial spray with mud for people in cities who drove four-wheel-drive vehicles. The idea was that the mud could make the car look as if it had just come from a safari or from the mountains rather than from the supermarket. 9. Answer the following questions:

1. Why do new products fail? 2. Why did the three products mentioned above fail? 3. Think of examples you know about products that failed.

10. Find a word or phrase in the text that means (the paragraph number is given in the brackets):

a. the percentage of all sales that your product gets (4) b. having trouble with money (2) c. someone selling a similar product (3) d. make someone believe something is not true (4) e. not good (6) f. ask for (7) “Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up” Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931), American Inventor. Writing Task: Why do products fail? Give an example that you have heard of. Test 1 (1 hour) Choose the correct answer:

1. You’ve been to Spain,… a. haven’t you? b. have you? c. did you? d. didn’t you? 2. Peter has a good job, … a. has Peter? b. doesn’t Peter? c. doesn’t he? d. hasn’t Peter? 3. I am right, … a. am not I? b. am I? c. are I? d. aren’t I? 4. You won’t be long, … a. are you? b. aren’t you c. will you? d. won’t you? 5. Nobody saw you, … a. did they? b. didn’t they? c. did nobody? d. didn’t nobody? 6. You haven’t finished yet, … a. haven’t you b. have you? c. do you? d. don’t you? 7. Your friends didn’t arrive,… a. didn’t your friends b. did your friends c. didn’t they d. did they? 8. Let’s have a break, … a. won’t we? b. will we? c. shall we? d. shan’t we? 9. Have a cup of coffee, … a. won’t you? b. will you? c. shall you? d. shan’t you? 10. He loves skiing, … a. loves he? b. does he? c. loves he not? d. doesn’t he? 11. If prices…, people will be unhappy. a. will rise b. rise c. won’t rise d. doesn’t rise

12. We can start the project next week unless anyone ... a. disagrees b. doesn’t disagree c. agrees d. disagree 13. Please… my calls unless something really urgent comes up. a. will hold b. you will hold c. you hold d. hold 14. If you leave now, you … in time. a. will arrive b. arrive c. don’t arrive d. arrive not 15. You will get a discount if you … cash. a. will pay b. pay c. not pay d. pay not 16. If the company … better conditions, the employees won’t do overtime. a. provides b. will provide c. doesn’t provide d. won’t provide 17. The percentage of all sales that your product gets is called … a. market b. share c. market share d. share market 18. Someone selling a similar product is your … a. competitor b. competition c. competitive d. competent 19. Difficult customers … too much management time. a. take down b. take in c. take after d. take up 20. The product … . It was too big and too difficult for customers to understand. a. fooled b. did well c. failed d. had success.

Test 2 Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. For some products there are too few customers. 2. There are enough customers but they are poor quality customers. 3. Some customers are in financial difficulties and others may have higher standards. 4. If a business has too many difficult customers, they will take up too much management time. 5. If there are a lot of customers, it is very likely that they already belong to a direct or indirect competitor. 6. Some business managers often fool themselves by saying “if we get 3% of the market, we’ll make millions”. 7. If the products are too difficult to use or they often fail the word will spread out. 8. Unfortunately, sometimes the product is simply wrong, without a reason. 9. It certainly helps to be the first on the market but that doesn’t mean you will be successful on the long run. 10. If you aren’t the first then you definitely must be the best.

Unit 9.2 Franchising • Objectives: to make students use conditional sentences. • What you should know at the end of this unit: conditional sentences; all the

vocabulary included. • What skills you will have at the end of this unit: speak about probable and unreal

situations in the present. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

The Present Conditional The Present Conditional is formed using would (‘d ) and the infinitive of the verb. Positive and Negative: Question:

Would


leave this city?

Conditional Sentences Type 2 If / Unless + Subject + Past, Subject+ would/ could/ might + verb We use this type of conditional when we talk about future events that are imaginary, improbable (unlikely) or impossible.

� If she didn’t come, I wouldn’t invite her again. � If prices rose, people would be unhappy. � If he didn’t cooperate, we would have to take other measures. � Unless she told the truth, her boss might be very angry. � If you wanted better results, you could study more. � If I were you, I wouldn’t go there.

Exercises: 1. Choose the correct variant:

1. I would help/ helped you if I can/ could, but I don’t have the possibility. 2. The guests wouldn’t feel/ didn’t feel so tired if the journey from the airport wouldn’t take/ didn’t take such a long time. 3. We don’t have facilities for business travelers. If we have/ had, I’m sure we would make/ will make more money in the low season. 4. If the fax machine is working/ worked, you can / could send the fax from here. 5. If I am/ were you, I had/ would have a word with the manager. 6. If anyone would have/ had serious injuries, we would fly/ will fly them to hospital. 7. Would/ Will you be interested if we arranged/ would arrange a dancing evening? 8. If I had/ would have that ticket I’d/ I’ll give it to you.

2. Match the beginning of a sentence from A with its ending from B: A B

1. We wouldn’t come here 2. It’s a pity there is no pool. If there

was, 3. If it snowed here regularly,

a. we wouldn’t make a profit. b. if we didn’t like it. c. I would let you have one. d. we could go swimming


would (‘d) wouldn’t

leave this city.

4. If we didn’t take everyone’s names,

5. I would go on more trips, 6. If we had more groups from Japan, 7. If we didn’t get large group

bookings 8. If we had any free room, 9. There would be a difference in

price

e. we would employ someone who could speak the language.

f. if three persons shared a room.

g. this place would be a marvelous winter resort.

h. if I had more money. i. we wouldn’t know who

comes to our hotel.

3. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense (Past Simple or Conditional):

1. If you … (give up) smoking, you … (be) healthier. 2. If he … (stop) drinking, he … (feel) better. 3. If she … (go) on a diet she … (lose) weight. 4. If I … (be) on the Board of this company, I … (change) many things. 5. If they … (ban) all cars from the city centre, there … (not be) so much pollution. 6. If I … (have) an idea about the presentation, I … (tell) you. 7. If you … (not be) in a hurry, I … (explain) the problem to you. 8. If the computer … (not crash), I … (finish) in time. 9. If I … (work) harder, I … probably (get) the promotion. 10. Things … (be) different if you … (talk) to him.

4. Finish the following sentences: 1. If I knew the answers … 2. Unless you feel better, 3. He wouldn’t sell his car if… 4. If you didn’t waste your time … 5. This wouldn’t happen if …

5. Give complete answers to the following questions: E.g.: What would you do if you became a millionaire?

If I became a millionaire I would invest my money in shares. 1. What would you do if you became a millionaire? 2. What would you take with you if you lived alone on an island? 3. Which country would you like to visit if someone offered you a free trip abroad? 4. What would you do if you won a big lottery prize? 5. What would you do if you were the Prime-minister of your country?

6. Read the following text: Franchising

Franchising is a means of marketing and distributing goods. The franchisor, normally a large business, supplies the franchisee, usually an individual, with the right to operate a business. The franchisee pays for the right to sell the product or service in a certain area, and also makes annual payments, called royalties. The franchisee also uses the franchisor’s established system or format.

This type of business has always been popular in the USA. It developed in the 1950s when there was a boom in fast-food restaurants such as McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken. Now, about one-third of all retail sales in the US are through franchised outlets. It is not surprising that franchising is growing fast. If it works properly, it has advantages for both sides. The franchisor is able to expand his business without reducing his capital or borrowing money. And it also gets additional capital from an outside source. The franchisee gains from this arrangement as well. They are usually interested in business, but do not have much experience and capital. They want to work for themselves but are afraid to take too many risks. For their investment, franchisees buy the right to use the trade name of the franchisor, and they get advice about running the business. The franchising company also provides them with training, materials, and equipment. They usually take advantage of the company’s specialized knowledge and its ability to buy in bulk. Finally, the franchisor will very likely promote the brand name of the business by national advertising. The franchising system gives people the chance to set up in business without taking great risks. If they choose their franchise wisely, they will have the opportunity to make a small fortune. (Adapted from World of Business) 7. Answer the following questions: 1. Why is franchising popular? 2. Why do companies use franchising to expand their business? 3. Why do people buy franchises? 4. Is there any risk for the franchising company? 5. Is there any risk in running a franchise? 8. Fill in the gaps with the correct word from the list below. Make any necessary

changes: 9. investment, outlet, franchise, capital, retail, royalty, promote, purchase, boom, distribute 1. Franchised businesses are very common in the … trade. 2. Many fast-food … are run as franchises 3. You must pay a lot of money to buy the … of a big hotel. 4. The annual … which a franchisee pays is usually a percentage of profits or

turnover. 5. Many companies decide to ... their goods by offering franchises to investors. 6. It is wise to get advice before you … a business. 7. Franchises appeal mostly to people who have limited … to invest in their

business. 8. In recent years, fast-food businesses have become popular in Romania. No one

knows how long the … will continue. 9. A franchise can be good … for a person with little experience. 10. Franchising companies generally spend a lot of money … their goods.

“You can't run a business or anything else on a theory.” Harold S. Geneen (1910 – 1997) American Accountant, Industrialist, CEO.

Writing Task: Would you rather buy a franchise or have your own business? Why? Test 1

Choose the correct answer: 1. Things … different if you talked to him. a. are b. would be c. were d. be 2. If I … an idea about the presentation, I’d tell you. a. have b. ‘d have c. ‘d had d. had 3. If he … so much, he would feel better. a. not drank b. wouldn’t drink c. didn’t drink d. won’t drink 4. If we had any free room, we … offer it to you. a. will b. would c. should d. let 5. If we didn’t get large group bookings, we … a profit a. wouldn’t make b. wouldn’t do c. wouldn’t made d. wouldn’t done 6. Unless she … the truth, her boss might be very angry. a. didn’t tell b. wouldn’t tell c. told d. would tell 7. If prices ..., people would be unhappy. a. rose b. rised c. would rise d. would rose 8. If you … me some money, I could buy a house. a. lended b. lent c. borrowed d. would borrow 9. The … is normally a large business that sells its established system. a. franchisee b. franchise c. franchising d. franchisor 10. … is a means of marketing and distributing goods. a. Franchisee b. Franchise c. Franchising d. Franchisor 11. The annual payments made for the right to use a brand name are called … a. profits b. capital c. turnover d. royalties 12. As a franchisor you can obtain additional … from an outside source. a. profit b. capital c. turnover d. royalties 13. It is not easy to … a business. a. conduct b. direct c. run d. drive 14. When you buy large quantities of the same product for a lower price you buy… a. retail b. in bulk c. wholesale d. a lot 15. You can … a small fortune if you invest your money wisely. a. make b. do c. made d. do 16. A shop that sells products made by a particular company is a (an)… a. restaurant b. store c. outlet d. mall 17. A … business sells goods directly to the public a. retail b. bulk c. wholesale d. lot 18. You can … experience if you set up in business. a. win b. gain c. earn d. make 19. Companies prefer to … their business by means of franchising. a. establish b. establishment c. expand d. expansion 20. He will very … buy a franchise. a. possible b. probable c. like d. likely

Test 2

Read the following statements and decide which refer to franchisors and which to franchisees:

1. They can get advice on how to deal with problems. 2. They don’t have to borrow additional capital to expand. 3. They must respect certain rules. 4. They will probably have to buy supplies from one source only. 5. They are responsible for national advertising. 6. They can only sell certain products. 7. They cannot sell their business easily. 8. They provide reports on the levels of sales. 9. They develop their business without recruiting more staff. 10. They don’t take too many risks.

Finish the following sentences: 11. If I had one million dollars… 12. If you told me earlier, ... 13. Unless I arrive on time… 14. They wouldn’t be angry if … 15. I would have more money if … 16. An outlet is … 17. A franchisor is … 18. A franchisee is … 19. National advertising is ... 20. The brand name is …

Unit 9.3 Setting up Your Own Business • Objectives: to make students use adjectives and their prepositions, phrasal verbs. • What you should know at the end of this unit: adjectives and prepositions;

phrasal verbs; all the vocabulary included. • What abilities /skills you will have at the end of this unit: to use phrasal verbs. • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours: Adjectives + Prepositions

Some adjectives can be followed by a preposition and the preposition can be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or verb-ing:

� I’m responsible for their actions. � I’m responsible for a team of five people. � I’m responsible for them � I’m interested in buying some shares.

Some adjectives expressing feelings: +of +with +about +by +in +on +at afraid of fond of nervous of proud of suspicious tired of

angry with annoyed bored with disappointed with fed up with pleased with satisfied with

angry about annoyed about concerned doubtful about enthusiastic excited about optimistic pessimistic serious about worried about

amazed fascinated shocked surprised

interested in

keen

amazed at shocked at surprised

� I’m afraid of going to the dentist. � I’m angry with them because they didn’t come. � I’m angry about the delay. � I’m amazed by their behaviour. � I’m interested in learning a new language. � I’m not keen on Maths. � I’m amazed at your decision.

Other Adjectives +to +of +about +for +in +with accustomed to attached to attentive to married to opposed to related to relevant to similar to used to

aware of capable of critical of full of guilty of sure of typical of

certain about right about wrong about

famous for fit for important for late for prepared for ready for suitable for useful for

covered in involved in lacking in rich in successful in

compatible with popular with

� We’re used to seeing you every day. � She was full of enthusiasm. � She was right about everything. � He is famous for his creations. � You’re involved in something bad. � Coca-Cola is popular with Americans.

Adjective that change prepositions Good at/ for/ with bad at/ for/ with

� I’m good at Maths. � The merger was bad for the company. � She’s good with difficult customers.

Happy for/ with � I’m happy for you

� I’m happy with your suggestion. Responsible for/ to

� I’m responsible for their actions. � The Marketing Director is responsible to the CEO.

Sorry for/ about � I’m sorry about all the trouble. � I’m sorry for causing so much trouble.

Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are the verbs followed by a particle (preposition or adverb) like back, through, off etc. The particle usually changes the meaning of the original verb. Phrasal verbs are very common in informal English. They very often have more than one meaning and that becomes clear from the context. Separable phrasal verbs Some phrasal verbs can be separated in two parts by an object (noun or pronoun). The object pronoun is always placed between the verb and the particle and never after the particle.

� Can you fill in this form? (complete) � Can you fill this form in? � Can you fill it in? (never: Can you fill in it?) � I’ll give up smoking. (quit) � They are trying to keep the inflation down. (control it) � Our lawyers will draw up a new contract. (write) � Can you pick me up tomorrow? (take me in your car) � Can you drop me off at the supermarket? (let me to get down from your car) � Can you look their number up in the telephone directory? (search) � I’ll ring up the suppliers. (telephone) � They’ve set up a factory in Eastern Europe. (establish) � The large company took over the smaller one. (take control) � Can you throw the rubbish away? (dispose of) � He turned down our offer. (refuse) � The company will lay off some workers. (fire people) � You can’t put off that decision. (postpone) � They called the meeting off. (cancel) � Can you turn the TV off? (stop it from functioning) � Can you turn the radio on? (start) � Can you turn the radio up? (make it louder) � Can you turn the radio down? (make it more quiet)

Inseparable phrasal verbs Some phrasal verbs cannot be separated in two parts by an object. The nouns or the pronouns always come after the particle:

� I’ll call on my friends tonight. (visit) � Can you deal with this complaint? (do whatever is necessary) � I can’t do without my computer. (function without)

� Can you look after the baby? (take care of) � Can you look for my glasses? (search) � This will take up too much time. (occupy)

Phrasal Verbs without objects � The car has broken down. (stopped functioning) � Guests must check in when they arrive. (register) � Guests must check out when they leave. (pay and leave) � Come in and have a seat! (enter) � Hold on for a moment! (wait) � The boss can turn up at any moment. (arrive by surprise)

Exercises:

1. Match the beginning of a sentence from A with its ending from B: A B

1. Are you interested 2. This new product is different 3. Are you aware 4. They were annoyed 5. Jane is really good 6. He is very keen 7. I’m not used 8. Are you ready 9. I was surprised 10. I was wrong

a. at encouraging people. b. with us for getting the wrong goods. c. for the big meeting? d. of the difficulty of the situation? e. about judging them. f. by the number of pubs in this town. g. in our offers? h. from the old one. i. to getting up so early. j. on keeping fit.

2. Fill in the gaps with right preposition from the list below:

With (2) of (2) in (2) to (1) about (3) 1. Linda is young but she is very successful … business. 2. Is you computer compatible … mine? 3. The customers are very critical … some products. 4. They are always attentive … the needs of their customers. 5. We are certain… the future positive results. 6. I wasn’t aware … the fact these models no longer exist. 7. We are satisfied … our profits. 8. I’m interested … a career in tourism. 9. The management seems enthusiastic … the opening of a new subsidiary. 10. We are concerned … the problem of theft. 3. Choose the correct variant: 1. I’m angry about/ with them. 2. I’m happy with/ for all the arrangements. 3. I’m happy with/ for Linda. I’ve heard about her promotion. 4. I’m annoyed about/ with this confusion with the suppliers. 5. I’m annoyed about/ with them for sending us the wrong order. 6. I’m sorry for/ about what happened. 7. I’m sorry for/ about the delay.

8. Who is responsible for/ to this mess? 9. The head of the department is responsible for/ to the chief executive officer. 10. High inflation is bad at/ for the economic situation. 4. Finish the following sentences: 1. I’m bored with… 2. I’m fond of … 3. I’m fed up with … 4. I’m afraid of … 5. I’m optimistic about … 6. I’m worried about … 7. I’m annoyed about … 8. I’m interested in … 9. I’m used to … 10. I’m surprised by … 5. Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the list below:

Look for; look after; take up; deal with; hold on; find out; drop off; fill in; give up; go on 1. Did you … why they haven’t arrived? 2. Can you …? I have a call on the other line. 3. Can you … this form with your personal details? 4. If there aren’t any more questions I’ll … with my presentation. 5. You can’t … now. There is only one more week to the presentation. 6. When you are a policeman you … all kind of people. 7. I need to get to the railway station. Can you …me … there? 8. If you put your desk here, it will … all the space left. 9. I can’t remember where I’ve put the red file. Can you help me … for it? 10. I’m going out this evening. Can you … the baby? 6. Choose the correct variant: 1. I heard Siemens is setting up/ down a new plant in Budapest. 2. They say that this large company is laying off/ out 500 workers. 3. Sony is bringing in/ out a new product in September. 4. The workers agreed to call out/ off the strike. 5. The boss put off/ down the meeting because he was busy. 6. Can you throw out/ away this old newspaper? 7. They turned down/ off our offer because of the high price. 8. I’ve turned the TV down/ off because there was nothing interesting on. 9. They took over/ on our company, 10. Can you ring out/up the suppliers?

“Business has only two functions - marketing and innovation.” Peter F. Drucker (1909 - ), American Management Consultant. Writing Task: Make sentences of your own using the following phrasal verbs:

give up; draw up; pick somebody up; drop somebody off; turn on (TV); turn off(TV); can’t do without; call on somebody; break down; look for.

Test 1 (1 hour)

Choose the correct answer: 1. The company ... up a subsidiary in Eastern Europe. a. created b. put c. set d. took 2. This is a great opportunity. You can’t … it away. a. remove b. get c. put d. throw 3. I couldn’t … a. do without my mobile b. do my mobile without c. do without it d. do it without 4. It was a great idea but the board … it down. a. put b. get c. turned d. look 5. I’ll … for a solution but it’s not easy to find one. a. put b. get c. turned d. look 6. The Central Bank tries to … the inflation down. a. control b. keep c. increase d. stop 7. She will … up when no one expects her. a. enter b. get c. turn d. arrive 8. When guests arrive at a hotel hey must … in. a. fill b. come c. get d. check 9. When guests leave a hotel they must … out. a. check b. go c. look d. get 10. Nobody likes to … off their employees, but that’s recession. a. call b. lay c. turn d. put 11. This product is similar … our competitor’s product. a. with b. to c. for d. at 12. His brother is involved … some dirty business, a. in b. to c. with d. on 13. I’m not … on Maths. a. prepared b. interested c. capable d. keen 14. She is … in working in our department. a. fond b. prepared c. interested d. capable 15. She is … of getting up early every day. a. bored b. tired c. pessimistic d. keen 16. They are … about the exam results. a. bored b. tired c. pessimistic d. keen 17. Are you … about that or you have heard it somewhere? a. responsible b. aware c. certain d. afraid 18. I’m annoyed … them for being so inflexible. a. with b. for c. about d. on 19. Susan was very good … all the subjects in school. a. with b. at c. by d. for 20. As an assistant manager I’m responsible directly … the manager. a. for b. at c. by d. to

Test 2

Correct the following sentences: 1. This product is popular for customers with high incomes. 2. Our country is lacking of energy resources. 3. Are you aware by the damaged you have caused? 4. She is interested in invest money. 5. I’m responsible by a team of 3 people. 6. She is bored about her job. 7. They must lay down some workers. 8. The boss will put up the meeting because he is busy. 9. I’ll come on you tonight because I haven’t seen you for a long time. 10. The TV has turned down. It hasn’t been working for 2 days now.

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences: 11. He our offer down turned. 12. drop Can at you drop off me the supermarket? 13. smoking I’ll up give. 14. form Can fill you this in? 15. away Can throw you the rubbish? 16. look my Can for you glasses? 17. I computer can’t without do my. 18. time take This up will much too. 19. complaint Can this you with deal? 20. baby Can after you the look tonight? Test 1 ( Module 9- 1 hour)

Choose the right answer: 1. If we got a virus on the network, we … all our data. a. lose b. will lose c. would lose d. lost 2. If my plane isn’t late, I … in Bucharest at six. a. am b. will be c. would be d. was 3. We would get more customers, if we … more often. a. advertise b. will advertise c. would advertise d. advertised 4. Unless she … the truth, her boss might be very angry. a. didn’t tell b. wouldn’t tell c. told d. would tell 5. We can start the project next week unless anyone ... a. disagrees b. doesn’t disagree c. agrees d. disagree 6. If you … this promotion, you’ll listen to their advice. a. wanted b. will want c. would want d. want 7. You have already finished, … a. have you b. haven’t you? c. finished you d. not finished you? 8. Peter and Jane are too busy to see us, …

a. aren’t Paul and Jane? b. aren’t they? c. are they? d. are Paul and Jane? 9. It wasn’t such an interesting conference, … a. wasn’t it? b. wasn’t the conference? c. was the conference? d. was it? 10. They went to London last year, … a. didn’t they? b. did they? c. went they? d. don’t they? 11. Let’s go to a restaurant tonight, … a. let’s we? b. let’s not? c. don’t we d. shall we? 12. You usually have lunch at this restaurant, … a. do you? b. don’t you? c. did you? d. didn’t you? 13. I’m interested … a career in tourism. a. for b. in c. about d. on 14. The management seems enthusiastic … the opening of a new subsidiary. a. for b. in c. about d. on 15. I’m … about the delay. a. sorry b. surprised c. used d. prepared 16. I’m fed up with … the same kind of work. a. do b. to do c. doing d. to doing 17. I need to get to the railway station. Can you …me … there? a. take up b. pick up c. drop off d. put off 18. I heard Siemens is … a new plant in Budapest. a. setting b. establishing up c. setting up d. building up 19. Can you … the suppliers? a. phone up b. call on c. ting up d. talk 20. The boss … the meeting because he was busy. a. take up b. pick up c. drop off d. put off

Test 2 (Module 9) Complete the sentences with if or unless:

1. Their offices are near here. We’ll walk there, … it isn’t raining. 2. We would get the contract … we had a great team. 3. Come on! … we hurry, we’ll miss the plane. 4. … you have questions, please call me. 5. What would you do … they didn’t sign the contract? 6. I can’t take a decision … I see all the figures.

Correct the following sentences: 7. She wasn’t aware about her own powers. 8. Our company is lacking of good staff. 9. The suite is suitable to families. 10. Can you look the baby after? 11. I’ll deal this complaint with. 12. If I am you, I wouldn’t go there. 13. If prices rised, people would be unhappy. 14. You have a reservation, haven’t you? 15. You haven’t seen my pen, do you? 16. We must tell her, aren’t we?

17. If I finish this on time, I went to a party. 18. They set down the meeting for two o’clock. 19. The company will lay out 100 workers. 20. Hold out a minute! I’ll be right back.

Module 10 • Objectives: revision of tenses and of the vocabulary. • What you should know at the end of this module: all the vocabulary and grammar

included. • What skills you will have at the end of this module: to speak and write fluently

and correctly.

Unit 10.1 Revision and Stress • Objectives: revision • What you should know at the end of this unit: all the grammar and vocabulary

included. • What abilities /skills you will have at the end of this unit: to speak and write

fluently and correctly • Content of the unit: study time- no more than 3 hours:

Revision Revise all the tenses starting with Module 1 and then go to the exercises below.

1. Fill in the gaps with the Present Simple or the Present Continuous of the verbs in the brackets:

1. What … (you/ do)? - I’m a student. 2. What … (you. do?). - I’m watching TV. 3. I … (not speak) Spanish but I … (understand) French. 4. I … (talk) to a client right now. 5. She … (not like) meeting new people. 6. He … (live) in London. 7. I … (stay) at the Marriott Hotel until Friday. 8. Where … (be) you from? 9. He … (be) from Argentina. 10. Jane … (usually/ arrive) early, but today she … (be) late. 2. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: 1. It’s 19.45. It’s a quarter past eight. 2. It’s 13.25. It’s twenty five to two. 3. They are Britishes students. 4. There is many cars in the parking lot.

5. There is people in the street. 6. Mens usually watch football. 7. Not sell your car! 8. They talk about Womens and childrens’ rights. 9. Those people are some of my usuals customers. 10. There one person in the room. 3. Fill in the gaps with the Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple, or Present Perfect

Continuous of the verbs in the brackets: 1. I… (wait) here for two hours and he isn’t coming. 2. She … (order) the googds yet. 3. When … (you / last/ see) her? 4. … (see/ Helen) this week? 5. How long … (you/ work) here? 6. Peter … (stop) drinking three years ago. 7. I … (not talk) to her for five years. 8. She … (not be) in this town since she … (be) 20 years old. 9. I last … (buy) a new outfit two years ago. 10. Anna … (come) back from France yesterday. 4. Complete the sentences with a time expression from the list below:

Just; always; for; since; yet; already; ever; never; so far; often 1. I’ve lived in Timisoara … 1983. 2. Thanks for your surprise. I’ve … wanted a surprise party. 3. I’ll start reading something else because I’ve … finished this book. 4. Have you … been to Italy? 5. He can’t be very far. He has … left. 6. Why haven’t’ you talked to him … ? 7. Linda has been with us … two years now. 8. They’ve … watched this show before but they find it interesting. 9. I haven’t found the right slogan; and I’ve been listening to more than 50 … . 10. I’ve … dreamed about going to California. 5. Choose the correct variant (Future Simple, be going to or Present Continuous): 1. Wait for me. I’ll be/ I am being ready in a moment. 2. The visitors will arrive/ are arriving at 10 o’clock. 3. Justin will/ is going to probably get the job. 4. Helen is going to / will lend me a copy of the report this afternoon. 5. I’m meeting/ I’ll meet Jane tonight. 6. The flight will/ is going to probably be delayed. 7. What are you doing/ will you do tonight? 8. The phone is ringing – I’m answering/ I’ll answer it. 9. I’m thirsty. – I’m going to / I’ll bring you a glass of water. 10. We are going to/ will probably go to Spain next year. 6. Choose the correct variant (Modal verbs):

1. Anne isn’t in her office. She can/ must be at lunch. 2. I think you must/ have to listen to them 3. I might/ can be able to help you but I’m not sure. 4. She has/ should see a doctor. 5. We don’t must/ have to bring anything. 6. You mustn’t/ haven’t leave your valuables in the hotel room. 7. Can/ Must I help you? 8. May/ Should I suggest the soup of the day? 9. He doesn’t should/ shouldn’t smoke so much. 10. I’m afraid I can/ can’t help you. 7. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in the brackets (infinitive or

verb-ing; Verb patterns): 1. I can’t afford … (eat) out every night. 2. Do you mind … (call) back in half an hour? 3. He wants … (come) with us tomorrow. 4. I tried … (explain) everyting to her but she didn’t listen. 5. I can’t stand people … (talk) all the time. 6. If she doesn’t answer, keep on … (try) 7. I’ve arranged … (meet) them at the airport. 8. I can’t manage … (find) her. She must be really busy. 9. I enjoyed … (meet) your family. 10. The manager refused … (see) me. 8. Match the beginning of a sentence from A with its ending from B:

A B 1. In my job I deal 2. Here is the form. Can you fill 3. I take care of the retail part of the

business and Anne looks 4. You must find Linda. I can’t do 5. The larger companies will take 6. Can you pick me 7. Can you drop me 8. The doctor says I should give 9. I don’t know his number. Look it 10. I can’t make the meeting on

Thursday. Can we put

a. with all kind of people. b. after the wholesale side. c. without her on the negotiation

team d. up smoking. e. it in and sign, please? f. it off to Friday? g. over smaller ones. h. up from the airport? i. off at the police station? j. up in the phone directory.

9. Answer the following questions:

1. Where are you from? 2. When is your birthday? 3. How old are you? 4. What time is your favourite programme on? 5. How much is a cup of coffee? 6. What do you usually do on weekends?

7. What did you do yesterday? 8. What have you done this week? 9. What are you doing right now? 10. What have you been doing for the past few hours? 11. Where do you have to go tomorrow? 12. What should you do tomorrow? 13. What do you want to do this week? 14. What will you probably do next week? 15. What are you going to do on your summer holiday? “Brain cells create ideas. Stress kills brain cells. Stress is not a good idea.” Richard Saunders, singer


Stress and People at Work Stress is a perfectly natural part of living. Crossing a road, going to a party, driving a car, these are all stressful activities. We live in a fast-moving age, so we must learn how to relax properly. Here are some of the most common symptoms of stress: sleeping badly, poor appetite or overeating, drinking too much alcohol, difficulty in concentrating. Long-term stress is associated with high blood pressure, headaches and heart disease. But how do you deal with these problems? The average business person often doesn’t have time to sit down and work out answers. But if you want to survive, you have to know how to cope with stress. First, take up a hobby, if possible an active outdoor activity. You won’t worry about your problems when you are concentrating on a hobby that really interests you. You must take plenty of exercise. This will keep you fit and should also help you sleep better. At work, it’s important to make lists of tasks that you need to complete during the day. Set realistic deadlines that you are sure to achieve. It’s essential to take proper breaks during the day, so that you don’t become too tired. Learn to say ‘no’, if you think your colleagues ask for unreasonable things. And don’t forget that laughter is the best medicine. But what do you if your workplace is statistically number one when speaking about violence and stress? Within the European Union, the hotel and catering industry has been identified as the industry with the most physical violence. Staff may work in very stressful conditions, very often having contact with drunken clients and customers. For example, half of all recorded incidents of violence in Norway happen inside or directly outside hotels, inns, restaurants, etc and are largely connected with abuse of alcohol or drugs. Other specific factors of violence in this industry are unusual working hours (night work); persons working alone; vulnerability of young employees, with little experience and little training; a majority of female and a large proportion of migrant workers. Nevertheless, over the past few years therapeutic tourism has become an alternative form of tourism. Services and facilities should provide a relaxing environment for tourists and these services range from socializing to relieving stress by doing massage, for example. Is it therapeutic for the staff working in the tourist industry, too?

When we speak about stress-free activities, we speak about traveling. And traveling was a form of leisure for the upper classes, which used to go to warmer climates during the winter to get away from the bad weather in the cities. Nowadays, traveling is a very popular way to spend your leisure time. Each year people spend billions of dollars in the travel and tourism industry. From the spring break trips to Cancun, Mexico and Hawaii, to vacations in the Swiss Alps and safaris in Africa, people travel to relieve some of the stress that they experience in their every day work and home lives. Unfortunately, many places that people go to relieve the stress from their lives are simulations of stress-free environments. For instance, you can be in Las Vegas, Nevada and be dining in a French café in Paris, or in Disney World standing outside a European castle while enjoying the Florida sunshine. In conclusion, try to relax wherever and whenever you can, and don’t let the modern type of life take over. You can manage stress starting today if you enjoy every bit of your free time.

Test 1 (1 hour) (Writing Task) Answer the following questions about the text above:

1. Do you feel stressed? 2. Name some stressful activities for you. 3. Name some medical problems related to stress. 4. How can you reduce stress at work? 5. Statistically, which is one of the most stressful industries? Why? 6. What is therapeutic tourism? 7. What do people do to relax? 8. Can you really have diner in a French cafe and be in Las Vegas at the same time? 9. Do you have a hobby that helps you reduce stress? What is it? 10. Is traveling, in your opinion, a good way to reduce stress? Why/why not? Test 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian: 1. Crossing a road, going to a party, driving a car, these are all stressful activities. 2. We live in a fast-moving age, so we must learn how to relax properly. 3. Long-term stress is associated with high blood pressure, headaches and heart disease. 4. Set realistic deadlines that you are sure to achieve. 5. Staff may work in very stressful conditions, very often having contact with drunken clients and customers. 6. Other specific factors of violence in this industry are unusual working hours (night work); persons working alone; vulnerability of young employees, with little experience and little training; a majority of female and a large proportion of migrant workers. 7. Traveling was a form of leisure for the upper classes, which used to go to warmer climates during the winter to get away from the bad weather in the cities. 8. Nowadays, traveling is a very popular way to spend your leisure time. 9. Unfortunately, many places that people go to relieve the stress from their lives are simulations of stress-free environments. 10. You can manage stress starting today if you enjoy every bit of your free time.

Test 1 (Module 10- 2 hours)

Choose the right answer: 1. How … you spell your name? a. am b. is c. are d. do 2. What time is it? - It’s half past eleven p.m. a. 23.30 b. 11.15 c. 23.15 d. 11.30 3. What time is it? - It’s ten to eight a.m. a. 8.11 b. 8.10 c. 7. 49 d. 7.50 4. … is my brother. He is a marketing assistant. a. this b. that c. these d. those 1. I have a cat. It is … cat. a. my b. your c. its d. his 2. We like … good books. a. read b. reading c. not read d. no read 3. I never … to the seaside. a. not go b. don’t go c. go d. going 4. I usually arrange … at hotels. a. accommodations b. informations c. accommodation d. information 5. I give … about destinations around the world. a. accommodations b. informations c. accommodation d. information 10. There is … on the balcony. I think it is John. a. something b. someone c. anything d. anyone 11. There are … lovely flowers in the garden. a. no b. some c. something d. any 12. Heathrow is … international airport. a. some b. any c. a d.an 13. I want … newspaper. a. some b. any c. a d.an 14. Where can I find a supermarket? - …right at the second street. a. Turn b. Turns c. Turning d. Don’t turn 15. The bank is … ahead, in front of you. a. left b. near c. along d. straight 16. Can you meet me tonight? a. Not. b. I can’t. c. I don’t. d. I’m afraid I can’t. 17. May I … you to your room? a. take b. taking c. takesd. to take 18. … coffee do you drink a day? a. how much b. how many c. a lot of d. a little of 19. I … you are a finance manager. a. understanding b. am understanding c. understand d. understands 20. My train … at 7.00. a. is leave b. leave c. is leaving d. leaves 21. What do you do? – I … an engineer. a. be b. am being c. am d. being 22. What are you doing? – I … TV. a. watch b. watching c. watches d. am watching. 23. She … playing football.

a. isn’t liking b. not likes c. not like d. doesn’t like 24. The negotiations ... very well. a. going b. are going c. goes d. is going 25. … I turn off the TV? a. Have to b. May not c. Don’t have to d. Can 26. You … serve alcohol to people under 18. a. mustn’t b. must c. don’t must d. may 27. You don’t look very well. You … see a doctor. a. can b. may c. should d. have 28. Your money … on the table. a. is b. are c. do d. does 29. He … teaching students and not children. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 30. My parents … run a pub. a. is used to b. used to c. can d. cannot 31. She …the book yesterday. a. buyed b. buy c. buys d. bought 32. Someone… him the recipe last year. a. gave b. gaved c. given d. gived 33. They …their car last year. a. not sold b. not sell c. didn’t sold d. didn’t sell 34. … you have coffee for breakfast yesterday morning? a. did b. do c. does d. is 35. We always go away … weekends. a. at b. on c. in d. ago 36. This Christmas I … probably on a trip to Greece. a. am going to go b. am going c. will go d. go 37. They … for dinner tomorrow at 7.00. a. are coming b. are going to come c. coming d. come 38. I didn’t meet my friends last night. a. I do. b. I not. c. Me too. d. Me neither. 39. I spend too much money. a. Me too. b. Me neither c. I do. d. I did. 40. I … arrive until 7.00. a. willn’t b. won’t c. don’t will d. not will 41. Your homework was … hers. a. better b. gooder c. gooder than d. better than 42. Nothing is … than being stuck in a traffic jam. a. worse b. worst c. bad d. badder 43. After … a long time he didn’t recognize me. a. so b. such c. too d. enough 44. Today is … than yesterday. a. more hotter b. much hotter c. much hottest d. more hottest 45. She left work early …the shopping. a. do b. make c. to do d. to make 46. No, I’ve never … there

a. been b. went c. was d. existed 47. Profits have… since he resigned. a. fell b. felt c. falled d. fallen 48. I … for him since 1 o’clock. It’s 1.45 and he hasn’t arrived yet. a. have waited b. have been waited c. have been waiting d. have waiting. 49. Nobody saw you, … a. did they? b. didn’t they? c. did nobody? d. didn’t nobody? 50. If we had any free room, we … offer it to you. a. will b. would c. should d. let

Test 2 (Module 10) Correct the following sentences:

1. My sisters name is Linda. 2. People English are nice. 3. Does he is your brother? 4. He don’t work for Volkswagen. 5. She is usually going shopping on Friday. 6. They watch TV right now. 7. When do you last see a film? 8. This book is me. 9. This people are waiting for you. 10. I am waiting here for half an hour. 11. Why do you come from? – I come from Spain. 12. I haven’t never seen such a thing. 13. Let’s go home, will we? 14. I haven’t met you before, haven’t I? 15. I must to speak to you. 16. The hotel is more farer than I expected. 17. She is more tall then her brother. 18. They are so disappointed as you. 19. She is interested about your work, 20. What did you do lately?

Module 11 APPLYING FOR A JOB

11.1 Complete the paragraph using the words below: covering letter position apply offer CV (Am. English: resume) advertisement interview application forms candidate After reading an ………….. in a newspaper, my brother decided to …………. for a job. He is going to fill in the ………….. , send his …………..and the …………… If he is a good ………….. , he will be shortlisted for the …………… If the interview is a success, they will …………..him the ………….. . 11.2 If you want to apply for a job and you don’t know how to find the words to “sell yourself”, look at the following list and complete the sentences. reliable hard-working persuasive good track record dynamic mother tongue PC literate highly motivated highly qualified good command good career prospects good interpersonal skills

1. Others can count on you. You are a ………….. person. 2. You are ambitious and you want to gain a promotion. You want a job with

………….. . 3. You know how to communicate to others, how to build relationships. You have

………….. . 4. You have omputer skills, so you are ………….. . 5. You don’t hesitate to work whenever necessary. You are a ………….. . 6. You are very interested in the job. You are ………….. . 7. You have a successful working experience. You have a ………….. . 8. You act as an energiser for your team. You are …………… 9. You were born and brought up in Romania. Romanian is your ………….. . 10. You speak English very well. You have a ………….. of English. 11. You know how to make people change their minds. You are a ………….. person. 12. You graduate from one of the best universities in the country and you attended a

lot of international conferences. You are ………….. . 11.3 Look at these common interview questions. Then, write down your possible replies.

1. What would your strengths and weaknesses be? 2. How hav you changed over the past three years?

3. How do you spend your free time? What is your hobby? 4. How do you react to stress? 5. How do you work in a team? 6. Have you ever been out of work? Why? 7. Which newspapers do you read? Why? 8. What would you like to achieve in the next five years? 9. What do you know about our organisation? 10. What sort of salary are you expecting? 11. Have you got any questions for us?

11.4 Look at the following list of tips for a successful job interview and rank them as:

x not necessary + quite important ++ important +++ very important 1. Forget your personal style, and dress for the job you want. 2. Remove all jewelry before the interview. 3. Arrive on time or even 10 minutes earlier. 4. When invited to take a seat, turn the chair 45 degree (as a sign of self-confidence). 5. Don’t sit on the edge of the chair and don’t make yourself too comfortable by

stretching and leaning back. 6. Don’t study the pictures on the walls, or look at your fingernails or shoes. 7. Cross your legs at the foot or at the lower leg, not at the knee. 8. Listen attentively during the interview. 9. Smile, nod and give other non-verbal feedback to the interviewer. 10. Have a firm handshake. 11. Think about the worst question you can face in an interview. 12. Ask about the next step in the process.

11.5 A good and effective CV is the best way of insuring that you make it to the interviews. Look at the following example and then put up your own CV. Follow the advice given at the end.

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA Marius COMAN Date and place of birth 17 Jan. 1972; Brasov, Romania Permanent address 24 Coralia street, Brasov, Romania Current address 45 Simion Barnutiu 300452 Timisoara Telephone number +40 256 225 224 0748 555 325 (mobile) E-mail [email protected] Nationality Romanian Citizenship Romanian Marital status Single, no children EDUCATION 1995 – MA in European Studies, Central European University, Budapest 1994 – Faculty of Accounting and Finance, University of the West, Timisoara WORKING EXPERIENCE 1995 – present: Assistant Manager, Euro Hotel Timisoara OTHER QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS Foreign Languages English – Fluent (The Cambridge Business English Certificate, Higher) Italian – good knowledge PC Literate Driving Licence INTERESTS Current affairs I am a keen observer of international politics and a reader

of the Economist Sports Ski, mountain climbing Travel I have travel around Central Europe, and I am familiar with

the political and social problems of this region. REFERENCES Available on request

• Always give yourself plenty of time to prepare your CV. • Gather and study all the information you need about the job and the organisation

you plan to apply to; - tailor your CV to the needs of your prospective employer! • Be consistent in the way in which you present your material • Make youself come alive as a person rather than just a list of facts. • Don’t use more than two sheets of A4 paper • Use good quality paper and don’t write on the back of the sheet • Don’t use abbreviations • Don’t forget what you have written. • Write your first name first, surname second • List your education and working experience in reverse chronological order • The layout of your CV creates an immediate impression. Make sure that your

different sections are identifiable by the reader. Use bold to highlight headings or dates

Module 12 THE BUSINESS LETTER

12.1 A letter has two purposes. It is both a messenger and an ambassador. As a messenger, it carries what you want to say, as an ambassador it carries your image, the image of your organisation or of the firm for which you work. Therefore, when you write a business letter, remember that what is written is as vital as how it is presented. There are various styles appropriate to business letters. These styles are constantly changing in line with different international business practices and new language developments. However, a good business letter should aim to be:

accurate brief clear positive simple polite

12.2 The parts of a businessletter are as follows:

A. The letterhead A proper business letter should be written on a special sheet of paper with a printed heading that includes the company’s name, address, telephone and fax numbers, e-mail address, etc. If a letterhead is not available, the sender’s name and contacts will be written. B. Address

Immediately under the letterhead, comes the name and the address of the person to which the letter is being sent to. C. Date D. Beginning E. Body of the letter F. Ending G. Signature + name + title

Look at the following letters and identify the above labels: A letter of application: Ina Muntean tel. 0256 366 235 e-mail: [email protected] Modern Graphics Lucian Blaga 4 300 256 Timisoara 25 October 2007 Dear Ms. Jones, I am writing in response to your advertisement for a Personal Assistant to the Managing Director. I am enclosing a copy of my CV, that will give you the details of my qualifications and experience. As you will see, I have had 4 years experience of working in a business environment and I have attended several training courses in both Public Relations and Business English. Although I didn’t have to travel in my previous job, I would appreciate the opportunity. I will be available for interview at any time. Looking forward to hearing from you. Sincerely yours, Ina Muntean

A letter of enquiry Johnson & Partners 15 River street Reading 4 BG Tel/fax +(00) 44 588 121 419 IT Studio 45 North Road Port City C18 4 April 2007 Dear Sir or Madam, We are interested in purchasing a new set of laptops for our company and would like to receive details of your range of products, prices and terms of delivery. Sincerely Yours, Ana Janson, Purchasing Manager There are several ways of starting a letter. Consider the following: Dear Sir - to a man, if you don’t know his name Dear Madam - to a woman, if you don’t know her name Dear Sir or Madam - in a situation in which you don’t know whether the person you

are writing to is a woman or a man

Dear Mr. Perkins - to a man (you know his name) Dear Mrs. Morgan - to a woman (you know her name) Dear Ms. Blake - you don’t know her marital status Dear Alice - to a friend or a rather well-known acquaintance However, when you write a business letter, it is advisable that you find out the recipient’s name, rather than begin the letter with Dear Sir or Madam. In letter writing certain endings correspond to certain beginnings. Study the following chart: Business letters Beginnings Endings (US) Endings (GB) Dear Ms. Smith Sincerely yours Yours sincerely Dear Mr. White Yours truly Dear Sir / Madam Sincerely yours Yours faithfully Personal letters Beginnings Endings Dear Mary Yours Dear John Take care Best wishes

12.3 Rearrange the following items so as to form a letter. Add anything that is missing.

1 Hilda Collins

Hepta Engineering Ltd. 34 Queen’s Square 2 KLN Manchester Tel./fax +44 602 455 218

2 Thank you for your letter of 2 September. I enclose details of our product range, price list and delivery terms as requested.

3 Yours sincerely, 4 58 Aviola

44G Barcelona

5 Looking forward to hearing from you.

6 Dear Ms Sanchez,

7 We are extremely interested in your enquiry and I hope you will be able to visit us

in Barcelona 8 Hilda Collins

Sales Manager

9 Please contact us as soon as you know your itinerary

12.4 A letter of application is normally your first introduction to a possible employer. A letter badly written creates a poor impression; a neat and coherent letter, well-organised and presented makes a favourable impression. Write a letter of application in reply to a job advertisement for the position of sales representative. Make sure the following facts are included:

• Reference to the advertisement • Education • Relevant training and qualifications • Previous employment and work experience • Willingness to attend the interview

Documents

FIRST STEPS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH - file.ucdc.rofile.ucdc.ro/cursuri/T_1_n15_Limba_engleza.pdf.pdf · Gramatica limbii engleze . Editura Mondero, Bucure şti. 18. Lodge, P., Wright-