FIR Fuel Activator FIR Fuel Activator ®

Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (U.S.A.) Save fuelSave fuelSave the EarthSave the Earth

Dr. Albert C. Wey

IR-Excitation for Improved HC Fuel Combustion Efficiency of Engines

(a review)

An Invisible Story

Introduction

• How infrared works to improve fuel combustion

• Underlying science testified by academic

• Fuel saving effect verified by accredited testing facilities

• The IR application in SCR of NOx

• Summary

IR-Fuel Technology Review

• In Organic Chemistry HC molecules are IR-active and absorb 3 – 20 μm

IR photons causing vibrations.

• In Photoselective Chemistry Lab dynamics studies have demonstrated

increasing reactant vibrational energy is most effective at promoting reaction.

• Known IR-Technology IR-Emitters have been widely used for agricultural

applications in Japan.

EM-Wave Caused Excitations

Change in Electron

Distribution

Affect Molecular Structure

Change in Direction

Change in Self-spin

InnerElectron

Transition

OuterElectron

TransitionMolecularVibration

MolecularRotation

ElectronSelfSpin

NuclearMagnetic

Resonance

Wavelength (nm)

Frequency (Hz)

MICRO WAVE

RADIO WAVEINFRARED

VISIBLEUV

X–RAY

Γ-RAY

IR Classification• Visible lights: 0.3 – 0.7 μm

• Infrared: 0.83 – 1,000 μm– Near IR: 0.83 – 2.0 μm– Mid IR: 2 – 4 μm– Far IR: 4 – 1,000 μm(Ref.: “Quanta”, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991)

• NASA Classification– Near IR: 0.83 – 3.0 μm– Mid IR: 3 – 25 μm– Far IR: 25 – 1,000 μm

• Desired wavelength band: 3 – 20 μm

A Quantum Mechanic view

it absorbs IR at 7.66 μm to jump to v4 orbit, causing bending vibration,

Molecular energy levels

absorbing IR photon causes molecular vibration.

Using methane as an example,

Bending v4 = 1305 cm-1

(7.66 μm)

Asymmetric stretching

v3 = 3012 cm-1

(3.32 μm)

and absorbs 3.32 μm IR to jump to v3 orbit, causing stretching vibration.

Energy level diagram

Molecular Vibrations

• IR radiation can cause excitation of quantized molecular vibration states.

• Vibration frequency can be determined by Hooke’s Law:

ω = (1/2 πc) [ k /m ] ½

ω = vibration frequencies c = speed of light (3 x 1010 cm/s) k = force constant

m = mass Single Harmonic Oscillation

Vibrations of Benzene C6H6

Single Harmonic Oscillator(There are 30 possible modes)

= 10.1 m = 6.27 m = 16.5 m

Benzene: 30 Vibrational Modes

The pathways for collision-induced intermolecular vibrational energy transfer from the 61 level of 1B2u benzene

For your information

Symmetrical Stretching

Anti-symmetrical Stretching

Scissoring

WaggingRocking Twisting

molecules vibrate in 6 ways:

H–Csp3

stretching

C–Hstretching

O–Hstretching

C2H5OH

203 10

C–Cstretching

Wavelength, μm

C–Hbending

–CH2bending

–CH3bending

The following spectral info is called “Infrared Finger Prints”

Functional GroupsSignature Zone

6

IR-Absorption Profile

First, look at “Functional Group Region”. It contains C-H bonds and O-H bond; it must be one of “alcohols”

alcohol+ ethane =

ethanol

Now, look at “Signature Region”. The -CH3 bond and -CH2 bond suggest it contains “ethane”

So, it must be

The consequence of Vibrations

Activation Barrier

IR-ExcitedHC molecule

Regular HC Molecule

Ei

Reaction Rate: W = k e – E / RT

in Quantum Mechanics

Er

With IR-excitation,

HC molecule absorbs photons to increase vibrational states;

It reduces the activation energy

Er required for overcoming Activation Barrier

so that the reaction rate W is increased. Therefore,

IR-excitation can increase chemical reaction rate

K: constant T: Temperature

Reaction Profile

Dual-band IR-Emitter approachConventional Japanese 8 – 20 μm IR Emitter

contains 2 MgO . 2 Al2O3 . 5 SiO2

but, we add zirconia to make a new 8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter

We also add CoO to make a3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter

8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter

3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter

We use a “dual-band” approach to cover the entire 3 – 20 μm range.

Key elements of IR-emitters

Transition Metals

When the excited electron returns to its initial level, it emits an IR photon in 3 - 20 μm wavelength, depending on the elements used.

The oxides of transition metals have such a unique property:

Its constituent electrons can be thermally agitated to a neighboring higher energy level;

No additional energy source is required and it lasts forever.

As such, the IR-emitter absorbs radiation heat and converts the heat into IR photons.

The Innovative Concept

Step 1: IR-Emitter absorbs engine heat.

Step 2: IR-Emitter emits 3 – 20 μm IR.

Step 3: IR excites HCmolecules in fuel.

Heat EnergyRecycling

IR-Emitter

IR-excited fuel combusts Efficiently

In cylinders

In engine applications,

It starts with placing IR-Emitters on a supply fuel line.

IR-Emitter serves as an energy conversion system.

The basic Science has been verified by

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

Proving the ScienceMethane-Air Counter-Flow Flame ExperimentMethane-Air Counter-Flow Flame Experiment

Air

Methane

Zucrow Lab, Purdue UniversityPurdue University

Flow = 10 cm/s

Air

MethaneFlame

LaminarFlame

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Mole Fraction

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Count, ppm

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Mole Fraction

Fuel Duct …....… X, mm …….... Air Duct

NOBaseline

NOIR-Excited

CH4Baseline

CH4IR-Excited

Experimental results

CO2IR-Excited

COIR-Excited

IR-ExcitationIR-Excitation makes fuel

combust combust fasterfaster and

more completelymore completelythat results in• 8% Less Fuel Consumption• 25% Less CO emissions• 15% Less NO emissions

Thanks to Purdue’s experimental verification

science is served!science is served!

Summary of Observations

Carbon Monoxide

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Time (sec)

Count (ppm)

More Complete Combustion

on Chrysler 2.5 L, 4-cyl. gas engine

Prof. Keshav Varde

Baseline

IR-excited

Nicolet FT-IR ExhaustEmissions Analyzer

University of Michigan-DearbornUniversity of Michigan-Dearborn

Result: FIRFIR reduced COCO 3030 %% (i.e. burn more completely)

at 1,800 RPM and 20 ft-lb load

using COCO as an indicator of combustion completenesscombustion completeness

CO counts (ppm) real time scan plot

More Engine and Beta-Site Tests

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400

Engine Speed, RPM

SFC, lb/hp-hr

GM Quad-4 Gas Engine

RPM 1800 2200 3000

Measured Specific Fuel Consumption (unit: lb/hp-hr)

Baseline

IR-Excited

on a GM Quad-4, 4 cyl. 2.4 L gasoline engine

Results: FIR reduced 6.2 % specific fuel consumption

Change - 6.8 % - 6.7 % - 5.0%w/ FIR 0.7839 0.7852 0.7693

Baseline 0.8369 0.8381 0.8072

Tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University

NO & CO Emissions

Speed, RPM 1500 2000 2500

Speed, RPM 1500 2000 2500

NO Measurement

(ppm)

CO Measurement (ppm)

PowerTek Single Cylinder Dynomometer

13 in3 7.5 HP

tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University

Result: FIR simultaneously reduced CO and NO emissions

average reduced 14.5%

average reduced 10.2%

Baseline 542 1051 1596

with FIR 468 820 1472

Change -13.7 % -22.0 % -7.8 %

Baseline 254 95 37

with FIR 247 79 33

Change -2.8 % -16.8 % -10.8 %

on a single-cylinder enigne with propane fuel

U.S. EPA Standard Test

Test Item HC CO NOx CO2 MPG

Test Item HC CO NOx CO2 MPG

tested at AutoResearch Lab (Harvey, IL), an EPA-recognized Lab

FTP– Federal Test Procedure (City Driving)

HFET– Highway Fuel Economy Test

on a V8, 4.6L Mercury Grand Marquis at 16,300 odometer mileage

Result: FIR increased fuel economy and reduced all emissions

Baseline 0.208 2.709 0.362 520.74 16.98

Baseline 0.084 1.227 0.342 330.39 26.84

With FIR 0.130 1.776 0.196 438.29 20.22

With FIR 0.069 0.993 0.280 281.41 31.52

Change - 37.5% - 34.4% - 45.9% - 15.8% + 19.1%

Change - 17.9% - 19.1% - 18.1% - 14.6% + 17.4%

Save FuelReduce CO2

Heat Release in Cylinders

0

1.8

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Heat ReleaseKJ / c.a. deg.

Crank Angle, deg.

regular diesel

IR-excited diesel

IR-excitation improves engine performance on the basis of that it changes heat allocation in engine cylinders.

more heat is released within 15o TDC to do mechanical work

and less heat released in later cycle as heat loss for heating exhaust gas (EG)

Result: increased power and reduced specific fuel consumption

With IR-excited diesel,

Torque/Power Dyno Test

1900cc Multi-jet turbo-diesel4 cyl., 110 kW @4000 rpmOdometer: 110,000 km

at Carburatori Bergamo, ITALY on 7/20/2007

0

25

50

75

100

125

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Speed, RPM

Power, kW

Result: FIR increased torque & power significantly

Measured Power at 6th Gear (ratio 0.614:1)

with FIR

Baseline

2004 Alfa Romeo 147 JTD

Diesel Emissions: NOx & Smoke

Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60 Avg.

Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60 Avg.

(a) NOx Emissions, ppm

(b) Smoke Emissions, % Opacity

Iveco Motor Co. (Nanjing, China)4.2 Ton Light-Duty Pickup4 cyl. 2.8 L Diesel Engine (max. 78 KW) with a 60 Nm load

Result: FIR simultaneously reduced smoke and NOx.

tested at Shanghai Vehicle Performance Testing Center

Baseline 642 567 505 431

Baseline 16.6 15.8 10.6 6.6

With FIR 12.4 11.2 7.3 6.0

Change - 6.8% - 6.5% - 8.3% - 4.6%

Change - 25.3% - 29.1% - 31.1% - 9.1%

With FIR 598 530 463 410

- 6.6%

- 23.7%

School Bus Road Tests

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Odometer mileage

Fuel economy MPG

FIR installed on 10/14/05

FIR removed on 5/8/06

2004 International School Bus CEVT365 diesel engine V8, 6.0 L with EVRT

6.235.67 mpg

5.40

Result: FIR improved fuel economy 12 %

Greenwood Community Schools (Indiana)

The re-fueling records indicated

Baseline

Diesel Trucks Fleet Test

Test Tractor #: 2066* 2086 2246 2320 2325 2398 Averageor Total

2005 Kenworth T600A Tractor

Cummins ISX475 15 L, 475 HP

HD diesel engine

4 sets FIR installed

Result: FIR saved 7.8% fuel, or 105 gallons per tractor per month

Heritage Transport, LLC. (Indianapolis, Indiana)

5/12/07 Baseline MPG 6.84 6.20 6.84 6.57 7.88 6.51

6/13 – 11/9 w/FIR MPG 6.67 6.69 7.38 7.26 8.19 7.05

Drive Distance, miles 50560 49689 40487 46912 46608 36054

Fuel Used, gallons 7922 7430 5486 6459 5692 5114 30181

MPG Change % -2.5 % 7.9 % 7.9 % 10.6 % 4.0 % 8.4 % 7.8 %Fuel Saved, gallons no FIR 587 433 685 228 430 2363

Truck #2066 serves as Controller, no FIR installed

Municipal Buses in Albania

Result: FIR helped save 6.2 %6.2 % fuel

Municipal Bus Service of the City of Valona (2/5/2008)

FIAT Bus with an

Iveco 12 L diesel engine

Fuel consumption dropped from 48.0 L/100km to 45.2 L/100km

4 IR-Emitters installed

Power Generator on Train

Sistemi Territoriali S.p.A., Italy

Caterpillar 3512 DI-TA12 cyl, 51.8 L Diesel Engine1,450 KW Power Generator

Result: FIR helped save 6 % fuel, or 5,000 Euros per month

15 far-IR Emittes installed on

Cargo Ship in Shanghai, China

Result: FIR helped save about 5 %5 % fuel

Transporting between Shanghai and Tianjin (1/5/2008)

Cargo Ship with anDong-Fong 10 L diesel engine

The generator consumes fuel at a rate of ¼ ton a day

15 sets IR-Emitters installed

Many users have it !

Emission Regulation

For Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Urea-SCR NOx System

Installation on Truck

System Diagram

Urea-SCR Strategy

To set free NH3 from urea by:

CO(NH2)2 → HNCO + NH3 ……. (thermolysis)

HNCO → NH3 + CO2 ………………. (hydrolysis)

The NH3 radical then reacts with NO and NO2

6 NO + 4 NH3 → 5 N2 + 6 H2O

6 NO2 + 8 NH3 → 7 N2 + 12 H2O

IR Excitation Examples:–HNCO– vibrates at 3.23 – 3.26, 6.45 – 6.62 μm

–NH2 at 3.029 (symmetric), 3.106 (asymmetric), 6.680 μm (bending)

biuret (NH2CONHCONH2) vibrates at 4.72 – 4.93, 6.80 – 6.92 μm

NOx (HC-SCR) System

2 C3H6 + 18 NO → 9 N2 + 6 H2O + 6 CO 2

For example, the propylene C3H6 reacts with NO

Conclusion: a proven technology

– IR-Excited fuels burn faster, resulting in reduced fuel consumption rate and less CO & NO emissions.

• Using IR photons shorter than 20 μm to excite hydrocarbons for improved combustion efficiency is scientifically predictable.

• We have developed IR-Emitters that absorb radiation heat and emit 3 – 20 μm wavelength IR photons.

– Increased torque/power– Improved fuel economy (up to 20% )– Reduced emissions (up to 46% )

• The underlying science of IR-excitation effect on fuel is verified by methane-air counter-flow flame experiments

• Engine/vehicle test results have demonstrated the IR-Effect on increasing engine efficiency, with

IR Technology Features

• Save fuel (8 – 10%) and reduce same % Greenhouse Gas CO2

• Reduce all tailpipe emissions (up to 40%)

• Increase power/torque (smoother engine)

• Easy installation in minutes

• Inexpensive one time investment and maintenance free

• Lower vehicle maintenance costs, due to less carbon deposits on engine parts and oil

Ever imagine such a simple device can do so much for you and our environment?!

Too good to be true?

Test it for yourself

Your own test counts

Test Results

smoke test printouts

The smoke drops from 1.1 down to 0.5 after installing FIR Fuel Activator.

Dr. Albert Wey (the Inventor) Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (USA)

e-mail: awey@allways.net

Thank You

Please give infrared a chance to prove itself

Contact Information:

Together we can ease Global Warming

An Invisible Story

Dario Franzoni Balos Technology (Italy)

e-mail: info@balostec.it Phone : (+39) 02.320.62.56.31