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FIQH
AS A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPING DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE OF FIQHTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQH
SessionT
hree
SESSIONS
1.What is Social construction?
2.Historiography of Islamic law
3.Developing the Discipline of Fiqh
4.Developing the Authority of Fiqh
• The study of history
• The study of the way history has been written
• The study of the changing interpretations of the events
• Narrative/ Metanarrative
• Historiographical Tradition
• Historiographical Framework4
Session T
wo
FIQH
AS A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPINGDEVELOPINGTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQHTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQH
SessionT
hree
OUTLINE
• Constructive Indices• Defining the EPISTEMOLOGY of Fiqh• Developing the Discipline
• SCOPE
• Classification of subjects
• Curricula: Continuity and Authenticity• Literature: classification and continuity
• Transmitting the Knowledge: Madrasa, Ijaza• Training the Faqih : Profession of Law• Building the Community: Madhhab, guild, Taqlid,
Tabaqat
Fo
rma
tiv
e
/Cla
ssic
al
Pe
rio
d
662-961
Fatwa CentresFatwa Centres
Hadith CentresHadith Centres
Fiqh Schools
minimal advisoryminimal advisory
Fiqh and Hadith[three centuries of Islam]Fiqh Centres and Schools
Medina
• Abu ‘Abdullah Ja’far al-Sadiq (702-765): Ja‘fari School
• Zayd b. Ali (695-740): Zaydi School
• Malik b. Anas (711-795): Maliki School
Mecca
• Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad b. Idris al- Shafi‘i (767-820): Shafi‘i School
Kufa
• Abu Hanifa (699-767): Hanafi School
Baghdad
• Ahmad b. Hanbal (780-855): Hanbali School
Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838- 923): Jariri School
Damascus
• ‘Abd al-Rahman Awza‘i (707-774): Awza‘i School
Basra
• ‘Abdullah b. Ibad (?): Ibadi School
– Abu Da’ud Sulayman al-Sijistani (817-889): Zahiri School
Cairo
– Qadi Nu’man (d. 974), Isma‘ili school
Hadith Collections
1. Malik b. Anas (711-795): al-Muwatta
2. Isma‘il al-Bukhari ( 810-870): Sahih
3. Muslim b. Hajjaj al-Nishapuri (817-875): Sahih
4. Abu Da’ud al-Sijistani (817-889): Sunan
5. Abu ‘Isa al-Tirmidhi (824-892): Jami‘
6. Ibn Majah al-Qazwini(824-887): Sunan
7. Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nasa’i (829-915): Sunan
From Muftis to Madhhabs
• Muftis (661-740): Madina, Makkah, Kufah, Basrah, Syria, Egypt,
Yemen
1. Ibadiya:
‘Abdullah b. Ibad (d. 706), Najd, Basrah
2. Zaydiya: Zayd b. ‘Ali (695-740), Madinah, Kufah
3. Isma‘iliyya: Isma‘il b. Ja’far al-Sadiq(721-755),
Madinah
4. Imamiyya (Ja’fariyya, Ithna ‘ashariyya):
Ja‘far al-Sadiq (702- 765), Madinah
5. Hanafiyya:Nu‘man b. Thabit Abu Hanifa (699-
767), Kufah-Baghdad
6. Awza‘i: Abd al-Rahman Awza‘i (707-774),
Damascus
7. Malikiyya:Malik b. Anas ( 711- 795), Madinah
8. Shafi‘iyya:Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi‘i (767-
820), Gaza, Egypt
9. Hanabila: Ahmad b. Hanbal (780- 855), Basrah,
Baghdad
10. Zahiriyya:Da’ud b. Khalaf (817- 883), Sistan, Basrah
11. Tabariyya:Abu Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir al-
Tabari (838-923), Amul
Madhhab Communities
FORMATIVE CONTEXT
• Quraysh // Non-Quraysh : Arabic Culture• Arab // Non-Arab: Arabic language
• Revelation // Reason : Infallibility• Divine // Human: Shari’a -> Fiqh al-Shari’a
• Qurra, Mufassir, Muhaddith, Katib, Adib, Mutakallim , Faqih, Sufi
• Hadith // Ra’y: Fiqh = Hadith + Ra’y• Text // Practice : Fiqh = Text �� ‘Urf/ ‘Ada• Authenticity // Acceptability: Ijtihad �� Ijma‘
Experts // Commons: Fuqaha/ Mujtahid // muqallid
EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH:
AL-FARABI (d. 950)
Science or Art ? Both. Human/revealed ? Human
•Fiqh = Sana‘a, Art, Skill of deduction•Fiqh: Science of society
•Epistemology: Unity and Hierarchy of Sciences•Sciences:
1. Languages2. Logic3. Applied sciences (Ta‘alim): ‘ilm al-‘Adad, Handasa, Music etc.4. Physics/metaphysics5. Social Sciences: Fiqh, Kalam
EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH:
AL-BAZDAWI (d. 1100)
Fiqh: Science or Art (Skill)? Science/ Human•Al- ‘Ilm fi’l-Din•Special knowledge of Religion: Kitab, Sunna and Ijma’ of the community•Knowledge of the Legal (Shar‘iyya) Rules •Hikma, knowledge of facts, truth
• Ma‘na, ra’y, ‘illa, sabab, ma‘qul, nukta, dalil, nazar, hujja, burhan
Faqih = (metaphorically) One who memorizes the doctrines and insights, even though not the meaning
EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH: AL-GHAZALI
Art/ HumanA‘mal/ Sana‘a, worldly System
• Siyasa• Anbiya• Caliphs, Kings• Ulama• Preachers
•‘Ilm al-Fiqh: sana‘a• ‘ilm dunyawi, mahmud, Shar‘iyya, kifaya
Faqih•Expert in Siyasa and mediation•King’s guide to governance•Governance is not a religious science •Shar‘iyya through Anbiya,
• Ghayr Shar‘iyya: Human reason, experience, social interaction
•Fard ‘ayn contestedTheologians /Jurists /Mufassirun, Muhaddithun /Sufiya
DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
SCOPE
Malik: al-Muwatta’ 8th century: Comprehensive
• Salat, zakat …. [religious rituals]• Nikah, talaq… [family]• Buyu‘, Qirad, musaqat .. [transactions]• Al-Aqdiya, ‘itaq … [judicial]• Al-Hudud, al-ashriba.. [crimes]• Al-Jami‘(Miscellaneous): Ethics, Manaqib
DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE: SCOPE
• Bukhari, Sahih [9th century]
• Wahy, iman, ‘ilm• Salat, zakat…• Buyu‘, shurb ..• Mazalim, Qisas• Bad’ a-khalq, history,..• Tafsir..• Dhaba’ih, ashriba, Tibb,
istidhan
• Ayman• Fara’id• Hudud• Hiyal, • Fitan..• Ahkam• Akhbar al-Ahad• I‘tisam bi’l-kitab wa al-
Sunna• Comprehensive
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• HUDUD IN FIQH Eighth century Malik b. Anas (d. 7950 ), al-Muwatta
• Kitab (book) on Hudud:•• Zina (adultery, rape, fornication), • Qadhf (accusation of Zina, • Sariqa (theft)• Kitab of Ashriba (Drinks):• Hadd for drinking• Kitab of Diyat (Blood-money):• Murder• Injuries
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Ibn Rushd (d. 1198), Bidayat al-Mujtahid• Kitab al-Qisas
1. qatl (murder)2. Jarh (injuries)
• Kitab al-Zina1. Sexual offences
• Kitab al-Qadhf1. Accusation of Zina2. Drinking
• Kitab al-Sariqa1. Theft
• Kitab al-Haraba1. Rebellion2. Apostasy
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Burhanuddin Marghinani (d. 1196), Al-Hidaya
Kitab al-Hudud1. Zina 2. Shurb3. Qadhf
Kitab al-Sariqa (Theft)1. Sariqa,2. Qat‘ al-Tariq (Highway robbery)
Kitab al-Siyar (war, International law)1. Apostasy2. Rebellion
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Wahba al-Zuhayli, Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa adillatuhu, Vol.6
• Chapter 1: Hudud1. Zina2. Qadhf3. Sariqa4. Haraba (robbery and murder)5. Qat‘al-tariq (highway robbery)6. Bughat (rebellion)7. Muskirat (drinking)8. Ridda (apostasy)
• Chapter 2: Ta‘zir• Chapter 3: Janayat (Crimes and offences)
1. Qatl (Murder)2. Jarah (Injuries)3. Ijhad (abortion)4. Crimes against animals
•
SYSTEMATIZATION OF SUBJECT
MATTER
FiqhFiqh
‘IBADAT/Rights of
God
‘IBADAT/Rights of
God
Mu‘amalat
Rights of
Men
Mu‘amalat
Rights of
Men
• Purification• Salat• Sawm• Zakat • Hajj
• Purification• Salat• Sawm• Zakat • Hajj
Munakahat [ personal laws]Munakahat [ personal laws]
Mu‘amalat, Contracts, PropertyMu‘amalat, Contracts, Property
Janayat/ Penalties [Hudud/
/Qisas/Ta‘zirat]
Janayat/ Penalties [Hudud/
/Qisas/Ta‘zirat]
CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL
VALUES/ LEGALITY
Al-Ahkam al-Taklifiya
1. Wajib/Fard2. Mustahab/ Mandub3. Mubah4. Makruh5. Haram
Al-Ahkam al-Wad‘iya
• 1)Cause (Sabab)• 2) Condition (Shart)• 3) Hindrance (Mani‘)• 4) Strict law (‘Azimah)
and concessionary lay (Rukhsah)
• 5) Valid, irregular and void (Sahih, Fasid and Batil)
CATEGORIZING LEGALITY:
AL-HUKM AL-TAKLIFI
Halal
0Mubah
CATEGORIZING LEGALITY: AHKAM
0Halal Haram
Mubah
Wajib Mandub Makruh Haram
Shafi‘i School
HANAFI SCHOOL[QUR’AN/SUNNA]
0Halal
Haram
Mubah
WajibFard
Tanzihi Tahrimi
Sunna ghayr mu’akkada
Mubah
Wajib Mandub Makruh Haram
Sunna Mu’akkada
DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
HANAFI LITERATURE
• Kutub Zahir al-Riwaya, Usul, Masa’il al-Usul• Six books of Imam Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Shaybani
(d. 805)• Al-Jami‘ al-Kabir• Al-Jami‘ al-Saghir• Al-Siyar al-Kabir• Al-Siyar al-Saghir• Al-Ziyadat• Al-Mabsut (also called the al-Asl)
• Al-Nawadir• Al-Waqi‘at
DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
HANAFI LITERATURE
• 10th -11th century
• Al-Hakim (d. 945), Al-Kafi (recension of Zahir al-Riwaya)• Al-Quduri (d. 1036), Mukhtasar• Al-Sarakhsi (d.1090), Al-Mabsut (Sharh al-Kafi)• Al-Kasani (d. 1191), Bada’i’ al-Sana’i’‘(al-Kafi)• Al-Marghnani (d. 1196), Hidaya
HANAFI LITERATURE
13TH -16TH CENTURY
• Sadr al-Din al-Mahbubi : Al-Wiqaya (Summary of al-Hidaya)
• Abu’l-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 1310), Kanz al-Daqa’iq• Zayla‘i (d.1342), Tabyin al-Haqa’iq• Quhistani (d. 1543), Jami‘ al-Ramuz• Ibn Nujaym (d. 1563), Bahr al-Ra’iq, Al-Ashbah wa’l
Naza’ir
• Fatawa: Ibn Mazza (d. 1174); Dhakhirat al-Fatawa• Qadi Khan (d.1196), Fatawa Qadikhan
OTTOMAN
• Mulla Khusraw (d.1480), Ghurar al-Hukkam, Durar al-Hukkam
• Ibrahim al-Haalabi (d. 1549), Multaqa al-Abhur [Quduri, Daqa’iq]
• Shaykhzadeh (d. 1667), Majma‘ al-Anhur• Al-Haskafi (d. 1677), Al-Durar al-Muntaqa, Al-Durr al-
Mukhtar• Ibn ‘Abidin (d. 1836), Radd al-Muhtar
•• Fatawa
• Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya
TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• MADRASA• Theories: Preaching/defending, Theological schools, Law
schools. George Makdisi• Unity, Continuity, comprehensiveness, specialization as
apprentice• Early: Mosque, teacher and book based [Isnad back to
author] hadith pattern • Madrasa/ Jami‘a; 9th-10th centuries. Qarawiyyin (859) Fez, al-
Azhar (959) Cairo, Hawza Qom (10th century), Najaf (10th), Nizamiyya (11th century)
• Later: Fiqh major subject, employment• Finances: State, Waqf, Personal
TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• TRAINING: Disputation, Dissertation, Mudhakara, Munazara, Jadal, Ikhtilaf
•• RECOGNITION /QUALIFICATION: Ijaza, [individual
teacher, book, subject, tadris, Ifta, qada, tasnif, ta’lif
TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• Teaching• Curricula• Maktab, Nizamiyya, Dars Nizami, Hawza,
• ‘Ulum Naqliyya: Arabic language, grammar, Rhetoric, Literature, Qur’an, Tafsir, Hadith, Ulum al-hadith, ‘Aqa’id (kalam), Fiqh, Usul al-Fiqh
• ‘Ulum ‘Aqliyya: Mantiq, mathematics, Agebra, Trignometry, calculus, Astronomy, …Philosophy, Hikma, Tibb
• Muqaddimat, Sutuh, Dars Kharij, Ijtihad
PROFESSION OF LAW
• GUILDS: residential, apprenticeship, Sahib• PROFESSORS, Kursi: Shaykh
• GRADES: sahib, Ustadh, Mulaqqin, Mu’addib, Mu’id, ‘Alim,
• COMMUNITY OF EXPERTS: Imam, Mujtahid (grades), Riyasa, Marja’ al-aqlid, Mufti, Mudarris, Qadi, Nazir
LITERATURE
• Classification of Books• Mukhtasar• Mukhtsar/ Mutawwal/ Wasit/ • Sharh /Hashiya/ Ta‘liq, Matn• Jami‘• Ta‘liqa• Kitab• Risala• Amali• Fahrasa/ barnamaj/ mashikha• Bab, fasl, mas’ala, Muqaddima, ifada• Fatwa
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• Tradition, Community of Experts• EXPERTS AND STATE• EXPERTS AND SOCIETY• AUTHENTICITY AND ACCEPTABILITY• DISCOURSE• IJMA’• Fiqh –Madhhab – taqlid • Usul al-Fiqh = Ideology
Simile of Tree
• Furu ‘: Branches:
• Doctrines, Madhhab
• Usul: Principles
• Usul: roots, sources
Usul al-Fiqh: Structural
Conflict/Resolution
Ijtihad/Taqlid
Objectives of Law
Analysis
Abrogation
Sources of Law
Qur’an
Sunna
Consensus
Legal Reasoning
InferenceLaws
Hukm
Laws
Hukm
Secondary sources
Taklifi
Wad’i
Authority
Rights/Duties
Capacity
Linguistics
Grammar
Semantics
Hermeneutics
Logic
Simile of System:
Maslaha between Ghazali and Shatibi
Simile of System: Shatibi
• Five Intents of
the Lawgiver
Common Good
LangugeObligation
AuthenticityObedience
FIQH A
S A S
OCIA
L
CONSTR
UCTION
4
DEVELOPING THE AUTHORITY OF FIQH
AUTHORITY OF FIQH
Ideology
Fiqh = Shari ‘a
Text = Nass qat‘i, revealed, connected with revelation
Taqlid = madhhab, narrative of madhahib
Fuqaha = successors of the Prophet
Tabaqat al- Fuqaha, Grades of Ijtihad, Biographies
Ijma‘ = legitimacy of tradition, continuity, authenticity
Fatwa = continuity of non-state legal system
Salafiyya: rejection of taqlid , Fiqh al-Sunna
Islamic State, state enforcement of Shari’a