Upload
er-arvind-kumar
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
1/22
Term Paper
on
Japan Tragedy and its Aftermaths
Submitted by
Name : Arvind Kumar
Enroll No. : A2305210170
Department : ASET
Section : 3CSE 1
Batch : 2010 - 2014
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for B. Tech Degree
Under the supervision of :
Name of Faculty Guide : Dr. Vinay Tripathi
Department : AIES
Date :
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
2/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 1
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t
I ARVIND KUMARfeel great pleasure in submitting this project as the culmination of
my guides efforts. This project required hard work; sincerity and devotion that I tried
my best to put in this project and in turn gained a lot of knowledge from this project.
I am deeply grateful to my faculty guide Dr. Vinay Tripathi who motivated me to take
an environment related topic as a part of my Term Paper project and explore the
consequences of nature against science.
At last i am thankful to a number of news sources available widely which helped me out
to prepare a research work on the topic.
XARVIND KUMAR
3CSE 1
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
3/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 2
C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that Mr. Arvind Kumar, student of B.Tech. in ASET
Department has carried out the work presented in the project of the Term
paper entitled JAPAN TRADEGY AND ITS AFTERMATHS from Amity
School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
under my supervision.
XDr. Vinay Tripathi
Department of Environmental Sciences, AIES
Amity University, Noida
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
4/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 3
I n d e x
S. No. Topic Pg. No.
1 Abstract 4
2 What is Tsunami ? 5
3 Important facts about Tsunami and Detection Techniques 6-7
4. Earthquakes and their Effects on buildings 8
5. Earthquake : Protection Measures 9-10
6. Pacific Ring Of Fire 11
7. Japan Tsunami Report : March 11, 2011 12
8. The fatal flaw in Boiling Water Nuclear Reactors 13
9. The worst case Scenario : Japan Nuclear Crisis 14
10. Explosions at Japan Nuclear Power Plants 15
11. Next Steps in Japan Nuclear Crisis 16
12. Aftermaths 17
13. Current Radiation levels in Japan 18
14. Radiations in Japan may be worse then we thought 19
15. References 20-21
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
5/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 4
A b s t r a c t
This Term Paper report is a consolidated effort of combining authentic news sources and
articles relating to the JAPAN TRADEGY AND ITS AFTERMATHS, MARCH 11, 2011.
The paper starts with the brief description of the TSUNAMI and EARTHQAUKES along with
their effects on environment, ways to mitigate them, and possible detection techniques
deployed out in the suspected regions.
Thereafter a brief report has been given about Pacific ring of fire and the March 11, 2011,
Tsunami occurred at Japan after the violent 9.0 magnitude earthquake, the nuclear crisis
happened out there and its consequences.
Aftermaths of the disaster have been compiled up at the end of the report, all from authentic
sources and informations.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
6/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 5
T S U N A M I
The term Tsunami has been coined from the Japanese term Tsu meaning harbour and
namimeaning waves.
[1]
Tsunamis are waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides
and can reach 15m or more in height devastating coastal communities.
In recorded history, tsunamis worldwide have killed thousands of people. Tsunamis caused by
nearby earthquakes may reach the coast within minutes. When the waves enter shallow water,
they may rise to several feet or, in rare cases, tens of feet, striking the coast with devastating
force. The Tsunami danger period can continue for many hours after a major earthquake.
Fig. 1 : Formation of Tsunami [1]
Tsunamis may also be generated by very large earthquakes far away in other areas of the
Ocean. Waves caused by these travel at hundreds of kilometers per hour, reaching the coast
several hours after the earthquake, see fig 1. Unlike ordinary tides, which are short, frequent
and surface level, tsunami, are barely noticeable in their deep-sea formation stage. At this point
despite a wavelength up to 100 km, they are shallow in depth and move at hundreds of
kilometer per hour. If a quake hits Los Angeles, aTsunami can reach Tokyo in a time less than
a Jetwould take to traverse the same distance.
[1]
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
7/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 6
Important facts about Tsunami :
Some tsunamis can be very large. In coastal areas their height can be as great as 10m or
more (30m in extreme cases), and they can move inland several hundred meters.[2]
All low-lying coastal areas can be struck by tsunamis.
A tsunami consists of a series of waves. Often the first wave may not be the largest. The
danger from subsequent tsunami waves can last for several hours after the arrival of the
first wave.
When the ocean is deep, tsunamis may be less than a foot high on the oceans surface, can
travel at speeds up to 500 mph without being noticed and cross the entire ocean in less
than a day.
Tsunamis can move even 50 km per hour on coastal plain, faster than a person can run.
Sometimes a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the ocean floor.
This is natures Tsunami warning and should be checked.
The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons along with
boats and other debris can be moved inland several meters by tsunami wave activity.
Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All floating material and water move with great
force and can kill or injure people.[3]
Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.
Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean.
Hawaii is the U.S. state at greatest risk for a tsunami they get about one per year and a
damaging one every seven years. The biggest tsunami that occurred Hawaii happened on
April 1, 1946, where the coast of Hilo Island was hit with 30 foot waves coming in at 500
miles per hour. 170 people died as a result.[4]
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
8/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 7
Fig. 2 : Tsunami Wave Train Formation [1]
Detecting Tsunami :
With the use ofsatellite technology it is possible to provide nearly immediate warning
of potentiallytsuna-migenic earthquakes. Warning time depends upon the distance of
the epicentre from the coast line. The warning includes predicted times at selected
coastal communities where the tsunami could travel in a few hours. Coastal tidal
gauges can stop tsunamis close to the shore, but they are useless in deep oceans.
Tsunami detectors, linked to land by submarine cables, are deployed 50 odd kms. out
at sea. Tsunameters transmit warnings of buoys on the sea surface, which relay it to
satellites.[5]
.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
9/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 8
E A R T H Q U A K E S
Earthquake : Any abrupt disturbance within the earth that is tectonic or volcanic in origin and
that results in the generation of elastic waves. The passage of such seismic waves through the
earth often causes violent shaking at its surface.[1]
GROUND MOVEMENTS[1]
The ground movements caused by earthquakes can have several types of damaging effects.
Some of the major effects are:
1. Ground shaking, i.e. back-and-forth motion of the ground, caused by the passing
vibratory waves through the ground.
2. Soil failures, such as liquefaction and landslides, caused by shaking;
3. Surface fault ruptures, such as cracks, vertical shifts, etc.
4. Tidal waves (tsunamis), i.e. large waves on the surface of bodies of water that can
cause major damage to shoreline areas.
EFFECT ON BUILDINGS[1]
As the vibrations and waves continue to move through the earth, buildings on the earths
surface are set in motion. Each building responds differently, depending on its construction.
When the waves strike, the earth begins to move backward and forward along the same line.
The lower part of a building on the earths surface immediately moves with the earth. The upper
portion, however, initially remains at rest; thus the building is stretched out of shape.
Gradually the upper portion tries to catch up with the bottom, but as it does so, the earth moves
in the other direction, causing a whiplash effect. The vibration can cause structural failure in
the building itself, or to an adjacent building having different response characteristics.
Taller buildings also tend to shake longer than short buildings, which can make them relatively
more susceptible to damage.
Fig 3. Shaking of short and tall building due to
ground acceleration
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
10/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 9
PROTECTION MEASURES
The primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent collapse during earthquakes
thus minimising the risk of death or injury to people in or around the buildings. There are certain
features which if taken into consideration at the stage of architectural planning and structuraldesign of buildings, their performance during earthquakes will be appreciably improved.
Some of these are stated below :
1) Building configuration[6]
The building should have a simple
rectangular plan.
Long walls should be supported by
Reinforced Concrete columns as shown
on the right side.
Large buildings having plans with
shapes like T, L, U and X should
preferably be separated into rectangular
blocks by providing gaps in between.
2) Foundation[6]
Buildings which are structurally strong to withstand earthquakes sometimes fail due t o
inadequate foundation design. Tilting, cracking and failure of structure may result from soilliquefaction.
Soil liquefaction refers to
transformation of soil from a
solid state to a liquid state as a
consequence of increased
pressure.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
11/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 10
Control on openings in walls
Door and window openings in walls should preferably be small and more centrally located. Too
many or large openings will make the wall vulnerable to collapse during earthquakes. The
location of openings should not be too close to the edge of the wall.
3) Reinforced concrete bands in masonry buildings[6]
For integrating the walls of an
enclosure to perform together like a
rigid box reinforced
concrete bands are provided which
run continuously on all external and
internal walls including fixed partition
walls. One or more of the following
bands may be necessary in a
building. Plinth band, lintel band,
roof band, and gable band are
names used for the band depending
on the level of the building where the
band is provided.
4) Vertical reinforcement[6]
Vertical reinforcement should be provided at corners and junction of walls. It shall be
passing through the lintel bands and floor slabs or floor level bands in all storeys.
Earthquake doesnt kill people. It is the badly
designed buildings that kill the people. So to
prevent an earthquake hazard from becoming
a disaster our buildings should be properlydesigned incorporating the earthquake
resistant design features into it.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
12/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 11
Pacific Ring Of Fire and Japan[7] [8] [9]
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is
associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic
belts and/or plate movements. The Ring of Fire has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of
the world's active and dormant volcanoes. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the
circum-Pacific seismic belt.[7]
About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along
the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (56% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's
largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through the
Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most
prominent earthquake belt.[8]
Japan also sits in the unfamous Ring Of Fire ans ten percent of the world's active volcanoes are
found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. They are formed by
subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are
recorded yearly, and magnitudes of four to six on the Richter scale are not uncommon. Minor
tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of
buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth century were:
the Great Kant earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died; and the Great Hanshin
earthquake of 17 January 1995, in which 6,434 people died.
On March 11, 2011 a magnitude 9.0 Earthquake hit Japan, the country's biggest ever and the
fifth largest on record, according to US Geological Survey data.[9]
Undersea earthquakes also
expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis.
In Japan regions near / off the shore of Hongshu, experience a lot of earthquakes frequently of
average magnitudes of 5.0 on Richter Scale, this region experienced 19 earthqaukes in the
month of july only.[15]
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
13/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 12
Japan Tsunami Report : March 11, 2011[10]
All across more than Japan, they felt it, a violent 9.0 magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011.
It was centered about 80miles off the eastern coast and Tsunami Warning went up
immediately. In coastal cities people knew what to do next, run to higher ground.
In Casanuma people retreated to high rise roof-tops and could only watch in horror as the
Tsunami waves inundated their city knocking building into rouble and mixing into a kind of
Tsunami Soup filled with vehicles, building parts and trees. Some Tsunami waves reached as
far as 3miles inland.
As the nation struggled with a rescue effort, it also faced the worst nuclear emergency since
Chernobyl; explosions and leaks of radioactive gas took place in three reactors at the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station that suffered partial meltdowns, while spent fuel rods
at another reactor overheated and caught fire, releasing radioactive material directly into the
atmosphere. Japanese officials turned to increasingly desperate measures, as traces of
radiation were found in Tokyo's water and in water pouring from the reactors into the ocean. A
month after the quake, nuclear officials put the crisis in the same category of severity as the
Chernobyl disaster. In May, Prime Minister Naoto Kan, who had been criticized for showing a
lack of leadership, said Japan would abandon plans to build new nuclear reactors, saying his
country needed to start from scratch in creating a new energy policy that should include
greater reliance on renewable energy and conservation.
Japan is the most seismological studied country in the world and with more then 1200 high
precision GPS stations, a Geophysicist at University of Alaska used the data to create a
visualization of the disaster which could be used to design far better detection systems.
As of April 25, the official death toll had been raised to 14,133, and more than 13,346 people
were listed as missing, although there may be some overlap between the two groups. The final
toll is expected to reach 20,000. More than 130,000 people remained housed in temporary
shelters; tens of thousands of others evacuated their homes due to the nuclear crisis.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
14/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 13
The Fatal Flaw in Boiling Water Nuclear Reactors[11]
A boiling water reactor has an Achilles heel -- a fatal flaw -- that is invisible under normal
operating conditions and most failure scenarios. The flaw has to do with the cooling system.
A boiling water reactor boils water: That's obvious and simple enough. It's a technology that
goes back more than a century to the earliest steam engines. As the water boils, it creates a
huge amount of pressure -- the pressure that will be used to spin the steam turbine. The boiling
water also keeps the reactor core at a safe temperature. When it exits the steam turbine, the
steam is cooled and condensed to be reused over and over again in a closed loop. The water is
recirculated through the system with electric pumps.
The design's vulnerability comes into play if the electric pumps lose power. Without a fresh
supply of water in the boiler, the water continues boiling off, and the water level starts falling. If
enough water boils off, the fuel rods are exposed and they overheat. At some point, even with
the control rods fully inserted, there is enough heat to melt the nuclear fuel. This is where the
term meltdown comes from. Tons of melting uranium flows to the bottom of the pressure vessel.
At that point, it's catastrophic. In the worst case, the molten fuel penetrates the pressure vessel
gets released into the environment.
Because of this known vulnerability, there is huge redundancy around the pumps and their
supply of electricity. There are several sets of redundant pumps, and there are redundant power
supplies. Power can come from the power grid. If that fails, there are several layers of backup
diesel generators. If they fail, there is a backup battery system. With all of this redundancy, it
seems like the vulnerability is completely covered. There is no way for the fatal flaw to ever be
exposed.
Unfortunately, shortly after the earthquake, the worst-case scenario unfolded.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
15/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 14
The Worst-case Scenario in Japan's Nuclear Crisis[11]
The nuclear power plants in Japan weathered the earthquake itself without difficulty. The four
plants nearest the quake's epicenter shut down automatically, meaning that the control rods
were fully inserted into their reactor cores and the plants stopped producing power. This is
normal operating procedure for these plants, but it meant that the first source of electricity for
the cooling pumps was gone. That isn't a problem because the plant could get power from the
power grid to run the pumps.
However, the power grid became unstable and it shut down as well. The second source of
electricity for the cooling pumps was gone. That brought the backup diesel generators into play.Diesel generators are a robust and time-tested way to generate electricity, so there were no
worries.
But then the tsunami hit. And unfortunately, the tsunami was far larger than anyone had
planned for. If the backup diesel generators had been higher off the ground, designed to run
while submerged in water or protected from deep water in some way, the crisis could have been
averted. Unfortunately, the unexpected water levels from the tsunami caused the generators to
fail.
This left the last layer of redundancy -- batteries -- to operate the pumps. The batteries
performed as expected, but they were sized to last for only a few hours. The assumption,
apparently, was that electricity would become available from another source fairly quickly.
Although operators did truck in new generators, they could not be hooked up in time, and the
coolant pumps ran out of electricity. The fatal flaw in the boiling water design -- thought to be
impossible to uncover through so many layers of redundancy -- had nonetheless become
exposed. With it exposed, the next step in the process led to catastrophe.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
16/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 15
Explosions at Japan's Nuclear Power Plants[12]
With the batteries dead, the coolant pumps failed. With no fresh coolant flowing into the reactor
core, the water that kept it cool began boiling off. As the water boiled away, the tops of the fuel
rods were exposed, and the metal tubes holding the uranium fuel pellets overheated and
cracked. The cracks allowed water to enter the tubes and get to the fuel pellets, where it began
generating hydrogen gas. The process is called thermolysis -- if you get water hot enough, it
breaks down into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Hydrogen is a highly explosive gas -- recall the Hindenburg explosion, in which the Hindenburg
was full of hydrogen gas. In Japan's nuclear plants, pressure from the hydrogen built up, andthe gas had to be vented. Unfortunately, so much hydrogen vented so quickly that it exploded
inside the reactor building. This same chain of events unfolded in several different reactors.
The explosions did not rupture the pressure vessels holding the nuclear cores, nor did they
release any significant amounts of radiation. These were simple hydrogen explosions, not
nuclear explosions. The explosions damaged the concrete and steel buildings surrounding the
pressure vessels.
The explosions also indicated that things had gotten out of control. If water were to continue
boiling off, a meltdown would be almost assured.
So operators decided to flood the reactors with seawater. This is a last-ditch effort to control the
situation, since seawater completely ruins a reactor, but it's better than a meltdown. In addition,
the seawater was mixed with boron to act something like a liquid version of the control rods.
Boron absorbs neutrons and is one of the main constituents in the control rods.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
17/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 16
Next Steps in Japans Nuclear Disaster[12] [13]
The nuclear incidents in Japan are described as Level 6 INES events (International Nuclear and
Radiological Event Scale). Three Mile Island was a Level 5 event. Chernobyl was a Level 7
event, and that is the top of the event scale[9]
. Obviously, it's a serious situation.
Japan has lost a significant portion of its electrical generating capacity. Approximately a third of
Japan's electricity comes from nuclear power plants, and about half of that capacity has been
lost (approximately 20 percent of total generating capacity) .[10]
That capacity will need to be
replaced in some way.
At 40 years old, these reactors are nearing the end of their design lifespans anyway. One
alternative is to simply rebuild the plants. The two problems with this approach are that it will be
a very lengthy process -- possibly taking a decade or more -- and the general public in Japan
may have no appetite for new nuclear reactors. It is still too early to tell.
There are a number of Mark 1 reactors in the United States. It is certain that they will be
decommissioned or altered to take advantage of the lessons learned in Japan. Other reactors
may also be altered as needed.
The nuclear industry was hoping for a renaissance of nuclear power in the United States now
that more than three decades have elapsed since the Three Mile Island incident shut down new
nuclear plant construction in the United States. The events in Japan may stop this renaissance.
Or they may spur research in other, possibly safer, nuclear technologies.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
18/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 17
A f t e r m a t h s[14]
1. PM Naoto Kan sent 50,000 troops for the rescue and recovery efforts following Fridays
9.0 magnitude quake.
2. Police said between 200-300 bodies were found along the coast of Sendai, the biggest
city in the area near the quakes epicentre.
3. The damage at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant added to the worries where the two
reactors had lost cooling ability.
4. Residents in Miyagi prefecture, who spent night on top of a building, were rescued
Saturday morning, the Asahi Shimbun newspaper reported.
5. A second, magnitude 6.6 qauke struck central Japan along the northwest coast around
4 a.m. local time on Saturday, causing buildings to sway.
6. Japan declared states of emergency for five nuclear reactors at two power plants near
Onahama after the units lost cooling ability when the power went out.
7. The government ordered residents near one of the plants to evacuate because reactor
cooling systems failed and pressure inside was rising.
8. The Defence Ministry dispatched dozens of troops trained to deal with chemical disaster
to the plant in case of a radiation leak.
9. Train services in north-eastern Japan and in Tokyo, which normally serve 10 million
people a day, were also suspended. Tokyo's Narita airport was closed indefinitely.
10.In downtown Tokyo, large buildings shook violently and workers poured into the street
for safety. The tremor bent the upper tip of the iconic Tokyo Tower, a 1,093-foot steel
structure inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris
11.Mobile phone lines were crammed, preventing nearly all calls and text messages. So
people formed lines at Tokyo's normally vacant public phone booths dotting the city.
12.A large fire erupted at an oil refinery in Ichihara city and burned out of control with 100-
foot-high flames whipping into the sky.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
19/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 18
Current Radiation Levels in Japan[16]
Radiation levels are measured in units called rems for "Roentgen equivalent man." The
average background exposure that most people absorb simply by living on Earth is 130 to 150
millirems (mrem, or thousandths of a rem) per year. In S.I. Units we use Sieverts as the unit, 1Sievert = 100 rems.
Radiation levels at Japan Fukushima Nuclear Reactor 1 had spiked to 100 sieverts per hour
following earthquake aftershock and tsunami.
Exposure to this level of radiation will cause immediate death. According to the NIH radiation
levels of 4 sieverts per hour will cause fatality in 50% of people and at 6 sieverts per hour
death is almost certain. 100 sieverts per hour is far above the 100% lethal dosage amount of 6
sieverts per hour.
Chart 1. Radiation Levels in japan, as of 09.04.2011
The radiation spike of chart 1. came after an earthquake caused to reactors at a separate
nuclear power plant to start leaking radiation.
However, as we all know Japan has not been honest throughout this crisis. It should also be
noted that The NY Times recently reported that the Fukushima reactors are very vulnerable to
aftershocks at this point because the massive weight in the reactor pools caused by trying to
inject more water to cool the reactors.
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
20/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 19
Radiations in Japan may be worser then we thought[17] [18]
Japanese officials pleaded for calm presently, but for the first time they acknowledged that
radiation levels near the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant are being recorded at levels that can be
dangerous to humans. They also said radioactive material was being released into the air inplumes.
1. It could get worse.
The Fukushima Dai-ichi plant has already suffered a partial meltdown, but nuclear experts say
there are warning signs that efforts to control the plant's reactors are failing. And in the case of a
total nuclear meltdown, they say the amounts of radioactive material released into the
atmosphere would be catastrophic.
The detection of Cesium -137 near the crippled plant -- a highly radioactive material that has
rendered wide swaths of land -- the red forest near the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl
uninhabitable for hundreds of years to come -- was evidence that the situation was becoming
increasingly critical.
2. It's unpredictable.
The radioactive plumes being released by the plant are undoubtedly dangerous, but predicting
where they will travel is difficult. Today, winds blew the plumes toward Tokyo, raising radiation
levels there, but prevailing winds are forecast to send them away from Japan and out into thePacific.
A lot will depend on the weather while experts don't agree about the threat the plumes pose to
the western United States and Canada, they are careful to note that the ones created by the
1986 Chernobyl disaster -- although very much diluted and less dangerous -- were carried
across the entire Northern Hemisphere only.
The true impact of radiation from the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant may not be known for decades.
3. The radiation could enter the food chain.
The other problem we have here is that in addition to being exposed to these doses of radiation
outright, is that some of the radioactive products that will fall out of the environment will then get
put into the food chain.
The major concern is iodine-131, or radioiodine, which is quickly absorbed into milk and other
dairy products and causes Thyroid Cancer very easily, though Potassium Iodide capsules can
be used as Thyroid blocking agents in radiations breakout.[18]
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
21/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 20
References
1. Disaster management and preparedness, Publisher : "CBSE",
Authors : "Prof A.S Arya, Shri Ankush Agarwal and Shri Arvind Nagaraju, Shri Anup
Karanth, Dr. Kamla Menon and Ms. A. Venkatachalam,Ms. Balaka Dey, Shri Hemang
Karelia, Ms. Malini Narayanan"
2. National Geographic Article, "http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/070402-
tsunami.html"
3. CNN news, "http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/12/27/quake.facts/"
4. Facts about Tsunami, "http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-tsunamis"
5. Tsunami Detection Techniques,
"http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2009/teams/5/detection.html"
6. Guidelines For Improving Earthquake Resistance Of Housing BMTPC,
"http://www.bmtpc.org/pubs/improving.htm"
7. Geography.about.com, "Ring of Fire - Pacific Ring of Fire",
"http://geography.about.com/cs/earthquakes/a/ringoffire.htm"
8. U.S. Geological Survey Earthquakes FAQ, "http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/#1"
9. Smh.com.au, "LIST: Japan quake seventh largest in history",
"http://www.smh.com.au/environment/list-japan-quake-seventh-largest-in-history-
20110311-1brew.html"
10. Times News, 14 July 2011,
"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/japan/index.html"
11. HowStuffWorks, "http://science.howstuffworks.com/japan-nuclear-crisis2.htm"
12. Reuters. "UPDATE 1-French nuclear agency now rates Japan accident at 6",
"http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/japan-quake-nuclear-france-
idUSLDE72E2M920110315"
13. Izzo, Phil. "Economists React: If Worst Happens in Japan, All Bets Are Off" Wall Street
Journal, "http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2011/03/15/economists-react-if-worst-happens-in-
japan-all-bets-are-off/ "
references continued
7/29/2019 Finalized Term Paper
22/22
Japan Tragedy and its aftermaths 21
14. Msnbc News Article, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42023385/ns/world_news-
asia_pacific/t/vast-devastation-search-survivors-after-japan-quake/
15. USGSSurvey,
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/quakes_all.html
16. Radiation Blogs, http://blog.alexanderhiggins.com/2011/04/09/radiation-levels-japan-
fukushima-nuclear-reactor-1-shoot-100-sieverts-hour-15871/
17. AOL News Report, "http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/15/5-reasons-radiation-exposure-in-
japan-may-be-worse-than-you-thou/"
18. FDA Report, Use of Potassium Iodide to block thyroid in radioactive emergencies,
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidanc
es/ucm080542.pdf