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GRID INTERACTIVE SPV POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL USING MATLAB/SIMULINK Presented By: Vikas Deep Juyal M. Tech. Final Year ID No. 47046 (Dr. Sudha Arora) Advisor Professor and Head - EED (Dr. Ravi Saxena) Member Associate Professor- EED (Prof. Abhishek Yadav) Member Associate Professor- EED

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Page 1: final thesis submission presentation

GRID INTERACTIVE SPV POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL USING MATLAB/SIMULINK

Presented By: Vikas Deep JuyalM. Tech. Final Year

ID No. 47046

(Dr. Sudha Arora)Advisor

Professor and Head -EED(Dr. Ravi Saxena)

MemberAssociate Professor- EED

(Prof. Abhishek Yadav)Member

Associate Professor- EED

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OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS REVIEW OF LITERATURE IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULT & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON THESIS LITERATURE CITED 205/01/2023 06:33:07 PM

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INTRODUCTION India- improved living standards, grown population :- increased energy

demand. Economical and environmental impact of fossil fuels :- investigate

sustainable solutions. Hence :- Focus on green and clean renewable energy. High voltage and high power grid connected systems are more

efficient in the field of power electronics.Role of Renewable Energy Solve sustainability problems occurred with traditional fuels. Relatively more clean , pollution free and non- exhaustible. Effective in reducing carbon footprints. Reliable off-grid energy solution :- useful for remote locations.

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)

Motivation and Background India is ranked number one in terms of solar electricity

production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1700 to 2500 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp).

Solar power in India is a fast developing industry, with a cumulative installed grid connected solar power capacity of 8,062 MW (8 GW) as of 31 July 2016.

In January 2015 the Indian government significantly expanded its solar plans, targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022.

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)Growth of Solar Power in India (http://mnre.gov.in)

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System Generates power from abundantly available sunlight, without

any pollution. Made of PV arrays, which in turn are made up of panels which

are made of PV cells.

Photovoltaic effect and PV system (www.wikipedia.org)

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)

Classification of Photo-Voltaic (PV) systemPV system can be classified mainly into two categories: Grid-connected PV system and , Standalone PV system.

Grid-connected PV system Preferred over standalone system due to efficient operation. The power electronic devices such as DC-DC converters and DC-AC

inverters are used as an interface between them. Regardless of the interface configuration, the correct flow of energy

from the generator to the grid or vice-versa must be guaranteed.

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) The output characteristics of solar photovoltaic power generation

system, appear to be non-linear due to various external conditions like light intensity, temperature and load characteristics and their dependent parameters.

'Maximum Power Point' (MPP) must be tracked.Converters A DC to DC conversion stage is usually used to realize the maximum

power point tracking (MPPT) for solar photovoltaic (SPV) applications, or bidirectional power flow control for energy storage application.

The DC to AC conversion stage is used to control the power and current injected into utility grid.

8

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) Achieve high power ratings than traditional two level inverter. Advantage of enabling the inter-connection of renewable energy

sources like solar/wind, and hence improve the energy utilization of the system.

Provide less distorted and nearly sinusoidal voltage.Types of Multi-Level Inverter (MLI)

Multi-level inverters (MLIs) may be classified into three types.

9

MultilevelInverter

Diode Clamped

MLICascaded H-Bridge MLI

Flying Capacitor

MLI

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INTRODUCTION (CONT..)Harmonics Due to wide range of semiconductor and other non-linear devices, power

quality has to be deteriorated; this phenomenon is also termed as harmonic pollution.

Filters Since we know the order of characteristic harmonics, it can be eliminated

using passive tuned filters, whereas for elimination of non-characteristic type, we need different filtering scheme.

Active Power filters (APF) Wide applications in modern electrical distribution system now for

eliminating the harmonics . Also be used to compensate the reactive power requirement of the non-

linear loads. Shunt active power filters (SAPF) peruse better dynamic performance and

need an accurate control algorithm so that they can provide robust performance. 05/01/2023 06:33:10 PM

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OBJECTIVE OF THE THESISThe objective of thesis can be distributed in following parts: To simulate a comparatively real and practical solar photo voltaic

module using specified values provided by manufacturer and by calculating several parameters modified on ideal PV.

To simulate MPPT algorithms along with boost converter & controller.

To make simulation models of multi-level inverters including Diode-clamped and Cascaded H-bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) and their control mechanism.

Design of a three phase non-linear load. Design of 3 phase-3 wire shunt active power filter using the

principle of instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) theory. Analysis of harmonics at point of common coupling.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (Sahoo 2016):- has conferred about the trends of increasing demand which is supposed to boost further worldwide following the present scenario. The paper reveals the detailed information about the capacity of solar energy in India, opportunity and challenges towards solar energy. Development in a specific program can’t be done without government support which is generous towards solar energy. The paper also discussed the recent trends which have been followed in solar PV progress in India.

(Dawn et al. 2016):- have presented a research paper on current advances of solar energy in India with a thorough study. The paper further discussed the global power scenario as well as of India including the solar resources that are present in India. The paper incorporated the government targets and detailed status of grid connected solar power projects, proposed solar parks, renewable energy certificate (REC) mechanism, energy prices with different energy sources, land requirement for solar power generation, season-wise direct normal irradiance (DNI), capacity utilization factor (CUF) of solar power plant, status of solar module manufacturing companies, energy storage for solar power in India.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Eltawil and Zhao 2010):- have stated that intermitted

sources like solar PV have created an increment in demand variability and hence present new aspects and challenges to extend the power system flexibility. He mainly focused and investigated on the importance, advantages of grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) and characterization of SPV generation. A brief introduction of “grid-connected inverters” and its controller with harmonic performance is also given.

(Sawin et al. 2011):- have presented the Global Status Report – 2011 in which he reported that traditional energy resources cause harmful pollution and also fossil fuels stores are decreasing with very fast rate which led towards increment in fuel cost; while renewable energy is abundant, permanent and free of cost. In past decades, there are several serious steps taken for conservation of fossil fuel and renewable energy. He also stated several advantages and adverse effect caused by solar photovoltaic.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Obi and Bass 2016):-have presented a literature review of the

trends and recent developments related to grid connected solar photovoltaic system (GCSPV). He also stated that grid connected solar photovoltaic system help to control greenhouse gas emission by balancing the power since grid-connected SPV has characteristics of bi-directional power flow. Since there are many topologies and configurations have been developed for Grid connected SPV systems, they must fulfill some standards which are required for safe operation and further proliferation of GCSPV. Advantages and challenges caused by GCSPV systems are also been described in detail. Solar PV has inherent nature depending on environmental factors therefore it is necessary to use some controllers like MPP tracker to extract maximum power from the solar PV and hence increase the system efficiency.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Aggarwal, Kapoor, and Tripathi 1997):- have described about the

interconnection of arrays in series or in parallel according to requirement of power. Series arrays are used to increase voltage where as parallel connections are used to increase the current ratings for identical power ratings. Practically it can be seen that solar photovoltaic arrays are never identical in nature due to several parameters of materials used (series and shunt resistance) for manufacturing the solar panel. Hence operation of PV may become complicated under different environmental conditions. The nature of dependence of photo-current on shunt/series resistance is different for each array arrangement.

(Villalva, Gazoli, & Filho, 2009):- have described the modeling of small commercial PV besides of ideal PV first in Brazilian journal and after modifications , in IEEE journal. Arrays are made up of various solar panels arranged in several configurations. Paper also described the way of combining different panels and resulted modifications in basic equations of solar PV power generation.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..)

(Sera, Teodorescu, and Rodriguez 2007): -have presented the single diode model of PV cell with influence of series and parallel resistances with alternative formula for dark saturation current. All basic equations of solar PV model were modeled at standard temperature and conditions (STC) and modified for different temperature and radiation levels. On the basis of these models, actual behavior of the solar PV can be predicted.

(Pranith and Bhatti 2015):- had done a detailed study for modeling and extraction of solar module parameters and published a review paper. He described the solar PV modules as a clean and pollution free energy source to fulfill the increasing power demand worldwide. SPV power systems are made up of solar PV arrays, which in turn consists modules and PV cells further. Strong points for need of maximum power tracking and modeling of solar PV panels. Single diode model with methods of parameter extraction is discussed. Merits and demerits of different parameter obtaining technique and ease of their extraction, curve fitting are discussed also.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Hussein 1995):-have studied the dependency of power which

could be seen from the I-V curve and the P-V curve. Maximum power point can be seen from the curves or characteristics. There are several techniques in order to maximize the PV output depending on several atmospheric, load conditions and array configurations. Procedure to obtain maximum power point using incremental conductance (InC) and perturb & observe (P&O) algorithm of MPPT was also included in the study.

(Qin and Lu 2012):-have discussed InC algorithm and P&O but with variable step size. Thus it makes the algorithm “adaptive P&O algorithm”. It has been seen that later algorithm was better than the first one.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Tan, Kirschen, and Jenkins 2004):- have presented a

detailed study of a model suitable for SPV power generation. He selected P&O algorithm for MPPT considering the cost factor and simplicity. But he did not emphasize on the grid integration method or any of inverter controlling signal.

(Verma, Singh, and Shahani 2012):-have described the MPPT based on fuzzy-logic control which is relatively fast and stable. Boost converter and inverter are used with three phase star-delta transformer for power quality improvement. IcosΦ-control algorithm was used for generating the compensating current of the inverter. In this control method, grid and load currents were sensed and fed back to the controller. Finally the problems related to power factor improvement and neutral current were compensated successfully with low level of harmonics.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..)

(Singh, Shahani, and Verma 2015):-have created an algorithm which is modified to generate the compensating signals to control many features of the system. Main feature is to mitigate the current harmonics at the point of common coupling (PCC). A DC to DC boost converter and two-level voltage source converter (VSC) are used for load applied at PCC. Load may be linear or non-linear depending on the system but due to increment in power electronics devices, non linear loads are also increased with exponential rate. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is employed to generate gate signals of voltage source converter (VSC). He stated that poor power quality (PQ) is main problem in grid integration whether by single phase or three phase system. There were many literatures which didn’t consider PQ problems but revealing the present scenario, it is necessary to take those into consideration and modify our control algorithm according to our requirement, which is mainly to extract a pure sinusoidal current waveform at PCC.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Subjak and McQuilkin 1990):- gave a detailed study on harmonics and

its causes. Use of drives was increased as the power electronics equipments grew up in the market at industrial level. Static devices were used for DC inversion named rectifier where as for AC inversion inverters. Several effects of harmonics including communication interference, heating and several semiconductor devices’ malfunctioning effects were also discussed in detail.

(Singh, Al-Haddad, and Chandra 1999):-discussed active power filters (APF) in detail. Several limitations of passive filters and increasing harmonic pollution of systems have made APFs; a matured technology. Active power filter (APF) injects harmonic current in the system which would be 1800

phase shifted with load current harmonics and thus compensate the current harmonics. He also presented a detailed view of harmonics in different power system i.e. single phase (two-wire), three-phase (three-wire, four-wire). Different configurations with active series, active shunt filters or combinations has been raised in the market now a days, named active power conditioners (APCs)/(APFs). Various control strategies of different domain with their extraction methods are also discussed which was very helpful for my thesis work. Different control algorithm for generating gating pulses for APF are also discussed which include hysteresis band control technique also. 05/01/2023 06:33:13 PM 20

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..)

(Akagi, Kanazawa, and Nabae 1984):- have provided a new approach for power factor correction named p-q theory, by providing harmonic reactive power compensation without energy storage elements like Land C, which was not considered before. Thus several harmonics can be eliminated using the modified theory and a unity power factor operation can be obtained, which is one of the fundamental requirement of grid-connected SPV system. Transformations are used in p-q theory to find instantaneous active and reactive power which makes the calculation easier and accurate.

(Zeng et al. 2004):- have suggested hysteresis control over ramp comparison algorithm and several advantages like its simplicity, fast response and very good accuracy which are main features of hysteresis current controller (HCC); make it superior for any researcher. Different theories are discussed related to HCC which makes easier to integrate with APF.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Rodríguez, Lai, and Peng 2002):- have presented a detailed

survey on multilevel inverter including its types, need, advantages, various control algorithms or modulation methods and their applications. Multilevel inverters mainly use several DC sources to make stepped output waveform from a constant DC. This mechanism of using low rated voltage sources instead of a large voltage source reduces the stress on switches relatively by traditional two-level inverter. Systematic representation is done by the authors to guide for designing APF and its applications in distribution power network including techniques used in various renewable energy applications.

(Rech et al. 2002):-have shown that several topologies of multilevel inverters had been developed and matured for medium and high power applications, due to their ability to operate at higher voltage and power levels with limited device ratings and also because the output waveforms presented a reduced harmonic content if compared with the two-level inverter topologies.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..) (Rodríguez et al. 2007):- gave a detailed classification of high power

drives and also of multilevel inverters. A thorough comparison between traditional two-level inverter and multi-level inverters (MLIs) is also shown with several advantages and advanced applications of MLI with modern trend of renewable energy. Topologies and modulation methods of all three basic MLI are described in schematic way.

(Rasheed et al. 2013):-have selected two types of multilevel inverters named cascaded H-bridge MLI and diode-clamped MLI in his study. These MLIs are mostly used for harmonic reduction on high power applications or in any electrical distribution systems. The study was focused on the performance and analysis of a three phase multilevel inverters including cascaded H-bridge and diode clamp based on SPWM approaches. GTO modules were used to build-up inverter modules.

(Panda and Patnaik 2015):-have presented level-wise study of current harmonics is done on cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters (CHBMLI). Several advantages of higher level MLI are discussed over traditional two-level inverter and lower level MLI are discussed. 05/01/2023 06:33:14 PM

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IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS

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IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS The basic problems associated with the grid interfaced SPV

power generating system is poor power quality (PQ) in the present day distribution systems because of voltage fluctuations, waveform distortion, and poor power factor caused by other connected linear and non-linear loads at point of common coupling (PCC).

Modeling of photovoltaic power must be as much close to as of real physical world instead of an ideal solar cell, such that the results of the simulation model and in the real implementation are approximately same.

Harmonic distortion depends also upon the type of VSC used. Conventional VSC has greater harmonic distortion than multi-level converters hence multi-level inverters must be used for grid integration.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

Characteristics of PV- Cell An ideal solar cell can be equivalently represented by a current

source connected in parallel with a diode, as shown in the circuit

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)IV curve for Ideal Solar Cell

The equation for the IV curve in the first quadrant is:I=IPV −I0 [exp (qV/nkT) −1]

Which can also written asI=IPV −I0 [exp (qV/nkT)]

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV) Inclusion of Parasitic Resistances-

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PV-Modeling The basic equation of PV modeling is shown below:

Where is the thermal voltage which is constant,a- diode ideality factor.

At short circuited condition;I=ISC,VOC=0

By differentiating the equation with respect to V and rearranging we can write;

MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV) But since RS≈ (0.2Ω) <<< RSH ≈ (300Ω),

Hence RSH = Inverse of IV curve at short circuit

conditions.At open circuit condition; I=0, V=VOC

Now the equation is modified into:

Hence

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Electrical datasheet of Trina Solar PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14

MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

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Mechanical datasheet of Trina Solar PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14

MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

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IV Curves of PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14

MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

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Calculation of RSHMATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)Calculation of RS

a =1.254RS = 0.212Ω

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MATERIAL AND METHODS SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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MATERIAL AND METHODS SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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MATERIAL AND METHODS SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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MATERIAL AND METHODS SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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MATERIAL AND METHODS SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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Perturb & Observe MPPT (concept and shifting of MPP)

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MPPT)

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Matlab model of Perturb & Observe MPPT

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MPPT)

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Incremental Conductance MPPT (concept and flowchart)

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MPPT)

dI/dV= -I/V

dI/dV> -I/V

dI/dV< -I/V

I/V= instantaneous conductancedI/dV= incremental conductance

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Incremental Conductance MPPT (Matlab model implementation)

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MPPT)

Script modelMathematical model

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) “Multilevel” starts from three levels and number of voltage

levels can be taken according to the requirement as shown in fig .

Fig.- Multilevel inverters comprising of (a) 2-levels (b) 3-levels (c) N-levels

Topology Levels Switches Clamping

diodes

Floating

capacitors

dc-link

capacitors

Isolated dc

sources

Diode-

clamped

3

5

m

12

24

6(m-1)

6

36

3(m-1)(m-2)

0

0

0

2

4

m-1

1

1

1

Cascaded H-

bridge

3

5

m

12

24

6(m-1)

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

6

3/2(m-1)

3

6

3/2(m-1)

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Oldest topology ever described for multilevel inverter (MLI).

Employment of two-pole three- throw switch besides of two-pole two- throw switch, for providing a new level of zero voltage which was not accessible by two-level inverter.

The switching state for different output is shown as follows:

When the output voltage van = Vdc / 2, the upper two switch S1 and S2 are closed.

When van = 0, S’2 and S’1 are closed.

When van = −Vdc / 2, the lower two switch S ’1 and S’2 are closed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) THREE -LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED INVERTER

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) GATE PULSE GENERATOR FOR 3-LEVEL

DCMLI Each leg contains four MOSFETs and all devices need separate gating signals hence there must be a mechanism to provide the pulses. There are several modulation techniques for generating these. Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) modulation technique is used here which are similar for each leg or phase of MLI.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) 5-LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED MULTILEVEL INVERTER

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) PULSE GENERATOR FOR 5-LEVEL DCMLI

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI) GATE PULSES GENERATION

3- level DCMLI using POD technique

5- level DCMLI using PD technique

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MATERIAL AND METHODS 3- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI

CHBMLI is constructed by series connection of ac terminals of single phase H-bridge inverters having separate isolated DC sources.

These sources can be a capacitive DC-link, battery bank, rectified dc from transformer tappings, any fuel cell or any renewable energy source like solar PV.

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Two units of 3-level CHBMLI are employed in a single leg and multi-carrier modulation technique is used to generate the switching signals.

MATERIAL AND METHODS 5- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI USING GTO

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MATERIAL AND METHODS 5- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI USING

IGBT

Basic unit of CHBMLI

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MATERIAL AND METHODSACTIVE POWER FILTER(APF)

Series active power filter SeAPF is connected in series with the T.L. Acts as a controlled voltage source. Operate mainly as a voltage regulator. Compensating voltage sags and swells on the load side.

Shunt active power filter ShAPF is connected in parallel with the T.L. Acts as a controlled current source. Used for reactive power compensation.

Unified power quality controller Combination of passive, series and shunt active filters.

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MATERIAL AND METHODSSHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

The principle of the shunt filter is to produce harmonic currents equal in magnitude but opposite in-phase to those harmonics that are present in the grid.

Phase shift of the harmonic current is 180 deg. Non-linear load with SAPF becomes a Linear load. SAPF is a closed loop structure. SAPF can compensate reactive power and can

also mitigate harmonics and distortions. I(comp) = I(load) - I(source)

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MATERIAL AND METHODSDERIVATION OF COMPENSATING SIGNALS

Compensation in Frequency Domain

Based on the Fourier analysis of the distorted signals.

The compensating harmonic components are separated from the harmonic-polluted signals and combined to generate compensating commands.

Switching frequency of the AF is kept generally more than twice the highest compensating harmonic frequency.

Compensation in Time Domain

Based on instantaneous derivation of compensating commands in the form of either voltage or current signals from distorted and harmonic-polluted signals.

Instantaneous “p-q” theory. Synchronous d-q reference frame

method. Synchronous detection method. Flux-based controller. Notch filter method……………05/01/2023 06:33:25 PM

Important part of active filter control and affects: (a)Their rating, (b) Transient, (c) Steady-state performance.

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MATERIAL AND METHODSCONVENTIONAL POWER THEORY

Conventional power theory was based on active, reactive and apparent-power.

Focused on sinusoidal voltage at constant frequency but not harmonic frequencies.

More efficient system with load current in phase with source voltage .Reactive power

Due to load current not in phase. Doesn’t contribute to energy transfer.

Apparent power For sinusoidal voltage and current.

Power factor Relation between true power and apparent power. High power factor gives better circuit utilization.Budeanu (1927- frequency domain) and Fryze (1932- time domain) gave

theories for non-sinusoidal approach but only for steady state analysis.05/01/2023 06:33:25 PM

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MATERIAL AND METHODSP-Q THEORY

Since significant increase in nonlinear load. Conventional theory- not applicable to analysis and design the

power converters and power networks. In 1983 Hirofumi Akagi introduced p-q theory through his

paper “The Generalized theory of Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three Phase Circuits”

Most widely used for Non Linear load compensation for APF. Based on instantaneous power defined in time domain. Allowing the control of APF in the real-time. Consists of an algebraic transformation (Clarke transformation)

of the three-phase voltages in the a-b-c coordinates to the α-β-0 coordinates, followed by the calculation of the p-q theory instantaneous power components.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS THE CLARKE TRANSFORMATION

α & β axis are orthogonal. α – in direction of phase-a. β – is chosen in such a way thatif the voltages and currents spatial vectors in abc frame rotates in abc sequence ,it would rotate in α-β sequence.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS THE CLARKE TRANSFORMATION

Transforms voltages, currents from a-b-c coordinates to mutually perpendicular set of α-β-0 axis.

u0,uα,uβ are the zero sequence voltage, α-axis & β-axis voltages. Zero- sequence components are not present in 3-phase 3-wire

system.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS THE CLARKE TRANSFORMATION

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (P-Q)CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

u0 is neglected for 3-phase 3-wire system. Instantaneous voltage (e) can be expressed in a complex plane

NOTE:- The above ‘e’ & ‘i’ vectors are function of time . Consider following phase voltages and line currents:-

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (P-Q)CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

ΦV and ΦI are the phases with respect to a given reference. By α-β transformation :-

Now ‘e’ & ‘i’ vectors can be derived as follows.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (P-Q)CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

We can also write eabc into complex form as :-

By replacing with the phase voltages :-

By comparison we can see that :-

Thus three phase active power can be calculated as :-

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MATERIAL AND METHODS P-Q THEORY IN 3-PHASE 3-WIRE SYSTEM

The instantaneous complex power ‘s’ :-

So we can derive ‘p’, ’q’ in function of α and β components :-

We want the reference signal for current so current components can be derived as :-

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MATERIAL AND METHODS P-Q THEORY IN 3-PHASE 3-WIRE SYSTEM

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MATERIAL AND METHODS P-Q THEORY IN 3-PHASE 3-WIRE SYSTEM

The instantaneous power on α-β coordinates are defined as :-

Current can also defined as instantaneous active current and reactive current.

Real power can be written as sum of pα and pβ.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS P-Q THEORY IN 3-PHASE 3-WIRE SYSTEM

Two important points :- Instantaneous real power ‘p’ is only given by –

Relations for terms dependent of ‘q’ –

So it’s compensation doesn’t need any energy storage system. Instantaneous imaginary power can be derived as :-

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PHYSICAL MEANING OF P AND Q Definition of ‘p’ :-

Definition of ‘q’ :-

• The imaginary power q is proportional to the quantity of energy that is being exchanged between the phases of the system. It does not contribute to energy transfer* between source and load at any time.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS PHYSICAL MEANING OF P AND Q

p: instantaneous total energy flow per time unit q: energy exchanged between phases without transferring energy

p

qa

bc

vavb vc

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due to fundamental reactive current

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p = vαiα + vβiβ

q =vαiβ − vβiα

Ica*Icb*Icc*

IMPLEMENTATION OF P-Q THEORY IN SAPF

Through transformation, we get the real and imaginary power values

By applying Inverse Clarke's transformation, we get the actual abc coordinates which can be applied to the line again.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF)PI VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

The peak value of reference currents is studied by regulating the DC link voltage.

The definite capacitor voltage will be compared with a set reference value.

The error signal is then fed through a PI controller, which gives to zero steady error in tracking the reference current signal.

Fig- Block representation of PI controller

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF) PI CONTROLLER

The output of the PI controller is presumed as peak value of the supply current (Imax), which is composed of two components: Fundamental active power component of load current, Loss component of APF; to preserve the average capacitor

voltage to a constant value.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF) HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER

Hysteresis current control is invented by Brod and Novotny in the year 1985 which is a method used for controlling an output current of a VSI by following the reference current.

Method of generating the required triggering pulses by comparing the error signal with that of the hysteresis band and it is used for controlling the voltage source inverter so that the output current is generated from the filter will follow the reference current waveform.

Fig- Hysteresis controller.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF) HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER

This method controls the switches of the voltage source inverter asynchronously to ramp the current through the inductor up and down, so that it follows the reference current.

Easiest control method to implement in the real time.

Fig- Hysteresis band controller

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IMPLEMENTATION OF P-Q THEORY

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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF) NON-LINEAR LOAD

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB USING SIMSCAPE LIBRARY COMPONENTS

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB USING SIMPOWERSYSTEM LIBRARY

COMPONENTS

Fig.- Calculation of IpvFig.- Solar PV model

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB USING SIMPOWERSYSTEM LIBRARY

COMPONENTS

Fig.- Calculation of Iph

Fig.- Calculation of saturation current

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

Fig.- modeling of pv equation

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

Fig.- Matlab model of Solar Photovoltaic power system

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

Fig.-SPV power generation using P&O MPPT

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

Fig.- SPV power generation using Incremental Conductance MPPT

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

Script file based pv model

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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB

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RESULTS: PHASE VOLTAGE OF 3- LEVEL CHBMLI

Fig.- Phase voltage of 3-level CHBMLI at fc=2500Hz

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RESULTS: PHASE VOLTAGE OF 3-LEVEL DCMLI

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RESULTS: LINE VOLTAGES OF 3-LEVEL DCMLI

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RESULTS: PHASE AND LINE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL

DCMLI

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RESULTS: PHASE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL DCMLI

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RESULTS: LINE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL DCMLI

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RESULTS: 5- LEVEL CHBMLI USING GTO

Fig.- Phase voltage output of 5-level MLI with fundamental sinusoidal component

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RESULTS: 5- LEVEL CHBMLI USING GTO

Fig.- Line voltage with fundamental component

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RESULTS: PHASE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL CHBMLI USING

IGBT

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RESULTS: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

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RESULTS: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

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RESULTS: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

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RESULTS: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

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CONCLUSIONSPV Power Generation Parameters of solar module are calculated successfully. Solar power generated by mathematical model as well as by script

file. Effect of RS, RSH, temperature, irradiance has been also considered :

so make the solar model more practical than an ideal PV model. P&O and IncCond. MPPT has been simulated in both script file and

mathematical model. Inc Cond. MPPT is been found more efficient for tracking the MPP.Multi-level Inverter Diode-clamped and Cascaded H-bridge MLI have been modeled in

Matlab/simulink and stepped waveforms are generated. Different modulation techniques have been simulated. Harmonic analysis of waveform can also be done using powergui

block in Matlab. 05/01/2023 06:33:39 PM

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CONCLUSION: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

SAPF has been simulated successfully in Matlab. p-q theory is implemented using simulink model files and script

files of different transformations. Waveforms are analyzed and T.H.D of current waveform is found

with reduced distortions.

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FUTURE SCOPE: SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC SYSTEM

More accurate results can be obtained using other mathematical tools like MATHCAD or some new algorithms.

Two-diode model of PV- cell also be considered for better practical implementation.

Modified MPPT can also be used for better tracking.

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FUTURE SCOPE: MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS

Level of inverters can be increased similarly for better output waveform.

Modified modulation techniques can be used for better waveforms as shown in next slides.

Calculation for obtaining accurate firing angle. Reference signal used to create gating pulses can be improved

by applying new theories.

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FUTURE SCOPE: MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS

Fig- Hybrid modulation technique for 5-level CHBMLI.

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FUTURE SCOPE: MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS

Fig.- (a)-resulted waveform in the experimental branch, (b)- basic structure used.

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FUTURE SCOPE: ACTIVE POWER FILTER

UPQC can be used instead of SAPF. Other theories which are an improvement of p-q theory, can be

used. Adaptive current controllers and other complex methods can be

employed for précised and better gating signals. The APF can be tested for varying non-linear loads.

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FUTURE SCOPE: HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER- UPQC

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RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON THESIS

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Fig-Phase voltages of three phase 15-level cascaded H-bridge inverter

Configuration of inverter

%THD in phase voltage

%THD in line voltage

2-level inverter 133.83 85.725-level CHBMLI

17.01 12.47

15-level CHBMLI

3.91 3.17

Table : Comparison of inverters on the basis of THD

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Discussion…