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Nematodes from tissues Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis

Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

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Page 1: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Nematodes from tissues

Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinellaspiralis

Page 2: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

FilariaeMansonella perstans D, N, BMansonella ozzardi D, N, BMansonella streptocerca SB

Loa loa: œdème fugace de Calabar, eye D, B

Onchocerca volvulus: river blindness SBWuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi:

lymphatic filariae, elephantiasis N, B

D: day – N: night – B: blood – SB: skin biopsy

Page 3: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

FilariaeMansonella perstans Africa, South

America, Surinam Mansonella ozzardi South AmericaMansonella streptocerca West Africa

Loa loa West and Central AfricaOnchocerca volvulus Africa, South America

Wuchereria bancrofti Africa, South America, Asia

Brugia malayi Asia

Page 4: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Microfilariae that can be seen in peripheral blood in Congo-Kinshasa, according to J. Sonnet and

J. Vandepitte.Mansonella perstans Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti

Periodicity day/night day night

Vector flies(Culicoides spp.)

flies (Chrysops spp.)

mosquitoes (Culex, Anopheles, …)

Size < 200 µm > 250 (230) µm > 250 µm

Tail terminal nuclei terminal nuclei no terminal nuclei

Sheath no yes (not stained by Giemsa)

yes (slightly stained by Giemsa)

Page 5: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella perstans Small microfilaria whitout a sheath (approximately 200 x 4 to 5

µm) with a blunt tail filled with nuclei (Thin film stained with Giemsa).

Page 6: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella perstans and Loa loa Loa loa is distinctly longer and thicker than M. perstans. In the

thick film the microfilaria of Loa loa show irregular coiling. The sheath does not stain with Giemsa (Thick film stained with

Giemsa).

Page 7: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Courtesy CDC

Page 8: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella perstans and Loa loa The complete microfilaria with its elegant and complex convolutions is that of M. perstans. It is smaller and thinner

than the incomplete Loa loa microfilaria. The somatic nuclei of M. perstans are visible as far as the rounded caudal end of the

microfilaria (Thick film stained with Giemsa).

Page 9: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loa One or two herniae are typical for the species. The last

caudal nucleus is terminal (Thick film stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 10: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loa The sheath is seen here in the anterior and in the caudal end.

The sheath does not stain with Giemsa and stains poorly with other stains. The tail is tapering gradually and there are nuclei till the end (Thick film stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 11: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loa The sheath is seen here in the anterior and in the caudal end. The sheath stains poorly. The tail is tapering gradually and there

are nuclei till the end (Stained thick film).

Page 12: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loaThe sheath is seen here at the caudal end. The sheath stains poorly.

The tail is tapering gradually and there are nuclei till the end(Stained thick film).

Page 13: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loa Adult male removed from the eye. The male filaria is

smaller (up to 3,4 cm) than the female (5-7 cm) (Unstained).

cmcm

Page 14: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Loa loa Tail with spicule from an adult male removed from the

eye (Unstained).

Page 15: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella streptocercaSlender microfilaria with rounded tip curved to form a

hook (Skin scarification stained with Giemsa).

Page 16: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella streptocercaSingle row of distinctive somatic nuclei in the rounded caudal

end of the microfilaria. The latter is curved like a bishop’s staff (Skin scarification stained with Giemsa).

Page 17: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Mansonella ozzardi In thick blood film. Irregular coiling. The last caudal

nucleus is subterminal and pointed. The caudal cuticula is also pointed (Giemsa stain).

Page 18: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Onchocerca volvulus Extensively coiled microfilaria. The tail end is pointed

and does not contain nuclei (Skin scarification stained with Giemsa).

Page 19: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Graceful curves of the microfilaria in the thick film.

The sheath is clearly visible, especially at the cephalic end (Thick film stained by Carazzi’s method).

Page 20: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Cephalic end with sheath and caudal end of the

microfilaria. No nuclei in the pointed caudal end (Thick film stained by Carazzi’s method).

Page 21: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Cephalic end and tail with sheath of the microfilaria.

No nuclei in the pointed caudal end (Thin film stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 22: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Caudal end with sheath of the microfilaria. No nuclei

in the pointed caudal end (Thin film stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 23: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Caudal end of the microfilaria. No nuclei in the

pointed caudal end (Thin film stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 24: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti Caudal end of the microfilaria. No nuclei in the

pointed caudal end (Thin film stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa).

Page 25: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Wuchereria bancrofti

• Taylor M.J. et al. 2005. The Lancet 365:2116-2121Macrofilaricidal activity of doxycycline on W.bancrofti.Based on the depletion of the vital Wolbachiaendosymbionts bacteria.

Page 26: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Brugia malayi Coiled microfilaria in thick blood film. The nuclei are more or

less distinct. The last caudal nucleus is clearly separated fromthe others and extends into the tip of the tail. The sheath is well

developed and stained red (Giemsa stain).

Page 27: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Pseudomicrofilaria (Helicospora?)

Blood accidentally contaminated with a fungus. The diameter is much smaller than for microfilariae. Note the numerous

transverse septa (May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain).

Page 28: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis

• “Elephantiasis”• Resolution WHA50.29 in 1997• 120 million patients in 83 countries• More than 1 billion (20 % of world population)

are at risk of acquiring the infection• 90% Wuchereria bancrofti, most of the remainder

Brugia malayi• 2-drug combinations (DEC + albendazole or

ivermectin + albendazole)

Page 29: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Courtesy WHO

Page 30: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Larva migrans

• Larva migrans cutanea: larbish, creeping eruption, caused by hookworms of animals (cat, dog …) Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma brasiliense, …

• Larva migrans visceralis: high eosinophilia with variable symptomatology (general, eye invasion), due to Toxocara canis, diagnosis by serology, …

• …

Page 31: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Toxocara canisSeveral adult worms, smaller than A. lumbricoides.

1 cm

Page 32: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Dirofilaria immitis

• Canine heart worm: nematode (filaria) of dog in right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

• Transmitted via mosquito bite (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex).

• Pseudo-tumor of the lung in man.

Hemmersbach-Miller M. Et al. 2005. Presse Med., 34:109-110.

Page 33: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Trichinella spiralis Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy .

Page 34: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Trichinella spiralis

Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B.

Page 35: Filariae, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spiralis · Larva in muscle tissue following biopsy . Trichinella spiralis Courtesy Gentilini M. & Duflo B. Free living nematodes Free living

Free living nematodes Free living nematodes are very common (Unstained).