FIGURE 13-1 Mammals of the glacial maximum, 21000 years ago

Chapter 13 The Last Glacial Maximum

FIGURE 13-2 A cave painting of the glacial era

FIGURE 13-3 Boundary conditions for simulating glacial maximum climate

How do large ice sheets and lower CO2 explain global climate at the last glacial max. ?

FIGURE 13-4A The CLIMAP reconstruction of glacial maximum ocean temperatures

FIGURE 13-4B The CLIMAP reconstruction of glacial maximum ocean temperatures

FIGURE 13-5 How thick were the ice sheets?

FIGURE 13-6 Glacial maximum loess

FIGURE 13-7 Desert dust

FIGURE 13-8 Glacial maximum sand dunes

FIGURE 13-9 Data-model comparisons

FIGURE 13-10 Pollen distributions and climate

FIGURE 13-11 Pollen percentages and climate

FIGURE 13-12 Pollen in a lake core

FIGURE 13-13 Modern and glacial maximum spruce

FIGURE 13-14 Biome models

FIGURE 13-15 GCM simulation of climate near the northern ice sheets

FIGURE 13-16 A cooler glacial North Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 13-17A The glacial Southwest was wetter

FIGURE 13-17B The glacial Southwest was wetter

BOX 13-1A Older Atlantic deep water during glaciations

BOX 13-1B Older Atlantic deep water during glaciations

FIGURE 13-18 Data-model mismatch in the southeastern United States

FIGURE 13-19 Glacial north-central Europe was treeless

FIGURE 13-20 Glacial northern Asia was treeless

FIGURE 13-21 Early human buildings

FIGURE 13-22 Glacial Antarctica was surrounded by more sea ice

FIGURE 13-23 Glacial Australia and South America were drier

FIGURE 13-24 Lower CO2 and CH4 levels cooled the glacial tropics

FIGURE 13-25 Planktic fauna of the glacial maximum vs. that of today

FIGURE 13-26 Independent confirmation of small ocean cooling

FIGURE 13-27 Descent of tropical mountain glaciers and forests