MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INTRAMUROS, MANILA

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

FIELD MANUAL

COURSE AND SECTION: CE120-0F/A4

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: CORDANO, HAZEL F. STUDENT NO.: 2013108712

GROUP NO._3__ CHIEF OF PARTY: ARARACAP, JASPER

DATE OF FIELD WORK: ___JULY 20, 2015__ DATE OF SUBMISSION: JULY 27, 2015__

SUBMITTED TO:

PROFESSOR: _ENGR. IRA BALMORIS__

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FIELD WORK NO. 1

PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

GRADE

Table of Contents

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p.3

Objectives and Instruments ------------------------------------------------------------ pp.4-6

Procedure and Computations ---------------------------------------------------------- p.6

Questions and Problems----------------------------------------------------------------pp.7-8

Final Data Sheet------------------------------------------------------------------------- pp.9-10

Research and Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------p.11

Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p.12

2GRADE

INTRODUCTION

This first fieldwork gives an idea to know the pace of individual where it can be easy and quick on measuring a distance in the field. This method is simply used on measuring the distance between two plots or points were it could cause of saving time but not as accurate if you use a measuring tape. A pace is known for being a one-step where approximation of these results are required. Through its main objectives it focuses on individual pace factor and the unknown distance to view by individual pacing. Knowing your own pace means it will help you to ensure the accuracy and precision of pacing the distances.

Its purpose was to enhance the skills of every surveyor on the land that they are measuring. The length of pace commonly varies from person to a person that is multiplied by the number of paces on its total distance. A successful fundamental based on the land from its design is a best way to practice the measurement of a distance, angle, height, and position. The concepts of this method shows distances that has been obtained by pacing were sufficiently to be accurate for field sketching and also used in discovering blunders that can occur on the observations in making the distance by more closed enough to the methods. An engineering student should give an importance of knowing their own pace factor which is one of the constant valuable object that can be learn in surveying. It has speculation on applying the measurements its precision is nearly to 1/300.With a common practice in pacing on an obstacle is encountered to an offset where it sometimes paced around the obstacle but it is not always an option. Continuous practice can accomplish to have a good pacing. This is a part to the course where it is a big help to determine one’s pace factor. Pace factor would be a great advantage on gaining a knowledge in measuring without any tools or equipment. These pace factor also basic way in doing a survey on the field and a quick overview on the measurement. You might encounter some errors from this field make sure that pace factor could get accurately if you come up with a good values on the data. Walk naturally to perform the field in a pacing distance.

Pace can be measured from a heel to heel of from toe to toe where it some of the errors that might cause of high percent through the fieldwork. It is good to practice to fix his eyes on a distant things at the range behind the pole on the farther line of being paced. It is understood that the mean of horizontal distance regardless of the relative elevation of the two points in a rough distance. There are special techniques and equipment may be needed to obtain an accurate determination of the distance. The degree of precision required another factor which required to be required that could be considered before the measurement of distance is being undertaken so that the correct type of equipment and method of measurement may be done.

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There were light deviation to the directions that could definitely affect to the accuracy of pacing. And an attempt to make each step to be not determined will lead to inaccurate results. The length of the pace vary on the speed that was accommodate by the person, the roughness of the ground, the weight of the clothing and also from the footwear. The pace differ when going in a high level ground and lower level that for lower will produce a lesser steps rather pacing the same distance on a high level. So in general the length of the paces causes this field to discover the means of developing math computations and measuring every details that might be a shown all through out to this field work.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this field work is:

To obtain each members of the group of their individual pace factor To determine an unknown distance by individual pacing of each group

INSTRUMENTS

The instruments that has been used are:

2 Range pole

- It is an equipment in surveying having a straight pole or also a rod where usually painted of red and white alternate

- Could be made to a metal, wooden, fiberglass poles were it is usually 8ft in length.

- These poles are used as temporarily makers to distinguish the point of location where it is required to be seen on a long distance.

- Intended to give back sight or foresight if the 2 poles are in a horizontal distance

Chalk (for pavements)

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-soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite

-used for marking

Marking pins (for soft ground)

-

Metal pin used in surveying for marking taped measurements on the ground-used for many different tasks around the construction site such as marking out areas and positioning objects

50 Meter Tape

- Is a flexible ruler which measures up to 50 or 100 meters

- known as a surveyors' tape measure, is the most popular length of tape

PROCEDURES

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A. Determination of Individual Pace Factor or (P.F.)1. The students are obliged to measure and designate a 50m course on the

level ground. After that it is needed to remove the tape to prevent them from using the tape as a basis for a straight course.

2. The ends of the assigned course are marked with their hubs or the marking pins if needed or the chalk marks on the pavements. Write the designated points as A and B.

3. Set or hold range poles behind points A and B or outside the course AB. These poles will aid the students to travel in a straight path.

4. Each students with their designated group should take turn pacing the course from A to B starting with heel or toe over A, keeping their eyes focus on the range pole behind point B to keep themselves on a straight path. One has to walk in their natural unaffected manner, and has to keep counting their number of paces for the entire course being covered. A partial pace at the end of the course should be figured out to the nearest one fourth of a pace. Record this as the number of paces for trial No. 1.

5. For trial no.2, each student must walk from B to A in the same manner as in the first trial

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for subsequent trials to comply with the number of trials required by the professor

7. The data should be jot down in the preliminary data sheet.

B. Determination of unknown distance of the assigned course by pacing1. The professor marks the ends of a level course to be paced by each student.2. Range Poles are to be set up outside the level course to straighten the path of the student.3. Each student paces the course with the minimum number of trials as required, recording the number of paces for each trial.4. The professor after all field notes shall have been submitted, assigns two students to make an actual taping of the course to determine its actual taped distance.

COMPUTATIONS

These sample field notes is done in accordance with the steps listed hereunder:

A. Computation of P.F.

1. Get the sum of the five trials and divide this sum by number of trials to get the mean.

N = mean . number . of . paces = ∑ . of .the . number .of . paces

number .of .trials

2. Divide the length of the course by the mean of number of paces to get the individual Pace Factor P.F.

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P.F. = length. of . the . coursemean.number .of . paces

. m/pace

B. Computation of an unknown distance and percent error:

1. Get the sum of the number of paces in each trial and divide this sum by the number of trials performed to get the mean.

N = mean . number . of . paces = ∑ . of .the . number .of . paces

number .of .trials

2. Multiply the mean number of the unknown distance by the Pace Factor (P.F.) to obtain the paced distance.

P.D. = (N) * (P.F.)

3. Divide the difference between the taped distance and the paced distance by the taped distance and multiply the quotient by 100 to get the percent of error.

Percentage . of . error = ¿Taped . Distance−Paced .Distance∨ ¿Taped .Distance

¿ *

100%

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor?

It is important to know the individual’s pace factor because it is a very useful thing in the field of civil engineering most especially who are in a surveying job where they might left in the materials like meter tape and other measuring device used to measure the length in a horizontal distance but you can still to solve the distance with the used of your own pace factor based on the formula. And also it is important to understand and develop the

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skill of measuring a nearly accurate measurement without using the measuring devices.

2. Name Three most important pointers that an individual must remember to follow in order to make his/her approximation of the distance of an unknown course to be as accurate as possible.

- Always focus on what you are counting so that there are no excess or deficiencies

- Pace accurately where it has shown on the manual- Try to maintain a straight walk as possible to lessen the percent error

3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small Park of his community by pacing around the area for three consecutive times. The number of paces was tallied at 535,543 and 539 respectively, for each trial. If the student’s pace factor is 0.74m/pace, determine the actual perimeter of the land.

Mean=535+543+5393

¿539

Perimeter=(mean)∗( pace factor )¿(539)∗(0.74 )

Perimeter=398.86m

4. Every morning, joy walks school from her boarding house and takes only a single route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of paces she makes. Monday morning’s number of paces made joy is listed as 345 pace. On Tuesday, 353 paces; Wednesday; 358 paces; Thursday, 348 paces, and lastly, on Friday 355 paces. That Friday afternoon, a surveyor from city engineer’s office who is tasked to lay out a new drainage piping system, measured the exact route she took and found out that the taped distance is 275 m. what is joy’s pace factor?

mean=345+353+358+348+3555

¿351.8

Pace factor=Taped distancemean

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¿ 275351.8

Pace factor=0.78 m/pace

5. The table shown below was taken from Jack’s notes when he tried to determine the perimeter of his newly acquired agricultural piece of land. Knowing that his pace factor is 0.81, determine the perimeter of his lot. Complete the table.

TRIAL LINE

NO. OF PACES

PACED FACTOR

PACED DISTANCE

PERIMETER

1 AB 125.25

0.81

101.45

97.17

2 BC 85 68.85

3 CD 79.5 64.4

4 DE 133 107.73

5 EF 185 149.85

6 FA 112 90.72

P.D. = (N) * (P.F.)

P.D1= (125.25) (0.81) = 101.45

P.D2= (85) (0.81) = 68.85

P.D3= (79.5) (0.81) = 64.4

P.D4= (133) (0.81) =107.73

P.D5= (185) (0.81) = 149.85

P.D6= (112) (0.81) =90.72

Perimeter ¿∑ of all the pacedistance

= 588m

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FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

DATE: JULY 20, 2015 GROUP NO.: 3

TIME: 12:00-4:30 PM LOCATION: MAPUA CAMPUS

WEATHER: SUNNY PROFESSOR: ENGR. IRA BALMORIS

A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TRIAL LINE TAPED DISTANCE

NO. OF PACES MEAN PACE FACTOR

1 AB 50m 89

89.8 0.557

2 BA 50m 91

3 AB 50m 88

4 BA 50m 91

5 AB 50m 90

B. COMPUTATIONS:Mean = Average number of paces Pace Factor=Taped Distance

Mean

= 75+74+78+77+75

5 =

5076

= 76 Pace Factor=0.6C. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING

TRIAL LINE NO. OF PACES MEAN PACE FACTOR

PACED DISTANCE

TAPED DISTANCE

ERROR

1 CD 94 94.2 0.557 52.47 52.7 0.004%2 DC 95

3 CD 934 DC 945 CD 95

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

D. COMPUTATIONS:

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Mean =Average number of paces

= 94+95+93+94+95

5¿94.2

P.D= (94.2) x (0.557) =52.47

E. SKETCH:

PHOTO 1:

In this picture we have to place the 2 range pole at the starting point that we will measure up to the last that will be at 50m. Make sure that the two end point are parallel to each other so that when you do the pacing there are no much error.

PHOTO 2:

In this picture from the starting point lay down the 50 meter tape until to the last point. Mark the starting point as A and the last point is B.

PHOTO 3:

In this picture when you had finish marking and putting the two range, you may start walking to know your individual pace factor and the person that was walking should go in a straight line and make sure you are looking to the range.

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RESEARCH

For further understanding the used of using individual pace factor is very important where it implies the skills of approximating the distance of the field. In case of emergency that the measuring equipment doesn’t brought, pacing could be a good method for it. The length of a pace varies to every individual persons. This can be distinguish by walking along of known length on a level ground in an uniform gait, and counting the number of paces that it takes to notice the strength on how long it stretch. The last pace is estimated of its quarter pace.

This way is advisable to do this in least a number of five or more trials that in order to determine the average number of paces. The pace factor is determined by dividing the known distance by the average of its number of paces to be traverse. Any unknown distance from a rough field approximately calculated that takes the average by one’s pace factor. It is very important to walk naturally so that the values could get good result. In all the length of the pace decreases as any of these factors increases, except the speed.

In a certain surveying only the rough approximation of distance necessary that could be called as pacing. Some instances maybe sufficient locating topographic features during preliminary reconnaissance of a building site or searching properties of every corners. This is a skill of every surveyor should do.

DISCUSSION

Based on the results from the data that has been gathered the measurements of the 5 trials must be nearer to each values. In using the pace it presents the easiest way on measuring the distance covered between the two points. It consist of properly counting the number of steps in the required distance to make sure that the percent error is to be lesser to 3%. It could be measured by steps, when the steps are counted the distance can be disputed if its length of every steps are known. A stride is sometimes preferred by the surveyors were it might an equivalent to a two pace or forming a double step. Many practical applications could be valuable for the things learned in surveying. It is a fast equip of means of checking the measurements that has been extract by other methods.

The pacing is fitted to be calculate in approximating the distance from some situation that has low precision of the measurement where it is sufficient. Pacing from the distances are enough on having accurate for locating details and small-scale maps. On the first part of the field work it is about to layout using the 50

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meter tape as the procedure said so, it measured on a 50 meter distance for each individual member along the 2 range pole. These contains in a 5 trials were consequently got the first data needed to know the individual’s pace factor. And the second part were the determination of the unknown distance of the assigned course also by the use of passing. Lastly when the data has been gathered so get the mean, pace factor and the pace distance. Several errors gives us the idea if the things that we have work are good enough for the values on the data and also it could explain the differences between each values that connects for having the pace factor.

CONCLUSION

All throughout the field that has made shows that pacing on level ground is a way of distinguishing the approximate value for the distance that has been travelled by. This method is concerned with the areas in the field where the results are obtained by the number of paces by the average length of the pace. In this field there are some possible errors and difficulties that every person might encounter by an individual pace. This sort of the irregular elevation of the location that was measured, and miscount of the footsteps could rather affect the pace factor, and unstable path while walking through could affect the exact pacing of measurement.

I have learned that every one of us has its own pace factor which gives the values that give the percent error for only about 3% and make sure that you follow its procedure so the result might able to represent to every values that you have taken through. This fieldwork that been through has been succeeded to show that each pace accommodate to individual’s pace. This stated performance is the source of error that could be a problem by preventing it is simply concentrate with the field work, having a backup in counting and recording the data and having guide to prevent irregularities. So therefore, I conclude that this application let to know one’s pace factor of each individual and practice it could be a real way of doing in the field work.

There are some applications which the estimation of the accuracy of the average pace. The complexity of the terrain is larger and how will the impact stride. This means that each one has its own practical measure of distance. Always remember that this field let each students from surveying to nourish their skills on pacing a distance. Having this could gain a great impact without using any equipment in measuring a distance.

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