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Febra la pacientul imunodeprimat
Febra la pacientul imunodeprimat
CPT David Manthey, MD, USABrooke Army Medical Center
Fort Sam Houston, Texas
GS ACEP
Sistemele de aparare imuna Abordare generala
– Prezentare clinica – Diagnostic– Tratament empiric– Criterii de internare
Obiectivele cursului
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Obiectivele cursului (cont.)
Afectiuni primare– Sindromul Imunodeficientei umane
dobindite– Neoplazii /Chimioterapie – Diabet Zaharat– Siclemie– Tratament cu steroizi
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Aparare imuna
Bariere fizice– Integritatea tegumentului– Integritatea mucoaselor– Transport mucociliar– Mediul acid
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Aparare imuna
Limfocite– Limfocite B
IgG, IgA, etc.– Limfocite T
Helper si Supresor– Celule Natural Killer
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Aparare imuna
Fagocite-Circulante
Macrofage, Monocite, EozinofileFixeCelule Kupffer , celule alveolare tip II Sistemul reticuloendotelial Splina ficat
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Aparare imuna
Factori circulanti– Cascada complementului– Interferon– Opsonine– Lizozim
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Abordare generala
Prezentare clinica Diagnostic Tratament empiric Critere de internare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Prezentare clinica
Prejudecati Evolutie rapida Raspuns imun deficitar Sindrom septic Exacerbarea unui diabet zaharat coexistent
Gradul imunodepresiei
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Diagnostic
Hemoleucograma pentru diagnostic diferential
Hemoculturi Uroculturi Rx toracic Rx sinusuri craniene CT / Punctia lombara
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Tratament empiric(in functie de localizare)
Pulmonara Sangvina Tract urinar Sistem nervos central Febra fara cauza evidentiabila Sepsis
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Localizare Pulmonara
Agenti patogeni:– Strep. pneumonia, Staph. aureus,
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Tratament:– B-lactamaze anti-pseudomonas si
aminoglicozide Legionella - Eritromicina
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Sange
Agenti infectiosi– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida
Tratament:– B-lactamaze anti- pseudomonas si
aminoglicozide– Vancomicina si Aztreonam
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Cai urinare
Agenti patogeni:– Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Candida Tratament:
– Aminoglicozide– Ceftazidime
Enterococi - Ampicilina
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Sistem nervos central
Agenti infectiosi:– Strep. pneumonia, Neisseria
meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Listeria monocytogenes
Tratament:– Ceftazidime si ampicilina– Ceftriaxona sau Claforan
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Febra fara cauza evidenta
Antibiotice cu spectru larg B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si aminoglicozide
Vancomicina - pentru staph. rezistenti meticilina
Eritromicina - Legionella Ampicilin - Listeria, Enterococi Clindamicina - Anaerobi
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Criterii de internare
– Granulocitopenie– Splenectomie– Surse de infectie neevidentiata– Semne neurologice– Pacient incapabil sa se ingrijeasca
singur– Stare septica
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Criterii de externare
– Sursa de infectie evidentiabila care permite tratamentul pacientului in ambulator
– Pacient fara imunodepresie severa– Posibilitatea urmaririi pacientului– Posibilitatea ingrijirii in ambulator– Antibiotice orale
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Sindromul de imunodeficienta dobandita
Defecte imune Diagnostic Numararea fractiei CD4 Infectii comune specifice Manifestari specifice de organ Criterii de internare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Defecte Imune
Limfocite T4 helper si supresor Macrofage Monocite
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Metode diagnostice
Hemoculturi pentru fungi Serologie pentru Toxoplasma Antigen anti- Criptococ Materii fecale pentr oua si paraziti Acid fast stain CD4
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Numararea fractiei CD4
> 500 elemente / ml - majoritatea mecanismelor de aparare sunt normale
< 200 / ml - infectii cu oportunisti la pacienti cu SIDA
< 100 / ml - complicatii care afecteaza prognosticul vital
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii clasice la pacientii HIV pozitivi
Pneumonia cu Pneumocystis Carinii
Toxoplasma gondi Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara Citomegalovirus Micobacterium tuberculosis
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Pneumocystis carinii
Cea mai frecventa infectie cu oportunisti
Tuse neproductiva Infiltrate difuze Hipoxemia Trimetoprim - Sulfamethoxazole
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Toxoplasmoza
Cea mai frecventa cauza de encefalita focala
Cefalee ,deficite neurologice localizate si alterarea statusului mental
Leziuni circumscrise la CT Sulfadiazine si Pyrimethamine
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara
Afecteaza 50% din pacientii cu SIDA
Scadere in greutate , anorexie, diaree, slabiciune generalizata
Reactia acida in scaun Nu necesita tratament de obicei
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Cytomegalovirus
Cea mai frecventa cauza de corioretinita
Tulburari de vedere Dureri oculare,diaree Se asociaza cu infectii cu Pneumocystis carini
Culturi pentru virusi Nu necesita tratament de obicei
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuse persistenta ,transpiratii nocturne ,scadere in greutate
Bacterii acidofile in cultura din sputa
Tratamentul variaza in functie de zona si rezistenta la soc
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Simptome pulmonare
Pneumocystis Carinii Tuberculoza Cytomegalovirus Strep. pneumonia Sarcom Kaposi Limfom primar
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Simptome gastro -intestinale
Cryptosporidium Isospora belli Candida Salmonella / Shigella Cytomegalovirus Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Simptome neurologice
Toxoplasma Cryptococcosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sarcom Kaposi Limfom
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Criterii de internare
Febra fara sursa CD4 < 100/ml Simptome ale SNC Hipoxemia Incapacitate de a se ingrijii singuri Esecul tratamentului in ambulator
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Cancer / Chimioterapie
Deficite imune Numarare de neutrofile Infectii de sistemtem Criterii de internare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Deficite imune
Granulocitopenia Imunitatea mediata celular Factori umorali
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Numararea neutrofilelor in valoare absoluta
Numar de leucocite x procentul de neutrofile
Neutropenie < 500 neutrofile …..
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii pulmonare
Agenti patogeni: Strep. pneumonia, Staph. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus, Pneumocistis carinii
Tratament:– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si
aminoglicozide
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii sangvine
Agenti infectiosi:– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida
Tratament:– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas– Vancomycin si Aztreonam
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii urinare
Agenti patogeni:– Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Candida Tratament:
– Aminoglicozide– Ceftazidima
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii ale tegumentelor
Agenti patogeni:– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Herpes simplex
Tratament:– Vancomycin si aztreonam– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si
aminoglicozide
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Tratamentul pacientului in ambulator
Neutrofile > 1,000 Sursa de infectie minora Urmarirea atenta impreuna cu oncologul
Antibiotice orale
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Criterii de internare
Neutropenie Aspect septic Sursa majora de infectie Urmarire dificila sau complianta scazuta la tratament
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Diabet zaharat
Deficite imune Infectii specifice Tratament general
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Deficite imune
Bariere fizice Hipoperfuzia Disfunctie granulocitara
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii specifice
Otita externa maligna Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis Colecistita emfizematoasa Fasciita necrozanta
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Otita Externa Maligna
Prezentare: otalgie,sensibilitate periauriculara
Microorganisme: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Complicatii :Meningite, Abcese Tratament: Beta-lactamine anti- pseudomonas si and aminoglicozide
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Rhinocerabral Mucormycosis
Prezentare: febra, cefalee ,durere faciala ,necroza de palat
Microorganisme: Fungii Complicatii: Meningite, Tromboza de sinus cavernos
Tratament: Toaleta chirurgicala si Amfotericina B
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Colecistita Emfizematoasa
Presentare: durere in hipocondrul drept, greata si varsaturi, crepitati
Diagnostic: gaze in peretele vezicei biliare
Microorganisme: Clostridii si gram negativi
Tratament: interventie chirurgicala si acoperire cu antibiotici
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Fasciita necrozanta
Prezentare: piele cu aspect normal anestezie la nivelul tegumentelor, stare toxica
Diagnostic: aer in tesuturi, necroza Microorganisme: Polimicrobiene Tratament: toaleta chirurgicala, antibiotice cu spectru larg, camera hiperbara
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Generalitati
Unele microorganisme: evolutie grava
Hiperglicemie Tratament agresiv
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Siclemie
Deficite imune Infectii specifice Evaluare si Tratament Criterii de internare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Deficite Imune
Asplenia Factori Umorali
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Infectii specifice
Microorganisme incapsulate:– Strep. pneumonia, Hemophilus
influenza, Salmonella Osteomielita cu Salmonella
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Evaluare si Tratament
Crize dureroase Numar reticulocite Antibiotice:
– Rocefin 75 mg/kg– Cefuroxime 50 mg/kg
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Criteri de internare
< 12 luni stare septica febra > 103 Fahreinheit Left shift urmarire si complianta dificila fara sursa evidentiabila de infectie infectie grava
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Utilizare de steroizi
Defecte imune Evaluare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Defecte imune
Functie granulocitara deficitara raspuns inflamator deficitar
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Evaluare
Semne de infectie diminuate Examen abdominal nerelevant demarginalizare fii precaut
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Recapitulare
Cateva elemente ale apararii Prejudecatii asupra imunodepresiei Evolutie rapida Nivelul ridicat de suspiciune
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised
Recapitulare
CT si punctie lombara Agentii patogenii si tratamentul Criterii de internare
Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised