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Three years a!o, a seminal discussion on the decisive role of makin! in architecture was launched in a lar!e international forum at the inau!ural FABRICATE conference or!anised by the Bartlett School of Architecture, University Colle!e London. The main topics proposed by its Chairs, Bob Sheil and Ruairi Glynn, addressed prevailin! shifts in the contemporary production of architecture: physical processes, material systems, machines and the bespoke as well as representation and manufacture.

Today’s remarkable interest in intensifyin! the relation-ship between desi!n and makin! in architecture seems to be driven more by research institutions and youn! start-up entrepreneurs than by an established architectural practice. In continuation of the profession’s constructive tradition, entirely di!ital technolo!ies and construction methods, such as robotic fabrication and architecture-scale 3D printin!, are currently bein! tested with the help of prototypes, pavilions and smaller buildin!s. Here the question arises of if and how the innovations developed will become relevant at a lar!er scale of architecture. But an issue that may become even more important is whether the creative spirit ori!inatin! from these di!ital-material explorations will lead to a chan!e in sensibil-ity and methods that will affect the desi!n and buildin! culture more fundamentally than mi!ht appear at a first !lance.

While di!ital fabrication technolo!ies are rapidly becom-in! common practice in architecture for prototypin! as well as for ornamental effects, a profound knowled!e of their full architectural operability and inherent capacities seems to be developin! very slowly amon! architects. There are still ex-perts needed who can ‘solve the problems’ of transformin! desi!ned di!ital models into built reality. However, to make the full spectrum of di!ital technolo!ies in architecture access-ible, to unfold it or even exhaust it, they have to be more than known techniques, they have to be considered conceptually in desi!n from the very be!innin!. Therefore, the focus of the FABRICATE conference at ETH Zurich in 2014 is particularly set on contemporary research that does not just investi!ate the further development of technolo!ies, but presents ways of inte!ratin! them in an early desi!n phase in order to finally overcome the still prevalent separation of desi!n and makin! and introduce new meanin! and substance into the profession.

The publication includes contributions from leadin! re-search institutions such as the Bartlett School of Architecture at University Colle!e London, Harvard University, the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, the Institute for Com-putational Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art, the Institute of Technolo!y in Architecture at ETH Zurich, Massachusetts

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Institute of Technolo!y, Princeton University, Yale University, as well as projects by Arup, Autodesk, Buro Happold, desi!n-toproduction, Foster + Partners, Hyperbody and Scanlab. It is complemented by conversations between the keynote speak-ers at FABRICATE 2014 and 2011: Mario Carpo and Matthias Kohler, "eil Gershenfeld and Mark Burry, Achim Men!es and Philip Beesley, Vir!inia San Fratello and Ronald Rael and "eri Oxman.

"&1Q,5;(-+(0(Q'.We owe our thanks to a lar!e number of friends and collea!ues. Firstly, to the Co-Chairs, Bob Sheil and Ruairi Glynn, for their valuable advice and continuous support, to Marilena Skavara and Orkun Kasap for their tireless and !reat help in or!anis-in! the conference, as well as to our whole team at ETH Zurich.

We are indebted to our Chairs and numerous peer review-ers, without whose efforts, time and work it would have been impossible to mana!e the lar!e number of contributions to FABRICATE 2014. So our sincere thanks !o to Hubertus Adam, Philippe Block, Tobias Bonwetsch, Michael Budi!, Xavier De Kestelier, Stylianos Dritsas, Yves Ebnoether, Sean Hanna, Volker Helm, Sawako Kaijima, Axel Kilian, Branko Kolarevic, Toni Kotnik, Dirk Krolikowski, Geor!e Le!endre, Marta Malé-

Alemany, Wes McGee, Achim Men!es, Philippe Morel, Shinya Okuda, "eri Oxman, Fabian Scheurer, Christoph Schindler, Mi-chael Stacey, Martin Tamke, Yves Weinand and Jan Willmann.

For their support in finalisin! the publication, we would like to thank Veronika Darius for her mana!ement, Beverly Zumbühl for editin! and especially Oliver Schmid for desi!n-in! the book in a really narrow time frame. Thanks also !o to all the authors for their dili!ence and patience.

For promotion and support, we want to thank our me-dia partners archithese, uncube, Detail research, Architonic, world-architects.com, Stylepark and archello, as well as the In-stitute for the History and Theory of Architecture (!ta) at ETH Zurich, ACADIA 2013 and the Fab lab Zurich for an inspirin! ex-chan!e and much valued contributions.

And finally, we thank the Department of Architecture of ETH Zurich, Keller AG, "OE Formwork, Erne AG Holzbau, Bach-mann En!ineerin! AG and Computerworks for sponsorin! the conference, and especially ABB and The Port Technolo!y by Schindler for their !enerous financial support for this publication.

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Fi2. 1: Perspective view of the Silk Pavilion and its complementary basic research exhibit. (Photo: Steven Keatin2.)

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The Silk Pavilion explores the relationship between di2ital and biolo2ical fibre-based fabrication on an architectural scale. Its primary structure is comprised of 26 silk-threaded poly2onal panels laid down by a CVC (Computerised Vumerical Control) machine. Inspired by the silkworm’s ability to 2enerate a 3DWcocoon out of a sin2le multi-property silk filament, the Pavilion’s overall 2eometry was created usin2 an al2orithm that assi2ns a sin2le continuous thread across patches, providin2 functional density 2radients informed by environmental constraints such as li2ht and heat. Overall density variation was informed by deployin2 the Bombyx mori silkworm as a biolo2ical multi-axis multi-material 3DW‘printer’ in the creation of a secondary fibre structure. 6500 silkworms were positioned on the scaffold spinnin2 flat non-woven silk patches to locally reinforce the CVC-deposited silk structure. The paper provides a review of basic research into the silkworm’s spinnin2 behaviour, material and structural characterisation, computational simulation and fabrication strate2y devised for the full-scale construction of the Pavilion. Potential applications for lar2e-scale fibre-based di2ital fabrications that involve biolo2ical fabrication conclude the paper.

1#!5'*,06- #6- .,)(3#)(,6!%#$(-#".(- &,Q.'$=&'%,Q Di!ital fabrication processes, such as layered manufactur-in!, typically involve the layered deposition of materials with constant homo!eneous physical properties.$ Yet most natural and biolo!ical materials are made of fibrous structures local-ly ali!ned and spatially or!anised to optimise structural and environmental performance.% In the fields of product and ar-chitectural desi!n, specifically, the automotive and avionic industries, fibre-based di!ital fabrication has typically been confined to the development and application of hi!h- per form-ance composites.& These materials and their related process-es are typically toxic and harmful to the environment. Based on previous research and inspired by the Bombyx mori silk-worm, this research explores the possibility of mer!in! di!ital and biolo!ical fabrication to deliver a holistic and sustainable desi!n approach in the production of non-woven fibre-based constructions.'

Construction processes found in nature such as woven spi-der nets or a!!re!ate bird’s nests are characterised by the an-imal’s ability to !enerate, distribute, orient, densify and as-semble fibre-based composite material.( Spiders, for example, can !enerate fibres with varyin! properties based on a par-

ticular need or function. These fibres are optimised for a wide ran!e of different conditions includin!, but not limited to, me-chanical properties such as stren!th and tou!hness. In addi-tion to many existin! types of silks, the silk itself may be rap-idly adapted to different parameters durin! the silk spinnin! process. The final webs take into account a delicate balance of function, environmental conditions and material efficiency as limited by the ener!y resources of the spider.) Similarly, the silkworm can control the ratios of fibres and matrix to !ener-ate a wide array of mechanical properties ran!in! across ten-sile and compressive structures.*

1#+(! *%+%#*!" (6), 2(1*%-1#+%- !,!,,6 !,6+)*0!)(,6 ,2 +($5<,*.+"Q"',06, #(7"<%,=$. "Q- 0('7,-.The Bombyx mori silkworm is an arthropod with a body of ap-proximately two to three inches in len!th. A division in the le!s around the mid-portion of the body allows the worm to bend freely from side to side in its typical fi!ure of ei!ht mo-tion (fi!. 2). The silkworm’s spinneret is located near its head, allowin! the or!anism to extrude upwards of one kilometre of raw silk fibre. It traditionally spins silk in its fifth instar (sta!e between moults) after one to two months of feedin! on mul-

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Fi2. 2: A Bombyx mori silkworm spins silk fibre on a di2itally fabricated scaffoldin2 structure.

Fi2. 3: a) Silkworm with attached ma2net for motion trackin2. b) A Bombyx mori silk-worm positioned within a ma2neto meter testin2 ri2. c) Point cloud visualisation based on ma2netometer testin2 ri2 data.

(3) Template fibre-spinnin! experiments: it was observed that when spinnin! on a relatively flat environment, the silkworm !enerates a flat non-woven silk patch. Buildin! on this obser-vation, and coupled with previous research,+ a suite of envi-ronments with varyin! morpholo!ical features was developed in order to explore the relationship between surface features and fibre or!anisation.$,

Experimental results determined the followin!: (1) A 3D-co-coon structure emer!ed only at a sectional hei!ht of 21 mm; be-low this, a tent-like structure in the form of a rectan!ular pyr-amid was spun. In the absence of this hei!ht, a non-enclosed surface patch was spun. (2) Fibre density typically varied as a function of the distance from the central vertical pole to the surface boundary. This may point to a local optimal condition requirin! the least amount of ener!y for the construction of a stron! stable structure within a !iven timeframe. (3) Boundary contours were typically denser. This is most likely due to the silkworm’s constant search for a vertical pole tall enou!h to al-low for cocoon construction.

!,.:0)#)(,6 #6- -('()#$ 2#1*(!#)(,6 &,0>='"'%,Q The pavilion was desi!ned and constructed in two phases: the first phase consisted of di!itally fabricatin! a scaffoldin! en-velope made of silk fibres and the second phase consisted of deployin! thousands of silkworms to spin a secondary silk en-velope. A set of apertures built into the initial envelope capture li!ht and heat, thus controllin! the distribution of silkworms on the structure.

Overcomin! current limitations of existin! computer aid-ed desi!n (CAD) tools, a parametric environment was devel-

berry leaves as it matures into a silk-producin! caterpillar. When prepared to spin, the silkworm typically trian!ulates a three-dimensional space or corner formin! a tensile structure within which the cocoon is formed..

Silk production typically involves the harvestin! and soak-in! of completed cocoons in a soapy water bath. The ed!e of an individual fibre is then pulled out of the bath and spun onto a spool for silk thread production. This production method re-quires the spinnin! of a full cocoon and a shortened life cycle for the silkworm, eliminatin! the opportunity for reproduction.

"-<"Q&(- %0"+%Q+ '(&7Q%M=(. "Q- M="Q'%'"'%<( "Q";6.%. ,! .%;1 &,&,,Q.Basic research was conducted to further observe, understand and predict the motion and material deposition behaviour of the silkworm, implementin! the followin! tools, techniques and technolo!ies: (1) Dynamic trackin! was achieved by the application of ma!-netometer motion sensin! to motion-capture a silkworm over the course of a 3-day cocoon construction period, dur-in! which the silkworm was tracked by attachin! a miniature ma!net to its head. The or!anism was placed in a boxed space fitted with three ma!netometers capturin! the worm’s move-ment in 3D-space. Data collected were converted into a visual representation of a point cloud (fi!. 3).(2) Wide-an!le hi!h resolution MicroCT (microtomo!raphy) and SEM (scannin! electron microscope) ima!in! techniques were developed and implemented to analyse the or!anisation-al properties of silk textures across various len!th scales and species. SEM ima!in! techniques enabled micro-scale analysis of material property variation across the transversal and lon-!itudinal sections of the cocoon.

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oped that facilitates the desi!n and fabrication phases of the project, enablin! continuous iteration between di!ital form-findin! and physical fabrication processes. As such, this com-putational tool also served to mediate between environmental input, material properties and or!anisation as well as biolo!i-cal fabrication constraints. In addition, the tool enabled real-time evaluation of multiple desi!n solutions.

The main !oal was to develop a holistic computational de-si!n environment able to simultaneously capture and process multiple sets of complex constraints in real time. Most of these constraints are difficult or impossible to capture usin! current CAD tools. Amon!st them is the ability to automatically deter-mine for every di!itally woven silk fibre what the conformal distance or space is within which the silkworm can spin, enab-lin! the conver!ence between the di!itally laid fibres and the biolo!ically spun filaments.

A subsequent !oal was to computationally embody the !eo metrical complexity and scalability of the Pavilion, as well as the scaffoldin! resolution and the ran!e of fabrication tools used. The resultin! tool informs the desi!ner about overall material or!anisation as well as the effects of the biolo!i-cal parameters (such as silkworm motion ran!e) on the final desi!n.

The !enerative environment includes a new library de-si!ned on top of the RhinoCommon build that runs on the Grasshopper plu!-in (in Mc"eel Rhinoceros 3D-Modeler). The library comprises a set of routines that enable the shapin! of a li!htwei!ht fibrous environment. The followin! data sets informed the al!orithm for scaffoldin! thread !eometry: the first set contains the fabrication constraints captured by the al!orithm. These constraints are informed by the robotic man-ufacturin! platform alon! with its prescribed !antry size and tool reach. This set !enerated the need for a spherical struc-

ture of the pavilion to be subdivided into a set of substructural patches. The patches conformed to a truncated icosahedron whose faces fit the robotic manufacturin! bed. The second set of constraints ori!inated in two data maps; the first map encoded the specific on-site solar trajectory and the second provided an openin! radius multiplier to !enerate or!anisa-tional fibre variation. Combined, these two maps informed the position and size of the pavilion apertures (fi!. 4). The third set of constraints is linked to the silkworm’s biolo!ical character-istics, with the !oal of providin! maximum silk deposit reach.

For each aperture, the position and size of which is deter-mined by the site’s li!ht conditions, the computational protocol identifies a continuous tan!ent circle on the spherical !eom-etry (fi!. 5a). It is subsequently converted into tan!ent line se!ments, represented in 2D, matchin! the patch fabrication representation. For each such circle, a parameter controllin! the resolution of the tan!ents relative to its !eometry was as-si!ned. This parameter determines the ratio between local fibre !radients to overall fibre distribution and or!anisation. The al!orithm then checks each aperture to find out if it is contained within a prescribed patch, multiple patches or none, and classifies this information as data lists. For each patch con-tainin! a full or partial aperture, the al!orithm computes the followin!: (1) Aperture formation in relation to the overall im-a!e of a continuous thread (fi!. 5b). (2) Thread redistribution across apertures, providin! balance between aperture dis-tribution and continued thread allocation across the surface area of the overall volume. (3) Contour attachments for local continuous threads. (4) Scaffoldin! thread-spacin! conforma-tion to biolo!ical parameters of the silkworm weavin! pattern (fi!. 6a). (5) Robotic toolpath for fabrication (fi!. 6b).

A final overall visualisation of the pavilion, aluminium frame profiles for water jet manufacturin! of the patches (visu-

Fi2. 4: a) Computational projection of panelled dome: solar mappin2. b) Computational projection of panelled dome: aperture distribution mappin2.

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alised as the poly!onal line se!ments), and unfolded toolpaths for C"C weavin! are then !enerated as output (fi!. 7).

-%+%'"; !"#$%&"'%,Q Based on the analytical protocols developed and reviewed above, a di!ital fabrication approach was developed that sup-ported the findin!s with re!ard to the worm’s possible ran!e of motion and deposition behaviour, thus enablin! the di!ital fabrication tools and biolo!ical construction to mer!e.

Initial toolpath development was tested with a three-axis C"C (Computer "umerically Controlled) machine. Initial com-putational paths were explored and implemented as traditional millin! toolpaths without usin! the machine’s spindle activa-tion. These tests were ori!inally developed as a drawin! meth-od prior to the development of the thread deposition tool (fi!. 8).

Continued development of the C"C toolpath output (from the di!ital model to the machine) enabled the development of

a basic tool that allowed for the deposition of thread as a spool or roll-based material. The !antry of the three-axis machine carried the rolls to be replaced as required based on the panel to be fabricated. A tool tip was developed that could be affixed into the normal collet desi!n of the cuttin! head; the spindle would remain off and in a locked position. The spooled mater-ial could then be fed down throu!h the tool tip inside a low friction HDPE (hi!h-density polyethylene) tube. The tube ends in a custom-made press-fit bearin! attached to a rotatin! shaft with a sprin!-loaded foot where the strin! could exit smooth-ly and in accordance with the direction of machine travel. The deposition of a li!htwei!ht material onto a temporary alumin-ium frame allowed the machine to run at hi!her velocities than normal cuttin! operations, thus aidin! the speed of the fabri-cation process.

The perimeter of the unfolded 2D panels makin! up the overall form of the structure was desi!ned as perimeter scaf-

Fi2. 5: a) Computational 2eneration lo2ic of sin2le aperture. b) Final computational path with 2lobal aperture distribution.

Fi2. 6: a) Computational silkworm spinnin2 ran2e calculation. b) Computational unfolded panel and toolpath dia2ram.

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foldin! structures. They were cut from aluminium usin! water jets in order to maintain the deposited silk fibres durin! the fabrication process. The choice of a component-based assembly was dictated by the relatively lar!e size of the overall structure and the limitations !iven by the !antry size of the C"C spinnin! tool. Desi!ned as a temporary support, these panels could be reassembled after weavin! to maintain the overall !eom etry of the system while installin! it into a tensioned state in the atrium space of the Pavilion (fi!. 9).

The frames were developed with small hook elements to al-low the deposit of fibres. A release mechanism enabled the ex-traction of the frames once the panels were joined to!ether and the structure was positioned in space. Between the joinin! ed!es of each frame was a small rubber-coated frame of piano wire to which the vertex nodes of the structure were affixed. The vertex nodes were to be used in attachin! the tensile structure to its surroundin! environment and the piano wire was the me-dium around which the ed!e of each panel was affixed (fi!. 10).

Once the truncated icosahedron panels were assembled and knotted ed!e-to-ed!e, the overall structure was raised to its proper hei!ht and location, followed by the deployment of a series of tension lines. Each of the lines was affixed to a cus-tom desi!ned acrylic clip; each point location was calculated as part of the di!ital model of the vertex’s normal intersec-tion within the space. Tension cable len!ths were measured, located and labelled. Once the structure was in place, the en-tire vertex and centroid tension lines were installed and ten-sioned to their marked len!ths, suspendin! the metal frame and the structure in space. At this point, the frames were

Fi2. 7: a) Computational unfolded panel detail. b) Computational unfolded overall panel layout for fabrication.

Fi2. 8: Sprin2 steel CVC threadin2 tool and silk thread.

Fi2. 9: Three-axis CVC machine adapted as CVC deposition tool. Custom threadin2 tool, temporary aluminium scaffoldin2 and MDF ji2.

Fi2. 10: Knottin2 of vertex connections of non-woven silk patches on temporary aluminium scaffoldin2 structure.

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removed, startin! from the top of the structure and workin! down in circular fashion. Followin! the removal of the frame, some tension was lost that was recovered after the centroid suspension lines were tensioned. The bottom of the structure was affixed to a 25 mm thick MDF floor structure with a white vinyl coverin!.

#%,;,+%&"; !"#$%&"'%,QParallel to the di!ital fabrication of the primary structure, 6500 silkworms were raised throu!h the remainder of their fifth instar feedin! on a diet of mulberry leaves prior to the silk spinnin! phase (fi!. 11). Reared in a li!ht- and temperature-controlled room at the MIT Media Lab, the silkworms were fed and monitored over the course of several weeks. As the worms be!an spinnin!, they were transferred onto the tensioned silk structure with a protective fence and drop cloth in place.

Over a ten-day period, all silkworms were positioned on the scaffoldin! structure, typically initiatin! spinnin! from the bottom rim upwards (fi!. 12).

Most silkworms were found to settle into a sin!le space over the surface area of the structure, spinnin! flat patches in circular motion. In addition, most silkworms were found to mi!rate to the hi!hest surface patch of the structure, possibly due to a combination of hi!h temperature, low li!htin! condi-tions and decreased metabolic cost that is the result of hori-zontal movement (fi!. 13).

Followin! two to three spinnin! days, the silkworms were released from the structure and collected on a drop cloth at the bottom of the dome. The silkworms were able to continue their cycle of metamorphosis into a silk moth, includin! e!! layin! and reproduction.

.=00"$6 "Q- >,'(Q'%"; ">>;%&"'%,Q.The Silk Pavilion explores the duality of di!itally and bio-lo!ically fabricated structures by proposin! a template con-struction approach to fibre-based di!ital fabrication. In this approach, di!ital tools are implemented to deliver a hi!hly differentiated scaffold, on top of which a biolo!ical system is deployed. The two systems are complimentary: while one provides the load-bearin! paths of the structure, the other stren!thens these trajectories and acts as a skin. Moreover, the biolo!ically deposited silk embodies qualities associated with its scale that could not have been achieved usin! current di!ital fabrication tools. The silkworm-spun non-woven fi-broin adheres to and wraps around the di!itally deposited silk fibres and provides for a fibrous ‘infill’ due to the interaction

between the two chemical a!ents deposited by the silkworm: the fibroin that acts as fibre and the sericin that acts as !lue or connective tissue. The template construction approach can be implemented usin! other types of di!ital fabrication tools and biolo!ical systems. In this respect, the computational environ-ment developed for this project is considered a !enerative one: it can address other similar problems across a ran!e of scales and across an array of fabrication methods, environments and biolo!ical systems of choice.

Several potential applications may be considered as pos-sible outcomes of this research. With re!ard to the direct po-tential for biolo!ical fabrication combined with di!ital fabrica-tion, the experimental data affirmin! the relationship between scaffold surface morpholo!y and biolo!ical fibre or!anisation

Fi2. 11: Approximately 1000 Bombyx mori silkworms in their fifth instar upon arrival.

Fi2. 12: View throu2h pavilion apertures as the silkworms put a skin on the structure.

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Fi2. 13: Top view of the Silk Pavilion as approximately 6500 silkworms construct the fibrous composite.

can be considered the most valuable (fi!. 1). Further research will explore various techniques for usin! templates in biolo!i-cal fabrication in order to !enerate hi!hly controlled and tun-able functional !radients of material properties. "ew types of hi!h-performance textile composites may be desi!ned in this way, not unlike the composites observed on the pavilion which combine internal and external natural-silk wrappin! of the synthetic threads. In addition, direct silk fibre deposition onto a scaffoldin! structure not only bypasses the processin! of silk cocoons into thread and textile, but also promotes a more sus-tainable silk harvestin! cycle. Finally, with re!ard to decen-tralised swarm-like construction processes similar to the ones viewed in nature, future developments in the potential of col-laborative construction behaviour will be further explored.

The Silk Pavilion was developed by the Mediated Matter Group at the MIT Media Lab in collaboration with James Weaver of the Wyss Institute (Harvard) and Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto of Tufts University. The project was developed as part of on!oin! research investi!atin! fibre-based di!ital fabrication methods $$ combined with relevant cases found in nature. The construction sta!e explored the relationship between di!ital and biolo!ical fabrication on product and architectural scales.

"&1Q,5;(-+(0(Q'.

Research and Desi!n by the Mediated Matter Research Group at the MIT Media Lab in collaboration with Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto (TUFTS University) and Dr James Weaver (WYSS Institute, Harvard University). This work was supported in part by "SF EAGER Grant Award "o. #1152550 ‘Bio-Beams: Functionally Graded Rapid Desi!n / Fabrication’. We !ratefully acknowled!e the support of the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnolo!ies throu!h Grant "o. W911"F-09-0001 from the U.S. Army Research Office and the support of the MIT Institute for Soldier "anotechnolo!ies (Contract "o. DAAD-19-02-D0002). The content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. The Mediated Matter Group would also like to thank the Center for Bits and Atoms for providin! some of the fabrication technolo!ies for the realisation of this project.

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1 Hu Tao, David L. Kaplan and Fiorenzo G. Omenetto, ‘Silk Materials‚ a Road to Sustainable Hi!h Technolo!y’, Advanced Materials, 24/21 (2012), pp. 2824–37.

2 Janine M. Benyus, Biomimicry (HarperCollins e-books, 2009), pp. 6967–85; Fiorenzo G. Omenetto and David L. Kaplan, ‘"ew opportunities for an ancient material’, Science, 329 (2010), pp. 528–31; "eri Oxman, Markus Kayser, Jared Lauks and Michal Firstenber!, ‘Robotically Controlled Fiber-Based Manufacturin! as Case Study for Biomimetic Di!ital Fabrication’, in Helena Bártolo et al., eds., Green Design, Materials and Manufacturing Processes (London: CRC Press, 2013 a), pp. 473–8; "eri Oxman et al., ‘Freeform 3D-Printin!: Towards a Sustainable Approach to Additive Manufac turin!’, in ibid., p. 479–84 (2013 b).

3 Matilda McQuaid and Philip A. Beesley, Extreme Textiles: Designing for High Performance ("ew York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005).

4 Oxman et al. 2013 b (see note 2), p. 479.

5 Karl von Frisch and Otto von Frisch, Animal Architecture ("ew York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974).

6 Frisch and Frisch 1974 (see note 5); Fritz Vollrath, ‘Stren!th and Structure of Spiders’ Silks’, Reviews in Molecular Biotechnology, 74 (2000), pp. 67–83.

7 Frisch and Frisch 1974 (see note 5); Omenetto and Kaplan, 2010 (see note 2).

8 Frisch and Frisch 1974 (see note 5).

9 Brian D. Lawrence, Fiorenzo Omenetto, Katherine Chui and David L. Kaplan, ‘Processin! Methods to Control Silk Fibroin Film Biomaterial Features’, Journal of Materials Science, 43 (2008), pp. 6967–85; Omenetto and Kaplan, 2010 (see note 2); Tao et al. 2012 (see note 1) .

10 Oxman et al. 2013 a, b (see note 2).

11 Lawrence et al. 2008 (see note 9).

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*,1%*) #(+" is visitin! professor of Desi!n Computation at the University of Bath. He studied with the renowned craftsman, David Pye, at the Royal Colle!e of Art and also with the pioneerin! desi!n methodolo!ist, Bruce Archer. His interest in desi!n computation reflects these formative influ-ences. Robert Aish has been at the forefront of the parametric desi!n move-ment, first in shipbuildin! at the Gdansk Shipyard, followed by YRM where parametric software was first applied to architecture in the development of the Waterloo International Railway Station desi!ned by Grimshaw. These ideas were further developed in GenerativeComponents with Smart!eom-etry and latterly with the development of Desi!nScript as the fusion of !raph-based parametrics and imperative scriptin!.

#$(+# #&-*#+%5 is an architect and curator. She is a foundin! principal of Biothin! operatin! at the intersection of desi!n, complexity and computer science. Alisa teaches at the UCL Bartlett School of Architecture and has tau!ht at the AA, Columbia, Pratt, UPenn and RMIT Melbourne. She has received numerous awards and her work has been exhibited worldwide.

+)%2#&, #&-*%#&( is a licensed architectural en!ineer and teacher inter-ested in the strate!ic implementation of advanced technolo!ies in architec-ture for innovative desi!n solutions. As Research Associate at the Graduate School of Desi!n at Harvard University, he pursues research on performative material systems within the Desi!n Robotics Group (DRG) and on the future of learnin! and healthcare environments within the Responsive Environ-ments and Artifacts Lab (REAL). Stefano received a Master in Desi!n Tech-nolo!y de!ree from Harvard GSD and a Master in Architectural En!ineerin! de!ree from the University of Peru!ia, where he was Assistant Professor of Architectural Technolo!y. As Project Desi!ner at RBA Studio and Desi!n Technolo!y Consultant for the South China University of Technolo!y, his professional work mainly focuses on hi!h-rise desi!n.

:"($ #8*%+ is an architect, researcher and educator. He joined the faculty at CITA (Centre for Information Technolo!y and Architecture, Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenha!en) in 2009 after a decade of teachin! and research at the Bartlett School of Architecture in London, and is completin! his PhD in Denmark at the Aarhus School of Architecture. He has also been a partner of sixteen*(makers) since 1998. Phil is the editor of the book Persistent Modelling: Extending the Role of Architectural Representation, published by Routled!e in 2012. He is also the Head of the international master’s pro!ramme CITAstudio: Computation in Architecture.

%.($8 1#5%* is an American architect with de!rees in architecture from the University of Arkansas and Cranbrook Academy. Practisin! architecture in the US has afforded her ample time on job sites observin! construction processes and coordinatin! work amon! architects, en!ineers and contrac-tors. This experience formed the basis of her research in developin! innova-tive structural and construction systems throu!h full-scale constructed experimentation. Her work, employin! both di!ital and traditional desi!n and fabrication techniques, aims to reunite the architect with the possibili-ties inherent in material reality. She teaches desi!n studios, drawin!, and courses that centre on fabrication and full-scale construction at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates.

.%$,&(% 1#8$-+.()" is the Director of Bijl Architecture and Adjunct Pro-fessor at the School of Architecture at the University of Technolo!y Sydney, where she undertakes research and teaches desi!n studio and professional practice. Since 2007, Bayl-Smith has been instrumental in leadin! several innovative desi!n/build studios at UTS, each of which utilised prototypin! and buildin! to explore di!ital/analo!ue relationships in desi!n and construction. These interests are further evident in recent built projects

undertaken by Bijl Architecture and in the Buildability research project, which !athered international attention for her critique and vision of the future of construction education in architecture schools.

.#*)(& 1%!")",$- is Professor of Architectural Technolo!y at the Gradu-ate School of Desi!n (Harvard University), Director of the Desi!n Robotics Group, and Co-Director of the GSD’s Doctor of Desi!n Pro!ram. His research on material system innovation pursues computer-aided desi!n and manu-facturin! applications in architecture, with a focus on broadenin! desi!n scope throu!h construction automation and industrial robotics. Current projects investi!ate adaptive material systems, lifecycle desi!n, and fabrica-tion automation strate!ies for architectural ceramics and other construction systems. Martin is the co-author of Structures and Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing as well as the author of Innovative Surface Structures, a book that addresses the increasin! conflation of structural desi!n and di!ital fabrication techniques throu!h the microcosm of thin shells and membranes.

:"($(: 1%%+$%8 MRAIC OAA RCA (Professor, School of Architecture, Univer-sity of Waterloo; Director, Inte!rated Group for Visualization, Desi!n and Manufacturin!, Director, Riverside Architectural Press) is a practisin! architect developin! responsive kinetic architectural environments that approach near-livin! functions. He is cited as a pioneer in the rapidly expandin! technolo!y of responsive architecture with wide press includin! WIRED, TEDx, Discovery Channel features. He has authored and edited ei!ht books, three international proceedin!s and a number of catalo!ues, and appears on the cover of Artificial Life (MIT), LEO"ARDO and AD journals. Current projects are in Salt Lake City, Seoul, Edmonton and Han!zhou. He was selected to represent Canada for the 2010 Venice Biennale for Architecture and the 2012 Biennale of Sydney. He works as part of a multidis-ciplinary collective that includes Rachel Armstron!, Rob Gorbet and Iris van Herpen. Distinctions include Prix de Rome in Architecture (Canada), VIDA 11.0, FEIDAD, RAIC Allied Arts, ACADIA Emer!in! Di!ital Practice and Dora Mavor Moore awards. He was chair for the ACADIA 2013 Adaptive Architecture international conference.

1*#- 1%$$ is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Texas, Arlin!ton, where he teaches under!raduate and !raduate courses on the inte!ration of di!ital fabrication technolo!ies into the architectural desi!n process. He has lectured, tau!ht and written on the uses of such technolo!ies for the past 12 years and has been an invited critic throu!hout the United States. Brad received his master’s de!ree in architecture from Columbia University in 1998 and a bachelor’s de!ree in Environmental Desi!n from Texas A & M in 1993. In 2012, Brad started TOPOCAST, a desi!n and consultation firm focused on the implementation of innovative methods in castin! throu!h the application of di!ital fabrication technolo!ies.

7#.%+ 1%$$#.8 is a sustainable builder and runs a socially responsible construction company based in "ew Zealand, specialisin! in earth construc-tion methods with a focus on public facilities. His most notable projects include the Pines Calyx in Dover, En!land and Mapun!ubwe "ational Park Interpretation Centre, South Africa. With a passion for ecolo!ical systems and a de!ree in Parks and Recreation Mana!ement, his efforts are to desi!n and build structures that resonate with and utilise the local natural settin!.

:"($(::% 1$,!5 is Assistant Professor in structural desi!n and head of the BLOCK Research Group at the Institute of Technolo!y in Architecture at ETH-Zurich, specialisin! in equilibrium analysis of unreinforced masonry vaults, computational form findin! and optimisation of curved surface structures and innovation in fabrication and construction of such structures.

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He is a structural en!ineer and architect, trained at the VUB in Bel!ium and MIT in the USA. As partner of Ochsendorf DeJon! / Block LLC, he applies his research in practice on the structural assessment of historic monuments and the desi!n and en!ineerin! of innovative compression shells.

<($$(#. 1,&-(& is a Maltese architect and creator of Morphs – a reconfi!-urable architectural system. He completed his professional studies in Malta (UoM) and then undertook research at the Bartlett School of Architecture (UCL), where he focused on interaction desi!n and architectural behaviour. His work has been featured on wired.com and published at the Fascinate 2013 conference, amon!st others. Inspired by the architectural works of Ron Herron and Richard Buckminster Fuller and the robotic theories of Rolf Pfeifer and Rodney Brooks, his desi!ns take a fabrication-oriented approach towards architectural performance and behaviour.

1*%&&#& 10!5 is principal of the firm FreelandBuck, based in "ew York City and Los An!eles, and a critic at the Yale School of Architecture. His work and writin!, which focuses on technolo!y within the discipline and its associated aesthetic culture, has been published in Log, Frame, Architectural Record, Detail and Surface as well as several recent books on architecture and technolo!y. Prior to teachin! at Yale, he worked for "eil M. Denari Architects and Johnston Marklee / Associates in Los An!eles and tau!ht at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, the Royal Danish Academy in Copenha!en, the University of Kentucky and Pennsylvania State University.

.#*5 10**8 has published internationally on two main themes: the life and work of the architect Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona, and puttin! theory into practice with re!ard to ‘challen!in!’ architecture; he has also published widely on broader issues of desi!n, construction and the use of computers in desi!n theory and practice. As Consultant Architect to the Temple Sa!rada Família since 1979, Mark Burry has been a key member within the small team, untan!lin! the mysteries of Gaudí’s compositional strate!ies for the Sa!rada Família, especially those comin! from his later years, the implications of which are only now becomin! fully apparent as they are resolved for build-in! purposes. In February 2004, in reco!nition of his contribution to this project, he was !iven the presti!ious award ‘Diploma I la insignia a l’acadèmic corresponent’ and the title Senyor Illustre by la Reial Acadèmia Catalana de Belles Arts de Sant Jordi and he was recently awarded an Aus-tralian Research Council Federation Fellowship. Mark is director of RMIT’s state-of-the-art Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory, which has been established as a holistic interdisciplinary research environment dedicated to almost all aspects of contemporary desi!n activity. The laboratory focuses on collocated desi!n research and under!raduate and post!raduate teach-in! with associated advanced computer applications and the rapid proto-typin! of ideas. The laboratory has a desi!n-practice emphasis and acts as a creative think-tank accessible to both local and international practices, includin! ARUP in Melbourne and London, dECOi in Paris and Gehry Partners in Los An!eles.

.#*(, !#*:, is Vincent Scully Visitin! Professor of Architectural History at Yale University and at the Ecole d’Architecture de Paris-La Villette (currently on leave). After studyin! architecture and history in Italy, he was an Assistant Professor at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, and has been a tenured Associate Professor in France since 1993. Mario Carpo’s research and publications focus on the relationship amon! architectural theory, cultural history, and the history of media and information technol-o!y. His award-winnin! Architecture in the Age of Printing (MIT Press, 2001) has been translated into several lan!ua!es. His most recent books are Perspective, Projections and Design (2007, co-edited); a translation and commentary of Leon Battista Alberti’s Descriptio Urbis Romae (2007,

co-authored); a mono!raph on the work of Swiss architect Valerio Ol!iati (2008, co-authored); The Alphabet and the Algorithm (MIT Press, 2011), and The Digital Turn in Architecture, 1992–2012 (Wiley, 2012). His recent essays and articles have been published in Log, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Grey Room, L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui, Arquitectura Viva, AD/Architectural Design, Perspecta, Harvard Design Magazine, Cornell Journal of Architecture, Abitare, Lotus International, Domus, and Arch+.

'(,3#&&( !%+#*%))( is Marketin! and Sales Mana!er at Alta SpA. After completin! his PhD, he worked for !overnment bodies and Technolo!y Transfer Centres. In 2005, he moved to Alta, where he was in char!e of the bids and tenders sector. He is also Project Mana!er for various activities, and since 2004, he has been a reviewer of research and development projects for Italian and European institutions in the fields of information technolo!y and space en!ineerin!.

4#!"#*8 !"*(+)(#& is a research associate in the Department of Timber En!ineerin!, Materials Testin! Institute (MPA) at the University of Stutt!art since 2012. He completed his master’s de!ree in Structural En!ineerin! (MSc) at Chalmers University of Technolo!y in Sweden in 2012 and a bachelor’s de!ree in Civil En!ineerin! (BSCE) at Purdue University in the USA in 2007. Between his de!rees, he worked for 3 years in Madrid as a structural en !in-eer, dealin! mostly with prestressed concrete brid!e desi!n. His current research focuses on timber as a buildin! material, with projects ran!in! from fati!ue in special timber elements to creep of wood adhesives.

1*#&-,& !$(22,*- is currently the Belluschi Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo!y as well as Principal at Matter Desi!n. Clifford received his Master of Architecture from Princeton University in 2011 and his Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the Geor!ia Institute of Technolo!y in 2006. From 2006 to 2009 he worked as project mana!er at Office dA. Brandon also served as editor of Pidgin Magazine from 2009–11, the 2011–12 LeFevre Emer! in! Prac ti tioner Fel low at the Ohio State Uni ver-sity Knowl ton School of Archi tec ture, and the founder of the Mal leab list Move ment in architecture. He has received numerous prizes, includin! the presti!ious SOM Prize in architecture and urban plannin! in 2011 and the Architectural Lea!ue Prize for Youn! Architects + Desi!ners in 2013.

3#$%&)(&# !,$$# obtained a master’s de!ree in En!ineerin! in 1994 from the University of Pisa and a PhD in Robotics in 1998 from Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna of Pisa, where she is currently workin! as a Technical Research Mana!er at the Institute for Communication Information and Perception Technolo!ies. Her research interests deal with simulation, modellin! and control of industrial processes and industrial data processin! throu!h traditional and AI-based techniques. She has been involved in about 40-projects funded by the EU and many projects supported by industries. She is presently coordinator of two projects supported by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel. She is a member of the European Steel Technolo!y Platform (ESTEP).

.#*7#& !,$$%))( is an architect, educator, researcher, author, and co-founder of marcosandmarjan (with Marcos Cruz). She is currently Senior Lecturer at Bartlett UCL and University Professor at Innsbruck University, as well as elected Head of the Institute of Experimental Architecture. Previously she was !uest professor in the US, UK and EU with workshops at École Spéciale d’Architecture Paris, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Copenha!en, School of Architecture Oslo, Ton!hai University and Fen! Chia University Taichun! Taiwan. Marjan was invited expert/peer reviewer/ board member of RobArch2012, ICESEP China, Ministry of Education Russia,

[YT

Canada Foundation for Innovation, American University of Sharjah UAE, Queen’s University Belfast, Journal of Cultural Economy, Taylor and Francis, Ash!ate Publishin!, and Initiative Architektur Salzbur!.

-#3(- !,**%# is a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Computational Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art. He completed a Master of Science in Architecture at the University of Cal!ary and a Bachelor of Science in Archi-tectural Science from Ryerson University in Toronto. In 2012, he was awarded the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada’s Student Medal for Academic Excellence. Prior to joinin! the ICD in Au!ust 2012, he worked professionally as a desi!ner in both architecture and commercial di!ital media. His research focuses on the physiolo!ical relation of information intensive technolo!ies with architectural theory, practice and material production.

5*(+),2 !*,$$# is a licensed architect who combines his Assistant Profes-sorship in Computational Desi!n at the Chinese University of Hon! Kon! (CUHK) with his practice at the Laboratory for Explorative Architecture / Desi!n Ltd. (LEAD). After !raduatin! from Ghent University and practicin! in Bel!ium, he trained and tau!ht at the Architectural Association’s Desi!n Research Laboratory (AA-DRL) in London. He worked for several years as Lead Architect for Zaha Hadid Architects before movin! to Hon! Kon! in 2010, and has been an invited jury critic, lecturer and tutor in numerous institutions throu!hout Europe, China, Chile and South Africa.

/#3(%* -% 5%+)%$(%* is a partner at Foster + Partners, where he jointly heads Foster + Partners’ Specialist Modellin! Group, a project-driven R/D !roup that specialises in complex !eometrical problems, computation and buildin! physics. Besides this, he was also responsible for the implemen-tation of rapid prototypin! technolo!y in the practice and has initiated several research projects on the application of additive manufacturin! on an architectural scale. He has been Visitin! Professor at the University of Ghent, Adjunct Professor at Syracuse University and a teachin! fellow at the Bartlett School of Architecture (UCL). In 2010, he became a Director at Smart!eometry, a non-profit or!anisation that promotes advances in di!ital desi!n in architectural research and practice.

1%&7#.(& -($$%&10*'%* is an architect and pro!rammer with a focus on computational desi!n in architecture. He is currently based at the CAAD !roup at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technolo!y’s Architecture Depart-ment in Zurich. He holds a Master of Advanced Study de!ree from ETH Zurich and a Master of Architecture de!ree from the Technical University of Kaisers-lautern. Benjamin is also member of the spin-off company KAISERSROT, an interdisciplinary consultin! and desi!n team explorin! the potential of information technolo!y for architecture and urban plannin!.

%&*(!, -(&( !raduated in Civil En!ineerin! from the University of Pisa, and has spent most of his career on the implementation of robotic automa-tion of shoe manufacturin!. Durin! these years, Enrico came across rapid prototypin! technolo!y, which he made his sole focus from 2004 onwards. Since then, he has developed a lar!e-scale 3D printer usin! inor!anic binders. In 2008, his first lar!e-scale 300-nozzle 6 0 6 meter 3D printer became operational. His technolo!y has been used since then to make 3D-print sculptures and architectural mock-ups. Recently, he has been workin! on a ‘maritime’ printer suitable for printin! artificial reefs for coastal protection.

7,*'% -0*,-*,8,, born in Barcelona, !raduated as an architect from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia School of Architecture and as a mech an-ic al en!ineer from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia School of Industrial and Aeronautic En!ineerin!, where he !raduated with honours.

In 2006, he spent a year in Paris on an Erasmus Scholarship at the École "ationale Supérieure Paris-La Villette. From 2009 to 2010, he co-tau!ht Introduction to Parametric Architecture for 4th and 5th year students with the Coda Group. In 2010, he attended the master’s de!ree pro!ramme in Advanced Desi!n and Di!ital Architecture at the Pompeu Fabra University. In 2010–11, he completed a master’s de!ree in Architecture, Ener!y and Environment at UPC-ETSAB. He has worked in Europe in international offices such as Dominique Perrault DPA and Duro Architecture and En!ineerin!. Jor!e co-founded DumoLab in 2008, a youn! architecture, en!ineerin! and research studio that focuses on experimental desi!n, data mana!ement in architecture, innovative material systems and pro!rammin! of new desi!n tools. He has spent the last two years in Cambrid!e MA, collaboratin! with MIT professors on multiple innovative research subjects. In 2013, he joined the Mediated Matter Research Group as a Research Assistant.

-#.(#& %$%8 led the desi!n of the superstructure on the Leadenhall Build-in! since its inception. An Associate Director with 20 years’ experience in Arup’s London office, Damian works closely and creatively with architects and the rest of the desi!n team to create exceptional desi!ns. He has a particular passion for pursuin! the clear and ele!ant expression of struc-tural behaviour in his desi!n work, and his portfolio of projects includes Osaka Maritime Museum in Japan, Inchon Airport in Korea and, in London, the exclusive One Hyde Park development, the ‘flyin! carpets’ at Unilever House and the ‘beacon’ at Plantation Place.

'0+)#3 2#'%*+)*=. is a re!istered architect and Associate with Buro Happold "ew York, where he leads the structural BIM and advanced model-lin! team. Specializin! in desi!n computation, automation and buildin! information modellin!, he has developed his knowled!e in all project phases from concept to construction. His work focuses on the areas of intersection of architecture, en!ineerin! and computer science and deals with the optimisation and automation of desi!n processes by means of novel tech-niques in computational modellin!, analysis and pro!rammin!. He has practised architecture with Urban Future Or!anization and with Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates in the UK and with U"Studio in the "etherlands, !ainin! experience of projects in over 10 different countries. Work by him has been exhibited and published in Europe, Amerika and Asia as well as presented at the Venice Architecture Biennale, CAADRIA, ACADIA and the Smart!eometry conference. Frequently en!a!in! with academia, he has sat on desi!n juries, !iven workshops and lectures at UPenn, Yale, the AA London, UCL Bartlett, the Royal Institute of Technolo!y and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm.

7%$$% 2%*(&'# is co-founder of EZCT Architecture and Desi!n Research. Some works by the office are in the collection of the FRAC Centre as well as the permanent architectural collection of the Centre Pompidou. EZCT participated at the 2004 and 2013 editions of Archilab. In 2007, the office won the Seroussi competition. While workin! on his PhD thesis, Jelle estab-lished the Hyperbody Robotics Lab in late 2011. In sprin! 2012, he co-founded Odico Formworks Robotics, based on the offline robotics pro!rammin! platform PyRAPID that lies at the heart of the business. With Thomas Paviot, he has been drivin! the development of an open-source CAD framework, PythonOCC, a CAD/CAE/PLM rapid prototypin! framework for the Python pro!rammin! lan!ua!e.

$0(+ %. 2*#'0#-# investi!ates critical issues in architecture, desi!n, and urbanism throu!h various modes, includin! associative desi!n, scriptin!, and fabrication. Luis is currently a member of the Faculty of Architecture at IaaC as the principal computation instructor, focusin! on the interface between computational processes and fabrication. Luis joined Built By

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Associative Data, an architecture and research studio, as an associate and the Director of the Barcelona office in 2010. He currently leads Built by Associative Data Research – the research component of the office which focuses on creatin! tools and processes to push the computational cap-abilities of the team as well as expand the project focus of the office into areas such as !astronomy and fashion desi!n.

&%($ '%*+"%&2%$- is Professor and Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms. His unique laboratory is breakin! down boundaries between the di!ital and physical worlds, from creatin! molecular quantum computers to virtuosic musical instruments. Technolo!y from his lab has been seen and used in settin!s includin! "ew York’s Museum of Modern Art and rural Indian villa!es, the White House and the World Economic Forum, inner-city community centers and automobile safety systems, Las Ve!as shows and Sami herds. He is the author of numerous technical publications, patents, and books includin! Fab, When Things Start To Think, The Nature of Math-ematical Modeling, and The Physics of Information Technology, and has been featured in media such as The New York Times, The Economist, and The McNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, has been named one of Scientific American’s 50 leaders in science and technolo!y, as one of 40 Modern-Day Leonardos by the Museum of Science and Industry, has been selected as a C""/Time/Fortune Principal Voice, and by Prospect/Foreign Policy as one of the top 100 public intellectuals. "eil-has a BA in Physics with Hi!h Honors from Swarthmore Colle!e, a PhD in Applied Physics from Cornell University, honorary doctorates from Swarthmore Colle!e and Strathclyde University and was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard University Society of Fellows, and a member of the research staff at Bell Labs.

",$$(% '(11,&+ studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, specialisin! in desi!n and industrial form. Hollie was awarded an MA in Architecture in 2012. She also holds a BA (Hons) in Architecture from Kin!ston University, London. After !raduatin!, Hollie joined CITA as Research Assistant. She has worked on a number of CITA research projects with a focus on desi!n and fabrication, includin! the lar!e- scale installation The Rise for the ALIVE exhibition at the EDF Founda-tion, Paris, France, in 2013. Hollie is also en!a!ed in teachin! for the master’s pro!ramme, CITAstudio: Computation in Architecture.

*0#(*( '$8&& practices as an installation artist and architectural researcher. He has exhibited his work internationally, most recently at the Tate Modern London, the Centre Pompidou Paris, and the "ational Art Museum Beijin!. He is co-founder of the FABRICATE Conference with Prof. Bob Sheil and co-chair of its steerin! committee. He is Lecturer in Interactive Architecture at the Bartlett School of Architecture (UCL), and teaches on both the master’s pro!rammes MArch Graduate Architectural Desi!n (RC3) /-MSc Adaptive Architecture and Computation. Study across both his courses is based on a desi!n throu!h ‘makin!’ methodolo!y, with an emphasis on usin! and misusin! di!ital and material technolo!ies. The studio builds and tests at a 1 : 1-scale, experimental objects and interactive installations that uncover new desi!n opportunities to sense and respond to the natural and built environment, to people and other livin! thin!s, and to data both local and !lobal. This work is done in collaboration with his Associate Lectureship on the master’s pro!ramme Textile Futures at Central Saint Martins, University of Arts London.

!#*$,+ -#3(- ',&4#$%4 0*(1% was born in Mexico City. He received his under!raduate de!ree in architecture from ITESM in Mexico City in 2008 and a master’s de!ree in Architecture and Urban Desi!n from Pratt Institute in 2011, where he was honoured with the Pratt Circle Award and for

Out standin! Academic Achievement. In 2010, he was also awarded a Fellow-ship by the Mexican Science Foundation (CO"ACYT). After !raduation, he worked as an intern in the research and development department of Bentley’s Generative Components Department and served as a media consultant at the University of Pennsylvania with Prof. Ferda Kolatan. In 2011, he collaborated with the firm su11 in the Corallines Project, which was on exhibit at the Istanbul Desi!n Biennial. Currently, Carlos is a Research Assistant at the Mediated Matter Group at MIT.

2#1(, '*#.#4(, and .#))"(#+ 5,"$%* are architects with multidiscipli-nary interests ran!in! from computational desi!n, robotic control and fabrication to material innovation. In 2000, they founded the architecture practice Gramazio / Kohler, where numerous award-winin! desi!ns have been realised, inte!ratin! novel architectural desi!ns into a contemporary buildin! culture. Built work ran!es from international exhibitions, private and public buildin!s to lar!e-scale urban interventions. Openin! also the world’s first architectural robotic laboratory at ETH Zurich, Gramazio / Kohler’s research has been formative for the field of di!ital architecture, settin! precedence and de facto creatin! a new research field mer!in! advanced architectural desi!n and additive fabrication processes throu!h the customized use of industrial robots. This ran!es from 1:1 prototypical installations to robotic fabrication on a lar!e scale, which is bein! explored at the SEC Future Cities Laboratory. Fabio and Matthias were awarded the Swiss Art Awards, the Global Holcim Innovation Prize and the ACADIA Award for Emer!in! Di!ital Practice. Their innovative explorations have contributed to numerous exhibitions around the world, such as the 2008 Architectural Biennial in Venice, the Storefront Gallery for Art and Archi-tecture in "ew York 2009 or Fli!ht Assembled Architecture at the FRAC Centre Orléans in 2011. Their work has been published in a lar!e number of journals, books and mass media, and has been first documented in the book Digital Materiality in Archi tecture in 2008. Their recent research is outlined and theoretically framed in the book The Robotic Touch – How Robots Change Architecture, released in 2014. To!ether with leadin! researchers in architecture, material sciences, computation and robotics, they have just launched the first architectural "ational Centre of Com-petence in Research on Di!ital Fabrication.

'%,*' '*#++%* studied architecture at the University of Innsbruck, Ecole d’Architecture de Paris-La Villette, Vienna University of Technolo!y and holds a post!raduate de!ree in architecture, with a specialisation in computer-aided architectural desi!n from ETH Zurich. He has tau!ht semi-nars and workshops in Kosovo and Taiwan and has worked for various architectural offices in Austria, France and China. Since 2009, he has been teachin! and researchin! parametric modellin!, script-based desi!n processes and computational fabrication strate!ies at the Department for Experimental Architecture, Hochbau at TU Innsbruck. In 2013, he was one of the cluster champions of the Robotic FOAMin! workshop at the Smart!eometry conference in London. He is currently co-runnin! the university‘s robotic laboratory.

&,*.#& "#!5 received his Diploma in Architecture from the Technical University of Vienna. A scholarship from the German Academic Exchan!e Or!anization (DAAD) allowed him to pursue a post!raduate de!ree at the Architectural Association in London, from which he !raduated with distinc-tion. "orman !ained professional experience in renowned offices across Europe, includin! Coop Himmelb(l)au, U"Studio and Herzo! / de Meuron, where he worked as a specialist in computational desi!n and fabrication. His PhD research at the Chair of Architecture and Di!ital Fabrication at ETH Zurich focuses on material processes for non-standard constructive assemblies.

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.(!"#%$ "#&+.%8%* is an architect and pro!rammer who explores the use of al!orithms and computation to !enerate architectural form. He is currently based in the CAAD !roup at ETH Zurich. Recent projects include Platonic Solids and Subdivided Columns. He holds a Master of Architecture de!ree from Columbia University and an MBA from I"SEAD Fontainebleau. He previously worked in the consultin! and financial industries at McKinsey / Company and J. P. Mor!an, respectively, as well as at Herzo! / de Meuron architects.

#$%/ "#< is Director of the award-winnin! UK art/architecture practice atmos. Their projects span the scale from al!orithmic master plans to data-!enerated furniture, mer!e sculptural er!onomics with innovative fabrication technolo!ies and di!ital mappin!, and seek a synthesis of mind and body – creatin! kinaesthetic experiences that are both meanin!ful and pleasurable. Alex !raduated with a Fulbri!ht scholarship from Princeton and a First from the Bartlett, and has tau!ht Master’s Studios at the Architec-tural Association, the Royal Colle!e of Art and TU Vienna. He runs the Latitudinal Cuisine community, writes widely, and played the lead psycho in Chris "olan’s first feature film Following.

!$%.%&+ "01%* is a structural en!ineer and a !raduate of the University of Applied Sciences for Construction Mana!ement and En!ineerin! in Graz. He started his professional career as a project mana!er at the renowned Austrian Glulam specialist Wieha!. Later, he chan!ed to the desi!n and en!ineerin! department as Assistant Director. A recent project of interest was awarded the prize Achievement in En!ineered Timber in 2009 by Timber Trade Journal for the timber roof of the University of Readin!’s new business school, where he was responsible for the structural desi!n. Currently, he is Desi!n Mana!er for the contractor desi!n of the Canary Wharf Crossrail Station timber roof.

*8#& $05% 7,"&+ is a research specialist at the Princeton University School of Architecture and co-founder of GREYSHED, a desi!n-research collab-orative focused on robotic fabrication in art, architecture and industrial desi!n. He holds a Bachelor of Arts de!ree in Architecture with a concentra-tion in mathematics from Columbia University (2009) and a Master of Architecture from Princeton University (2013). He was recently the recipient of Princeton University’s Suzanne Kolarik Underwood Prize for Desi!n Excellence (2013) and the KUKA Youn! Potential Award for Best Scientific Paper at Rob|Arch 2012.

+#># 7,5(! is a researcher and inventor in the field of robotics in architec-ture and the construction industry. He studied at the Faculty of Architecture in Bel!rade, where he earned a master’s de!ree in architecture in 2010. After !raduation, he worked as assistant teacher at the Chair for Architec-ture at Bel!rade University. In 2012, he !raduated from the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia specialisin! in di!ital tectonics. Durin! his studies, Sa#a also !ained experience in desi!n at U"Studio in Amsterdam. Currently, he is workin! as a Senior Researcher at IaaC, where he leads several research projects for the Open Thesis Fabrication course.

#..#* 5#$, recently received a Master in Science in Architecture with a concentration in Di!ital Technolo!ies from the University of Michi!an Taubman Colle!e of Architecture and Urban Plannin! (2013). Prior to pursu-in! his post-professional studies, he has held professional posts in architec-ture and desi!n in Dubai and worked on international projects of various scales. At Taubman Colle!e, his work focused on di!ital fabrication and computational desi!n methodolo!ies. His current research interests include synthesizin! conventional materials and di!ital technolo!ies into hybrid material systems. Ammar holds a bachelor’s de!ree in Architecture from the American University of Sharjah (2008).

.#*50+ 5#8+%* studied 3D Furniture and Product Desi!n at London Metropolitan University and continued on in 2009 with the study of Product Desi!n at the Royal Colle!e of Art. Currently, Markus is a PhD candidate at the MIT Media Lab, where he has joined the Mediated Matter Group. Before joinin! the !roup, he started his own studio, en!a!in! in discussions about opportunities in the production of desi!n involvin! new as well as for!otten processes and technolo!ies. "ow, as then, his research draws on science, art and en!ineerin! and aims to blur the !aps between seemin!ly separate fields. Experimentation plays a central part in developin! his research. Markus’s recent work demonstrates the exploration of hybrid solutions linkin! technolo!y and natural ener!y to show opportunities, question current methodolo!ies in manufacturin! and test new scenarios of produc-tion. His work has been widely publicised around the world in exhibitions, broadcastin! and web-based media.

,$(3%* -#3(- 5*(%' is a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Computa-tional Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art. With the completion of his Diploma thesis in 2012, he also received the faculty’s Diploma Prize. Prior to that, he worked as a Graduate Assistant at the Institute’s robotic prototype laboratory, RoboLab, from the be!innin! of 2010. With a profound interest in computational desi!n processes and di!ital fabrication in architecture, he has participated in several award-winnin! and inter nationally published projects. In the context of computational desi!n, his research aims to investi-!ate the architectural potential of robotic fabrication in wood constructions.

-(*5 5*,$(5,<+5( has been the architect and associate in char!e of the desi!n, development and delivery of the unique external structure (the Me!aframe) of the Leadenhall Buildin!, a 51-storey office development in the city of London. Dirk also heads the Di!ital Research Cluster of Ro!ers Stirk Harbour + Partners and led the implementation of advanced modellin! strate!ies for Leadenhall, an award-winnin! project that has received international reco!nition for its inte!rated use of di!ital technolo!y. In 2011, Dirk was appointed Lecturer for Innovative Technolo!y and Desi!n at the Bartlett School of Architecture (UCL).

7,*(+ $##*.#& is a Dutch desi!ner, artist and entrepreneur best known for experimental desi!ns inspired by upcomin! technolo!y. He attended the Desi!n Academy Eindhoven in 1998 and !raduated cum laude in 2003. He founded Joris Laarman Lab to!ether with his partner Anita Star. His critically acclaimed work has been added to the permanent collections of many renowned international museums such as MoMA in "ew York, V/A in London, Centre Pompidou in Paris and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. He has contributed articles and seminars for Domus ma!azine and was a !uest teacher at European universities such as the Architectural Association London, Rietveld Academy Amsterdam and the Desi!n Academy Eindhoven. In 2011 he received one of the ei!ht Innovators of the Year awards by the Wall Street Journal.

+($5% $#&'%&1%*' is a senior researcher at the Chair of Architecture and Di!ital Fabrication, Institute of Technolo!y in Architecture at ETH Zurich. Between 2011 and 2013 she was based in Sin!apore several times to research at the Sin!apore ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability. From 2006 to 2011 she was Researcher at the Institute of Historic Buildin! Research and Conservation of ETH Zurich. Silke has studied architecture at the Universities of Dortmund and Venice. She received a Scholarship for extraordinary achievements for her PhD in En!ineerin! Sciences about Buildings of the Boom Years. Architectural Concepts and Planning Theories of the 60s and 70s (finished 2006). In 2013, Silke was appointed as Full Professor for Desi!n and Construction in Existin! Contexts, Conservation and Buildin! Research at the University of Applied Sciences in Munich.

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7#*%- $#0!5+ is a trained maker, architect, desi!ner and fabrication spe-cialist. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Mediated Matter Group at the MIT Media Lab, where he is interested in developin! novel methods of di!ital fabrication for desi!n research. Jared !raduated from Philadelphia University with a bachelor’s de!ree in Architecture, focused on di!ital technolo!ies. As an extension of this research, he launched j_laucks; initially a platform for experimental desi!n and fabrication, it has since !rown into a multifaceted research a!enda explorin! avenues from architecture and desi!n to computation, material systems, and fabrication. In parallel to workin! as an architect, he was appointed Adjunct Professor at Philadel-phia University, developin! a new advanced modellin! curriculum. Jared has exhibited work in cities across the !lobe, includin! Philadelphia, Berlin, Frankfurt, "YC, Valparaiso, Lyon, Paris, Miami, Sao Paulo, London and Munich.

<($$( 3(5),* $#0%* is a research assistant at the Future Cities Laboratory, Sin!apore ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability, Module II Architecture and Di!ital Fabrication, led by Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler, where he has implemented a research facility for investi!atin! robotic fabrication methods for hi!h-rise buildin!s. Between 2009 and 2011, he worked as a Scientific Assistant at the Chair of Buildin! Realization and Robotics at the Technical University of Munich, where he !ained in-depth knowled!e of the youn! history of robotic construction technolo!ies and the forerunners in buildin! industrialization. In the context of his master’s thesis in 2009, he reconstructed the first architectural robotic arm: the Location Orientation Manipulator by Konrad Wachsmann.

-(%)%* $(&5% is experienced in development and inventions for membrane structures and their details, mer!in! architectural and pra!matic require-ments. Followin! his carpentry apprenticeship, he was awarded a Civil En!ineerin! Diploma from the Munich Technical University in 1991. Key projects are Mina Tent City (PTFE, Medinah), Masoala Rainforest Hall (ETFE cushions, Zurich), AWD Arena (sin!le layer ETFE, Hanover), Allianz Arena (ETFE cushions, Munich), "ational Stadium (Birdnest, sin!le layer ETFE, Beijin!), Sports and Concert Complex, (plane PVC, Baku). Further, the benefits of usin! ETFE film in modern !reenhouse culture and sustain-able ener!y technolo!ies currently hold his interest.

.#*)# .#$?-#$%.#&8 is an architect, researcher, and educator from Barcelona. Since 1997, she has combined her professional practice with teachin! experimental desi!n studios and research seminars in architecture schools from the US (MIT, UPenn, UCLA, SCI-ARC amon! others) and Europe (AA, IaaC, UIC), in combination with directin! several master’s de!ree pro!rammes in architecture. Followin! many years of exploration in usin! di!ital technolo!ies for the production of architecture, her current research a!enda focuses on developin! innovative material and construction solu-tions usin! customised robotic devices, with a particular interest in additive manufacturin! for architecture. Marta !raduated from ETSAB-UPC (Barce-lona) in architecture, holds a master’s de!ree in Advanced Architectural Desi!n from Columbia University ("ew York), and is currently a PhD candi-date at the ETSAB-UPC (Barcelona), investi!atin! the potential of lar!e-scale additive manufacturin! technolo!ies to innovate buildin! construction.

#*%)( .#*5,:,0$,0 is a Greek architect and educator whose research and practice desi!n explores new architectural models where applications of ICT, ener!y and fabrication allow built and public space to dynamically adapt to behavioural and environmental chan!es over time. She holds an MArch by IaaC in the field of ‘Prototypes of Urbanity: from Bits to Geo!ra-phy’ and a Fab Academy diploma on Di!ital Fabrication offered by the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms and the Fab Lab "etwork. She is permanent faculty at IaaC with several published articles internationally. Co-founder of the

Mycity-me nonprofit or!anization, her practice includes project collabora-tions with multidisciplinary offices and institutions and she has participated in R + D projects ran!in! from intelli!ent cities ( such as ‘Smart BC"’ with City Hall Barcelona, 2013), self-sufficient buildin!s (such as ‘Fab Lab House’ at Solar Decathlon Europe, 2010), di!ital fabrication (such as ‘Fabrication Laboratory’ at DHUB, 2010) and Internet of thin!s (such as ‘Hyperhabitat’ at the XI Venice Biennale, 2008). She is currently the Director of the Masters in Advanced Architecture at IaaC in Barcelona and initiator and partner of Fab lab Athens in Greece.

5%3(& .!!$%$$#& is a desi!ner, artist and founder of Architecturebureau, a desi!n research office explorin! complex systems and their material effects on form. After receivin! his master’s de!ree in Architecture and Urbanism from the DRL at the Architectural Association School of Architecture with a Project Distinction in 2005, he subsequently worked in "ew York for Kevin Kennon and in London with Zaha Hadid Architects. In 2011, he co-founded the UK-based Dsi!ndot, an online marketplace for the sale of unique and collectable desi!ns.

<%+ .!'%% is an Assistant Professor in Architecture and Director of the Fab lab at the University of Michi!an, Taubman Colle!e of Architecture and Urban Plannin!. As a foundin! partner and senior desi!ner in the studio Matter Desi!n, his work spans a broad ran!e of scales and materials, always dedicated to re-ima!inin! the role of the desi!ner in the di!ital era. In 2013, Matter Desi!n was awarded the Architectural Lea!ue Prize for Youn! Architects / Desi!ners. Wes has presented his work at many national and international conferences on desi!n and fabrication. He is Chair of the Conference Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art, and Desi!n, hosted at the University of Michi!an in 2014.

#!"(. .%&'%+ is a re!istered architect and professor at the University of Stutt!art, where he is the foundin! director of the Institute for Computa-tional Desi!n (since 2008). In addition, he has been Visitin! Professor in Architecture at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Desi!n (2009–10), at the AA School of Architecture in London (2009–current) and at Rice University in Houston (2004). Achim Men!es !raduated with honours from the AA School of Architecture in London (2002), where he subsequently tau!ht as Studio Master of the Emer!ent Technolo!ies and Desi!n Graduate Pro!ram (2002–09) and as Unit Master of Diploma Unit 4 (2003–06). Achim’s practice and research focuses on the development of inte!ral desi!n processes at the intersection of morpho!enetic desi!n computation, bio mimetic en!ineerin! and computer-aided manufacturin! that enables a hi!hly articulated, performative built environment. His work is based on an interdisciplinary approach in collaboration with structural en!ineers, material scientists and biolo!ists. He has published several books on this work and related fields of desi!n research, and is the author/co-author of numerous articles and scientific papers. His projects and desi!n research have received many international awards, has been published and exhibited worldwide, and form parts of several renowned museum collections.

#..#* .(*7#& is an architect with a back!round in automation en!in-eerin!. He studied at the Berne University of Applied Sciences and at the Bartlett School of Architecture in London. He has worked for different architecture studios in "ew York, Tokyo and London. In 2011, he joined ETH-Zurich, where he is currently pursuin! his PhD at the Chair for Archi tecture and Di!ital Fabrication. His research focuses !enerally on the relationship between desi!n and construction with intelli!ent machines and specifically on architectural fabrication processes with flyin! robots.

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.(!"#%$ 7#5% &%<+0. is the Robotics Lab Coordinator at the Southern California Institute of Architecture. His work currently focuses on the development of computational tools for the inte!ration of desi!n and fabrication throu!h new robotic workflows. He received a Master of Science in Architecture with a concentration in Di!ital Technolo!ies from the University of Michi!an, Taubman Colle!e of Architecture and Urban Plannin!. Additionally, he earned a bachelor’s de!ree in Architecture from the University of Arkansas, Fay Jones School of Architecture.

:%)* &,3(5,3 holds a master’s de!ree in Architecture from Moscow Archi-tectural Institute and a master’s de!ree in Advanced Architecture from IaaC. Petr is co-inventor of the Stone Spray technolo!y, which was created durin! a di!ital tectonics course at IaaC. The project received the Golden Prize of Spark Awards 2012. Durin! the Open Thesis Fabrication pro!ram of IaaC in 2012, he and Sa#a Jokic worked on the new 3D printin! technolo!y Mataerial. Petr has !iven numerous lectures on the use of robotics in architecture. In 2013, he was featured in ICON ma!azine as one of 50 people pushin! the boundaries of architecture.

&%*( ,/.#& is the Sony Corporation Career Development Professor and the Director of the Mediated Matter Research Group at the MIT Media Lab. Her !roup conducts research at the intersection of computational desi!n, di!ital fabrication, and materials science, applyin! that knowled!e to desi!n across scales from the micro-scale to the buildin! scale. "eri coined the term ‘material ecolo!y’ to describe her work, applyin! the science of ecolo!y to the world of the artificial. A leader in the field of biolo!ically inspired di!ital fabrication, her research and desi!n work have been acquired for permanent collections and exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art ("Y), Centre Geor!es Pompidou (Paris), the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), and the Smithsonian Institute, amon! others. "eri was named in ICO"’s list of the top 20 most influential architects to shape our future (2009), selected as one of the 100-most creative people by FASTCOMPA"Y (2009) and awarded the Earth Award (2009), a METROPOLIS "ext Generation Award (2009) and the 40-Under 40 Buildin! Desi!n + Construction Award (2012) amon!st many others. She publishes and lectures worldwide.

$#0*%&) :#.1#'0(#& obtained his PhD in Material Science in 1994 from Paris XI University for the work he did at O"ERA, the French Aerospace Lab. Over the last 20 years, he has developed expertise in several advanced materials and processes topics, includin! metal matrix composites for structures, thermal mana!ement and lubrication, cellular materials and carbon nanotube-based materials. He joined the Materials Technolo!y Section of ESA in 1999 and for the last ei!ht years has been involved in the development of additive manufacturin! technolo!ies for space use.

1*(#& :%)%*+ is an architect and desi!ner who specialises in emer!ent desi!n and fabrication techniques. He received a Master’s of Architecture from the University of Illinois at Chica!o and worked for several years as an architect in Chica!o. In 2009, Brian moved to Barcelona, where he received a Master of Advanced Architecture with an emphasis on di!ital tectonics from the Institute of Advanced Architecture in Catalonia. More recently, Brian was based in Amsterdam, where he started several projects investi!at-in! the role of 3D printin! in architecture, includin! Buildin! Bytes and the KamerMaker with DUS Architects. As of the fall of 2013, Brian is teachin! and conductin! research at Kent State University in the Colle!e of Archi-tecture and Environmental Desi!n.

-#3% :('*#. is a desi!ner, researcher and educator and holds a Master of Science in Advanced Architecture from Columbia University. As co-director of the international, award-winnin! architecture and innovation practice supermanoeuvre, his research focuses on the use of computation to increase the number and quality of feedback loops between desi!n and fabrication. Dave is currently the Director of the Master of Advanced Architecture pro!ramme at the University of Technolo!y, Sydney (UTS) and co-directs research into robotic fabrication at the University of Michi!an and is a Research Affiliate at MIT’s Media Lab.

7,*-( :,*)%$$ is a practisin! re!istered architect who has become increas-in!ly dedicated to research as a result of bein! a master’s level student, and later a faculty assistant at the FABbots Research Studio directed by Marta Malé-Alemany. He holds a professional de!ree in architecture from the ETSAB UPC-Barcelona and a Master’s in Advanced Architecture from the IaaC Barcelona. His research is focused on the application of additive manufacturin! techniques in architecture, with a special interest in multi-material systems and complex material networks.

7,&#)"#& *#1#'$(#)( is an artist whose field of practice extends across architecture, art, desi!n and curation. He is one of the lon!est-servin! members of the Specialist Modellin! Group at Foster + Partners. Recent projects include the desi!n and delivery of Canary Wharf Crossrail Station roof, a hypotrochoidal staircase for Bloomber! and definin! !eometry for the "ational Bank of Kuwait tower. He en!a!es primarily throu!h sculptin! with code, and wrestlin! with desi!n systems to seek out simplexity, the other side of complexity. In the interstices, he re!ularly collaborates with Julie Kim, where !raphic desi!n meets in a critical dialo!ue with conceptual art and computational experimentation.

.%))% *#.+'##*- )",.+%& is an architect workin! with di!ital technolo-!ies. Her research centres on the relationship between crafts and technolo!y framed throu!h ‘di!ital craftin!’ as a way of questionin! how computation, code and fabrication challen!e architectural thinkin! and material practices. Mette is a Professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenha!en, where she heads the Centre for Information Technolo!y and Architecture (CITA).

+)%22%& *%(!"%*) is a research associate and doctoral candidate at the Institute for Computational Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art, Germany. He received a Master of Science in Architecture Studies in the field of desi!n and computation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo!y (MIT) and a diploma de!ree with distinction in product desi!n from the Academy of Arts and Desi!n in Offenbach. His research focuses on the relationship of form, fabrication and performance in responsive, biolo!ically inspired systems based on anisotropic material behaviour.

5#)7# *(&-%*+:#!"%* is a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Computa-tional Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art and a re!istered architect. She holds an en!ineerin! de!ree from the Fachhochschule Mainz and a Master of Science in Architecture with honours from Pratt Institute, "ew York. Her work was distin!uished by scholarships (e.!. Fulbri!ht Scholarship, DAAD/German Academic Exchan!e Service) and awards (e.!. Excellence in Academic Achievement Award). As an architect and project mana!er, she worked in "ew York, Switzerland and Germany, includin! Studio Daniel Libeskind. Her current research involves the inte!ration of !eomorpholo!ical processes in computational desi!n and di!ital fabrication for the construc-tion of complex structures.

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7%#& *,0$(%* was trained as joiner, carpenter and wood buildin! en!ineer. Havin! accumulated extensive experience in CAD in practice, he co-founded the company Li!nocam SA in 2006 in order to develop CAM software for the wood industry. Since then, the homonymous software Li!nocam has become the leadin! CAM software interpretin! BTL files. Its objective is the promotion of wood in construction – even the most darin! ideas – as well as the realisation of a smooth di!ital chain in the construction and fabrication process.

3(*'(&(# +#& 2*#)%$$, and *,&#$- *#%$ are architects, artists and educators. They are partners at Rael San Fratello and in Emer!in! Objects, which is a pioneerin! desi!n and research company that specializes in 3D-printed materials and objects for the built environment based in Oakland, California. Ronald is Associate Professor at the University of California Berkeley and Vir!inia is Assistant Professor in the area of Desi!n at San Jose State University. They both hold Master of Architecture de!rees from Columbia University in the City of "ew York. Their research focuses on the conver!ence of di!ital, ecolo!ical, and cre ative material explorations. The research is applied throu!h the desi!n and fabrication of innovative buildin!s and their components, furniture elements and site-specific instal-lations that often look at inherent material resources and have embedded political consequences. Rael San Fratello was the recipient of Metropolis Ma!azine’s "ext Generation Desi!n Award for their Hydro Wall concept, a finalist in the WPA 2.0 desi!n competition and winner of the Van Alen Institute’s Life at the Speed of Rail competition. Rael San Fratello was voted one of ‘10 to watch’ by California Home and Design ma!azine. Their work has been published in Metropolis ma!azine, L’Arca, DOMUS, the NY Times, Interior Design ma!azine, the Praxis Journal of Writing and Building, Make ma!azine and MARK ma!azine.

7,+% +#&!"%4 is an architect /pro!rammer /!ame developer based in Los-An!eles, California. He obtained his licence at Universidad de Chile, in Santia!o and his Master in Architecture at the Architectural Association’s Desi!n Research Lab, London. He is a partner at Bloom Games, a start-up built upon the BLOOM project, winner of the WO"DER SERIES hosted by the City of London for the London 2012 Olympics. He is the director of the Plethora Project, a research-based practice investin! in the future of on-line open-source knowled!e propa!ation. The project has over 150 videos and an open-source library of code with over 700,000 completed video sessions since 2011. His back!round in computational desi!n and di!ital manufactur-in! is linked to the practice Biothin!, were he has been one of the principal desi!ners in numerous projects and exhibitions since 2009. In 2012 he founded the Plexus talks at the Bartlett School of Architecture, brin!in! to!ether desi!ners from different disciplines speculatin! on the role of computational desi!n and new media in the practice of the discipline. Today, he is Assistant Professor at USC School of Architecture in Los An!eles and Co-Chair of ACADIA Conference 2014, to be hosted at USC. His research ‘Gamescapes’ explores !enerative interfaces in the form of video !ames, speculatin! on modes of intelli!ence au!mentation, combinatorics and open systems as a desi!n medium.

2#1(#& +!"%0*%* is foundin! partner of desi!ntoproduction and leads the company’s office in Zurich. He !raduated from the Technical University of Munich with a diploma in computer science and architecture. In 2005, desi!ntoproduction was founded as a research !roup at ETH to explore the connections between di!ital desi!n and fabrication. At the end of 2006, desi!ntoproduction teamed up with architect Arnold Walz and became a commercial consultin! practice, since then havin! implemented di!ital plannin! and production chains for projects like the Hun!erbur!-Funicular in Innsbruck (by Zaha Hadid), the Rolex Learnin! Center in Lausanne

(by SA"AA), or the Centre Pompidou in Metz (by Shi!eru Ban) amon! others. Fabian Scheurer has tau!ht as !uest lecturer/tutor at the AA in London and the IaaC in Barcelona. Since 2012, he has been a lecturer for Di!ital Modellin! and Production at HTW Chur.

)(. +!",*5 is co-director of MES"E Desi!n Studio and a lecturer in the Department of Architecture at Monash Art Desi!n / Architecture (MADA). His inte!rated desi!n-based practice, research and teachin! investi!ate the relationship between architecture and diver!ent domains of knowled!e throu!h the use of computation in order to create innovative desi!n strat-e!ies for novel spatial structure. His work is trans-disciplinary and fosters connections between and across disciplinary domains such as architecture, other art and desi!n disciplines, en!ineerin! and science in order to innovate in desi!n, often challen!in! the operative boundaries as well as formal and conceptual aesthetics of what is re!arded as standard architectural practice.

),1(#+ +!"<(&& is a research associate and doctoral candidate at the Institute for Computational Desi!n at the University of Stutt!art. His research focuses on the inte!ration of robotic fabrication and computational desi!n processes. Prior to joinin! the ICD, he worked as a Senior Desi!ner for Skidmore, Owin!s and Merrill in "ew York and London applyin! compu-tational desi!n at various plannin! sta!es. Tobias studied architecture at the Bauhaus University in Weimar and at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as part of the US-EU Joint Consortium for Hi!her Education. He received his en!ineerin! de!ree in 2005.

.#))"%< +"#< is an architect, maker and educator based in London. His work is driven by the speculative use of di!ital technolo!ies, the impact these technolo!ies will have on our lives and the way they shape our archi-tecture. Matthew is co-founder of ScanLAB Projects, tutor at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University Colle!e London, and Director of Graticule Architecture.

1,1 +"%($ is an architect, Professor in Architecture and Desi!n throu!h Production, and Director of Technolo!y at the Bartlett School of Architec-ture, where he also runs MArch Unit 23 with Emmanuel Vercruysse and Kate Davies. He is a foundin! partner of sixteen*(makers), whose work in collaboration with Stahlbo!en GmbH ‘55/02’ won a RIBA award for desi!n in 2010, and also includes a ten-year catalo!ue of experimental projects both internationally published and exhibited. He is an educator, critic, researcher, collaborator and practitioner, as well as an experimental desi!ner who is fascinated by trans!ression between makin!, craft, and technolo!y, in architectural desi!n practice. As Director of Technolo!y, he has been responsible for the School’s si!nificant acceleration of investment in di!ital technolo!ies, which led to the establishment of the Di!ital Manufacturin! Centre (2009) and more recently, the Bartlett Manufacturin! and Desi!n Exchan!e (B-MADE). In 2011, he chaired the hi!hly acclaimed inau!ural conference FABRICATE with Ruairi Glynn.

.(5% +($3%* is an architect, researcher and educator. He is currently on the faculty of the Department of Architecture at the University of Buffalo. Mike directs a multidisciplinary desi!n laboratory that explores emer!in! tech-nolo!ies such as humanoid robotics, automated fibre placement and mobile desi!n apps for on-site construction. His work has been exhibited at the "ew Museum of Contemporary Art in "ew York, the International Desi!n Center "a!oya, the "ational Buildin! Museum in Washin!ton, DC, the Architecture Lea!ue in "ew York and the Cooper-Hewitt "ational Desi!n Museum, also in "ew York. He built his first workin! robot out of Scotch tape and spiro!raph parts at the a!e of 12.

[ZS

#+17@*& +@&-%*'##*- is an architectural researcher workin! in the field of di!ital fabrication in relation to architectural desi!n. He is coordinator of Di!ital Experimentation at the Aarhus School of Architecture, Chief Development Officer and foundin! partner of Odico Formwork Robotics, a hi!h-technolo!y enterprise framin! architectural desi!n experimentation and fabrication in the field of industrial robotics. As the academic project mana!er of several interdisciplinary research projects, he heads investi!a-tions into structural desi!n and architectural robotics. His doctoral research focuses on morpho!enetic processes and the development of novel struc-tural lo!ics in relation to numerical fabrication techniques.

-#3(- +)#+(05 is an architect and PhD Fellow at the Centre for Information Technolo!y and Architecture in Copenha!en. His research investi!atin! development strate!ies for emer!ent parameterisation is a component of the Centre’s lar!er, multi-pron!ed Complex Modellin! project. His own work is focused on investi!atin! the development of emer!ent parameter spaces throu!h the inte!ration of simulation systems with topolo!ical transforma-tion. His professional work has focused on bespoke detailin! for advanced architectural !eometries, computational desi!n implementation, and the use of di!ital fabrication and documentation techniques, some of which was presented at the ACADIA 2012 conference.

"#&&, +)%"$(&' is consultant for di!ital fabrication and parametric modellin! at the di!ital fabrication consultancy desi!ntoproduction in Zurich. He !raduated with a diploma in architecture from University of Kassel, where he studied under Prof. Manfred Grohmann (Bollin!er + Grohmann) and Prof. Frank Stepper (Coop Himelb(l)au) and is Dipl.-In!. Architekt SIA. He has a stron! back!round in computer pro!rammin! and !radually focused his studies on the intersection between architecture and computer science. He worked as a freelance pro!rammer and as computa-tional desi!ner for renowned architects such as Bernhard Franken before joinin! desi!ntoproduction in 2009. Hanno Stehlin! is co-founder of the online platform RhinoScript.or! and !ives modellin! and scriptin! classes to both academic and professional audiences.

5#+:%* +),8 is a robotics and embodied artificial intelli!ence researcher holdin! an Associate Professor position at the Software and Systems Section of the IT University of Copenha!en. He has published more than sixty papers in international conference proceedin!s or journals and is the author of Self-Reconfigurable Robots: an Introduction, published by MIT Press. He holds an MSc de!ree in computer science and physics from the University of Aarhus, Denmark (1999) and a PhD in computer system en!ineerin! from the University of Southern Denmark (2003), where he also worked as Assistant Professor (2003–6) and Associate Professor (2006–13).

.#*)(& )#.5% is an architect pursuin! desi!n-led research on the interface and implications of computational desi!n and its materialisation. His special focus is on the methods and consequences of di!ital fabrication and the inte!ration of simulation and feedback in the process of architectural desi!n and production. Martin is a foundin! member and Associate Professor at the Centre for Information Technolo!y and Architecture (CITA) at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenha!en.

5#-*( )#.*% is an architect, currently workin! as a Teachin! and Research Associate at the Institute for Experimental Architecture, Hochbau at the University of Innsbruck. She holds a master’s de!ree in Architecture from the University of Applied Arts Vienna / Studio Wolf D. Prix and has workin! experience in architectural practices in Austria, Estonia, Spain and China, receivin! several awards and scholarships. She has been teachin! various international parametric desi!n and robotic fabrication workshops. Her

current research focuses on the development of novel interface and material processes and she is co-runnin! the University of Innsbruck’s robotic laboratory.

$#3%&-%* )%++.%* is a desi!ner, fabricator and musician. Currently a lecturer at Washin!ton University of St. Louis, she is teachin! courses in architectural representation and di!ital fabrication. Since 2010, Lavender has worked with Yo!iaman Tracy Desi!n (yo_cy) on a variety of installations and residential and commercial projects. Her specialisations include parametric desi!n, steel fabrication, connection desi!n, visualisation and material testin!. As a recent !raduate of Washin!ton University in St. Louis, she received the 2011 Laskey Award, a Fall 2011 De!ree Project Award, and was nominated for the Frederick Widmann Prize in Architecture.

+58$#* )(11()+ is a trained architect and computer scientist whose research focuses on self-assembly technolo!ies for industrial applications in a built environment. Skylar was recently awarded a 2013 Architectural Lea!ue Prize, the "ext Idea Award at Ars Electronica 2013, the Visionary Innovation Award at the Manufacturin! Leadership Summit, a 2012 TED Senior Fellowship and was named a Revolutionary Mind in SEED ma!azine’s 2008 Desi!n Issue. He has desi!ned and built lar!e-scale installations around the world and exhibited at the Gu!!enheim Museum "Y, the Beijin! Biennale and lectured at MoMA and SEED Media Group’s MI"D08 Confer-ence. Skylar is the Director of the Self-Assembly Lab at MIT and the founder of a multidisciplinary research-based practice, SJET LLC. Skylar is also on the faculty of MIT’s Department of Architecture, teachin! master’s and under!raduate-level Desi!n Studios and co-teachin! How to Make (Almost) Anythin! at MIT’s Media Lab.

5%&&%)" )*#!8 teaches architectural desi!n at the American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, where he is an Assistant Professor of Architecture. Kenneth has tau!ht at the Pratt Institute, Columbia University, the "ew Jersey Institute of Technolo!y, and Washin!ton University, where he established the Di!ital Initiative Fabrication Research Lab in 2009. He holds a master’s de!ree in Architecture from Columbia University and a bachelor’s de!ree in Desi!n from the University of Florida. In 2005, he co-founded Associated Fabrication, a di!ital fabrication shop in Brooklyn, "ew York. Currently, Kenneth co-directs Yo!iaman Tracy Desi!n, whose research includes desi!ns, lectures and writin! related to di!ital techniques and culturally resonant craft practices.

<($$(#. )*,++%$$ !raduated from the Bartlett School of Architecture, University Colle!e London, in 2009. Since completin! a master’s de!ree in Architecture, he has created structures, sculptures and events that draw on an extensive understandin! of di!ital fabrication. Will is co-founder of ScanLAB Projects and tutor at the Bartlett School of Architecture.

%*(5 3%*1,,& is an Associate with Buro Happold "ew York, drawin! upon more than seven years’ experience developin! computational solutions to advance the Buro’s Complex Buildin! Envelope Desi!n practice. His research areas include parametric modellin!, object-oriented methodolo-!ies, performance- and al!orithmic-driven desi!n, environmental and thermal analysis, and rapid prototypin! (3D printin!). Erik collaborated on the winnin! entry to the 2007 PS1 Youn! Architects Pro!ram. He has also presented at numerous academic institutions and professional conferences and published in accompanyin! journals and books. A !raduate of the Stevens Institute of Technolo!y’s Product Architecture Lab in Hoboken, "J, he teaches courses there in environmental analysis and desi!n.

[ZX

#&-*%< 3*#&# is a Principal Architect at Metalab, based in Houston, which inte!rates expertise in di!ital media and fabrication with architec-ture, product development and civic art, from concept throu!h construction. Recent projects include collaborations with artists for turnkey desi!ns and CMservices, includin! development, optimisation and installation of lar!e-scale civic art. Metalab’s product desi!n work has successfully incubated and launched several businesses and product lines throu!h its partnerships. As Assistant Professor at the University of Houston’s Colle!e of Architecture, Andrew has co-tau!ht the Di!ital Fabrication seminar since 2005, which has realised numerous award-winnin! and published works.

#$$(+,& <%($%* is currently workin! as a Teachin! and Research Associate at the Institute for Experimental Architecture, Hochbau at the University of Innsbruck. She also works with LAAC Architekten/Austria in the realm of sustainable Alpine infrastructure development, as well as collaboratin! with [uto]. She !raduated with honours from the University of Pennsylvania, and holds a master’s de!ree in Architecture. Her current research focuses on the development of novel interface and material processes, and she is currently pursuin! this work with the REX|LAB, an experimental architec-tural robotics lab based in Innsbruck.

!"*(+)(&% 8,'(#.#& is an Assistant Professor at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, where she teaches architectural desi!n. Inte!ratin! di!ital technolo!ies into all levels of architecture desi!n education, Christine has coordinated the Graduate Core Studio sequence in conjunction with her development of a di!ital curriculum in Washin!ton University in St Louis. She directs Yo!iaman Tracy Desi!n, whose current projects in Indonesia focus on the utilisation of di!ital techniques alon! with contextual influences to create culturally embedded, affective work. She received third place for the 2012 Steedman Fellowship in International Desi!n, and has won the 2012 TEX-FAB APPLIED: Research throu!h Fabrication competition.

Swiss Federal Institute of Technolo!y Zurich

Department of ArchitectureInstitute of Technolo!y in ArchitectureArchitecture and Di!ital Fabrication

This publication is based on peer-reviewed papers, contributed to the FABRICATE conference 2014 at ETH Zurich. Conference Chairs: Fabio Gramazio, Matthias Kohler. Conference Co-Chairs: Bob Sheil, Ruairi Glynn

1234567 58 9:;<3=>435?Fabio Gramazio, Matthias Kohler, Silke Lan!enber!

>77374>?=1 45 1234567Orkun Kasap, Marilena Skavara

=59@-12343?ABeverly Zumbühl, Zurich

96558 61>23?AMichael Robertson, Au!sbur!

A6>9B3= 2173A?Oliver Schmid, Osch Desi!n, Zurich

963?43?Arva, Druck und Medien AG, Altstätten, SG

;3?23?ASchumacher AG, Schmitten, FR

85?47Matrix II and Futura (cover)

9>916Arctic Volume White 130 !/m2 and Surbalin 115 !/m2 (cover)

© 2014 !ta Verla!, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerlandwww.verla!.!ta.arch.ethz.ch© Texts: by the authors© Illustrations and plans: by the authors if not particularly noted

Every reasonable attempt has been made by the authors, editors and publishers to identify owners of copyri!hts. With appropriate notifications, errors or omissions will be settled within the usual limits.

ISB" 978-3-85676-331-2

Biblio!raphic information published by the Deutsche "ationalbibliothekThe Deutsche "ationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche "ationalbiblio!rafie; detailed biblio!raphic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.