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y Explain sensitivityy Explain types of experimental errory Using appropriate techniques to reduce

errors.

Discuss accuracy and consistency using the targetmodel.

Discuss the sensitivity of various instruments.

Discuss through examples what systematic and randomerrors are.

Use appropriate techniques to reduce error inmeasurements such as repeating measurements andcompensating for zero error.

Accuracy - kejituanPrecision kepersisanS

ensitivity kepekaanError - ralat

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1.5 analysing scientificinvestigationsy

Identify variables in a given situationy Identify a question suitable for scientific

investigation

y Form a hypothesesy Design and carry out a simple

experiment to test the hypothesis

y Record and present data in a suitabley Interpret data to draw a conclusiony rite a report of the investigation

Present a suitable situation, making inferences or suggestquestions suitable for a scientific investigation. Discuss:a) Forming hypothesisb) the aim of the experimentc) identify the variablesd) the method of investigation including selection of

apparatus and procedures.

Carry out an actual experiment anda) collect and tabulate data,b) present data in a suitable formc) interpret data and draw conclusionsd) write a complete report.

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2. FORCE ANDMOTION

2.1 Analysing linearmotion

A student is able to :

y Define distance and displacementy Define speed and velocity and state

That v = st

y Define acceleration and decelerationand state that

a = v u

t

y Calculate speed and velocityy Calculate acceleration/decelerationy Solve problems on linear motion with

Carry out activities to gain an idea of :a) distance and displacementb) speed and velocityc) acceleration and deceleration

Cary out activities using a data longer/graphingcalculator/ticker timer to ;

a) identify when a body is at rest, moving withuniform velocity or non uniform velocity

b) determine displacement, velocity andacceleration

NoteAverage speed = totaldistance/time taken

VocabularyDistance - jarakDisplacement sesaranSpeed lajuVelocity halajuAcceleration pecutanDeceleration, retardation -nyahpecutanTicker timer- jangka masa

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uniform acceleration usingi . v = u + at

ii .s = ut + 1 at2

2

iii . v2= u2+ 2 as

Solve problems using the following equations of motion :i . v = u + at

ii . s = ut + 1 at22

iii . v2 = u2+ 2 as

detikTick detikDot titik

Initial velocity halaju awal(U)Final velocity halaju akhir(v)Friction force dayageseranSloping runway landasancondong

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MONTHLY TEST

10 18/3/12 CUTI PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL 1

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2.2 Analysing motiongraphs

A student is able to:

y Plot and interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs

yDeduce from the shape of adisplacement - time graph when abody is :I. at restII. moving with uniform

velocityIII. moving with non-uniform

velocity

ydetermine distance, displacement andvelocity from a displacement-time graph

y deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph when a body is :

i. at restii. moving with uniform

velocityiii. moving with uniform

acceleration

Carry out activities using a data logger/graphing calculator/ticker timer to plota) displacement time graphsb) velocity - time graphs

Describe and interpret :a) displacement - time andb) velocity time graphs

Determine distance, displacement , velocityand acceleration from displacement-time and velocity time graphs

Notes

Reminder :

Velocity is determined from

the gradient ofdisplacement time graph.

Acceleration is determinedfrom the gradient of velocity time graph

Distance is determined fromthe area under adisplacement time graph

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y determine distance, displacement,velocity and acceleration from a

velocity-time graphy solve problems on linear motion with

uniform acceleration

Solve problems on linear motion with uniform accelerationinvolving graphs

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2.3 Understanding inertiaA student is able to :

y explain what inertia is

y relate mass to inertia

y give examples of situations involvinginertia

y suggest ways to reduce the negativeeffects of inertia

Carry out activities / view computer simulations/situationsto gain an idea on inertia

Carry out activities to find out the relation shipBetween inertia and mass

Research and report ona) the positive effects of inertia

b) ways to reduce the negative effects ofinertia

Note

Newton s First Law ofMotion may be introduced

here

Vocabulary

Inertia inersia

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2.4 Analysing momentum A student is able to :

y Define the momentum of an object

y Define momentum (p) as the product ofmass (m) and velocity (v) i.e. p = mv

y State the principle of conservation ofmomentum

Carry out activities/view computer simulations to gain anidea of momentum by comparing the effect of stoppingtwo objects:

a) of the same mass moving at different speedsb) of different masses moving at the same

speed

- need to be emphasized different direction

Discuss momentum as the product of mass and velocity

View computer simulation on collisions and explosions togain an idea on the conservation of momentum

Conduct an experiment to show that the total momentumof a closed system is a constant

Vocabulary

Momentum momentum

Collision perlanggaranExplosion letupan

Conservation oflinearmomentum keabadianmomentum linear

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y Describe applications of conservation ofmomentum

y Solve problems involving momentum

Carry out activities that demonstrate the conservation ofmomentum e. g. water rockets

Research and report on the applications of conservationof momentum such as an in rockets or jet engines

Solve problems involving momentum

Reminder:

Momentum as vectorquantity needs to beemphasized in problemsolving

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2.5 Understanding theeffects of a force


y Describe the effects of balanced forcesacting on an object

y Describe the effects of unbalancedforces acting on an object

y Determine the relationship betweenforce , mass and acceleration i.e.

F = ma

y Solve problems using F = ma

With the aid of diagram, describe the acting on an object :a) at restb) moving at constant velocityc) accelerating

Conduct experiments to find the relationshipbetween :a) acceleration and mass of an object under

constant forceb) acceleration and force for a constant mass

Solve problems using F = ma

Notes

When the forces acting onan object are balanced theycancle each other out ( nettforce = 0). The object thenbehaves as if there no forceacting on it.

Newtons Second Law ofMotion may be introducedhere

Vocabulary

Balance - seimbangUnbalanced tidakseimbang

Nett force daya bersihResultant daya paduan

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2.6 Analysing impulse andImpulsive force


y Explain what an impulsive force isy Give examples of situation involving

impulsive forces

View computer simulation of collisions and explosions togain an idea on impulsiveforceDiscuss

Vocabulary

Impulse - impulsImpulsive force daya

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y Define impuls as a change ofmomentum, i.e.

Ft = mv - mu

y Define impulsive force as the rate ofchange of momentum in a collision orexplosion, i.e.

F = mv mu

t

yExplain the effect of increasing ordecreasing time of impact on themagnitude of the impulsive force

y Describe situation where an impulsiveforce needs to be reduce and suggestways to reduce it

y Describe situations where an impulsiveforce is beneficial

y Solve problems involving impulsiveforces

a) impulse as change of momentumb) an impulsive force as the rate of change of

momentum in a collision or explosionc) how increasing or decreasing time of

impact affects the magnitude of impulsiveforce

Research and report situations where:a) an impulsive force needs to be reduced

and how it can be doneb) an impulsive force is beneficial

Solve problems involving impulsive forcesGive an example about an impulsive force isbeneficial

impuls

Time of impact masahentaman

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2.7 Being aware of theneed for safety featuresin vehicles


y Describe the importance of safetyfeature in vehicles

Research and report on the physics of vehiclesCollisions and safety features in vehicles interms ofphysics conceptsDiscuss the importance of safety feature invehicles

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2.8 Understanding gravity y Explain acceleration due to gravityy State what a gravitational field isy Define a gravitational field strengthy Determine the value of acceleration due

to gravity

y Define weight and acceleration due togravity

y

Carry out an activity or view computer simulations to gainan idea of acceleration due to gravity. Discuss

a) acceleration due to gravityb) a gravitational field as a region in which an object

experiences a force due to gravitational attractionand

c) gravitational field strength as gravitational forceper unit mass

Weight - beratAcceleration due to gravity pecutan disebabkan gravityGravitational field strength kekuatan medan graviti

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y Solve problems involving accelerationdue to gravity

d) direction and notation of gravitational forceCarry out an activity to determine the value of accelerationdue to gravity

Discuss weight as the Earths gravitational force on anobject

Solve problems involving acceleration due to gravity17

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2.9 Analysing forces inequilibrium

y Describe situations where forces are inequilibrium

y State what a resultant force isy Add two forces to determine the

resultant forcey Resolve a force into the the effective

component forces

y Solve problems involving forces inequilibrium

Describe situations with the aid of diagrams where forcesare in equilibrium

Discuss the resolving and addition of forces to determinethe resultant forceSolve problems involving forces in equilibrium (limited to 3forces)

Discuss more examples of resolving and addition of forcesto determine the resultant force

Discuss two methods of addition of forces using triangleand parallelogram of forces

Equilibrium -keseimbangan

Resolution - leraian

Parallelogram -segiempatselari

Resultant daya paduanatau daya bersih

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MID YEAREXAMINATION

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2.10 Understanding work,energy, power andefficiency

y Define work and displacement in thedirection of the applied force

y State that when work is done energy istransferred from one object to another

y Define kinetic energyy Define gravitationalpotential energyy State the principle of conservation of

energy

y Define powery Explain what efficiency of a device isy Solve problems involving work, energy,

power and efficiency.

Observe and discuss situations where work is done when:a) a force is applied but no displacement occursb) an object undergoes a displacement with no

applied force acting on itGive examples to illustrate how energy is transferred fromone object to another when work is done

Discuss the relationship between work done:-To accelerate a body and the change in kinetic energy-Against gravity and gravitationalpotential energy

Carry out an activity to show the principle of conservationof energy

State that power is the rate at which work is done

Effiency - kecekapan

Conservation keabadian

Work kerja

Gravitationalpotentialenergy tenaga keupayaangravitiPower - kuasa

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Carry out activities to measure power

Discuss efficiency as useful energy output over energyinput x 100%

Evaluate and report the efficiencies of various devicessuch as a diesel engine, a petrol engine and an electricengine

Solve problems involving work, energy, power andefficiency.

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2.11 Appreciating theimportance of maximizingthe efficiency of devices

y Recognise the importance ofmaximizing the efficiency of devices inconserving resources

Discuss that when an energy transformation takes place,not all of the energy is used to do useful work. Some isconverted into heat or other types of energy. Maximisingefficiency during energy transformations makes the bestuse of the available energy. This helps to conserveresources.

Discuss about the factors that affecting the efficiency of anenergy transformation

Energy transformation Pertukaran/perubahantenaga

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2.12 Understandingelasticity

y Define elasticityy Define Hookes Lawy Define elastic potential energyy Determine the factors that affect

elasticity

y Describe applications of elasticityy Solve problems involving elasticity

Carry out activities to gain an idea on elasticity

Plan and conduct an experiment to find the relationshipbetween force and extension of a spring

Relate work done to elastic potential energy

Describe and interpret force extension graphs

Investigate the factors that affect elasticity

Research and report on applications of elasticity

Solve problems involving elasticity

Presentation about research and report on applications ofelasticity from each group

Research - penyelidikan

Relationship hubunganElasticity kekenyalanElastic potential energy tenaga keupayaan kenyal

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3. FORCES ANDPRESSURE

3.1 Understandingpressure

y Define pressurey Describe applications ofpressurey S

olve problems involving pressure

Observe and describe the effect of force acting over alarge area compared to a small area.

Discuss pressure as force per unit area

Research and report on applications ofpressure

Solve problems involving pressure

Demonstrate the effects of area on the pressure created.

Pressure - tekanan

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3.2 Understandingpressure in liquids

y Relate depth to pressure in a liquid.

y Relate density to pressure in a liquid.

y Explain pressure in a liquid and statethat P = h g

y Describe applications ofpressure inliquids.

y Solve problems involving pressure inliquids.

Observe situations to form ideas that pressure in liquids:A) acts in all directionsB) increases with depth

Observe situations to form the idea that pressure in liquidsincreases with density

Relate depth (h) density () and gravitational field strength(g) to pressure in liquids to obtain P = h g

Research and report ona) the applications ofpressure in liquidsb) ways to reduce the negative effects ofpressure

in liquids

Solve problems involving pressure in liquids

Depth kedalamanDensity ketumpatanLiquid cecair

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3.3 Understanding gaspressure and atmosphericpressure

A students to able to

y explain gas pressurey Explain atmospherics pressure

Carry out activities to gain an ideas of gas pressure andatmospherics pressure.

Discuss gas pressure in term of the behaviour of gasmolecules based on the kinetics theory.

Discuss atmospherics pressure in term of weight of theatmosphere acting on the Earths surface.

Students need to beintroduced to instrument

used to measure gaspressure (bourdon gauge)and atmospheric pressure(Fortin barometer, aneroidbarometer). Workingprinciple of the instrument isnot required

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y Describe applications of atmosphericspressure

y Solve problems involving atmosphericspressure and gas pressure.

Discuss the effects of altitude on the magnitude ofatmospherics pressure.Research and report on the applications of atmosphericspressure

Solve problems involving atmospherics and gas pressureincluding barometer and manometer readings.

Introduce other units ofatmospheric pressure1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg= 10.3 m water = 101300 Pa1 milibar = 100 Pa

Vocabulary:atmospheric pressure tekanan atmosfera

gas pressure tekanan gas

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3.4 Applying Pascalsprinciple

A students is able to:y State pascals principle

y Explain hydraulic systemsy Describe applications ofpascalls

principle

y Solve problems involving pascalsprinciple.

Observe situations to form ideas that pressure exerted onan enclosed liquids is transmitted equally to every part ofthe liquid.

Discuss hydraulics systems as a force multiplier to obtain:Output force = Output piston areaInput force input piston areas

Reseacrh and report on the applications ofpascalsprinciple (hyraulic systems)

Solve problems involving pascals principle.

Enclosed tertutupForce multiplier pembesardayaHydraulic system sistemhidrolikTransmitted tersebarPiston area luas keratanrentas omboh

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3.5 Applying Archimedespriciple

A student is able to:y Explain buoyant force.y Relate buoyant force to the weight of

the liquid displaced.y State Archimedes principle.y Describe applications of Archimedes

principle.

y Solve problem involving Archimedesprinciple.

Carry out an actitvity to measure the weight of an object inair and the weight of the same object in water to gain andidea on buoyant force.

Conduct an experiment to investigate the relationshipbetween the weight water displace and the buoyant force.

Discuss buoyancy in terms of :a) an object that is totally orpartially submerged in

fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to theweight of fluid displaced.

b) The weight of a freely floating object being equalto weight of fluid displaced

c) A floating object has a density less than or equal

Recall density and buoyancyApparent weight equalsactual weight minus buoyantforceVocabulary:Buoyancy keapunganBuoyant force tujah keatasSubmerged tenggelamFluid bendalirApparent weight beratketaraActual weight beratsebenar

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to the density of the fluid in which is floating.

Research and report on the application of Archimedesprinciple, e.g. submarines, hydrometers, hot-air balloons.

Solve problem involving Archimedes principle.

Build a Cartesian diver. Discuss why the diver can bemade to move up and down.

Floating terapung

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3.6 UnderstandingBernoullis principle


y State Bernoullis principley Explain that a resultant force exist due

to a different in fluid pressure.

y Describe application of Bernoullisprinciple

y Solve problem involving Bernoullisprinciple

Carry out activities to gain the idea that when the speed ofa flowing fluid increases its pressure decreases. E.g.blowing through straw between two ping pong ballssuspended on strings.

Discuss Bernoullis principle.

Carry out activities to show that a resultant force exist dueto a different in fluid pressure.

View a computer simulation to observe air flow over anaerofoil to gain an idea on lifting force.

Research and report on the application of Bernoullisprinciple.

Solve problem involving Bernoullis principle.

Fluid bendalirLifting force daya angkatIncreases meningkatDecreases berkurangFlowing fluid bendalirbergerak

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4. HEAT

4.1 Understanding thermalequilibrium


y Explain thermal equilibriumy Explain how a liquid-in- glass

thermometer works.

Carry out activities to show that thermal equilibrium is acondition in which there is no need heat flow between twoobjects in thermal contact.

Use the liquid-in-glass thermometer to explain how thevolume of a fixed mass ofliquid may be used to define atemperature scale.

Melting point for ice-0CBoiling point for water 100C

Vocabulary:Thermal equilibrium keseimbangan termaNett heat flow kadar bersihpemindahan habaMelting point takat leburBoiling point takat didihFreezing point takat beku

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4.2 Understanding specificheat capacity


y Define specific heat capacity ( c )y State that c = Q/ my

Determine the specific heat capacity ofa liquid.y Determine the specific heat capacity of

a solid.

y Describe application of specific heatcapacity

y Solve problems involving specific heatcapacity

Observe the change in temperature when:a) the same amount of heat is used to heat different

masses of water.b) The same amount of heat is used to heat the

same mass of different liquids.

Discuss specific heat capacity

Plan and carry out an activity to determine the specificheat capacity of

a) a liquidb) a solid

Research and report on application of specific heatcapacity

Solve problem involving specific heat capacity

Heat capacity only relate toa particular object whereasspecific heat capacity relateto a material.Guide students to analysethe unit of c as JKg-1K-1 orJKg-1C-1

Solid pepejalImmersion heater pemanas rendam

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4.3Understanding specificlatent heat.

y State that transfer of heat during achange ofphase does not cause achange in temperature.

y Define specific latent heat (l).y State that l = Q/m.y Determine the specific latent heat

of fusion.

y Determine the specific latent heatof vaporization.

y Slove problem involving specificlatent heat.

Carry out an activity to show that there is no change intemperature when heat is supplied to:

a. a liquid at its boiling point(Demonstrate an experiment using distilled waterto show the temperature doesnt change while

boiling)b. a solid at its melting point

(Demonstrate an experiment using icecubes to show that temperature doesnt change

while melting).

Sketch the boiling and the melting curve and discussmelting solidification , boiling and condensation asprocesses involving energy transfer without a change in

temperature.

Discussa) latent heat in terms of molecular behaviourb) specific latent heat

Show the diagrams that show different matters have theirdifferent specific latent heat

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Plan and carry out an activity to determine the specificlatent heat of

c) fusiond) vaporization

Solve problems involving specific latent heat

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4.4 Understanding the gaslaws y Explain gas pressure, temperature

and volume in terms of behaviourof gas molecules.

y Determine the relationship betweenpressure and volume at constanttemperature for a fixed mass of gasi.e pV = constant.

y Determine the relationship betweenvolume and temperature atconstant pressure for a fixed massof gas i.e V/T = constant.

y Determine the relationship betweenpressure and temperature atconstant volume for a fixed mass ofgas i.e P/T = constant.

y Explain absolute zero.y Explain the absolute/Kelvin scale of

temperature.

y Solve problems involving pressure,temperature and volume of a fixedmass of gas.

Use a model or view computer simulations on thebehaviour of molecules of a fixed mass of gas to gain anidea about gas pressure, temperature and volume.

Discuss gas pressure, volume and temperature in terms ofthe behaviour of molecules based on the kinetic theory

Plan and carry out an experiment on a fixed mass of gasto determine the relationship between :a)pressure and volume at constant temperatureb)volume and temperature at constant pressurec)pressure and temperature at constant volume

Extrapolate P-T and V-T graphs or view computersimulations to show that when pressure and volume are

zero the temperature on a P-T and V-T graph is -273r C.Discuss absolute zero and the Kelvin scale oftemperature.

Solve problems involving the pressure, temperature andvolume of a fixed mass of gas.

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5.1 Understandingreflection oflighty Describe the characteristics of theimage formed by reflection oflight.y State the laws of reflection oflight.

Observe the image formed in a plane mirror. Discuss thatthe image is:a)as far behind the mirror as the object is in front and theline joining the object and image is perpendicular to themirrorb)the same size as the objectc)virtuald)laterally inverted

Concave mirror cermincekungConvex mirrior cermincembung

Refelction oflight-Pantulancahaya

Image distance jarak imej

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y Draw ray diagrams to show theposition and characteristics of theimage formed by ai. plane mirror,ii. convex mirror,iii. concave mirror.

y Describe applications of reflectionoflight.

y Solve problems involving reflectionoflight.

y Construct a device based on theapplication of reflection oflight.

Discuss the laws of reflectionCarry out an activities for all students to find out thedefinition of image distance, object distance, radius ofcurvature, virtual image, real object, optical axis, opticalcentre and focallength

Draw ray diagrams to determine the position andcharacteristics of the image formed bya)plane mirrorb)convex mirrorc)concave mirror

Research and report on applications of reflection oflight

Solve problems involving reflection oflight

Construct a device based on application of reflection oflight

Radius of curvature jejarikelengkunganVirtual image imej maya

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5.2Understanding refraction oflight

yExplain refraction oflight.y Define refractive index as n =sini/sin r.

y Determine the refractive index of aglass or Perspex block.

y State the refractive index, n asspeed of light in a vacuum .speed of light in a medium

Describe phenomena due torefraction.

y Solve problems involving therefraction oflight.

Observe situations to gain an idea on refraction e.g thedepth of water in pool is shallower than it really and a rulerlooks bent in a glass of water

Draw the diagrams to show the phenomenon above

Conduct an experiment to find the relationship betweenthe angle of incident and angle of refraction to obtainSnells law

Carry out an activity to determine the refractive index of aglass or Perspex block.

Discuss the refractive index, , n, asSpeed of light in a vacuumSpeed of light in a medium

Research and repot on phenomenon due to refraction e.g.apparent depth, the twinkling of stars

Refraction biasan

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Carry out activities to gain an idea of apparent depth. Withthe aid of diagrams, discuss real depth and apparentdepth.

Solve problems involving the refraction oflight.Real depth dalam sebenarApparent depth dalamketara

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5.3 Understanding totalinternal reflection oflight

y Explain total internal reflection oflight

y Define critical angle ( c )y Relate the critical angle to the

refractive index i.e. n= 1Sin c

y Describe naturalphenomenoninvolving total internal reflection

y Describe application of totalinternal reflection.

y Solve problems involving totalinternal reflection.

Demonstrate a simple activities to show the phenomenonof internal reflection oflight e.g by using water, beaker andspoon. Observe spoon from the bottom of the beaker.

Carry out activities to show the effect of increasing theangle of incidence on the angle of refraction when lighttravels from a denser medium to a less dense medium togain an idea about total internal reflection and to obtainthe critical angle.

Discuss with the aid of diagrams:a)total internal reflection and critical angleb)the relationship between critical angle and refractive

index

Research and report ona)naturalphenomenon involving total internal reflectionb)the applications of total internal reflection, e.g. intelecommunications using fibre optics

Solve problems involving total internal reflection.

Total internal reflection pantulan dalam penuh

Critical angle sudut

genting

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5.4 Understanding lenses y Explain focalpoint and focallength.y Determine the focalpoint and focal

length of a convexlens.

y Determine the focal point and focallength of a concave lens.

y Draw ray diagrams to show thepositions and characteristics of theimages formed by a convexlens.

y Draw ray diagrams to show thepositions and characteristics of theimages formed by a concave lens.

yDefine magnification as m = v/u.y Relate focallength (f) to the objectdistance (u) and image distance(v), i.e 1/f = 1/u + 1/v.

y Describe, with the aid of raydiagrams, the use oflenses inoptical devices.

y Construct an optical device thatuses lenses.

y Solve problems involving to lenses.

Use an optical kit to observe and measure light raystraveling through convex and concave lenses to gain andidea of focalpoint and focallength.

Determine the focalpoint and focallength of convex andconcave lenses.

With the help of ray diagrams, discuss focalpoint andfocallength.

Draw ray diagrams to show the positions andcharacteristics of the images formed by aa)convexlens

b)concave lens

Carry out activities to gain an idea of magnification.With the help of ray diagrams, discuss magnification.Carry out an activity to find the relationship between u, vand f.

Carry out activities to gain an idea on the oflenses inoptical devices.

With the help of ray diagrams discuss the use oflenses inoptical devices such as a telescope and a microscope.

Construct an optical device that uses lenses.

Solve problems involving lenses.

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PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN

Documents

f4 Yearly Plan 2012