16
Eyelashes divert flows to protect eye: Supplementary Information Guillermo J. Amador 1 , Wenbin Mao 1 , Peter DeMercurio 1 , Carmen Montero 1 , Joel Clewis 1 , Alexander Alexeev 1 , David L. Hu 1,2,Schools of Mechanical Engineering 1 and Biology 2 Georgia Institute of Technology Corresponding author: [email protected] January 16, 2015 Velocity Field Verification Fig.S1 shows the velocity fields for coarse and fine grids for comparison. The fine grid is 1.5 times more dense. Animal Eyelashes Table 1 shows tabulated data for eye and eyelash dimensions of 22 mammal species. This data was gathered at the American Museum of Natural History and Brodericks Head Taxidermy shop. Walking speeds were obtained from literature [1–8]. Table 2 shows tabulated data for our extensive investigation to determine which families of mammals have species with eyelashes. 1

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Eyelashes divert flows to protect eye:Supplementary Information

Guillermo J. Amador1, Wenbin Mao

1, Peter DeMercurio

1, Carmen Montero

1,

Joel Clewis1, Alexander Alexeev

1, David L. Hu

1,2,∗

Schools of Mechanical Engineering1and Biology

2

Georgia Institute of Technology∗Corresponding author: [email protected]

January 16, 2015

Velocity Field Verification

Fig.S1 shows the velocity fields for coarse and fine grids for comparison. The fine grid is 1.5 timesmore dense.

Animal Eyelashes

Table 1 shows tabulated data for eye and eyelash dimensions of 22 mammal species. This datawas gathered at the American Museum of Natural History and Brodericks Head Taxidermy shop.Walking speeds were obtained from literature [1–8].

Table 2 shows tabulated data for our extensive investigation to determine which families ofmammals have species with eyelashes.

1

References

[1] Wroot, A. J. Feeding ecology of the European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus. (Royal Holloway,University of London, 1984).

[2] Seipel, S. & Seipel, T. Giant Anteaters (Lerner Publications, 2008).

[3] O’Neill, M. C. Gait-specific metabolic costs and preferred speeds in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemurcatta), with implications for the scaling of locomotor costs. American Journal of PhysicalAnthropology 149, 356–364 (2012).

[4] Parchman, A. J., Reilly, S. M. & Biknevicius, A. R. Whole-body mechanics and gaits in the grayshort-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica: integrating patterns of locomotion in a semi-erectmammal. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 1379–1388 (2003).

[5] San Diego Zoo. Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca (2011). URL http://library.

sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/giant_panda/panda.htm.

[6] Sockol, M. D., Raichlen, D. A. & Pontzer, H. Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin ofhuman bipedalism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 12265–12269 (2007).

[7] Dumont, B., Dutronc, A. & Petit, M. How readily will sheep walk for a preferred forage?Journal of Animal Science 76, 965–971 (1998).

[8] Yousef, M., Webster, M. & Yousef, O. Energy costs of walking in camels, Camelus dromedarius.Physiological Zoology 1080–1088 (1989).

2

!

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Uinf

(a)

(b)

Uinf

Figure S1: Velocity fields around the eyelashes at Re = 250, φ = 0.5, L/W = 0.2. (a) Coarse grid. (b)Fine grid. Here, Uinf = ar is the free stream radial velocity.

3

4

Table 1: Tabulated eyelash data for mammals.

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5

Table 1: Tabulated eyelash data for mammals.

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6

Table 2: Tabulated data for presence of eyelashes for mammals.

Proper Name (Family)

Common Name (Example)

Has eyelashes/fur

Photo

Abrocomidae Chinchilla rats or chinchillones

Yes, there's fur http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2458/3658723390_70176803dc_o.jpg

Aplodontiidae Mountain beaver Yes, there's fur https://www.mountainvalleyliving.com/online/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/bigstockphoto_Beaver_2812482.jpg

Castoridae North American beaver

Yes, there's fur http://ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/castor-fiber.jpg

Nycteridae Hollow-faced bats Yes, there's fur http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/78/Nycteris_thebaica.jpg

Phyllostomidae Leaf-nosed bats Yes, there's fur http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/1D/1D7B10F1-F155-4A5F-A630-218BBA6223FF/Presentation.Large/Shield-nosed-leaf-nosed-bat-with-wings-visible.jpg

Prinonodontidae Banded linsang Yes, there's fur http://photos.zoochat.com/large/8a_0278-205341.jpg

Solenodontidae Cuban solenodon Yes, there's fur http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/63953000/jpg/_63953547_solenodon.jpg

Thryonomyidae Cane rats Yes, there's fur http://writersthinkingallowed.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/cane.jpg

Dasyproctidae Acouchis Yes, there's fur http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2106/2439301067_f96493bef1_o.jpg

Callitrichidae Marmosets and tamarins

Yes, there's fur TAMARIN: http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5053/5510281132_6d28dfb29a_o.jpg MARMOSET: http://www.robertodemicheli.com/album_test/Wildlife/Misc/slides/_MG_3583.jpg

Caviidae Domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the capybara

Yes, there's fur https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Guinea_Pig_35.jpg

Chinchillidae Chinchillas Yes, there's fur http://www.chincare.com/IMAGES/healthmed/cataract.jpg

Cricetidae Voles Yes, there's fur http://www.eastrocklandscape.com/field_vole.jpg

Ctenodactylidae Gundis or comb rats

Yes, there's fur http://photos.zoochat.com/large/gundi_stuttgart_6th_september_2010-122957.jpg

Ctenomyidae Tuco-tuco Yes, there's fur http://www.fotonaturaleza.cl/data/media/2/IMG_0946cropf9.jpg

Cyclopedidae Silky anteater Yes, there's fur https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-SCEbIXEUFKY/SmE-uZw9iJI/AAAAAAAABsw/rMCj5xH2gfo/IMG_0519.JPG

Cynocephalidae Colugos Yes, there's fur http://daddu.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Colugo-view.jpg

Daubentoniidae Aye-aye (Lemur) Yes, there's fur http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/jHs5POy8-8Y/maxresdefault.jpg

Dinomyidae Pacarana Yes, there's fur http://www.machupicchu360.org/machu-picchu-peru/photo-gallery-machu-picchu/fotos_fauna/machu-picchu-fotos-19c.jpg

Dipodidae Jumping mice Yes, there's fur http://www2.ohiodnr.com/portals/wildlife/Species%20and%20Habitats/Species%20Guide%20Index/Images/housemouse.jpg

Echimyidae Neotropical spiny rats

Yes, there's fur http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echimyidae#mediaviewer/File:Hoplomys_gymnurus2.jpg

Emballonuridae Ghost bat Yes, there's fur http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzzktm0iF01qga09po1_500.jpg

7

Eupleridae Fossa Yes, there's fur http://photos.zoochat.com/large/fossa_sandwich_30th_april_2011-143698.jpg

Felidae Tiger Yes, there's fur http://i25.photobucket.com/albums/c59/telyse3/351Tiger_Eyesx.jpg

Furipteridae Smokey Bat Yes, there's fur http://www.milbourne.net/HOSTEDSITES/blagdonlakebirds/Assets/myimages/1DS14052%20Whiskered%20Bat,%20Butcombe%20Bank,%20Blagdon%20Lake.JPG

Galagidae Bushbabies Yes, there's fur http://www.animalpictures123.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Demidoffs-Bush-Baby.jpg

Geomyidae Pocket gophers Yes, there's fur http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5110/5597131228_80ee407e6f_o.jpg

Gliridae Dormouse Yes, there's fur http://www.devon.gov.uk/dormouse.jpg

Heteromyidae Kangaroo rats Yes, there's fur http://rmbo.org/v3/Portals/0/Images/Blog%20feature%20stories/12-10-17%20Ord's%20Kangaroo%20Rat.jpg

Hystricidae Old World porcupine

Yes, there's fur http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/42_90863616636d8791fbfc212cda649d5f.jpg

Indriidae Four Toothed Lemur

Yes, there's fur http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/83/Sifaka_in_Madagascar.jpg

Lorisidae Loris Yes, there's fur http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_loris#mediaviewer/File:Slow_Loris_Female.jpg

Megalonychidae Two toed sloths Yes, there's fur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Two_toed_sloth.JPG

Mormoopidae Ghost Faced bat Yes, there's fur http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2166/1777987598_4ea13ab227_o.jpg

Muridae True mice Yes, there's fur http://www.warrenphotographic.co.uk/photography/bigs/34248-Baby-yellow-necked-mice-white-background.jpg

Mustelidae Weasel Yes, there's fur http://pophaydn.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/weasel-credit-karen-white-resize.jpg

Myocastoridae Coypu Yes, there's fur http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PwaTKtg0CtY/TBv1xGgvPMI/AAAAAAAABnk/QktLGs8wWtY/s1600/Myocastor_Coypus_Nutria_Biberratte.jpg

Nandiniidae African palm civet Yes, there's fur http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mammals/carnivora/images/5108450362_22e3e68b8d_658w.jpg

Ochotonidae Pika Yes, there's fur http://florafaunafungi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/American-Pika-Ochotona-princeps.jpg

Octodontidae Degu Yes, there's fur http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nO36AMjqojc/TU7HwPLiEKI/AAAAAAAAAWI/sF5w2QeKkX4/s1600/daily+degu201.jpg

Otariidae Eared seal Yes, there's fur http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3514/5736446255_732cb5e54f_o.jpg

Pedetidae Springhare Yes, there's fur http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/00/4400-050-AE078316.jpg

Petromuridae Dassie rat Yes, there's fur http://focusingonwildlife.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Hyrax-Rock-Erongo-Mountains-Namibia-AR-37.jpg

Phocidae True seal Yes, there's fur http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/83/Seehund.jpg

Platacanthomyidae Chinese pygmy dormice

Yes, there's fur http://i263.photobucket.com/albums/ii135/jackieandarchie/IMG_3765.jpg

Procaviidae Lyrax Yes, there's fur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Yellow-spotted_Rock_Hyrax.jpg

8

Pteropodidae Fruit bat Yes, there's fur http://sprudge.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/fruitbatespresso.jpg

Rhinolophidae Horseshoe bats Yes, there's fur http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dd6EtcbfzUo/TqRR234utPI/AAAAAAAAAd4/AD7FPxJPF_g/s1600/Horseshoe+Bat-1.jpg

Spalacidae Lesser bamboo Rat Yes, there's fur http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/152440.jpg

Tupaiidae Treeshrew Yes, there's fur http://www.raskbb.com/sybilsden/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=8893

Ursidae Polar Bear Yes, there's fur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Polar_Bear_0319_-_23-11-06.jpg

Vespertilionidae Evening bat Yes, there's fur http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-62ZbPk-OgWQ/TlRRiOgahLI/AAAAAAAAAW0/ret6PKURzco/s1600/CHOMEX.jpg

Viverridae Palm Civet Yes, there's fur http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3024/2740021247_a5fea844d8_o.jpg

Procyonidae Raccoon Yes, there's fur http://www.listofimages.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/raccoon-tongue-animals.jpg

Ailuridae Red Panda Yes, see right eye

http://www.bhmpics.com/download/red_panda_face-1600x900.jpg

Hyaenidae Hyena Yes, See left Eye http://www.wilkinsonsworld.com/wp-content/gallery/july-2010/200250-spotted-hyena-kruger-park-30082010.jpg

Bovidae Bovid (Cows, etc.) Yes (Possible, they are also in the same infraorder as the pronghorn (Pecora))

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/jaromir/jaromir1207/jaromir120700038/14322309-wild-asiatic-abok--class-mammals-order-artiodactyla-family-bovid.jpg

Cercopithecidae Baboons (Old world Monkeys)

Yes http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4002/4423792925_69058de3b8_z.jpg?zz=1

Mephitidae Skunk Yes http://images.pictureshunt.com/pics/s/skunk-8832.JPG

Agoutidae Paca (Cuniculous) Yes http://photos.zoochat.com/large/lowland_paca_cunniculus_paca-202312.jpg

Antilocapridae Pronghorn Yes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Pronghorn.jpg

Calomyscidae Mouse-like hamster Yes http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2531/4126011746_72b7a56892_o.jpg

Camelidae Camels Yes http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2840/camel_eye1.jpg

Capromyidae Hutia Yes http://bybio.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/cuban-hutia.jpg

Didelphidae Opossum Yes see zoo pic Elephantidae Elephants Yes http://www.clarioncallnews.com/wp-

content/uploads/2011/10/elephant-eye.jpg

Equidae Horses Yes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Horse_eye_5196.jpg

Giraffidae Giraffe Yes http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/blog/uploaded_images/GiraffeEye-732728.jpg

Herpestidae Mongoose Yes http://www.wallpaperstop.co/wallpapers/2013/03/Mongoose-Eyes-485x728.jpg

Hominidae Chimpanzee Yes http://media.theiapolis.com/d4/hTC/i1ND7/k2/l1AS/w1HC/chimpanzee.jpg

Leporidae Rabbit Yes http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/rabbit-eye-close-up-deniece-platt.jpg

Moschidae Musk deer Yes http://photos.zoochat.com/large/dscf9857-8012.jpg

Nesomyidae Malagasy rats Yes http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/178518.jpg

Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros Yes http://www.pbase.com/budohio/image/111103071/original.jpg

9

Suidae Pigs Yes http://timgarratt.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/pig_1.jpg

Tayassuidae Peccary Yes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Collared_peccary_Pecari_tajacu.jpg

Tragulidae Mouse-deer yes http://www.acuteaday.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/baby-chevrotain-mouse-deer.jpeg

Macropodidae Red kangaroo yes see zoo pictures Macroscelididae Elephant shrews Yes part of our data Cervidae White-tailed deer Yes http://stevecreek.com/wp-

content/uploads/2010/08/Deer_100808_4411.jpg

Cheirogaleidae Lemur Yes http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6148/6039529714_45e2e7d279_z.jpg

Erethizontidae New World porcupines

Yes http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/38102.jpg

Lemuridae Lemurid Yes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg

Soricidae Shrew Yes http://newsdesk.si.edu/sites/default/files/photos/National%20Zoo%20Elephant%20Shrew.jpg

Tapiridae Tapir Yes http://photos.zoochat.com/large/malayan_tapir_ed_20_10_2009-105636.jpg

Tarsiidae Tarsiers Yes http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/files/2012/02/tarsier.jpg

Canidae Domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes

Wolf: Small top lid lashes appear visible

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3342/3434820536_f9bf73da9e.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NFVoxpmueq0/T1_MRSm5KQI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/YT0es_ORbag/s1600/081223Glacier-2.jpg http://darkroom.danielyeow.com/wp-content/uploads/20100523-DSC_5557.jpg

Chrysochloridae Golden moles Non Functional Eyes covered with skin and fur

http://www.notempire.com/images/uploads/Untitled-1-2509.jpg

Hylobatidae Gibbon No, have hairs on top but no bottom

http://www.wfft.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/cosmo.jpg

Anomaluridae Scaly-tailed squirrels

No, fur isn't right around eye

http://www.exterminatorbrooklyn.com/large_image/squirrel/squirrel4.jpg

Bradypodidae Three-toed sloths No, fur isn't right around eye

http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8373/8474996578_2a77443dc6_b.jpg

Myrmecophagidae Giant anteater No, fur isn't right around eye

http://animal-backgrounds.com/files/Anteater/Giant_Anteater-desktop-wallpaper.jpg

Myzopodidae Madagascar Sucker-footed Bat

No, fur isn't right around eye

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/107/cache/upright-roosting-bat_10789_600x450.jpg

Natalidae Funnel-eared bats No, fur isn't right around eye

http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8033/7953195746_f28ea4117e_z.jpg

Thyropteridae Peter's disk-winged bat

No, does not appear so

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3085/5724136173_7980c3efac.jpg

Balaenidae Right whales No, does not appear so

http://www.whaleman.org/sites/default/files/gray%20whale%20eye.jpg

Balaenopteridae Baleen whales No, does not appear so

http://i.images.cdn.fotopedia.com/NvT_IbC6noA-wRZJpnld6oI-hd/World_Heritage_Sites/America/North_America/Mexico/Islands_and_Protected_Areas_of_the_Gulf_of_California/El_Vizcaino_Biosphere_Reserve/El_Vizcaino_Biosphere_Reserve-Baleen_whale-Cetacea-Eschrichtiidae-Eye-Gray_whale.jpg

10

Orycteropodidae Aardvark No, does not appear so

http://parrotnation.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/dscn0050.jpg

Phocoenidae Harbour porpoise No, does not appear so

http://photos.zoochat.com/large/dscf14002-61511.jpg

Pontoporiidae La Plata dolphin No, does not appear so

http://www.wdcs.org/graphics_bin/franciscana_dolphin.jpg

Megadermatidae False Vampire Bats No, does not appear so

http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6198/6129869755_bbf36f447f_z.jpg

Molossidae Mastiff bat No, does not appear so

http://lh3.ggpht.com/-OR8B7jIl6HmlaYLwbZOhBYxZmER71Lq-Z_BpCZhCGxVHLV-hSBFFD8c-aKyw5HGckR0-XnCVFqa0TTBVu8=s1200

Mystacinidae New Zealand short-tailed bats

No, does not appear so

http://static.stuff.co.nz/1339481427/480/7090480.jpg

Noctilionidae Bulldog bat No, does not appear so

http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/OMG-Trivia-03-04-11.jpg.png

Ptilocercidae Pen-tailed tree-shrew

No, does not appear so

http://www.eversostrange.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/treeshrew.jpg

Rhinopomatidae Mouse-tailed bats No, does not appear so

http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4140/4779800962_26724b8f41_b.jpg

Sciuridae Squirrel No, does not appear so

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2FnpfRh2vwk/ThE6G_JEtxI/AAAAAAAAApw/h_RfA4QvVI8/s1600/squirrel-jp.jpg

Talpidae Moles No eyes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg

Bathyergidae Mole rat No http://blog.synthesis.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/naked-mole-rat.jpg

Cebidae capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys

No http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7166/6601629505_db87d04eed_b.jpg

Craseonycteridae Kitti's hog-nosed bat

No http://www.edgeofexistence.org/edgeblog/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/bumblebee-bat2.jpg

Dasypodidae Armadillos No http://farm1.static.flickr.com/23/29730072_8d8fea5fc2.jpg

Delphinidae Oceanic dolphins No http://th09.deviantart.net/fs49/PRE/f/2009/236/6/5/659ecc549c46669a5fac7e0b8755daf6.png

Dugongidae Dugong No http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/0E/0E280C5A-D487-4420-9C98-8ED7F0D38A21/Presentation.Large/Dugong-eye-detail.jpg

Erinaceidae Hedgehog No http://www.mrwallpaper.com/wallpapers/Cute-Hedgehog.jpg

Hippopotamidae Hippopotamuses No http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5063/5628746490_d4d06f6de8_z.jpg

Hyperoodontidae Beaked whale (Ziphiidae)

No No good evidence

Iniidae River dolphins No http://assets.worldwildlife.org/photos/3577/images/story_full_width/amazon_river_dolphin_naturepl.com_tood_pusser_wwf_canon.JPG?1360265162

Lepilemuridae Lepilemur No http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Lepilemur_edwardsi.jpg

Manidae Pangolin No http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_wLdWNe857CQ/TCt21C690II/AAAAAAAAAfA/L4MNqBa2VyE/s1600/25.jpg

Monodontidae Beluga Whale No http://demos.ithemes.com/kepler-light/files/2011/08/Hello-Inuk_23648529_m.jpg

Odobenidae Walrus No http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg

11

Physeteridae Sperm whale No http://www.amosphotography.com/data/photos/242_1sperm_whale_enigma__eye_upclose.jpg

Platanistidae Ganges river dolphin

No http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/79854493.png

Trichechidae Manatee No http://barbarabockman.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/prose_1.jpg

Tenrecidae Tenrec No http://www.saczoo.org/view.image?Id=1221

Lipotidae Baiji Extinct (2006) Extinct Extinct Prorastomidae Extinct (Ancient

Manatee) Extinct Extinct

Protosirenidae Extinct Extinct Extinct

Cetotheriidae Extinct (Possibly Ressurecting the family with the Pygmy Right Whale)

Extinct Extinct

Enaliarctidae Extinct Extinct Extinct Gomphotheriidae Extinct Extinct Extinct

Hemicyonidae Extinct Extinct Extinct Hyopsodontidae Extinct Extinct Extinct Lambdotheriidae Extinct Extinct Extinct Nimravidae Extinct (False

Saber-tooth Cat) Extinct Extinct

Pelocetidae Extinct (Ancient Baleen Whales)

Extinct Extinct

Percrocutidae Extinct (Hyena-like)

Extinct Extinct

Stenoplesictidae Extinct (civet-like animals)

Extinct Extinct

12

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