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Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004, Rio de Janeiro LISHEP2004, Rio de Janeiro February 18, 2004 February 18, 2004

Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

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Page 1: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Extra DimensionsExtra Dimensions of the Digital Divide of the Digital Divide

Harvey B. NewmanHarvey B. Newman California Institute of TechnologyCalifornia Institute of Technology

LISHEP2004, Rio de JaneiroLISHEP2004, Rio de JaneiroFebruary 18, 2004February 18, 2004

Page 2: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

ICFA and Global Networks ICFA and Global Networks for HENPfor HENP

ICFA and Global Networks ICFA and Global Networks for HENPfor HENP

National and International Networks, with sufficient (rapidly National and International Networks, with sufficient (rapidly increasing) capacity and seamless end-to-end capability, increasing) capacity and seamless end-to-end capability, are essential forare essential for The formation of worldwide collaborationsThe formation of worldwide collaborations The daily conduct of collaborative work in bothThe daily conduct of collaborative work in both

experiment and theory experiment and theory Detector development & construction on a global scaleDetector development & construction on a global scale Grid systems supporting analysis by involving physicists Grid systems supporting analysis by involving physicists

in all world regions in all world regions The conception, design and implementation of The conception, design and implementation of

next generation facilities as “global networks” next generation facilities as “global networks” ““Collaborations on this scale would never have been Collaborations on this scale would never have been

attempted, if they could not rely on excellent networks”attempted, if they could not rely on excellent networks”

Page 3: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divideof the Digital DivideExtra Dimensions Extra Dimensions

of the Digital Divideof the Digital Divide It’s all about Global Collaborations, and the Key RoleIt’s all about Global Collaborations, and the Key Role

of Sciences (Especially HENP)of Sciences (Especially HENP) Scientific and Technology PartnershipScientific and Technology Partnership

HENP, and the Network Community:HENP, and the Network Community: Increasingly Expert in Inter-Regional andIncreasingly Expert in Inter-Regional and

Global Collaborations Global Collaborations Adept at Multiple Technologies, New-Generation SystemsAdept at Multiple Technologies, New-Generation Systems As Co-Developers as Well as Early AdoptersAs Co-Developers as Well as Early Adopters

Reach (both Push and Pull) for EqualityReach (both Push and Pull) for Equality An Imperative for Long Term StabilityAn Imperative for Long Term Stability

Broad Returns: A Rapid, Positive Impact on Society in the Region: Broad Returns: A Rapid, Positive Impact on Society in the Region: Extremely Rapid Initial ProgressExtremely Rapid Initial Progress Some Breakthroughs for the RegionSome Breakthroughs for the Region

“ “Fundamental” New Ways of Working, Fundamental” New Ways of Working, Sharing of Information, and Knowledge Sharing of Information, and Knowledge

Education and Access to Knowledge: Generally, and Education and Access to Knowledge: Generally, and to Advanced Technologies to Advanced Technologies

Creating a Sustainable Process of InnovationCreating a Sustainable Process of Innovation

Page 4: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divideof the Digital DivideExtra Dimensions Extra Dimensions

of the Digital Divideof the Digital Divide To Reach Our Goals We Need A Clear Roadmap: To Reach Our Goals We Need A Clear Roadmap:

Where You Need to Reach; How to Get There; When Where You Need to Reach; How to Get There; When Clear and QuantitativeClear and Quantitative The Goals are a Function of Time:The Goals are a Function of Time:

While the Goals Grow Exponentially, the Enabling While the Goals Grow Exponentially, the Enabling Technologies Also Progress ExponentiallyTechnologies Also Progress Exponentially There is a matchThere is a match

But one must Bypass Legacy Technologies and But one must Bypass Legacy Technologies and Stay with Current TechniquesStay with Current Techniques

Benchmarks and/or Model Cases Exist: Benchmarks and/or Model Cases Exist: For Countries (ITU/DAI and WEF/NRI Indices): ~ 10 kbps/capitaFor Countries (ITU/DAI and WEF/NRI Indices): ~ 10 kbps/capita For Research and Education ~ 500 kbps-Several For Research and Education ~ 500 kbps-Several

Mbps/researcherMbps/researcher For Leading Edge Research ~ 10-1000 Mbps/researcherFor Leading Edge Research ~ 10-1000 Mbps/researcher

Long Term Initiatives [and HENP]Long Term Initiatives [and HENP] Highly Organized and FocusedHighly Organized and Focused Mission-Oriented: Founded in the Scientific MissionMission-Oriented: Founded in the Scientific Mission Appreciation for the Human Element in Global Collaborations Appreciation for the Human Element in Global Collaborations

Page 5: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divideof the Digital DivideExtra Dimensions Extra Dimensions

of the Digital Divideof the Digital Divide Share InformationShare Information

Status, Progress and Key Issues for ConnectivityStatus, Progress and Key Issues for Connectivity in the Region in the Region

Prices for Bandwidth in Different RangesPrices for Bandwidth in Different Ranges Vendors: Who they are; who is flexibleVendors: Who they are; who is flexible

Opportunities for Joint ProjectsOpportunities for Joint Projects Success Examples: the Fiber (and Ethernet and Lambda) Imperative Success Examples: the Fiber (and Ethernet and Lambda) Imperative

South East Europe: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia; RomaniaSouth East Europe: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia; Romania “ “Dark Fibers”; Cost Case StudiesDark Fibers”; Cost Case Studies Cooperation Among Neighbors; Linkng to a Favored RegionCooperation Among Neighbors; Linkng to a Favored Region Great Example(s) for Latin AmericaGreat Example(s) for Latin America

Act Locally, Think Globally: Inter-Regional PartnershipAct Locally, Think Globally: Inter-Regional Partnership Visits from Abroad Can Have a Major Impact, But First Visits from Abroad Can Have a Major Impact, But First Local Requests and Action: Essential to Lay the Local Requests and Action: Essential to Lay the

Groundwork, then Open the Way Groundwork, then Open the Way The Key Role of Scientists, and the Need to Work withThe Key Role of Scientists, and the Need to Work with

Funding Agencies and Policy Makers Abroad and in Funding Agencies and Policy Makers Abroad and in the Region the Region

The Role of Distressed Assets (e.g. 16,000 miles of fiber in Brazil)The Role of Distressed Assets (e.g. 16,000 miles of fiber in Brazil)

Page 6: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Core Capacity on Western European NRENs 2001-2003

15 European NRENs have made a step up to 1, 2.5 or 10 Gbps core capacity in the last 3 years

100M

1G

10G

Log Scale

Page 7: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

1660 km of Dark Fiber CWDM Links, up to 112 km.

1 to 4 Gbps (GbE)

August 2002: First NREN in Europe to establish Int’l GbE Dark Fiber Link, to Austria

April 2003 to Czech Republic.

Planning 10 Gbps Backbone; dark fiber link to Poland this year.

PROGRESS: Rays of Hope in SE Europe (Sk, Pl, Cz, Hu, …)

Page 8: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

2 Years Ago: 4 Mbps was the highest

bandwidth link in Slovakia

Page 9: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

GLORIAD: Global Optical Ring (US-Ru-Cn)

GLORIAD: Global Optical Ring (US-Ru-Cn)

“ “Little Gloriad” (OC3) Launched January 12; to OC192 in 2005Little Gloriad” (OC3) Launched January 12; to OC192 in 2005

Also Important for Intra-Russia Connectivity

Page 10: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Dark Fiber in Eastern Europe Poland: PIONIER Network

Dark Fiber in Eastern Europe Poland: PIONIER Network

ŁÓDŹ

TORUŃ

P OZNAŃ

B YDGOS ZCZ

OLS ZTYN

B IAŁYS TOK

GDAŃS K

KOS ZALIN

S ZCZECIN

ZIELONAGÓRA

WROCŁAW

CZĘS TOCHOWA

KRAKÓW RZES ZÓW

LUB LIN

KIELCE

P UŁAWY

RADOM

KATOWICEGLIWICE

B IELS KO-B IAŁA

OP OLE

GUB IN WARS ZAWA

CIES ZYN

S IEDLCE

P IO NIE R n o d e sIn s ta lle d fib e r

F ib e rs p la n n e d in 2 0 0 4P IO NIE R n o d e s p la n n e d in 2 0 0 4

2650 km Fiber 2650 km Fiber ConnectingConnecting

16 MANs; 5200 km 16 MANs; 5200 km and 21 MANs by 2005 and 21 MANs by 2005

Support Support Computational GridsComputational Grids

Domain-Specific Domain-Specific Grids Grids

Digital LibrariesDigital Libraries Interactive TVInteractive TV

Add’l Fibers for Add’l Fibers for e-Regional Initiatives e-Regional Initiatives

Page 11: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Romania: Future Prospect of 1 to 2.5 G Wavelength Services or Dark Fiber

from RDS

Romania: Future Prospect of 1 to 2.5 G Wavelength Services or Dark Fiber

from RDS

Romania Data System(RDS) January 2004

Page 12: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

CESNET Case Study (Czech Republic):Financially Within Reach

CESNET Case Study (Czech Republic):Financially Within Reach

Case Study ResultCase Study ResultWavelength ServiceWavelength Service

Vs. Fiber Lease:Vs. Fiber Lease:

Cost Savings of Cost Savings of 50-70% Over 4 Years50-70% Over 4 Years

for Long 2.5G for Long 2.5G or 10G Links or 10G Links

2513 km 2513 km Leased Fibers Leased Fibers (Since 1999) (Since 1999)

1 x 2,5G Leased 1 x 2,5G

(EURO/Month)about 150km (e.g. Ústí n.L. - Liberec) 7,000

about 300km (e.g. Praha - Brno) 8,000

***

4 x 2,5G Leased 4 x 2,5G

(EURO/Month)about 150km (e.g. Ústí n.L. - Liberec) 14,000

about 300km (e.g. Praha - Brno) 23,000

***

1 x 10G Leased 1 x 10G

(EURO/Month)about 150km (e.g. Ústí n.L. - Liberec) 14,000

about 300km (e.g. Praha - Brno) 16,000

***

4 x 10G Leased 4 x 10G

(EURO/Month)about 150km (e.g. Ústí n.L. - Liberec) 29,000

about 300km (e.g. Praha - Brno) 47,000

***

2 x booster 24dBm, 2 x DCF, DWDM 10G2 x (booster +In-line + preamplifier), 6 x DCF, DWDM 10G

Leased fibre with own equipment (EURO/Month)

5 000 *7 000 **

2 x booster 18dBm 2 x booster 27dBm + 2 x preamplifier + 6 x DCF

Leased fibre with own equipment (EURO/Month)

12 000 *14 000 **

8 000 **

2 x booster 21dBm, 2 x DCF2 x (booster 21dBm + in-line + preamplifier) + 6 x DCF

2 x booster 24dBm, DWDM 2,5G2 x (booster +In-line + preamplifier), 6 x DCF, DWDM 2,5G

Leased fibre with own equipment (EURO/Month)

5 000 *

Leased fibre with own equipment (EURO/Month)

8 000 *11 000 **

Page 13: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Optics and Fibres[Message to NRENs; or Nat’l Initiatives]

If there is one single technical lesson from SERENATE it is that transmission is moving from the electrical domain to optical.

The more you look at underlying costs the more you see the need for users to get access to fibre.

When there’s good competition users can still lease traditional communications services (bandwidth) on an annual basis. But: Without enough competition prices go through the roof.

A significant “divide” exists inside Europe – with the worst countries [Macedonia, B-H, Albania, etc.] 1000s of times worse off than the best. Also many of the 10 new EU members are ~5X worse off than the 15 present members.

Our best advice has to be

“if you’re in a mess, you must get access to fibre”. Also try to lobby politicians to introduce real competition;

In Serbia – still a full telecoms monopoly – the two ministers talked and the research community was given a fibre pair all around Serbia !

Page 14: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

GLIF: Global Lambda Integrated Facility

DWDM SURFnet

lambda service path

IP service path

10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

IEEAF10 Gbit/s

DwingelooASTRON/JIVE

DwingelooASTRON/JIVE

PragueCzechLight

PragueCzechLight

2.5 Gbit/s

NSF10 Gbit/s

LondonUKLightLondonUKLight

StockholmNorthernLightStockholm

NorthernLight

2.5 Gbit/s

New YorkMANLANNew YorkMANLAN

TokyoWIDETokyoWIDE

10 Gbit/s

10Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2x10 Gbit/s

IEEAF10 Gbit/s

2x10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/s

TokyoAPANTokyoAPAN

GenevaCERN

GenevaCERN

ChicagoChicago AmsterdamAmsterdam

“GLIF is a World Scale Lambda based Lab for Application and Middleware development, where Grid applications ride on dynamically configured networks based on optical wavelengths ...

GLIF will use the Lambda network to support data transport for the most demanding e-Science applications, concurrent with the normal best effort Internet for commodity traffic.”

Joining GLIF as a Regional andInter-Regional Goal

Page 15: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

HENP Major Links Roadmap: Bandwidth in Gbps

HENP Major Links Roadmap: Bandwidth in Gbps

Year Production Experimental Remarks

2001 0.155 0.622-2.5 SONET/SDH

2002 0.622 2.5 SONET/SDH DWDM; GigE Integ.

2003 2.5 10 DWDM; 1 + 10 GigE Integration

2005 10 2-4 X 10 Switch; Provisioning

2007 2-4 X 10 ~10 X 10; 40 Gbps

1st Gen. Grids

2009 ~10 X 10 or 1-2 X 40

~5 X 40 or ~20-50 X 10

40 Gbps Switching

2011 ~5 X 40 or

~20 X 10

~25 X 40 or ~100 X 10

2nd Gen Grids Terabit Networks

2013 ~Terabit ~MultiTbps ~Fill One Fiber

Continuing the Trend: ~1000X Bandwidth Growth Per Decade In 2004: A DOE Science Networking Roadmap; Compatible.

Page 16: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

SCIC in 2003-2004 http://cern.ch/icfa-scic SCIC in 2003-2004 http://cern.ch/icfa-scic

Three 2004 Reports; Presented to ICFA TodayThree 2004 Reports; Presented to ICFA Today

Main Report: “Networking for HENP”Main Report: “Networking for HENP” [H. Newman et al.] [H. Newman et al.] Includes Brief Updates on Monitoring, the Digital Divide Includes Brief Updates on Monitoring, the Digital Divide

and Advanced Technologies [*]and Advanced Technologies [*] A World Network Overview (with 27 Appendices): A World Network Overview (with 27 Appendices):

Status and Plans for the Next Few YearsStatus and Plans for the Next Few Years of National and Regional Networks, of National and Regional Networks, and Optical Network Initiatives and Optical Network Initiatives

Monitoring Working Group ReportMonitoring Working Group Report [L. Cottrell] [L. Cottrell]

Digital Divide in RussiaDigital Divide in Russia [V. Ilyin] [V. Ilyin]

[*] Also See the 2003 SCIC Reports of the Advanced [*] Also See the 2003 SCIC Reports of the Advanced Technologies and Digital Divide Working GroupsTechnologies and Digital Divide Working Groups

Page 17: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Recommendation 1:Work on the Digital Dividefrom Several Perspectives

Recommendation 1:Work on the Digital Dividefrom Several Perspectives

Work on Policies and/or Pricing: pk, in, br, cn, SE Europe, …Work on Policies and/or Pricing: pk, in, br, cn, SE Europe, … Share Information: Comparative Performance and BW Pricing Share Information: Comparative Performance and BW Pricing Find Ways to work with vendors, NRENs, and/or Gov’tsFind Ways to work with vendors, NRENs, and/or Gov’ts Exploit Model Cases: e.g. Poland, Slovakia, Czech RepublicExploit Model Cases: e.g. Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic

Inter-Regional Projects Inter-Regional Projects South America: CHEPREO (US-Brazil); EU ALICE ProjectSouth America: CHEPREO (US-Brazil); EU ALICE Project GLORIAD, Russia-China-US Optical RingGLORIAD, Russia-China-US Optical Ring Virtual SILK Highway Project (DESY): FSU satellite linksVirtual SILK Highway Project (DESY): FSU satellite links

Help with Modernizing the Infrastructure Help with Modernizing the Infrastructure Design, Commissioning, DevelopmentDesign, Commissioning, Development Provide Tools for Effective Use: Monitoring, CollaborationProvide Tools for Effective Use: Monitoring, Collaboration

Participate in Standards Development; Open ToolsParticipate in Standards Development; Open Tools Advanced TCP stacks; Grid systemsAdvanced TCP stacks; Grid systems

Workshops and Tutorials/Training SessionsWorkshops and Tutorials/Training Sessions For Example: Rio DD and HEPGrid Workshop, February 2004For Example: Rio DD and HEPGrid Workshop, February 2004

Raise General Awareness of the Problem; Approaches to SolutionsRaise General Awareness of the Problem; Approaches to Solutions

Page 18: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Inhomogeneous Bandwidth Distributioin Latin America. CAESAR Report (6/02)Inhomogeneous Bandwidth Distributioin Latin America. CAESAR Report (6/02)

Int’l Links0.071 Gbps

Used

4,236 Gbps Capacity to Latin America

Need to Pay Attentionto End-point connections

Page 19: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

ICTP 2nd Open Round Table on Developing Countries Access to Scientific Information ICTP 2nd Open Round Table on Developing Countries Access to Scientific Information

STATEMENTSTATEMENT: AFFORDABLE: AFFORDABLE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET ACCESS TO THE INTERNETFOR RESEARCH AND LEARNINGFOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING

““Scholars from across the world meeting at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Scholars from across the world meeting at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste [10/2003] were concerned to learn of the barrier to Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste [10/2003] were concerned to learn of the barrier to education and research caused by the high cost of Internet access in many countries. education and research caused by the high cost of Internet access in many countries. The Internet enables the use of content which is vital for individuals and for institutions The Internet enables the use of content which is vital for individuals and for institutions engaged in teaching, learning and research. In many countries use of the Internet is severely engaged in teaching, learning and research. In many countries use of the Internet is severely restricted by the high telecommunications cost, leading to inequality in realising the benefits of restricted by the high telecommunications cost, leading to inequality in realising the benefits of education and research.education and research. Research staff and students in countries with liberal Research staff and students in countries with liberal telecommunications policies favouring educational use are gaining social and economic telecommunications policies favouring educational use are gaining social and economic advantage over countries with restrictive, high-cost policies. The potential benefits of access to advantage over countries with restrictive, high-cost policies. The potential benefits of access to the Internet are not available to all. the Internet are not available to all. The signatories to this message invite scholars in every country to join them in The signatories to this message invite scholars in every country to join them in expressing concern to governments and research funding agencies at the effect of high expressing concern to governments and research funding agencies at the effect of high telecommunications costs upon individuals and institutions undertaking teaching, learning and telecommunications costs upon individuals and institutions undertaking teaching, learning and research. The situation in many countries could be improved through educational discounts on research. The situation in many countries could be improved through educational discounts on normal telecommunications costs, or through the lifting of monopolies. normal telecommunications costs, or through the lifting of monopolies. It is for each country to It is for each country to determine its own telecommunications policies but the need for low-cost access to the Internet determine its own telecommunications policies but the need for low-cost access to the Internet for educational purposes is a need which is common to the whole of humankind.”for educational purposes is a need which is common to the whole of humankind.”

Page 20: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

SCIC Monitoring WG - Throughput Improvements 1995-2004

Bandwidth of TCP < MSS/(RTT*Sqrt(Loss)) (1)

(1) 1) Matthis et al., Computer Communication Review 27(3), July 1997Matthis et al., Computer Communication Review 27(3), July 1997

60% annual improvement

Factor ~100/10 yr

Progress: but Digital Divide is Mostly Maintained

Some Regions ~5-10 Years

Behind

SE Europe and Parts of Asia

May be Catching Up

(Slowly);

India Ever-Farther Behind

Page 21: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Recommendations 3 & 4: Digital Divide Workshops and World Map/Website

Recommendations 3 & 4: Digital Divide Workshops and World Map/Website

Project to Build HENP World Network Map;Project to Build HENP World Network Map; Updated and Maintained on a Web Site, Backed by Database: Updated and Maintained on a Web Site, Backed by Database: Systematize and Track Needs and StatusSystematize and Track Needs and Status Share Information On: Share Information On:

Links:Links: Bandwidths; Pricing; Vendors; Technologies Bandwidths; Pricing; Vendors; Technologies Problems:Problems: Overloading (& Where); Quality; Peering, etc. Overloading (& Where); Quality; Peering, etc. Requirements:Requirements: Are They Being Met ? Are They Being Met ?

Identify Urgent Cases; Focus on Opportunities to HelpIdentify Urgent Cases; Focus on Opportunities to Help

Page 22: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km):http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002

NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km):http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002

Logarithmic Scale

1k

100k

100

100M

10M

1M

10kRo

It

PlGrIr

Ukr

Hu Cz

Es

Nl

Fi

Ch

Lagging

In Transition

Leading

Advanced

Page 23: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

International Connectivity Costs in the Different European Market Segments

Market segment

Number of Countries

Cost Range

Liberal Market with transparent pricing

8 1-1.4

Liberal Market with less transparent pricing structure

7 1.8-3.3

Emerging Market without transparent pricing

3 7.5-7.8

Traditional Monopolist market

9 18-39

Dai Davies SERENATE Workshop Feb. 2003

Ratio to 114 If Include Turkey, Malta;Correlated with the Number of Competing Vendors

www.serenate.org

Page 24: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Relative Cost of Connectivity Compared with Number of Suppliers

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Number of suppliers

Relative cost

Trend Line

Page 25: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Multipliers for Differing Circuit Speeds

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

050010001500200025003000

Speed In MBps

Multiplier

Page 26: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

DAI: State of the WorldDAI: State of the World

Page 27: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

DAI: State of the WorldDAI: State of the World

Page 28: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Digital Access Index Top Ten +Digital Access Index Top Ten +

Pakistan 0.03 0.54 0.41 0.2 0.01 0.24

Page 29: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

ICFA Report: Networks for HENPICFA Report: Networks for HENPGeneral Conclusions (2)General Conclusions (2)

ICFA Report: Networks for HENPICFA Report: Networks for HENPGeneral Conclusions (2)General Conclusions (2)

Reliable high Reliable high End-to-end PerformanceEnd-to-end Performance of networked applications such as of networked applications such as large file transfers and Data Grids is required. Achieving this requires:large file transfers and Data Grids is required. Achieving this requires:

Removing local, last mile, and nat’l and int’l bottlenecks Removing local, last mile, and nat’l and int’l bottlenecks end-to-end, whether technical or political in origin. end-to-end, whether technical or political in origin.While National and International backbones have reached 2.5 to 10 Gbps While National and International backbones have reached 2.5 to 10 Gbps speeds in many countries, the bandwidths speeds in many countries, the bandwidths across borders, the countrysideacross borders, the countrysideor the city may be much less. or the city may be much less. This problem is very widespread in our community, with examples This problem is very widespread in our community, with examples stretching from China to South America to the Northeastern U.S. Root stretching from China to South America to the Northeastern U.S. Root causes for this vary, from lack of local infrastructure to unfavorable causes for this vary, from lack of local infrastructure to unfavorable pricing policies. pricing policies.

Upgrading campus infrastructures.Upgrading campus infrastructures. These are still not designed to support Gbps data transfers in most of HEP These are still not designed to support Gbps data transfers in most of HEP centers. One reason for the under-utilization of National and International centers. One reason for the under-utilization of National and International backbones, is the lack of bandwidth to groups of end-users inside the campus. backbones, is the lack of bandwidth to groups of end-users inside the campus.

End-to-end monitoring extending to all regions serving our community.End-to-end monitoring extending to all regions serving our community. A coherent approach to monitoring that allows physicists throughout A coherent approach to monitoring that allows physicists throughout our community to extract clear, unambiguous and inclusive information our community to extract clear, unambiguous and inclusive information is a prerequisite for this. is a prerequisite for this.

Page 30: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

On Recommendation 1: Work to Close the Digital Divide;

Help Bring the Needed Networks to All Regions

On Recommendation 1: Work to Close the Digital Divide;

Help Bring the Needed Networks to All Regions ICFA Members should work vigorously towards ICFA Members should work vigorously towards

this goal: Locally, Nationally and Internationallythis goal: Locally, Nationally and Internationally Why ?Why ?

Physicists from all world regions have the Right to be full partners;Physicists from all world regions have the Right to be full partners; It is the basis of our global community, and our largest projectsIt is the basis of our global community, and our largest projects Involvement of students, and outreach to the community is Involvement of students, and outreach to the community is vital to our field. In modern times, this is founded on networks. vital to our field. In modern times, this is founded on networks.

How ?How ? “We are the prototypical ‘global’ community”“We are the prototypical ‘global’ community”

Developments by HENP of Grids, state-of-the-art networks and Developments by HENP of Grids, state-of-the-art networks and systems for collaborative work on a worldwide scale represent systems for collaborative work on a worldwide scale represent a unique opportunity, for science and society a unique opportunity, for science and society

Work with SCIC & other cognizant organizations Work with SCIC & other cognizant organizations And If We Don’t ?And If We Don’t ?

We fail as the first “global” community in scienceWe fail as the first “global” community in science

Page 31: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Recommendation 2: Strongly Supportthe Monitoring Work

Recommendation 2: Strongly Supportthe Monitoring Work

The IEPM Project: http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/The IEPM Project: http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/ Led by SLAC with help from FNAL and CERNLed by SLAC with help from FNAL and CERN

This is Imperative, to:This is Imperative, to: Quantify and Bridge the Digital DivideQuantify and Bridge the Digital Divide

Continue to Work with ICTP and Extend the Monitoring CoverageContinue to Work with ICTP and Extend the Monitoring Coverageof Developing Countries of Developing Countries Special Emphasis on Special Emphasis on Africa Africa and and Remote RegionsRemote Regions Ensure at Least 2 Hosts Monitored in Each Developing CountryEnsure at Least 2 Hosts Monitored in Each Developing Country

REQUEST ICFA (and Other) Assistance: Find Sites and Contacts inREQUEST ICFA (and Other) Assistance: Find Sites and Contacts in Latin America:Latin America: Venezuela, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador,

Belize, Panama, BoliviaBelize, Panama, Bolivia Africa:Africa: Burkino Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Burkino Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia,

Kenya, Libya, Nigeria, Sudan Kenya, Libya, Nigeria, Sudan Vietnam, BelarusVietnam, Belarus

Need Funding: Agency Representatives are Asked to Help/AdviseNeed Funding: Agency Representatives are Asked to Help/Advise US DOE or NSF:US DOE or NSF: for IEPM at SLAC for IEPM at SLAC EU:EU: for ICTP that is working with IEPM for Developing Nations for ICTP that is working with IEPM for Developing Nations

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Role of Science in the Information Society. Work Towards Tunis 2005Role of Science in the Information Society. Work Towards Tunis 2005

Regional Involvement isRegional Involvement is Crucial to the WSIS Process Crucial to the WSIS Process CERN LeadershipCERN Leadership Geneva 2003 Geneva 2003 Visitors:Visitors:

Kofi AnnanKofi Annan, UN Sec’y General , UN Sec’y General John H. MarburgerJohn H. Marburger, ,

Science Adviser to US PresidentScience Adviser to US PresidentIon IliescuIon Iliescu, President of Romania; , President of Romania;

and Dan Nica, Minister of ICTand Dan Nica, Minister of ICTJean-Paul Hubert, Ambassador Jean-Paul Hubert, Ambassador

of Canada in Switzerland of Canada in Switzerland Carlo Lamprecht, Pres. of Carlo Lamprecht, Pres. of

Economic Dept. of Canton Economic Dept. of Canton de Genevade Geneva

… …

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Note 10 Gbps

Connections to Poland,

Czech Republic, Hungary

Pan-European Multi-Gigabit Backbone (33 Countries)

January 2004

Planning Underway for “GEANT2” (GN2), Multi-Lambda Backbone, to Start In 2005

Page 34: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,
Page 35: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

Romania: Inter-City Links of 2 to 6 Mbps in 2002 Improved to 34 to 155 Mbps in 2003;

GEANT-Bucharest Link Improved: 155 to 622 Mbps

Romania: Inter-City Links of 2 to 6 Mbps in 2002 Improved to 34 to 155 Mbps in 2003;

GEANT-Bucharest Link Improved: 155 to 622 Mbps

Timişoara

GEANT connection

RoEduNetJanuary 2004

Planning Dark FiberInterCity Backbone

Page 36: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

SERENATE is the name of a series of strategic studies into the future of research and education networking in Europe,

addressing the local (campus networks), national (national research & education networks), European and intercontinental levels. The SERENATE studies bring together the research and

education networks of Europe, national governments and funding bodies, the European Commission, traditional and "alternative" network operators, equipment manufacturers,

and the scientific and education community as the users of networks and services.

Study into European Research and Education Networking as Targeted

by eEurope

www.serenate.org

From Summary and Conclusions by D.O. Williams, CERN

Page 37: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

SCIC Work in 2004SCIC Work in 2004SCIC Work in 2004SCIC Work in 2004 Continue Digital Divide FocusContinue Digital Divide Focus; More In-Depth Information; More In-Depth Information

In Europe with TERENAIn Europe with TERENA In Asia with APAN and KEKIn Asia with APAN and KEK In US, with Internet2 and ESnetIn US, with Internet2 and ESnet On South America, with AMPATH, Internet2, RNP, et al.On South America, with AMPATH, Internet2, RNP, et al. Continue on Africa, with Jensen and ICTP Trieste Continue on Africa, with Jensen and ICTP Trieste

Set Up HENP Networks Web Site (Get Support and/or Funding)Set Up HENP Networks Web Site (Get Support and/or Funding) Continue and if Possible Strengthen Monitoring Work (IEPM)Continue and if Possible Strengthen Monitoring Work (IEPM) Continue Work on Specific Improvements, Case by Case:Continue Work on Specific Improvements, Case by Case:

Brazil and South America, with RNPBrazil and South America, with RNP RussiaRussia Pakistan (?) India (?); China (?)Pakistan (?) India (?); China (?) RomaniaRomania

Follow the World Summit on the Information Society ProcessFollow the World Summit on the Information Society Process Watch Requirements; the “Lambda Grid” & “Grid Analysis” Watch Requirements; the “Lambda Grid” & “Grid Analysis”

RevolutionsRevolutions Encourage Creation of a New “Culture of Collaboration”Encourage Creation of a New “Culture of Collaboration”

Page 38: Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Extra Dimensions of the Digital Divide Harvey B. Newman Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology LISHEP2004,

ICFA Report: Networks for HENPICFA Report: Networks for HENPGeneral Conclusions (3)General Conclusions (3)

ICFA Report: Networks for HENPICFA Report: Networks for HENPGeneral Conclusions (3)General Conclusions (3)

We must Remove Firewall Bottlenecks We must Remove Firewall Bottlenecks [Another “Digital Divide”; also at some Major HEP Labs][Another “Digital Divide”; also at some Major HEP Labs] Firewall systems are so far behind the needsFirewall systems are so far behind the needs that they won’t match that they won’t match

the data flow of Grid applications. The maximum throughput the data flow of Grid applications. The maximum throughput measured across available products is limited to a few X 100 Mbps !measured across available products is limited to a few X 100 Mbps !

It is urgent to address this issue by It is urgent to address this issue by designing new architectures designing new architectures that eliminate/alleviate the need for conventional firewallsthat eliminate/alleviate the need for conventional firewalls. For . For example, Point-to-point provisioned high-speed circuits as example, Point-to-point provisioned high-speed circuits as proposed by emerging Light Path technologies could remove proposed by emerging Light Path technologies could remove the bottleneck. the bottleneck.

With endpoint authentication [as in With endpoint authentication [as in Grid AAA systemsGrid AAA systems], the ], the point-to-point paths are private, intrusion resistant circuits, point-to-point paths are private, intrusion resistant circuits, so they should be able to bypass site firewalls if the endpoints so they should be able to bypass site firewalls if the endpoints (sites) trust each other.(sites) trust each other.

We should deploy high performance (TCP) toolkitsWe should deploy high performance (TCP) toolkits in a form that is suitable for widespread use by users. in a form that is suitable for widespread use by users. We should train the community to use these tools well, and wisely. We should train the community to use these tools well, and wisely.