Externalism and Brain Transplants--Madden

8/2/2019 Externalism and Brain Transplants--Madden

1/33

3

[d cyyhcq gn O. Ahnnh{{ & K. ]gffhqfcn hkz., Du`dqk Z{xkghz gn Fh{cyewzgjz Pdlxfh 0

Du`dqk= DXY

Hu{hqnclgzf cnk Aqcgn [qcnzylcn{z

[egz ycyhq yqhzhn{z c nhr cngfclgz{ fdkhl d` {eh jecllhnbgnb jczh d` aqcgn

{qcnzylcn{c{gdn. [eh cngfclgz{ fdkhl d` {eh jczh gz khphldyhk aw cncldbw rg{e jczhz

d` hnpgqdnfhn{cllw kh{hqfgnhk qh`hqhnjh zeg`{ `cfglgcq `qdf {eh lg{hqc{xqh dn

hu{hqnclgzf. [eh qhzxl{gnb hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ fdkhl gz yx{ {d rdqo gn khzjqgagnb c

qcnbh d` pcqgcn{ jczhz, cnk gn huylcgngnb crcw jhq{cgn cn{gcngfclgz{ gn{xg{gdnz. [eh

ycyhq `gngzehz aw kqcrgnb dx{ zdfh jdnzhsxhnjhz d` {eh fdkhl, jdnjhqngnb {eh

hu{qgnzgj nc{xqh d` {edxbe{, cnk {eh jdehqhnjh d` kgzhfadkghk jdnzjgdxznhzz.

Gn{qdkxj{gdn

G cf c yhqzdn, c zhl`jdnzjgdxz {egnb, xzgnb {eh rdqk G. [ehqh gz cn cngfcl d` {eh zyhjghz

edfd zcyghnz zg{{gnb gn {egz jecgq qgbe{ ndr. Rec{ gz fw qhlc{gdnzegy {d {egz cngfcl4

C xngsxhlw zgfylh cnzrhq {d {egz sxhz{gdn gz bgphn aw {eh pghr gn {eh yhqzdncl gkhn{g{w

lg{hqc{xqh ondrn cz cngfclgzf. Cjjdqkgnb {d cngfclgzf {eh qhlc{gdnzegy gn sxhz{gdn gz

gkhn{g{w. Hcje dnh d` xz exfcn yhqzdnz gz nxfhqgjcllw gkhn{gjcl {d zdfh cngfcl. Rehn G

zyhco, rqg{h, dq {egno c {dohn d` {eh `gqz{ yhqzdn yqdndxn G, G qh`hq {d dnh d` {ehzh cngfclz3.

[eh zgfylgjg{w d` {eh cngfclgz{ ydzg{gdn gz c bqhc{ c{{qcj{gdn, ax{ g{ `cjhz c zhqgdxz jecllhnbh

`qdf {eh ewyd{eh{gjcl zjhncqgd d` aqcgn {qcnzylcn{c{gdn. [eh zjhncqgd gz gn h``hj{ {eh

jdn{hfydqcqw xykc{gnb d` {eh Yqgnjh cnk {eh Jdaalhq {clh, regje Ldjoh egfzhl` xzhk {d `gqz{

fd{gpc{h {eh gkhc {ec{ {eh fcn cnk {eh yhqzdn cqh kgz{gnj{. Ax{ qc{ehq {ecn {eh {qcnz`hq d` c

zdxl rg{e cll g{z yqgnjhlw {edxbe{z `qdf dnh fcn {d cnd{ehq {eh zjhncqgd gnpdlphz gnz{hck {eh

3@dq jlczzgj z{c{hfhn{z d` cngfclgzf zhh Zndrkdn 3779, Cwhqz 3773 cnk Dlzdn 3772.


2/33

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{qcnz`hq d` c `xnj{gdngnb aqcgn `qdf {eh zoxll d` dnh lgpgnb cngfcl gn{d {eh zoxll d` cnd{ehq.

[egz gz yqdalhfc{gj `dq cngfclgzf ahjcxzh rh cqh gn{xg{gphlw gnjlgnhk {d mxkbh cadx{ {eh jczh

{ec{ {eh yhqzdn, rec{hphq g{ gz, rdxlk gn zdfh zhnzh bd rg{e {eh aqcgn, {eh zhc{ d`

yzwjedldbgjcl `xnj{gdn. Ax{ {eh cngfcl rdxlk ah lh`{ ahegnk, gn c phbh{c{gph z{c{h g` nd{ khck.

Zd {eh yhqzdn gz kgz{gnj{ `qdf {eh cngfcl.1

[eh cgf d` {egz ycyhq gz {d d``hq {eh cngfclgz{ c `qhze yhqzyhj{gph dn {egz jecllhnbgnb jczh. [eh

bxgkgnb ewyd{ehzgz gz zgfylh, cl{edxbe g{z jdnzhsxhnjhz cqh sxg{h `cq qhcjegnb. G{ gz c `cfglgcq

gkhc `qdf {eh hugz{gnb lg{hqc{xqh dn hu{hqnclgzf cadx{ lgnbxgz{gj cnk fhn{cl jdn{hn{ {ec{ c

jecnbh d` hnpgqdnfhn{ jcn gnkxjh c zeg`{ gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` rdqkz cnk jdnjhy{z, zxje cz

yqdyhq ncfhz cnk nc{xqcl ognk {hqfz. Zxje c zeg`{ gz lgohlw {d ah %c' zldr djjxqqgnb c{ zdfh

{gfh zxazhsxhn{ {d {eh hnpgqdnfhn{cl jecnbh cnk %a' xnkh{hj{calh rehn g{ kdhz djjxq. [eh

ewyd{ehzgz d` {eh ycyhq gz {ec{ {eh jczh d` aqcgn {qcnzylcn{c{gdn zedxlk ah zhhn cz c zgfglcq

hnpgqdnfhn{cllw gnkxjhk zeg`{, zyhjg`gjcllw gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ xydn {eh

{qcnzylcn{hk aqcgn. G{ rgll ah cqbxhk dn {eh aczgz d` aqdcklw hygz{hfgj yqgnjgylhz d` qh`hqhnjh

kh{hqfgnc{gdn {ec{ {eh qh`hqhn{gcl zeg`{ gz {egz jczh gz clzd lgohlw {d ah ad{e zldr cnk

xnkh{hj{calh.

[ehzh `hc{xqhz d` {eh zeg`{ gnpg{h c z{cnkcqk, aqdcklw Oqgyohcn, huylcgngnbcrcw d` {eh cn{g

cngfclgz{ gn{xg{gdnz rh `gnk dxqzhlphz rg{e rehn qh`lhj{gnb xydn {eh jczh. Zgnjh {eh zeg`{ gz

kh{hj{calh `qdf nhg{ehq cn hu{hqncl ndq ycq{gjgycn{ pghrydgn{, {eh jczh gz gnkgzjqgfgncalh gn

gfcbgnc{gdn `qdf jczhz gn regje {ehqh gz nd qh`hqhnjh zeg`{ c{ cll. [exz, gn gfcbgngnb {eh jczh

rh cqh lgohlw {d ahlghph {ec{ zdfhedr {ehqh ecz ahhn nd qh`hqhnjh zeg`{ c{ cll {ec{ zdfhedr

c zgnblh qh`hqhn{ d` G ecz ahhn {qcnz`hqqhk `qdf dnh cngfcl {d {eh nhu{.

Ecpgnb gn{qdkxjhk {eh bhnhqcl hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ cyyqdcje gn jdnnhj{gdn rg{e {eh aczgj

jczh d` aqcgn {qcnz`hq, {eh kgzjxzzgdn d` {eh ycyhq rgll {ehn fdph dn {d cjjdxn{ `dq zdfh

1[eh jczh rcz aqdxbe{ {d yqdfgnhnjh gn Zedhfcohq 370:= 118.


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pcqgcn{ dqfz d` {qcnzylcn{c{gdn gnjlxkgnb= zrcyygnb, gzzgdn, cnk {eh fdqh jdfylhu

ckphn{xqh khzjqgahk gn Khnnh{{z `cn{czw Rehqh Cf G4

C`{hq qhzydnkgnb {d cn damhj{gdn {d {eh dn{dldbw yqhzxyydzhk aw cll d` {ehzh cjjdxn{z, {eh

`gncl ycq{ d` {eh ycyhq zyhllz dx{ {eh cngfclgz{ dy{gdnz `dq khclgnb rg{e c fdqh hu{qhfh

qhfncn{ pcqgcn{ d` aqcgn {qcnzylcn{c{gdn. [eh cgf ehqh gz {d fcoh pgzgalh c sxg{h qckgjcl

dy{gdn. Cjjdqkgnb {d {egz dy{gdn {eh qhfncn{ jczh gz {d ah pghrhk cz c zg{xc{gdn gn regje cn

cngfcl jdn{gnxhz {d ydzzhzz %hu{qgnzgj' fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz, hphn c`{hq g{z jdnjqh{h khz{qxj{gdn.

Gn d{ehq rdqkz, {eh jczh rdxlk huhfylg`w rg{egn c aqdcklw yewzgjclgz{ `qcfhrdqo {eh

ydzzgaglg{w d` kgzhfadkghk jdnzjgdxznhzz. [egz qckgjcl dy{gdn gz cqbxhk {d ecph zdfh

ckpcn{cbhz dphq {rd cyycqhn{lw fdqh jdnzhqpc{gph cngfclgz{ gn{hqyqh{c{gdnz d` {eh qhfncn{

jczh.

Qhfd{h Zyhhje cnk {eh Qh`hqhnjh d` G

[d ehly {eh qhckhq bh{ c `hhl `dq {eh hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ fdkhl {d ah hfyldwhk ahldr, g{ fcw

ah ehly`xl {d z{cq{ aw jdnzgkhqgnb {eh `dlldrgnb jczh d` qhfd{h zyhhje=

[qcjw ecz eck c {qcjehd{dfw. Edrhphq, {eh h``hqhn{ nhqph hnkgnbz d` ehq zyhhje jhn{qhz ecph

ahhn jdnnhj{hk aw qhfd{h jdn{qdl qckgd lgnoz {d {eh pdgjh adu, mcr cnk {dnbxh d` cnd{ehq

yhqzdn Pgj{dq. Pgj{dq ndr ecz nd jdn{qdl dphq {ehzh ycq{z d` egz adkw. Cz c qhzxl{ d` {egz

cqqcnbhfhn{ x{{hqcnjhz gzzxh `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e, gnjlxkgnb `gqz{yhqzdn x{{hqcnjhz zxje cz G

cf [qcjw cnk yhqecyz Fw pdgjh zdxnkz xnjcnnglw khhy cnk kgz{cn{. Rec{ cqh {eh {qx{e

jdnkg{gdnz d` {ehzh `gqz{yhqzdn x{{hqcnjhz4 [dohn xzhz d` {eh `gqz{yhqzdn yqdndxn G qh`hq {d

regjehphq yhqzdn yqdkxjhk {ehf {d {eh zyhcohq d` {eh lgnbxgz{gj jdn{hu{ gn sxhz{gdn. Zd {eh

x{{hqcnjh G cf [qcjw, `dq hucfylh, rgll ah {qxh g` cnk dnlw g` {eh zyhcohq gn sxhz{gdn gz

[qcjw. Cnk rh cqh zxqhlw gnjlgnhk {d mxkbh {ec{, gn {eh cqqcnbhfhn{ cz khzjqgahk, {egz zhn{hnjh

rgll ah {qxh. [qcjw zyhcoz {qxlw, clahg{ aw qhfd{h fhcnz. Pgj{dq kdhz nd{ zyhco. [ec{ gz {d zcw,

{eh {dohnz d` G gzzxgnb `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e qh`hq nd{ {d Pgj{dq ax{ {d [qcjw.


4/33

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[eh jdqqhj{nhzz d` {egz phqkgj{ jlhcqlw zedrz {ec{ {eh nd{gdn d` {eh yqdkxjhq d` cn x{{hqcnjh

gz fdqh zxa{lh {ecn {eh zgfylh nd{gdn d` {eh yhqzdn `qdf redzh pdjcl cyycqc{xz cn x{{hqcnjh

gzzxhz. @dq g` {eh yqdkxjhq jdxlk dnlw ah gkhn{g`ghk gn {egz zgfylhfgnkhk rcw, rh rdxlk ah

`dqjhk {d {eh jdnjlxzgdn {ec{ {dohnz d` G gn {egz ognk d` qhfd{hzyhhje zjhncqgd qh`hq {d

Pgj{dq, cnk {ec{ Pgj{dq gz jlcgfgnb, `clzhlw, {d ah [qcjw. [egz zhhfz xncjjhy{calh.

Edr {ehn zedxlk rh xnkhqz{cnk {eh nd{gdn d` {eh yqdkxjhq d` cn x{{hqcnjh4 G{ gz nd{calh {ec{

{eh x{{hqcnjhz gzzxgnb `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e cqh jcxzcllw qhlc{hk {d [qcjwz yzwjedldbgjcl

z{c{hz. Gz g{ yhqecyz zx``gjghn{ `dq u {d ah {eh yqdkxjhq d` cn x{{hqcnjh {ec{ {eh x{{hqcnjh ah

jcxzcllw qhlc{hk {d u z yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz4 G{ gz nd{. Pgj{dq egfzhl` fcw ah {eh aqgllgcn{

zjghn{gz{ red gnphn{hk {egz qckgd lgno yqdjhkxqh, ndr ehqdgjcllw zxafg{{gnb egfzhl` {d g{z `gqz{

{qgcl qxn. G` zd, {ehn cll d` {eh x{{hqcnjhz gzzxgnb `qdf egz fdx{e cqh gn c rcw jcxzcllw qhlc{hk

{d egz yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz= `dq g` eh eck nd{ c{ zdfh ydgn{ jdnjhgphk d` {eh yqdjhkxqh, {ehzh

x{{hqcnjhz rdxlk nd{ ndr ah gzzxgnb `qdf egz fdx{e.

[egz rgll zgfylw gnpg{h {eh {edxbe{ {ec{ {eh jcxzcl lgno ah{rhhn yqdkxjhq cnk x{{hqcnjh nhhkz

{d ah d` {eh qgbe{ ognk= nd{ mxz{ cnw dlk jcxzcl lgno rgll kd. Hphn g` {ehqh gz, gnjgkhn{cllw, c

phqw bhnhqcl ognk d` jcxzcl khyhnkhnjh d` {eh x{{hqcnjhz xydn Pgj{dqz hcqlghq fdfhn{z d`

gnphn{gphnhzz, {ehqh gz nd{ ndr cnw zhnzg{gpg{w d` {ehzh x{{hqcnjhz {d {eh ycq{gjxlcqg{ghz d`

Pgj{dqz jxqqhn{ yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz. Gn jdn{qcz{, {eh x{{hqcnjhz cqh zhnzg{gph {d {eh

ycq{gjxlcqg{ghz d` [qcjwz jxqqhn{ yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz. [egz zxbbhz{z {eh `dlldrgnb {ehzgz= {ec{

g{ gz zx``gjghn{ `dq u {d ah {eh yqdkxjhq d` cn x{{hqcnjh {ec{ {eh x{{hqcnjh ah zhnzg{gph {d u z

jxqqhn{ yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz.

Zd jdcqzhlw z{c{hk, {eh {ehzgz qhfcgnz dyhn {d jdxn{hqhucfylh. Rh jcn zxyydzh {ec{ [qcjw gz

fdng{dqgnb Pgj{dqz `cjh `qdf c`cq, yhqecyz {eqdxbe c {hlhzjdyh. Zeh nd{hz {eh jdn`xzgdn cnk

`hcq dn Pgj{dqz `cjh= jdnzhsxhn{lw {eh rdqkz gzzxh `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e G {egno {ec{ Pgj{dq gz

c`qcgk. G` Pgj{dq eck nd{ ahhn c`qcgk, {ehzh rdqkz rdxlk nd{ ecph gzzxhk `qdf egz fdx{e? g`

gnz{hck Pgj{dq eck ahhn %pgzgalw' ecyyw, {eh kg``hqhn{ x{{hqcnjh G {egno {ec{ Pgj{dq gz ecyyw


5/33

8

rdxlk ecph gzzxhk `qdf egz fdx{e. Gn {egz fdng{dqgnb zjhncqgd, {ehn, {eh x{{hqcnjhz cqh

jcxzcllw zhnzg{gph {d Pgj{dqz jxqqhn{ yzwjedldbgjcl z{c{hz? ax{ d` jdxqzh rh z{gll kd nd{ rcn{

{d jdnjlxkh {ec{ eh gz {eh yqdkxjhq d` {ehzh x{{hqcnjhz {ec{ eh gz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {eh G{dohnz

gzzxgnb `qdf egz fdx{e. Eh gz nd{. [eh jcxzcl jdnkg{gdn nhhkz {d ah qh`dqfxlc{hk.

Ax{ qc{ehq {ecn ah kqcrn `xq{ehq gn{d c {dcnk`qd d` jdxn{hqhucfylh cnk qh`dqfxlc{gdn, rh

zedxlk z{hy acjo cnk nd{h {ec{ rh cqh khclgnb ehqh rg{e c bhnhqcl ognk d` yqdalhf, dnh zedxlk

ah `cfglgcq `qdf kgzjxzzgdn d` jcxzcl {ehdqghz d` qh`hqhnjh= {eh yqdalhf d` khpgcn{ jcxzcl

jecgnz. Gn {eh yqhzhn{ jczh, {eh gzzxh gz {eh kh{hqfgnc{gdn d` {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {eh `gqz{yhqzdn

yqdndxn G, cnk gn h``hj{ {eh kg``gjxl{w gz {ec{ z{c{hfhn{z d` jcxzcl jdnkg{gdnz `dq rec{ g{ gz `dq

c ycq{gjxlcq yhqzdn {d ah {eh qh`hqhn{ cqh pxlnhqcalh {d {eh khpgjh d` khpgcn{ jcxzcl jecgn

zjhncqgdz. C kg``hqhn{ bhnhqcl cyyqdcje {d qh`hqhnjhkh{hqfgnc{gdn, cl{edxbe g{ jcnnd{ ah `xllw

kh`hnkhk ehqh, jcn ah zhhn {d d``hq c yqgnjgylhk rcw dx{ d` {egz yqdalhf.

Jdnzgkhq cz c z{cq{gnb ydgn{ {eh Kcpgkzdngcn cyyqdcje {d qh`hqhnjhkh{hqfgnc{gdn, cjjdqkgnb

{d regje, qdxbelw, {eh qgbe{ czzgbnfhn{ d` qh`hqhnjh {d c zwz{hf d` x{{hqcnjhz dq ahlgh`z gz {eh

czzgbnfhn{ {ec{ rdxlk ah khqgphk `qdf c {qx{e{ehdqw `dq {eh lcnbxcbh, jdnz{qxj{hk aw cn

gkhclg}hk qckgjcl gn{hqyqh{hq d` {eh zwz{hf.:

Rec{ cqh {eh yqgnjgylhz cjjdqkgnb {d regje zxje

cn gn{hqyqh{hq yqdjhhkz gn {egz jdnz{qxj{gdn4 @cfdxzlw, Kcpgkzdn cqbxhk {ec{ c yqgnjgylh d`

Jecqg{w gz gnkgzyhnzcalh= rh jcnnd{ fcoh zhnzh d` rec{ gz fhcn{ aw c zwz{hf d` x{{hqcnjhz dq

ahlgh`z xnlhzz rh zxyydzh {ec{ {ehw cqh dn {eh redlh {qxh. [eh qgbe{ czzgbnfhn{ d` qh`hqhnjh gz

{eh czzgbnfhn{ {ec{ fcugfg}hz {eh {qx{e d` {eh x{{hqcnjhz cnk ahlgh`z xnkhq gn{hqyqh{c{gdn.

[egz yqgnjgylh fgbe{ lddo lgoh c yqdfgzgnb rcw d` kh{hqfgngnb {eh qgbe{ qh`hqhnjh d` G{dohnz

gn {eh jczh xnkhq jdnzgkhqc{gdn. @dq g{ gz dnlw xnkhq {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` [qcjw {d {eh G{dohnz

gzzxgnb `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e {ec{ x{{hqcnjhz zxje cz G cf [qcjw dq G {egno {ec{ Pgj{dq gz

c`qcgk cqh gn{hqyqh{hk cz {qxh. [ehzh x{{hqcnjhz rgll ah gn{hqyqh{hk cz `clzh dn {eh czzgbnfhn{

d` Pgj{dq, hphn g` Pgj{dq gz gn zdfh gqqhlhpcn{ rcw jcxzcllw gfylgjc{hk gn {ehgq yqdkxj{gdn.

: Zhh Kcpgkzdn 375;.


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Cl{edxbe {egz gz cldnb {eh qgbe{ lgnhz, {ehqh cqh qhczdnz {d {egno {ec{ {eh yqgnjgylh d` Jecqg{w gz

{dd alxn{ c {ddl. Zxyydzh {ec{ [qcjw eck dnjh ahhn {d Phngjh. [eh rdqkz G dnjh rhn{ {d

Phngjh ndr gzzxh `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e, cz c qhfd{h qhzxl{ d` [qcjwz fhfdqghz d` jdxqzh.

[eh yqdalhf gz {ec{ g{ ydzzgalh {ec{ sxg{h aw jecnjh Pgj{dq {dd eck dnjh ahhn {d Phngjh. C

zgfylh {qx{efcugfg}gnb yqgnjgylh d` gn{hqyqh{c{gdn rdxlk ecph {d jdxn{ {egz cz c fcqo gn

`cpdxq d` {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Pgj{dq {d {dohnz d` G gzzxgnb `qdf egz fdx{e. Ax{ {egz zhhfz

sxg{h rqdnb. G{ gz mxz{ gqqhlhpcn{ {ec{ Pgj{dq ecyyhnz {d ecph ahhn {d Phngjh cz rhll. Gnkhhk

rh jcn hu{hnk {egz ognk d` jczh aw gfcbgngnb {ec{ aw zdfh fczzgph jdgnjgkhnjh Pgj{dq

ecyyhnz {d `g{ fdqh d` {eh zhl`czjqgy{gdnz gzzxgnb `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e {ecn [qcjw zd ldnb

cz rh zxyydzh [qcjw {d ah fgz{cohn cadx{ ehqzhl` gn c{ lhcz{ dnh qhzyhj{. Gn {ec{ jczh {eh {qx{e

fcugfg}gnb yqgnjgylh rgll bgph hucj{lw {eh rqdnb phqkgj{ cadx{ red gz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {ehzh G

{dohnz. [eh gn{hqyqh{c{gdn {ec{ fcugfg}hz {qx{e rgll czzgbn Pgj{dq cz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` G

{dohnz.;

[eh qdd{ yqdalhf ehqh gz {ec{ {eh zgfylh yqgnjgylh d` Jecqg{w jcnnd{ kgzjqgfgnc{h sxg{h

gqqhlhpcn{ cjjgkhn{cl {qx{e `qdf {qx{e {ec{ zhhfz gn{xg{gphlw qhlhpcn{ {d qh`hqhnjh

kh{hqfgnc{gdn. [egz zxbbhz{z c zdlx{gdn= {eh qgbe{ gn{hqyqh{c{gdn gz {eh gn{hqyqh{c{gdn {ec{

fcugfg}hz nd{ {qx{e ax{ ondrlhkbh. [egz bgphz {eh qgbe{ qhzxl{z. G` Pgj{dq ecyyhnz {d ecph

ahhn {d Phngjh {ehn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Pgj{dq {d G rhn{ {d Phngjh rgll qhnkhq {eh x{{hqcnjh

{qxh ax{ nd{ ondrn. Rew nd{4 G{ gz ylcxzgalh {ec{ ondrlhkbh fxz{ fhh{ c qhlgcaglg{w dq

zc`h{w jdnkg{gdn= @dq Z {d ondr y g{ fxz{ ah {eh jczh {ec{ Z jdxlk nd{ hczglw ecph ahlghphk

`clzhlw {ec{ y.8 Gn {eh yqhzhn{ jczh {eh x{{hqcnjh jdxlk z{gll hczglw ecph gzzxhk `qdf Pgj{dqz

fdx{e, hphn g` Pgj{dq eck nd{ ahhn {d Phngjh. Zd dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Pgj{dq {d G {eh

;G cf gn`lxhnjhk ehqh aw Oqgyohz cncldbdxz jdxn{hqhucfylhz {d c ahz{`g{ khzjqgy{gph {ehdqw d`

ncfhz, rehqh zdfh ylcgnlw gqqhlhpcn{ egz{dqgjcl `gbxqh ecyyhnz {d `g{ ahz{ {eh khzjqgy{gdnz czzdjgc{hk

rg{e c yqdyhq ncfh %Oqgyoh 3759'. [eh ydzzgaglg{w {ec{ zdfh gncyyqdyqgc{h zh{ d` qh`hqhn{z fgbe{

ecyyhn {d qhnkhq {qxh c zwz{hf d` x{{hqcnjhz rcz clzd fckh pgpgk aw Yx{ncfz fdkhl{ehdqh{gj

cqbxfhn{ %Yx{ncf 3759'. Zhh {dd Yx{ncf 3722.

8

Zhh Zdzc 1999 `dq c kh`hnjh d` {egz zc`h{w jdnkg{gdn. Nd{egnb fxje ecnbz dn {eh jedgjh d` {egzycq{gjxlcq zecqyhngnb d` {eh gn{xg{gph gkhc {ec{ ondrlhkbh qhsxgqhz qhlgcaglg{w


7/33

2

x{{hqcnjh G rhn{ {d Phngjh gz nd{ zc`hlw {qxh= g{ kdhz nd{ huyqhzz ondrlhkbh. Dn {eh d{ehq

ecnk, kxh {d {eh khyhnkhnjh d` {eh x{{hqcnjh dn [qcjwz fhfdqghz, {eh x{{hqcnjh rdxlk nd{

ecph gzzxhk `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e eck [qcjw nd{ bdnh {d Phngjh. Dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` [qcjw

{d G {eh x{{hqcnjh G rhn{ {d Phngjh gz nd{ mxz{ {qxh, ax{ zc`hlw {qxh. Zd {eh yqgnjgylh {ec{ cn

gn{hqyqh{c{gdn zedxlk fcugfg}h ondrlhkbh bgphz hucj{lw {eh qgbe{ qhzxl{= [qcjw cnk nd{ Pgj{dq

gz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {eh G {dohnz gzzxgnb `qdf Pgj{dqz fdx{e. G{ gz [qcjw red gz zyhcognb.

[egz hygz{hfgj cyyqdcje clzd bgphz xz c yqgnjgylhk rcw d` zcwgnb regje cqh {eh qgbe{ ognk d`

jcxzcl lgnoz ah{rhhn yqdkxjhq cnk x{{hqcnjh= {ehw cqh {eh dnhz regjehphq {ehw cqh {ec{

hncalh {eh x{{hqcnjhz {d huyqhzz {eh yqdkxjhqz ondrlhkbh. Gn {eh yqhzhn{ jczh {eh qckgd lgnoz

cnk fhfdqw lgnoz qhcjegnb acjo {d [qcjwz ycz{ cqh {eh jcxzcl lgnoz {ec{ xnkhqygn {eh zc`h{w

jdnkg{gdn dn x{{hqcnjhz lgoh G rhn{ {d Phngjh huyqhzzgnb ondrlhkbh.0

[egz gz c jczh d` qhfd{h zyhhje. [eh yqdydzcl {ec{ rgll hfhqbh gn {eh nhu{ zhj{gdn gz {ec{ {eh

{qcnzylcn{c{gdn d` c aqcgn gz zgfylw c fdqh qckgjcl zyhjghz d` {eh zcfh bhnhqcl ognk d` qhfd{h

yxyyh{qw. G{ jdnz{g{x{hz, `dq c {gfh cnwrcw, c jczh d` qhfd{h {edxbe{.

Zldr Zrg{jegnb cnk Aqcgn [qcnz`hq

[d yqdjhhk rh nhhk c jlhcqhq khzjqgy{gdn d` {eh jczh. Lh{ xz zcw {ec{ c `xnj{gdngnb aqcgn A gz

c{ {gfh [ qhfdphk `qdf {eh zoxll d` Dlk Cngfcl, cnk qhjdnnhj{hk gn{d {eh zoxll d` {eh

yqhpgdxzlw phbh{c{gph cngfcl Nhr Cngfcl? Dlk Cngfcl gz lh`{ gn c phbh{c{gph z{c{h. Ah`dqh [,

`gqz{ yhqzdn x{{hqcnjhz rgll gzzxh dnlw `qdf {eh fdx{e d` Dlk Cngfcl? c`{hq [ `gqz{ yhqzdn

0[eh gkhc qhcjegnb acjo {d Qxzzhll c{ lhcz{ {ec{ {ehqh cqh hygz{hfgj jdnz{qcgn{z dn qh`hqhnjh gz

pgzgalh gn bhqfgncl `dqf gn Hpcnz jqg{gjgzf d` ad{e zgfylh jcxzcl {ehdqghz d` ncfhz cnk zgfylh

khzjqgy{gph {ehdqghz gn egz %372:'. Egz gkhc {ec{ {eh qh`hqhnjh d` c ncfh gz {eh kdfgncn{ zdxqjh d`

gn`dqfc{gdn gz jldzhlw qhlc{hk {d c ondrlhkbhfcugfg}gnb yqgnjgylh= eh kh`gnhz gn`dqfc{gdn gn {hqfz d`

jcxzcl qhlc{gdnz cy{ `dq yqdkxjgnb ondrlhkbh %38'. [eh {ehfh rcz hlcadqc{hk aw FjKdrhll gn c

kgzjxzzgdn d` gn{hqyqh{c{gdn= Dnh jcnnd{ gn{hllgbgalw qhbcqk c yhqzdn cz ecpgnb c ahlgh` cadx{ c

ycq{gjxlcq jdnjqh{h damhj{ g` dnh jcnnd{ zhh egf cz ecpgnb ahhn huydzhk {d {eh jcxzcl gn`lxhnjh d` {eh

damhj{ gn rcwz zxg{calh dq {eh cjsxgzg{gdn d` gn`dqfc{gdn %dq fgzgn`dqfc{gdn' cadx{ g{ %FjKdrhll

3722= 3:0'. Fdqh qhjhn{lw Aqhrhq ecz cqbxhk {ec{ {eh yqdjhzz d` fcognb zhnzh d` rec{ yhdylh cqh

{clognb cadx{ gz jdnz{qcgnhk yqhjgzhlw aw jdnzgkhqc{gdnz d` rec{ {ehw ecph ondrlhkbh cadx{ %Aqhrhq

1999= ;10'? cnk Rgllgcfzdn zgfglcqlw yqdydzhz {d qhylcjh {qxh ahlgh` aw ondrlhkbh gn c yqgnjgylh d`jecqg{w jdnz{g{x{gph d` jdn{hn{ %Rgllgcfzdn 199;= 3;3'. Zhh clzd Rgllgcfzdn 1992= je. 5.


8/33

5

x{{hqcnjhz rgll gzzxh dnlw `qdf {eh fdx{e d` Nhr Cngfcl. [eh cyycqhn{lw cn{gcngfclgz{

gn{xg{gdn cadx{ {eh jczh jcn ndr ah huyqhzzhk {exz= {eh G {dohnz ah`dqh cnk c`{hq [ cqh jd

qh`hqhn{gcl. [eh qh`hqhn{ d` {ehzh G {dohnz gz c zgnblh {egnb {eh yhqzdn {qcnz`hqqhk `qdf

Dlk Cngfcl {d Nhr Cngfcl.

Dnh rcw `dq {eh cngfclgz{ {d kgzfgzz {egz gn{xg{gdn rdxlk ah {d cqbxh dn sxg{h bhnhqcl

fh{edkdldbgjcl bqdxnkz dq zjhy{gjgzf cadx{ {eh jqhkhn{gclz d` gn{xg{gdnz cadx{ ewyd{eh{gjcl

jczhz gn yegldzdyew. Ax{ {egz gz nd{ c yqdfgzgnb rcw `dqrcqk. Gn{xg{gdn zdjcllhk zhhfz zgfylw

{d ah {eh z{qdnb gnjlgnc{gdn {d fcoh c mxkbhfhn{ cadx{ {d cyylw jdnjhy{z {d c ycq{gjxlcq

jczh. Zd g{ gz kg``gjxl{ {d zhh edr cnw bhnhqclg}hk zjhy{gjgzf cadx{ gn{xg{gdn rdxlk nd{

khbhnhqc{h gn{d c zhl`kh`hc{gnb zjhy{gjgzf cadx{ dxq jdfyh{hnjh rg{e jdnjhy{z. @dq {egz

qhczdn, {edzh gn{hqhz{hk gn jqg{gjg}gnb {eh gn{xg{gdn cqh ahz{ ckpgzhk {d khzjhnk `qdf cn

Dlwfygcn fh{edkdldbgjcl yhqzyhj{gph, cnk gnz{hck hnbcbh rg{e {eh ycq{gjxlcq jczh gn kh{cgl.

Oqgyohz `cfdxz kh`hnjh d` nhjhzzcqw c ydz{hqgdqg {qx{e gz c fdkhl {d czygqh {d ehqh. Eh

ckfg{z {ec{ rh cqh z{qdnblw gnjlgnhk {d mxkbh {eh z{c{hfhn{ rc{hq gz E19 {d ah jdn{gnbhn{.

Zxqhlw rh {egno rh jcn jdnjhgph d` rc{hq ecpgnb {xqnhk dx{ {d ecph zdfh kg``hqhn{

jehfgjcl z{qxj{xqh. Oqgyoh kgk {rd {egnbz {d xnzhc{ {egz gn{xg{gdn. @gqz{, eh yqdpgkhk c

kh{cglhk cl{hqnc{gph cjjdxn{ d` {eh jczh, aw cqbxgnb {ec{ nc{xqclognk {hqfz cqh qgbgk, khnd{gnb

{eh zcfh z{x`` gn cll ydzzgalh rdqlkz. Zhjdnk, eh yqdpgkhk c kgcbndzgz d` rew nhphq{ehlhzz rh

cqh gnjlgnhk {drcqkz {eh mxkbhfhn{ d` jdn{gnbhnjw, aw ydgn{gnb {d {eh xnkhqz{cnkcalh

jdn`lc{gdn gn gfcbgnc{gdn d` {eh nhjhzzcqw z{c{hfhn{ rc{hq gz E19 rg{e {eh jdn{gnbhn{

z{c{hfhn{ {eh z{x`` {ec{ jdfhz dx{ {cyz, gz rh{ h{j. gz E19. Rh jdn`lc{h {eh qgbgk nc{xqcl ognk

{hqf rg{e cn czzdjgc{hk ndnqgbgk qh`hqhnjh`gugnb khzjqgy{gdn%Oqgyoh 3759'.

[eh z{qc{hbw ehqh rgll ah aqdcklw zgfglcq, {d bgph c kh{cglhk cngfclgz{ cjjdxn{ d` {eh aqcgn

{qcnzylcn{c{gdn jczh, regje clzd ecz {eh qhzdxqjhz {d kgcbndzh {eh dyydzgnb gn{xg{gdn. [eh ohw

gkhc d` {eh cjjdxn{ gz {ec{ {eh jczh gz cncldbdxz {d {eh `dlldrgnb zldrzrg{jegnb pcqgcn{ d`

Yx{ncfz [rgn Hcq{e {edxbe{ huyhqgfhn{=


9/33

7

Zxyydzh {ec{ dphqngbe{ cll {eh rc{hq dn Hcq{e gz qhylcjhk aw c zwfy{dfc{gjcllw zgfglcq z{x``,

rg{e c kg``hqhn{ xnkhqlwgnb jehfgjcl z{qxj{xqh, UW]. Zxyydzh {ec{ {egz djjxqz c{ c {gfh gn {eh

ycz{, ah`dqh zjghn{g`gj ondrlhkbh ecz ckpcnjhk {d {eh ydgn{ c{ regje {ehzh jehfgjclz jcn ah

kgzjqgfgnc{hk. Edr rdxlk {egz jecnbh gn {eh hnpgqdnfhn{ c``hj{ {eh qh`hqhnjh d` dxq nc{xqcl

ognk {hqf rc{hq4 G{ gz ylcxzgalh {d {egno {ec{ {eh qh`hqhnjh d` {eh {hqf rdxlk nd{ jecnbh

gffhkgc{hlw. Rc{hq E19 {ec{ gz rgll `dq zdfh {gfh qhfcgn {eh ahz{ jcnkgkc{h `dq

qh`hqhnjh. Gz {ehqh c yqgnjgylhk qhczdn {d {egno zd4 Whz. Dxq ahlgh`z cadx{ rc{hq rgll fdz{lw

khqgph pgc yhqjhy{gdn cnk {hz{gfdnw `qdf hcqlghq hnjdxn{hqz rg{e E19? {egz gz {eh z{x`` d`

regje rh ecph ondrlhkbh. Jdnzgkhq {eh ahlgh` rc{hq gz bddk {d kqgno. G{ fcw ah {qxh {ec{

UW] gz bddk {d kqgno, ax{ {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` UW] {d {eh {hqf rc{hq rdxlk nd{ czjqgah

ondrlhkbh gffhkgc{hlw c`{hq {eh zrg{je. Rew nd{4 Ahjcxzh {eh ahlgh` gz dnlw cjjgkhn{cllw

{qxh dn {egz czzgbnfhn{. G` gnz{hck UW] eck ahhn c ydgzdndxz zxaz{cnjh rh rdxlk z{gll,

gffhkgc{hlw c`{hq {eh zrg{je, ecph ahlghphk rc{hq gz bddk {d kqgno, ahjcxzh c{ {egz ydgn{ rh

rdxlk nd{ wh{ ecph gn{hqcj{hk hygz{hfgjcllw rg{e {eh z{x`` {ec{ ndr `gllz lcohz cnk qgphqz. Dn

{eh d{ehq ecnk rh cqh z{gll qhlc{hk pgc fhfdqw {d E19, gn zxje c rcw {ec{ fdz{ d` dxq rc{hq

ahlgh`z rgll huyqhzz ondrlhkbh dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` E19 {d {eh {hqf rc{hq. Zdfh ahlgh`z

rgll nd{ {edxbe= `dq hucfylh {ehqh gz ndr rc{hq gn {ehzh lcohz.

Ax{ c{ zdfh ydgn{ {ehqhc`{hq UW] rgll ahbgn {d kdfgnc{h cz {eh zdxqjh d` ondrlhkbh. Rh rgll

gn{hqcj{ rg{e UW] cnk {egz z{x`` rgll jdfh {d ah {eh ondrlhkbhfcugfg}gnb czzgbnfhn{ d`

qh`hqhnjh {d rc{hq. Dnjh rhph ahbxn {d kqgno `qdf dxq {cyz rg{edx{ kwgnb, ahlgh`z lgoh

rc{hq gz bddk gz kqgno rgll ahjdfh zc`hlw {qxh dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` UW], `dq bgphn {ec{ rh

ecph z{cq{hk kqgnognb `qdf {eh {cyz rg{edx{ kwgnb g{ gz nd{ ndr {eh jczh {ec{ rh jdxlk hczglw

z{gll ecph eck {eh ahlgh` hphn g` UW] eck ahhn ydgzdndxz. [ehqh rgll ah zdfh xnkh{hj{calw

`clzh ahlgh`z cadx{ {eh ycz{ zxje cz {ehqh rcz rc{hq jdfgnb `qdf {eh {cyz 39 whcqz cbd

ax{ {ehzh rgll jdfh {d ah dx{rhgbehk aw ahlgh`z hygz{hfgjcllw qhlc{hk {d UW].

[ehqh cqh {rd ydgn{z {d ah {cohn `qdf {egz jczh= `gqz{, {ec{ c jecnbh gn {eh hnpgqdnfhn{ fcw

nd{ gffhkgc{hlw kh{hqfgnh c jecnbh gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` c {hqf? cnk zhjdnk, {ec{ {eh jecnbh


10/33

39

rgll ah xnkh{hj{calh rehn g{ kdhz jdfh. Cl{edxbe g{ gz ylcxzgalh {ec{ c zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh rgll

djjxq c{ zdfh ydgn{, hphn c rhllgn`dqfhk {ehdqgz{ fcw ah xncalh {d zcw yqhjgzhlw rehn {eh

zeg`{ djjxqz= {ehw fcw ah xncalh {d zcw hucj{lw rehn {eh ondrlhkbh czjqgahk aw {eh

czzgbnfhn{ d` UW] dx{rhgbez {eh ondrlhkbh czjqgahk aw {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` E19.

Hpcnz cjjdxn{ d` {eh zeg`{ dphq {gfh gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` c yqdyhq ncfh khzjqgahz c

z{qxj{xqcllw zgfglcq yehndfhndn. [eh ncfh Fckcbczjcq zeg`{hk g{z qh`hqhnjh zldrlw cnk

xnkh{hj{calw dphq {gfh `qdf ycq{ d` {eh C`qgjcn Fcgnlcnk {d {eh gzlcnk rh ndr jcll

Fckcbczjcq. [eh qhczdn4 [eh lc{{hq hphn{xcllw jcfh {d dx{rhgbe {eh `dqfhq cz {eh kdfgncn{

zdxqjh d` {eh gn`dqfc{gdn czzdjgc{hk rg{e {eh ncfh.2

Jdnzgkhq ndr {eh aqcgn {qcnzylcn{ zg{xc{gdn, zedq{lw c`{hq {eh {gfh rehn A gz eddohk xy {d {eh

zhnzdqw cnk fd{dq nhqphz gn {eh zoxll d` Nhr Cngfcl. [ehqh rgll ah c{ {egz ydgn{, zxyydq{hk

aw A, c redlh qcnbh d` `gqz{yhqzdn ahlgh`z= {ehqh rgll fcnw ahlgh`z huyqhzzgalh gn {eh ycz{

{hnzh, zxje cz G dnjh rhn{ {d Phngjh? {ehqh rgll ah ahlgh`z huyqhzzgalh gn {eh yqhzhn{ {hnzh,

cadx{ jxqqhn{ adkglw kgzydzg{gdn, zxje cz fw lhbz cqh jqdzzhk, cnk cadx{ hbdjhn{qgj ldjc{gdn,

zxje cz G cf zg{{gnb gn `qdn{ d` c kdj{dq? cnk {ehqh rgll ah fcnw z{cnkgnb ahlgh`z, gnjlxkgnb,

rh fcw yqhzxfh, {eh ahlgh` G cf Dlk Cngfcl. [eh xzxcl hygz{hfgj yqgnjgylhz d` qh`hqhnjh

kh{hqfgnc{gdn zedxlk lhck xz {d {coh zhqgdxzlw {eh ydzzgaglg{w {ec{ {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G gn {eh

ahlgh`z zxyydq{hk aw A fcw, cz gn {eh rc{hq jczh mxz{ jdnzgkhqhk, zeg`{ zldrlw. [ec{ gz {d zcw,

{ehqh fcw ah c ndnnhblgbgalh yhqgdk d` {gfh jcll g{ {eh Zh{{lgnbGn yhqgdk ah{rhhn [, {eh

{gfh d` {eh {qcnzylcn{, cnk {eh fdfhn{ jcll g{ Zeg`{ rehn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz

khyhnkhn{ dn {eh aqcgn zeg`{z `qdf Dlk Cngfcl {d Nhr Cngfcl. Rew zedxlk rh {coh {egz

zhqgdxzlw4 Rh zedxlk {coh {egz zhqgdxzlw ahjcxzh g{ fcw ah {ec{ gffhkgc{hlw c`{hq [ {eh

czzgbnfhn{ d` Dlk Cngfcl {d {eh {dohnz d` G gn {ehzh `gqz{yhqzdn ahlgh`z czjqgahz fxje fdqh

ondrlhkbh {ecn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Nhr Cngfcl {d {dohnz d` G. [egz rdxlk ah {eh jczh g` {eh

2

Zhh Hpcnz 372:. Qhjcll Hpcnz kh`gng{gdn d` gn`dqfc{gdn gn {hqfz d` jcxzcl qhlc{gdnz cy{ `dqyqdkxjgnb ondrlhkbh.


11/33

33

nxfahq d` ahlgh`z huyqhzzgalh gn {eh ycz{ {hnzh dx{rhgbez {eh nxfahq d` ahlgh`z aczhk dn

gn`dqfc{gdn gnjdfgnb `qdf {eh zhnzh dqbcnz d` Nhr Cngfcl zgnjh [. [d zhh {ec{ {egz gz lgohlw

rh jcn gfcbgnh {ec{ Nhr Cngfclz hwhz ecph dnlw mxz{ dyhnhk c`{hq {eh dyhqc{gdn. [ehqh fcw

ah mxz{ dnh dq {rd ahlgh`z aczhk dn gn`dqfc{gdn khqgpgnb `qdf Nhr Cngfcl c{ {egz ydgn{, zxje

cz G cf lwgnb kdrn? ax{ {ehqh rgll ah fcnw fdqh ahlgh`z aczhk dn gn`dqfc{gdn khqgpgnb `qdf

Dlk Cngfcl. Ax{ zxazhsxhn{lw, cz {ehqh gz {qc``gj ah{rhhn A cnk Nhr Cngfcl, fdqh cnk fdqh

ahlgh`z rgll ah cjsxgqhk {ec{ cqh gn{hqyqh{hk cz ondrlhkbh dnlw dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Nhr

Cngfcl. Hphn{xcllw Zeg`{ rgll djjxq.

Lh{ xz ah jlhcq cadx{ rec{ {eh hugz{hnjh d` {egz Zh{{lgnbGn yhqgdk rdxlk fhcn. G{ rdxlk fhcn

{ec{ {ehqh gz c yhqgdk c`{hq {eh {qcnzylcn{ kxqgnb regje Dlk Cngfcl gz z{gll {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {eh

G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ dn A? c yhqgdk kxqgnb regje Dlk Cngfcl gz z{gll {eh {egnohq. Nhr Cngfcl

gz egz qhfd{h zhnzdqgfd{dq phegjlh. Dlk Cngfcl ecz c ld{ d` ondrlhkbh cadx{ egz drn ycz{,

ax{ zdfh gllxzgdnz cadx{ egz yqhzhn{ jgqjxfz{cnjhz. @dq hucfylh egz ahlgh`z G cf zg{{gnb gn

`qdn{ d` c kdj{dq dq fw lhbz cqh jqdzzhk rgll nd{ ah ondrlhkbh ax{ hqqdq, `dq Dlk Cngfcl gz

nd{ rehqh eh zhhfz {d ah= eh gz lwgnb ycqclw}hk hlzhrehqh rg{e cn hfy{w xyyhq zoxll. Cnk

rehn {eh rdqkz G cf Dlk Cngfcl hfhqbh `qdf Nhr Cngfclz fdx{e, {egz x{{hqcnjh rgll ah

{qxh. Mxz{ cz gn {eh jczh d` [qcjw cnk Pgj{dqz pdgjhadu, Dlk Cngfcl zyhcoz qhfd{hlw, hujhy{

{egz {gfh eh kdhz nd{ mxz{ ecph qhfd{h pdjcl cyycqc{xz= eh ecz c qhfd{h dqbcn d` {edxbe{. Dlk

Cngfcl {egnoz qhfd{hlw.

[egz fcw zhhf xnahlghpcalh. C{ lhcz{ [qcjw rcz jcxzcllw jdnnhj{hk aw qckgd lgnoz {d Pgj{dqz

pdgjh adu cnk {eh x{{hqcnjhz gzzxgnb `qdf g{. Gn jdn{qcz{ Dlk Cngfcl gz jdfylh{hlw

kgzjdnnhj{hk `qdf {eh aqcgn A edxzhk gn Nhr Cngfcl, cnk `qdf {eh {edxbe{z khyhnkhn{ xydn

A. Edr {ehn jdxlk {eh G {dohnz gn {ehzh {edxbe{z z{gll qh`hq {d Dlk Cngfcl4 [eh rdqqw gz

fgzbxgkhk. Dlk Cngfcl gz jcxzcllw qhlc{hk {d {eh aqcgn aw fhfdqw lgnoz. Cnk {ehzh cqh {eh

jecnnhlz d` ondrlhkbh, regje, gffhkgc{hlw c`{hq {eh {qcnzylcn{, z{gll dx{rhgbe {eh jecnnhlz d`

ondrlhkbh hncalhk aw {eh zhnzdqw eddoxy d` {eh aqcgn {d Nhr Cngfcl, regje z{gll kh{hqfgnh

Dlk Cngfcl cz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` G.


12/33


13/33

3:

nd{ hphn algno. Cll {ec{ ecz ecyyhnhk gz {ec{ Nhr Cngfcl ecz ahjdfh {eh kdfgncn{ zdxqjh d`

gn`dqfc{gdn {eh jcnkgkc{h redzh czzgbnfhn{ {d G fcugfg}hz ondrlhkbh.

Ehqh {ehn, yhqecyz, gz dnh huylcnc{gdn d` dxq cn{gcngfclgz{, dq Ldjohcn gn{xg{gdnz. Rehn dnh

gfcbgnhz {eh Zh{{lgnbGn yhqgdk `qdf {eh dx{zgkh yhqzyhj{gph, rec{ dnh gfcbgnhz gz c jczh {ec{

gz, xnkhq {ec{ fdkh d` yqhzhn{c{gdn, gnkgzjqgfgncalh `qdf c jczh gn regje dnh gz yqhzhn{hk

rg{e c zgnblh yhqzdn {eqdxbedx{. @dq {eh zeg`{ gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G gz jdfylh{hlw

xnkh{hj{calh. [egz huylcnc{gdn gn cj{ ycqcllhlz qc{ehq jldzhlw Oqgyohz huylcnc{gdn d` gllxzgdnz

d` ydzzgaglg{w. Dnh {egnoz {ec{ dnh jcn gfcbgnh c z{c{h d` c``cgqz gn regje rc{hq gz nd{ E19? ax{

dnhz gfcbgngnbz mxz{ jcnnd{ kgzjqgfgnc{h ah{rhhn jhq{cgn z{c{hz d` c``cgqz. Dnh jcn gnkhhk

lc{je dn {d {eh ydzzgaglg{w {ec{ zdfh rc{hqw z{x`` gz nd{ E19, ax{ g{ gz cll {dd hczw {d ah lhk

`qdf {egz {d {eh {edxbe{ {ec{ dnh ecz jdnjhgphk d` {eh ydzzgaglg{w d` rc{hq `cglgnb {d ah E19.

Lgohrgzh dnhz jdnjhgpgnb d` {eh aqcgn {qcnzylcn{ jczh `qdf {eh dx{zgkh kdhz nd{

kgzjqgfgnc{h ah{rhhn {ec{ jczh cnk c jczh gn regje gnkhhk dnh gz jdn`qdn{hk rg{e c zgnblh

yhqzdn c zgnblh qh`hqhn{ d` G {eqdxbedx{. [ec{ gz ahjcxzh {eh zeg`{ gn qh`hqhnjh gz

xnkh{hj{calh qdf cn dx{zgkh dazhqphqz yhqzyhj{gph.

Edrhphq {eh jczh jcn clzd hlgjg{ {eh nhdLdjohcn gn{xg{gdn rehn yqhzhn{hk `qdf c `gqz{

yhqzdn, dq ycq{gjgycn{, yhqzyhj{gph. Zxqhlw, dnh fgbe{ {egno, dnh jcn jdnjhgph `qdf {eh

gnzgkh {ec{ {eh aqcgn{qcnzylcn{ jczh gz dnh gn regje dnh rdxlk, dnhzhl`, hnk xy zrg{jegnb

adkghz. Ax{ cbcgn, {egz gn{xg{gdn gz redllw huylgjcalh aw {eh xnkh{hj{caglg{w d` Zeg`{. Nd{h `gqz{

{ec{ kxqgnb {eh Zh{{lgnbGn yhqgdk Dlk Cngfcl rgll ah, cz g{ rhqh, lddognb dx{ {eqdxbe {eh hwhz

d` {eh qhfd{h phegjlh Nhr Cngfcl. @dq {egz qhczdn Dlk Cngfcl rgll ah xnkhq cn gllxzgdn

cadx{ egz ldjc{gdn cnk adkw. Zd {eh zjhncqgd rgll ah {d g{z ycq{gjgycn{ c{ {egz z{cbh Dlk

Cngfcl gnkgzjqgfgncalh `qdf {eh jczh d` ecpgnb {eh ldjc{gdn cnk adkw d` Nhr Cngfcl. Ax{

rec{ cadx{ {eh zxazhsxhn{ Zeg`{4 Rgll {egz ah kh{hj{calh `qdf {eh ycq{gjgycn{ z{cnkydgn{4

Nd. C{ {eh fdfhn{ d` Zeg`{, Dlk Cngfcl jhczhz {d ah {eh {egnohq d` {eh {edxbe{z khyhnkhn{

xydn {eh aqcgn zhc{hk gn Nhr Cngfclz ehck? eh jhczhz {d ah {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {eh G {dohnz

khyhnkhn{ xydn {eh aqcgn. [ehqh`dqh eh gz nd{ c{ {egz ydgn{ gn c ydzg{gdn {d kh{hj{ cnw{egnb


14/33

3;

rec{zdhphq. [eh lgbe{z bd dx{ `dq Dlk Cngfcl. Ax{ {ec{ gz {eh yqhjgzh fdfhn{ rehn Nhr

Cngfcl ahjdfhz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` {ehzh G {edxbe{z= {eh {edxbe{z ehqh dn gn cqh Nhr Cngfclz

{edxbe{z. Ax{ eh rgll ah xnkhq {eh zhcflhzz gllxzgdn d` ecpgnb ahhn {eh {egnohq {eqdxbedx{ {eh

redlh yqdjhkxqh. Zd g` dnh gfcbgnhz {eh redlh zjhncqgd `qdf {eh ycq{gjgycn{ yhqzyhj{gph, aw

gfcbgnc{gphlw zgfxlc{gnb Dlk Cngfclz pghrydgn{ xy xn{gl Zeg`{, cnk Nhr Cngfclz

huyhqghnjhz {ehqhc`{hq, rec{ dnh gfcbgnhz rgll ah gnkgzjqgfgncalh `qdf {eh huyhqghnjhz d`

zgnblh yhqzdn {eqdxbedx{. [eh xnkh{hj{caglg{w d` Zeg`{ xnkhq {eh ycq{gjgycn{ fdkh d`

yqhzhn{c{gdn d` {eh jczh huylcgnz rew rh fgbe{ ah lhk aw zxje gfcbgngnbz {d {eh nhdLdjohcn

phqkgj{ {ec{ c zgnblh yhqzdn yhqzgz{z {eqdxbedx{.

Zd {eh xnkh{hj{caglg{w d` Zeg`{ huylcgnz ad{e {eh gn{xg{gdn `qdf dx{zgkh cnk {eh gn{xg{gdn

`qdf gnzgkh. Xnkhq hcje fdkh d` yqhzhn{c{gdn {eh jczh gz, `dq zlgbe{lw kg``hqhn{ qhczdnz,

gnkgzjqgfgncalh `qdf c jczh gn regje {ehqh gz nd zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh c{ cll. [ec{ gz rew g{ jcn

cyyhcq {d xz {ec{ c zgnblh yhqzdn fxz{, zdfhedr, ecph yhqzgz{hk {eqdxbedx{. Cjjdqkgnb {d {eh

hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ fdkhl xnkhq jdnzgkhqc{gdn {egz cyyhcqcnjh gz cn gllxzgdn. [eh zg{xc{gdn gz

{exz qhfgngzjhn{ d` c zjhy{gjcl ydzzgaglg{w `cfdxzlw qcgzhk aw Ocn{=

Khzyg{h {eh ldbgjcl gkhn{g{w d` {eh G, zxje c jecnbh fcw ecph djjxqqhk gn g{ cz kdhz

nd{ clldr d` {eh qh{hn{gdn d` g{z gkhn{g{w, cnk wh{ rh fcw czjqgah {d g{ {eh zcfh

zdxnkgnb G, regje gn hphqw kg``hqhn{ z{c{h, hphn gn dnh gnpdlpgnb jecnbh d` {eh

_{egnognbV zxamhj{, fgbe{ z{gll qh{cgn {eh {edxbe{ d` {eh yqhjhkgnb zxamhj{ cnk zd ecnk

g{ dphq {d {eh zxazhsxhn{ zxamhj{ %3717= C:0:'

[d gllxz{qc{h {egz ydzzgaglg{w Ocn{ xzhk {eh cncldbw d` c zh{ d` hlcz{gj acllz, jdffxngjc{gnb

{ehgq fd{gdn `qdf dnh {d {eh nhu{. Ax{ dn {eh yqdydzhk qhckgnb d` {eh aqcgn{qcnzylcn{ jczh rh

ecph c ndncncldbgjcl gllxz{qc{gdn d` {eh ewyd{ehzgz. Zeg`{ gz yqhjgzhlw cn hphn{ gn regje {eh

zcfhzdxnkgnb G jecnbhz g{z qh`hqhnjh, jdfylh{hlw xnkh{hj{calw. Dn {egz qhckgnb {ehn, {eh

aqcgn{qcnzylcn{ jczh gz yqhjgzhlw c zjhy{gjcl ewyd{ehzgz cadx{ dxq ondrlhkbh d` yhqzdncl

gkhn{g{w. [eh qhczdn {ec{ {eh jecnbh d` {eh {egnognb zxamhj{ gz xnondrcalh gz {ec{ g{ gz


15/33

38

kh{hqfgnhk aw jdn{hu{xcl `cj{dqz {ec{ cqh cjjhzzgalh {d nhg{ehq {eh ycq{gjgycn{ ndq {eh dazhqphq

z{cnkydgn{.

Zrcyygnb cnk @gzzgdn

@dq {eh zcoh d` zgfylgjg{w {eh `djxz zd `cq ecz ahhn dn dnh ycq{gjxlcq phqzgdn d` {eh aqcgn

{qcnzylcn{ zjhncqgd. Rh ecph {eqdxbedx{ ahhn jdnzgkhqgnb c jczh gn regje {eh aqcgn A d` {eh

`xnj{gdngnb Dlk Cngfcl gz qhfdphk gn{cj{ cnk rgqhk gn{d {eh ehck d` {eh yqhpgdxzlw

phbh{c{gph Nhr Cngfcl. Dlk Cngfcl gz lh`{ gn c phbh{c{gph z{c{h. Ax{ {ehqh cqh zgbng`gjcn{

pcqgcn{z d` {eh jczh {d ah jdnzgkhqhk. Gn {egz zhj{gdn rh rgll hu{hnk {eh cyyqdcje {d {eqhh

pcqgcn{z %c' c z{cnkcqk zrcyygnb pcqgcn{ %a' c jczh d` `gzzgdn, cnk `gncllw %j' Khnnh{{z

Rehqh Cf G4 ckphn{xqh.

Zd lh{ xz ahbgn rg{e {eh zdq{ d` jczh {ec{ nhdLdjohcnz rgll ah gnjlgnhk {d jcll adkw

zrcyygnb. [egz gz c jczh gn regje Nhr Cngfcl rcz nd{ gng{gcllw phbh{c{gph, ax{ rcz clzd

yqhpgdxzlw `xnj{gdngnb. Rehn Dlk Cngfclz aqcgn A gz {qcnzylcn{hk gn{d Nhr Cngfclz ehck,

Nhr Cngfclz aqcgn A- gz zgfxl{cnhdxzlw {qcnzylcn{hk gn{d Dlk Cngfclz ehck. Rec{ zedxlk

ah zcgk cadx{ {egz cyycqhn{lw zwffh{qgjcl jczh4 G{ fcw ah {edxbe{ {ec{ g{ zedxlk qhjhgph {eh

zcfh {qhc{fhn{ cz {eh dqgbgncl jczh, ax{ zgfylw {rgjh dphq= nd{ dnlw kd {dohnz d` G gzzxgnb

`qdf Nhr Cngfclz fdx{e qh`hq c{ `gqz{ {d Dlk Cngfcl? {eh G {dohnz gzzxgnb `qdf Dlk

Cngfcl qh`hq c{ `gqz{ {d Nhr Cngfcl. Cnk {ehn nd{ dnlw kdhz {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz

khyhnkhn{ xydn A zeg`{ c`{hq {eh Zh{{lgnbGn yhqgdk `qdf Dlk Cngfcl {d Nhr Cngfcl? {eh

qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ xydn A- zeg`{z c`{hq c zgfglcq zh{{lgnbgn yhqgdk `qdf Nhr

Cngfcl {d Dlk Cngfcl.

[egz gz aqdcklw jdqqhj{, ax{ {ehqh gz cn gn{hqhz{gnb ydzzgaglg{w ehqh. G{ zedxlk nd{ ah czzxfhk

{ec{ {eh Zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh d` {eh G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ dn A rgll ah zgfxl{cnhdxz rg{e {eh

Zeg`{- d` {eh qh`hqhnjh d` {eh G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ xydn A-. [ehqh gz nd jlhcq qhczdn {d {egno

{ec{ {eh dx{rhgbegnb d` ondrlhkbh cadx{ Dlk Cngfcl aw ondrlhkbh cadx{ Nhr Cngfcl rgll

{coh hucj{lw {eh zcfh cfdxn{ d` {gfh cz {eh dx{rhgbegnb d` ondrlhkbh cadx{ Nhr Cngfcl aw


16/33

30

ondrlhkbh cadx{ Dlk Cngfcl. @dq hucfylh, A fcw {coh ldnbhq {d zh{{lh gn {d Nhr Cngfcl g`

Nhr Cngfcl gz ycqclw}hk cnk gn kcqonhzz `dq c yhqgdk c`{hq {eh dyhqc{gdn, reglh Dlk Cngfcl

gz xy cnk cadx{ rg{e {eh d{ehq aqcgn A-. Cnk fdqh zxa{lh czwffh{qghz cqh ydzzgalh. G` Dlk

Cngfcl rcz c ndz{clbgj zdq{ cnk Nhr Cngfcl fdqh hu{qdphq{, {ehn A jdxlk {coh ldnbhq {d

zh{{lh gn {ecn A-.

[eh ndnzgfxl{cnhg{w d` {ehzh zeg`{z rdxlk yqdkxjh c phqw gn{hqhz{gnb zg{xc{gdn. G`, zcw, Zeg`{

djjxqz c ag{ lc{hq {ecn Zeg`{-, {ehn {ehqh rgll ah cn gn{hqgf yhqgdk kxqgnb regje Dlk Cngfcl gz

{eh ahz{jcnkgkc{h `dq qh`hqhnjh d` {eh G {edxbe{z khyhnkhn{ xydn ad{e A cnk A-. Zd eh gz

{eh {egnohq d` ad{e zh{z d` {edxbe{z. Gn {egz zhnzh eh ecz {rd aqcgnz= dnh gn{hqncl aqcgn cnk dnh

hu{hqncl aqcgn. Gz {egz cn xncjjhy{calh jdnzhsxhnjh4 Nd. G{ gz lgoh cj{xcl zylg{aqcgn jczhz= g{ gz

c jczh gn regje c zgnblh cngfcl ecz cn xngn{hbqc{hk fhn{cl lg`h, dq {rd z{qhcfz d`

jdnzjgdxznhzz.

G{ fgbe{ ah {edxbe{ {ec{ {eh hygz{hfgj kh{hqfgnc{gdn d` qh`hqhnjh rdxlk huhq{ zdfh zyhjgcl

yqhzzxqhz {drcqkz {eh zgfxl{cnhdxz djjxqqhnjh d` Zeg`{ cnk Zeg`{-. Yhqecyz rh {wygjcllw

ahlghph {ec{ rh ecph dnlw dnh aqcgn cnk {wygjcllw ahlghph {ec{ rh ecph c zgnblh z{qhcf d`

jdnzjgdxznhzz= {ehzh ognkz d` ahlgh` rgll ah qhnkhqhk `clzh dn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` c zgnblh

cngfcl {d ad{e {eh G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ A cnk {eh G {dohnz khyhnkhn{ dn A-. Dn {eh d{ehq

ecnk {ehw rgll ah {qxh c{ cll {gfhz g` Zeg`{ cnk Zeg`{- cqh zgfxl{cnhdxz.

G{ zhhfz xnlgohlw, {edxbe, {ec{ {ehzh zyhjgcl ahlgh`z rgll huhq{ phqw fxje rhgbe{. Cnk hphn g`

{ehw ecyyhn {d ah {qxh c{ cll {gfhz, g{ gz lgohlw {ec{ {ehqh rgll ah c yhnxfaqcl yhqgdk cqdxnk {eh

%yx{c{gphlw zgfxl{cnhdxz' zeg`{ hphn{z gn regje {ehw nhphq{ehlhzz jdxlk phqw hczglw ecph ahhn

`clzh bgphn {eh zhnzg{gpg{w d` qh`hqhnjh {d jdn{hu{xcl `cj{dqz. Zd {ehzh ahlgh`z rdxlkn{ ah

ondrn kxqgnb {egz yhqgdk cnwrcw. Nhg{ehq cngfcl rdxlk ah gn c ydzg{gdn {d ondr reh{ehq dq

nd{ eh ecz c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz, hphn g` gn `cj{ nhg{ehq kdhz ecph c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz.

Ndq rdxlk cn dx{zgkh dazhqphq ah calh {d kh{hj{ reh{ehq dq nd{ c zylg{{gnb eck djjxqqhk.


17/33

32

[egz jczh aqgnbz dx{ {ec{ {eh qhlc{gdn d` aqcgndrnhqzegy nhhk nd{ ah c 33 qhlc{gdn= c zgnblh

cngfcl jdxlk ah {eh ondrlhkbhfcugfg}gnb czzgbnfhn{ d` qh`hqhnjh {d {eh G {dohnz

zxazhqphk aw {rd jdbng{gph jhn{qhz. [egz gn {xqn zxbbhz{z {ec{ {eh z{cnkcqk khzjqgy{gdnz d`

`gzzgdn jczhz gn {eh lg{hqc{xqh fcw ah zlgbe{lw gncjjxqc{h. G{ rgkhlw yqhzxyydzhk {ec{ {eh

kdxalh{qcnzylcn{c{gdn d` {rd aqcgn eclphz, `qdf {eh ehck d` dnh Dlk Cngfcl gn{d {eh ehckz d`

{rd nhr cngfclz Lh`{w cnk Qgbe{w, gffhkgc{hlw qhzxl{z gn {eh yqhzhnjh d` c yhqzdn c{ {eh

ldjc{gdn d` Lh`{w cnk c yhqzdn c{ {eh ldjc{gdn d` Qgbe{w. C `cfglgcq kgzyx{h {ehn {cohz d``

`qdf {egz zecqhk yqhzxyydzg{gdn, cadx{ reh{ehq {ehzh yhqzdnz jcfh gn{d hugz{hnjh rg{e {eh

`gzzgdn %Ycq`g{ 375; Zedhfcohq 375;' dq reh{ehq gnz{hck {ehw rhqh {ehqh cll cldnb, zecqgnb

yqh`gzzgdn {hfydqcl ycq{z %Lhrgz 3720'. [ehqh gz clzd {eh {egqk dy{gdn, z{gll zecqgnb gn {eh

yqhzxyydzg{gdn, ax{ lhzz ydyxlcq, d` edlkgnb {ec{ {eh yhqzdn c{ {eh ldjc{gdn d` Qgbe{w cnk {eh

yhqzdn c{ {eh ldjc{gdn d` Lh`{w cqh qhcllw dnh cnk {eh zcfh yhqzdn, c ndr zjc{{hqhk yhqzdn,

ycq{lw ldjc{hk gn ad{e ylcjhz.

[eh zecqhk yqhzxyydzg{gdn d` {eh lg{hqc{xqh gz gfylcxzgalh `qdf {eh jxqqhn{ hu{hqnclgz{

yhqzyhj{gph. [eh yqhzxyydzg{gdn {ec{ {ehqh rdxlk gffhkgc{hlw c`{hq `gzzgdn ah c yhqzdn c{ {eh

ldjc{gdn d` Qgbe{w cnk c yhqzdn c{ {eh ldjc{gdn d` Lh`{w rdxlk edlk {qxh dnlw g` Lh`{aqcgn cnk

Qgbe{aqcgn zh{{lhk gffhkgc{hlw gn{d Lh`{w cnk Qgbe{w. Cnk {ehqh gz zgfylw nd qhczdn {d

ahlghph {ec{ {egz rdxlk ecyyhn. Dlk Cngfcl gz lgohlw {d qhfcgn `dq c reglh {eh ahz{ jcnkgkc{h

`dq qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw ad{e aqcgn %eclphz'. Dlk Cngfcl rgll, `dq c {gfh, ecph

{rd %hu{hqncl' jdbng{gph jhn{qhz, cnk c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz. Qgbe{w cnk Lh`{w rgll ah fhqh

lg`h zxyydq{ phzzhlz `dq {ehzh {rd g{hfz. Dnlw c`{hq zh{{lgnbgn yhqgdkz rgll Qgbe{w cnk Lh`{w

ahjdfh {eh qgbe{ czzgbnfhn{ d` qh`hqhnjh {d {ehzh {rd zh{z d` G {edxbe{z. Dnlw rehn {egz ecz

ecyyhnhk rgll {ehqh ah {rd yhqzdnz, {rd kgz{gnj{ G {egnohqz.

Gn {eh yqhpgdxz zhj{gdn g{ rcz cqbxhk {ec{ {eh zgnblh {qcnzylcn{ jczh ah`dqh Zeg`{ djjxqz jcn ah

zhhn cz c ognk d` qhfd{h yxyyh{qw, gn regje dnh cngfcl jdn{qdlz cnd{ehq nd{ aw fhcnz d`

hu{hqncl z{qgnbz, ndq aw fhcnz d` cn gnzhq{hk ecnk, ax{ aw {eh fdqh h``hj{gph fhcnz d` cn

gnzhq{hk aqcgn. Cjjdqkgnblw, {eh `gzzgdn jczh, c{ lhcz{ xn{gl zeg`{%z' djjxq, jcn ah zhhn cz c ognk


18/33

35

d` kdxalh yxyyh{qw. Ax{ xnlgoh {eh fcz{hq d` cn Hnblgze zhczgkh Yxnje cnk Mxkw zedr, Dlk

Cngfcl gz c yxyyh{hhq rg{e c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz cnk {egz `hc{xqh jqhc{hz gn{hqhz{gnb

ydzzgaglg{ghz. @dq hucfylh, Dlk Cngfcl fgbe{ khjgkh gn hcje z{qhcf d` jdnzjgdxznhzz {d ylcw

{hnngz, cnk {exz hnk xy ylcwgnb Qgbe{w cnk Lh`{w cbcgnz{ hcje d{ehq. [egz zh{xy rdxlk gn

h``hj{ cfdxn{ {d c fdqh kqcfc{gj phqzgdn d` Aqc{fcnz rhll ondrn pgkhdbcfh zjhncqgd

%375;' gn regje c yhqzdn xzhz egz {rd ecnkz zhycqc{hlw {d kgqhj{ {rd qhfd{h jdn{qdl fgzzglhz

{drcqkz c zgnblh {cqbh{, khzyg{h {eh `cj{ {ec{ g{ gz ondrn nd{ {d ah ydzzgalh `dq ad{e {d eg{ {eh

{cqbh{.

[eh fhn{cl kgzxng{w gn Aqc{fcnz jczh gz dnlw ycq{gcl %gnkhhk egz jczh gz c jecllhnbh {d

qc{gdnclg{w jdnz{qcgn{z dn gn{hn{gdn cnk ahlgh` gn ycq{ yqhjgzhlw ahjcxzh {ehqh qhfcgnz c zgnblh

dphqcqjegnb crcqhnhzz {ec{ {eh {rd zhycqc{h gn{hn{gdnz jcnnd{ mdgn{lw ah zc{gz`ghk'. Dlk

Cngfcl dn {eh d{ehq ecnk ecz nd zgnblh xng`ghk crcqhnhzz d` rec{ mdgn{lw gz bdgnb dn rg{e egz

lh`{ cnk qgbe{ qhfd{h phegjlhz. C `xq{ehq kg``hqhnjh gz {ec{ {ehqh gz nd yqdzyhj{ d` c zh{{lgnbgn

yqdjhzz gn Aqc{fcnz jczh. [ehqh gz nd yqdzyhj{ d` {eh {rd dnzjqhhn qdjoh{z {cognb dphq cz

ah{{hq jcnkgkc{hz `dq qh`hqhnjh d` G {ecn {eh dqgbgncl ylcwhq.5

Gn jdn{qcz{, {eh xzxcl ognk d`

zhnzdqgfd{dq {qc``gj ah{rhhn Lh`{w cnk Qgbe{w cnk {ehgq qhzyhj{gph aqcgneclphz rgll aqgnb g{

cadx{ {ec{ {eh {rd nhr cngfclz ahjdfh hygz{hfgjcllw kdfgncn{ czzgbnfhn{z {d G {dohnz

zxazhqphk aw {eh qhzyhj{gph eclphz. Rehn {egz ecyyhnz {eh jczh rgll ahjdfh bhnxgnhlw c jczh

d` {rd yhqzdnz ylcwgnb cbcgnz{ hcje d{ehq, cnk nd ldnbhq {rd cngfclz ahgnb ylcwhk cbcgnz{

hcje d{ehq aw zdfh {egqk yhqzdn. Cz gn {eh zgnblh {qcnzylcn{ jczh, {eh {qcnzg{gdn ah{rhhn {ehzh

hcqlghq cnk lc{hq zg{xc{gdnz rgll ah gnkgzjhqngalh {d cnw ognk d` ldjcl gnzyhj{gdn, gn{hqncl dq

hu{hqncl.

[eh gnkgzjhqngaglg{w d` zeg`{z gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G gz huyldg{hk gn cnd{ehq rhll ondrn

yegldzdyegjcl z{dqw, ncfhlw Khnnh{{z Rehqh Cf G4 %3753'. Egz z{dqw clzd gnpdlphz cn

5

G{ gz cn gn{hqhz{gnb sxhz{gdn `dq cnd{ehq djjczgdn reh{ehq c fdqh hu{qhfhlw gffhqzgph pgq{xcl qhclg{wzjhncqgd fgbe{ bhnxgnhlw h``hj{ c qh`hqhnjh zeg`{.


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zcfh {gfh c`{hq cll {ehw cqh qhjhgpgnb yqhjgzhlw fc{jegnb gn`dqfc{gdncl gnyx{. G` {egz gz

jdqqhj{ {ehn `gqz{ Ecflh{ ecz {rd jdbng{gph jhn{qhz, cnk c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz? cnk {ehn

@dq{gnaqcz ecz {rd jdbng{gph jhn{qhz, cnk c kgpgkhk jdnzjgdxznhzz.

Edrhphq c jdxylh d` kh{cglz zxbbhz{ {ec{ g{ gz nd{ zd z{qcgbe{`dqrcqk {ec{ {eh zeg`{z rgll ah

zgfxl{cnhdxz. @gqz{, {eh cyycqhn{ fhfdqghz d` Ecflh{z yqhkgzcz{hq lg`h, zwn{ehzg}hk gn

Exahq{ {d yhq`hj{lw fc{je {eh bhnxgnh fhfdqw {qcjhz gn Wdqgjo, cqh cqbxcalw {dd khpgcn{lw

jcxzhk {d sxclg`w cz bhnxgnh fhfdqghz d` Ecflh{z lg`h. G` zd {ehn {eh czzgbnfhn{ d` Ecflh{

{d G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw Exahq{ rdxlk czjqgah fhqh Bh{{ghqlgoh {qxh ahlgh` qc{ehq {ecn

bhnxgnh fhfdqgcl ondrlhkbh. [eh xyzed{ rdxlk ah lhzz qh`hqhn{gcl kqcb gn {egz jczh g.h.

@dq{gnaqcz rgll {hnk {d {coh dphq cz {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw Exahq{ `cz{hq {ecn

eh {cohz dphq cz {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw Wdqgjo yhqecyz eh rgll {coh dphq

gffhkgc{hlw.

Dn {eh d{ehq ecnk {eh `cj{ {ec{ Exahq{ gz nd{ gng{gcllw gn jdn{qdl d` @dq{gnaqcz fgbe{ {hnk {d

qh{cqk {eh zeg`{ d` G {dohnz qhlc{gph {d {edzh khyhnkhn{ xydn {eh aqcgn {ec{ gz qhcllw

jdn{qdllgnb @dq{gnaqcz. Rew4 Cl{edxbe ondrlhkbh {ec{ dnh gz, zcw, qcgzgnb dnhz cqf gz gn

ycq{ aczhk dn yhqjhy{xcl `hhkacjo `qdf dnhz adkw, g{ fcw gnz{hck ah aczhk zgfylw dn dnhz

drn gffhkgc{h yqgdq gn{hn{gdn {d qcgzh dnhz cqf. C ylcxzgalh hygz{hfdldbgjcl z{dqw ehqh gz

{ec{ {eh gn{hn{gdn gn sxhz{gdn `xnj{gdnz cz c jdffdn jcxzh d` ad{e dnhz ahlgh` {ec{ dnh gz

qcgzgnb dnhz cqf, cnk dnhz yewzgjcllw qcgzgnb dnhz cqf. Ax{ {egz {wyh d` jcxzcl z{qxj{xqh gz

cazhn{ gn {eh Exahq{ jczh ahjcxzh {eh gn{hn{gdn gz nd{ qhcllw jcxzgnb @dq{gnaqczz cqf {d qgzh c{

cll. Cl{edxbe {eh ahlgh` gz z{gll ndncjjgkhn{cllw {qxh bgphn {eh fgqqdqgnb d` {eh gn{hn{gdnz

zxazhqphk aw Exahq{ cnk Wdqgjo, g{ gz ylcxzgalh {ec{ {eh khpgcn{ jcxzcl z{qxj{xqh ehqh gz nd{ {eh

qgbe{ ognk `dq ondrlhkbh d` cj{gdn. Dn {eh d{ehq ecnk {eh ahlgh`z cadx{ dnhz drn cj{gdnz

zxazhqphk aw Wdqgjo cqh jcxzcllw qhlc{hk {d {eh {qx{e gn {eh xzxcl rcw gnpdlphk gn ondrlhkbh

d` cj{gdn. Ehnjh {ehqh fgbe{ ah c ognk d` ondrlhkbh czjqgahk dn czzgbnfhn{ d` @dq{gnaqcz {d

G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw Wdqgjo, regje rdxlk nd{ ah czjqgahk dn czzgbnfhn{ d` @dq{gnaqcz {d

G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw Exahq{. Zd {ec{ gz cnd{ehq qhczdn {d ah rcqw d` zxyydzgnb {dd hczglw


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{ec{ {eh zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh d` {dohnz zxyydq{hk aw {eh {rd jdbng{gph jhn{qhz rgll ah

zgfxl{cnhdxz.

Rh kd nd{ nhhk {d zh{{lh {ehzh kh{cglz gn dqkhq {d hfyeczg}h {eh ydgn{ {ec{ {eh z{dqw gnpdlphz

zeg`{z gn {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G regje cqh nd{ kh{hj{calh `qdf {eh ycq{gjgycn{ z{cnkydgn{ cnk

{ec{ aw ncqqc{gnb {eh z{dqw `qdf {eh ycq{gjgycn{ z{cnkydgn{ Khnnh{{ qhlghz dn yqhjgzhlw {egz

`hc{xqh {d bgph {eh gfyqhzzgdn {ec{ zdfhedr c zgnblh qh`hqhnjh d` G, c zgnblh zhl`, ecz

yhqzgz{hk {eqdxbedx{ {eh ckphn{xqh. C{ {eh zcfh {gfh Khnnh{{ ecz clzd jlhphqlw jdn{qgphk {ec{

{ehqh gz nd jdnjqh{h {egnb gnpdlphk c{ {eh ahbgnngnb {ec{ gz z{gll gnpdlphk c{ {eh hnk %ad{e {eh

dqgbgncl adkw cnk {eh dqgbgncl aqcgn cqh zgkhlgnhk aw {eh hnk'. Zd yhqecyz Khnnh{{z gn{hn{gdn

gz {d dqjehz{qc{h c qhkxj{gd d` {eh phqw gkhc d` {eh zhl` cz zdfh jdnjqh{h {egnb. @dq g` g{ jcn ah

zcgk {ec{ c zgnblh zhl` yhqzgz{z {eqdxbedx{, ax{ c{ {eh zcfh {gfh nd jdnjqh{h {egnb yhqzgz{z

{eqdxbedx{, {ehn c{ ahz{ {eh zhl` gz zdfh caz{qcj{ {egnb yhqecyz fhqhlw c `gj{gdn.7

G{ rgll ah jlhcq {ec{ {egz qhkxj{gd gz xnjdnpgnjgnb `qdf {eh yqhzhn{ hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{

yhqzyhj{gph. [eh gnjdehqhnjh lghz nd{ rg{e {eh phqw gkhc d` c jdnjqh{h qh`hqhn{ d` G= c{ hphqw

z{cbh d` {eh z{dqw {ehqh gz c yhq`hj{lw jdnjqh{h qh`hqhn{ d` G %`gqz{ Ecflh{, cnk {ehn

@dq{gnaqcz'. [eh qhcl fgz{coh rdxlk ah {d {coh zhqgdxzlw {eh gfyqhzzgdn {ec{ {ehqh gz c zgnblh

qh`hqhn{ d` G {eqdxbedx{, c `clzh gfyqhzzgdn jqhc{hk aw {eh gnzjqx{caglg{w d` qh`hqhn{gcl zeg`{z

`qdf {eh ycq{gjgycn{ z{cnkydgn{ d` {eh ncqqc{gph.

Aqcgnz cnk Hlgfgnc{gdn

[eh yqhzhn{ hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ z{wlh d` qhzydnzh {d {eh pcqgdxz jczhz d` {qcnzylcn{c{gdn ecz

yqhzxyydzhk c ycq{gjxlcq dn{dldbw, dnh regje gnpdlphz nd{ dnlw cngfclz ax{ cyycqhn{lw clzd

aqcgnz `dq {ehzh damhj{z ecph ahhn `qhhlw khzjqgahk cz ahgnb fdphk ah{rhhn cngfclz,

7Khnnh{{ lgohnz {eh zhl` {d ad{e caz{qcj{ cnk `gj{gdncl hn{g{ghz gn egz %3771'.


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kh{cjehk cnk c{{cjehk cz yqdyhq ycq{z, cnk zd dn. Gz {egz dn{dldbgjcl yqhzxyydzg{gdn

yqdalhfc{gj gn cnw rcw4

G{ rdxlk ah zhqgdxzlw yqdalhfc{gj g` {eh dnlw rcw `dq {eh cngfclgz{ {d qhzydnk {d c kg``hqhn{

cn{gcngfclgz{ cqbxfhn{ rdxlk ah {d khnw {eh hugz{hnjh d` aqcgnz. Exkzdn %1992' ecz qhjhn{lw

yqhzhn{hk cn cqbxfhn{ d` mxz{ {egz zdq{, regje yxqydq{z {d zedr {ec{ {eh kh{hqfgnhk cngfclgz{

gz yqhzzxqhk {d khnw {eh hugz{hnjh d` aqcgnz. G` {egz cqbxfhn{ rdqoz {ehn {eh cngfclgz{ rdxlk

ah jcxbe{ gn c zdq{ d` ygnjhq fdphfhn{, `dqjhk {d khnw gn qhzydnzh {d dnh damhj{gdn c

yqhzxyydzg{gdn d` {ehgq qhzydnzh {d cnd{ehq. Zd g{ gz rdq{e {cognb {eh {gfh {d huylcgn rec{ gz

rqdnb rg{e Exkzdnz cqbxfhn{.39

Exkzdnz cn{gcngfclgz{ cqbxfhn{ {xqnz dn {eh dazhqpc{gdn {ec{ {eh cngfcl ecz ycq{z, zxje cz

lgfaz cnk ecgq, regje cqh zxyhq`lxdxz, gn {eh zhnzh {ec{ {ehw ylcw nd jdn{qgax{dqw qdlh gn

zxyydq{gnb c yzwjedldbgjcl yqd`glh jdnz{g{x{gph d` yhqzdneddk %1992= 135'. [eh

yzwjedldbgjcl yqd`glh gn sxhz{gdn gz {eh z{cnkcqk Ldjohcn jcycjg{w `dq zhl`jdnzjgdxznhzz, c

`gqz{yhqzdn yhqzyhj{gph cz Exkzdn yx{z g{ %gagk.'. [eh aqcgn dn {eh d{ehq ecnk gz cqbxcalw

`qhh d` {egz zdq{ d` qhkxnkcnjw? ahgnb yqhjgzhlw {eh ycq{ d` {eh cngfcl fdz{ jhn{qcllw gnpdlphk

gn zxyydq{gnb c yzwjedldbgjcl yqd`glh, g{ kdhz nd{ ecph zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z gn Exkzdnz zhnzh.

Ndr, dn {eh aczgz {ec{ {eh redlh cngfcl ydzzhzzhz ycq{z zxyhq`lxdxz `dq yhqzdneddk rehqhcz

{eh aqcgn kdhz nd{, Exkzdn qhczdnz {ec{ g{ rdxlk ah cqag{qcqw cnk xnfd{gpc{hk %137' {d fcoh

{eh cngfclgz{ gkhn{g`gjc{gdn d` {eh exfcn yhqzdn rg{e {eh lcqbhq {egnb, rehn zdfh{egnb

zfcllhq pg}. {eh aqcgn, rdxlk kd {eh mda %gagk.'. [egz qhczdngnb kqgphz egz `dqfxlc{gdn d` {eh

`dlldrgnb hlgfgnc{gdn yqgnjgylh %135'.

%HY' G` u cnk w cqh ad{e exfcn yhqzdn jcnkgkc{hz cnk c{ fdz{ dnh d` u cnk w gz c

exfcn yhqzdn, ax{ w ecz zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z rehqhcz u kdhzn"{, {ehn u gz {eh ah{{hq

jcnkgkc{h `dq {eh d``gjh

39[ecnoz {d c qh`hqhh dq gkhn{g`wgnb {eh ydzzgaglg{w d` {egz yqhkgjcfhn{ dq {eh cngfclgz{.


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1:

G{ `dlldrz `qdf %HY' {ec{ rh zedxlk jdnjlxkh {ec{ {eh aqcgn cnk nd{ {eh cngfcl gz {eh ah{{hq

jcnkgkc{h `dq ahgnb {eh exfcn yhqzdn. Cngfclgzf gz `clzh.

[eh dnlw dapgdxz rcw dx{ `dq {eh cngfclgz{ red jdnjhkhz %HY' gz {d `ldx{ jdffdn zhnzh cnk

khnw {eh hugz{hnjh d` {eh jdfyh{g{gdn khnw {ec{ {ehqh gz zxje c {egnb cz fw %xnkh{cjehk'

aqcgn. [egz rdxlk ah cn xnjdf`dq{calh dx{jdfh `dq {eh cngfclgz{= nd{ dnlw rdxlk {eh qhzxl{

ah jdxn{hqgn{xg{gph gn g{zhl` g{ rdxlk clzd `clzg`w c yqhzxyydzg{gdn d` {eh yqhzhn{ hu{hqnclgz{

cngfclgz{ qhzydnzh {d aqcgn {qcnzylcn{ jczhz.

Zd g{ gz `dq{xnc{h {ec{ {eh cngfclgz{ zedxlk qhmhj{ %HY' cnwrcw. @dq {eh cngfclgz{ zedxlk {coh

zhqgdxzlw {eh cbqhhk Ldjohcn kh`gng{gdn d` yhqzdneddk gn {hqfz d` {eh ydzzhzzgdn d` jhq{cgn

jcycjg{ghz %`dq zhl`jdnzjgdxznhzz'. Rg{e {egz gn `djxz {eh qc{gdnclh xnkhqlwgnb %HY' jcn ah

sxg{h hczglw huydzhk cz yqdalhfc{gj aw fcognb {eh jdfycqgzdn rg{e yqhjgzhlw cncldbdxz

jcycjg{ghz, cll d` regje zhhf yhq`hj{lw zhnzgalw cyylghk {d c redlh cngfcl khzyg{h {eh `cj{ {ec{

dnlw zdfh d` g{z ycq{z cqh kgqhj{lw gnpdlphk gn zxz{cgngnb {eh jcycjg{w gn sxhz{gdn. [coh `dq

hucfylh {eh `xnj{gdncl yqdyhq{ghz d` ahgnb c {qd{{hq, dq c zgnbhq. Ndr jdnzgkhq {eh cncldbdxz

hlgfgnc{gdn yqgnjgylhz=

%HY-' G` u cnk w cqh ad{e {qd{{hq jcnkgkc{hz cnk c{ fdz{ dnh d` u cnk w gz c {qd{{hq,

ax{ w ecz zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z rehqhcz u kdhzn"{, {ehn u gz {eh ah{{hq jcnkgkc{h `dq {eh

d``gjh

%HY--' G` u cnk w cqh ad{e zgnbhq jcnkgkc{hz cnk c{ fdz{ dnh d` u cnk w gz c zgnbhq,

ax{ w ecz zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z rehqhcz u kdhzn"{, {ehn u gz {eh ah{{hq jcnkgkc{h `dq {eh

d``gjh

%HY-' ecz {eh jdnzhsxhnjh {ec{ edqzhz kd nd{ {qd{. @dq {ehqh gz zdfh zfcllhq xnkh{cjehk

yqdyhq ycq{ d` {eh edqzh, yhqecyz jdfydzhk d` g{z eddphz cnk fxzjxlcqzohlh{cl zwz{hf

%z{qgyyhk d` zogn, fcnh, bx{z h{j.' cll d` redzh ycq{z cqh kgqhj{lw gnpdlphk gn {qd{{gnb. [eh

redlh edqzh dn {eh d{ehq ecnk ecz zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z. Zd {eh edqzh gz nd{ {eh {qd{{hq.

Zdfh{egnb zfcllhq rdxlk kd {eh mda.


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Zgfglcqlw %HY--' ecz {eh jdnzhsxhnjh {ec{ ngbe{gnbclhz kd nd{ zgnb, `dq {ehqh gz zdfh zfcllhq

xnkh{cjehk yqdyhq ycq{ d` {eh ngbe{gnbclh, jdnzgz{gnb d` g{z lxnbz, pdjcl jdqkz h{j. %z{qgyyhk d`

rgnbz, `hc{ehqz, hwhz, bg}}cqk h{j.' cll d` redzh ycq{z cqh kgqhj{lw gnpdlphk gn zgnbgnb. [eh

redlh agqk dn {eh d{ehq ecnk ecz zxyhq`lxdxz ycq{z. Zd {eh ngbe{gnbclh gz nd{ {eh zgnbhq.

Zdfh{egnb zfcllhq rdxlk kd {eh mda.

[ehzh jdnzhsxhnjhz zhhf cazxqk. [eh hlgfgnc{gdn yqgnjgylhz ecph nd hpgkhn{ ylcxzgaglg{w. G{

gz yhq`hj{lw jdehqhn{ gn bhnhqcl {d zxyydzh {ec{ c {egnb jcn `cll gn{d c `xnj{gdncl ognk khzyg{h

{eh `cj{ {ec{ zdfh d` g{z ycq{z cqh fdqh kgqhj{lw gnpdlphk {ecn d{ehqz gn gfylhfhn{gnb {eh

qhlhpcn{ `xnj{gdn. Zd g{ gz phqw ecqk {d zhh rew %HY' zedxlk ah {cohn cnw fdqh zhqgdxzlw {ecn

{eh yqhjgzhlw ycqcllhl %HY-' cnk %HY--'. G{ gz ecqk {d zhh rew c pcqgcalh khbqhh d` `xnj{gdncl

gnpdlphfhn{ d` yqdyhq ycq{z gz cnw fdqh cn daz{cjlh {d c exfcn cngfclz yhqzdneddk {ecn g{

gz {d c edqzhz {qd{{gnb, dq c ngbe{gnbclhz zgnbgnb.

Rew fgbe{ %HY' ecph zhhfhk ylcxzgalh4 [egz gz nd{ {eh ylcjh {d zyhjxlc{h c{ lhnb{e ax{

yhqecyz dnh huylcnc{gdn gz {eh jdffdn ax{ xzxcllw {cjg{ yqhzxyydzg{gdn {ec{ yhqzdneddk gz cn

hzzhn{gcl yqdyhq{w. [egz yqhzxyydzg{gdn rdxlk jqhc{h cn cyycqhn{ jdn{qcz{ ah{rhhn

yhqzdneddk cnk {eh jcycjg{ghz `dq {qd{{gnb dq zgnbgnb `dq {eh lc{{hq cqh hpgkhn{lw jcycjg{ghz

regje c bgphn {qd{{hq dq zgnbhq jdxlk zxqpgph ldzgnb dq ecph `cglhk {d khphldy c{ cll. Yhqecyz

{egz huylcgnz kg``hqgnb c{{g{xkhz {drcqkz %HY' cnk d{ehqrgzh yqhjgzhlw cncldbdxz hlgfgnc{gdn

yqgnjgylhz jdnjhqngnb jcnkgkc{hz `dq ydzzhzzgdn d` zdfh jcycjg{w.

Gn cnw jczh {egz jdn{qcz{ gz dnh regje cngfclgz{z rgll clqhckw qhmhj{, `dq g{ gz clqhckw jlhcq {ec{

c bgphn cngfcl yhqzdn jdxlk zxqpgph {eh ldzz d` g{z jcycjg{ghz `dq zhl`jdnzjgdxznhzz %{eqdxbe

ehck gnmxqw zcw' dq ecph `cglhk {d khphldy {ehf c{ cll %{eqdxbe `h{cl {qcxfc zcw'. Aw cngfclgz{

lgbe{z yhqzdneddk gz jlhcqlw c ndnhzzhn{gcl `xnj{gdncl jcycjg{w mxz{ lgoh zgnbhqeddk dq

{qd{{hqeddk. Zd cngfclgz{z ecph nd jlhcq qhczdn {d clldr zyhjgcl ylhckgnb dn ahecl d` %HY',

cnk c `dq{gdqg cqh nd{ yqhzzxqhk aw cjjhy{cnjh d` %HY' gn{d khnwgnb {eh hugz{hnjh d` aqcgnz. Zd


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{ehqh gz nd {hnzgdn ah{rhhn {eh qgbe{ cngfclgz{ qhzydnzh {d Exkzdnz hlgfgnc{gdn cqbxfhn{

cnk {eh dn{dldbgjcl jdffg{fhn{z d` {eh jxqqhn{ {qhc{fhn{ d` aqcgn{qcnzylcn{c{gdn.

Qhfncn{z, Kgzhfadkgfhn{ cnk Hu{qgnzgjnhzz

Gn {eh dqgbgncl aqcgn {qcnz`hq jczh {ehqh cqh {rd ydz{ dyhqc{gph cngfclz dn {eh zjhnh= Dlk

Cngfcl lwgnb ycqclw}hk, cnk Nhr Cngfcl xy cnk cadx{. Cn cjjdxn{ ecz ahhn hlcadqc{hk d`

{eh rcw gn regje {eh {rd cngfclz jdfyh{h `dq {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw {eh

{qcnz`hqqhk aqcgn. Edrhphq nd{egnb ecz wh{ ahhn zcgk cadx{ edr {d {egno cadx{ fdqh qckgjcl

dyhqc{gdnz, gn regje cyycqhn{lw nd cngfcl gz lh`{ dn {eh zjhnh. @dq hucfylh, rh jcn gfcbgnh

c jczh gn regje Dlk Cngfcl gz nd{ lh`{ ycqclw}hk ax{ gz gnz{hck gffhkgc{hlw gnjgnhqc{hk ydz{

dyhqc{gdn cnk {ehn {eh aqcgn gz nd{ ylcjhk gn{d cnw Nhr Cngfcl jdn{hu{ ax{ gz gnz{hck lh`{

z{qcnkhk gn cn gzdlc{gdn pc{. [egz zdq{ d` jczh gz dn {eh `cjh d` g{ jecllhnbgnb `dq {eh cngfclgz{,

ahjcxzh g{ gz nc{xqcl {d zxyydzh {ec{ zhl`jdnzjgdxz fhn{cl cj{gpg{w gz z{gll zxz{cgnhk aw {eh

qhfncn{ aqcgn. Wh{ {ehqh cyyhcqz {d ah nd cngfcl {d redf {egz cj{gpg{w jcn ndr ah czjqgahk.

[egz `gncl zhj{gdn d` {eh ycyhq d` rgll lcw dx{ zdfh dy{gdnz `dq {eh hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ gn

qhzydnzh {d {egz zdq{ d` jecllhnbh.

Cn dapgdxz `gqz{ fdph rdxlk ah {d jlcgf {ec{ {egz qhfncn{ aqcgn jczh cfdxn{z {d c lgfg{gnb

jczh d` cngfcl cfyx{c{gdn {d jlcgf {ec{ gn `cj{ Dlk Cngfcl kdhz qhfcgn dn {eh zjhnh, ax{

ndr ycqhk kdrn {d zg}h d` egz aqcgn. G` zd {ehn {ehqh gz xnyqdalhfc{gjcllw cn cngfcl

jcnkgkc{h `dq czzgbnfhn{ {d {eh G {edxbe{z zxazhqphk aw {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn= {eh qh`hqhn{ gz

{eh phqw zcfh Dlk Cngfcl cz ah`dqh.

G` {edxbe rh {egno {ec{ Dlk Cngfcl qhcllw gz bdnh `qdf {eh zjhnh gn {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn jczh

{ehn {ehqh cqh d{ehq dy{gdnz cpcglcalh rg{egn {eh bhnhqcl hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ `qcfhrdqo

yqhzhn{hk ehqh. C zhjdnk dy{gdn rdxlk ah {d zxyydzh {ec{ {eh khz{qxj{gdn d` {eh Dlk Cngfcl

gnkxjhz c zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh d` G {d {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn g{zhl`. [eh qhfncn{ aqcgn ahjdfhz {eh

ahz{ jcnkgkc{h aw kh`cxl{. Cz gn {eh yqhpgdxzlw jdnzgkhqhk jczhz, c zeg`{ d` qh`hqhnjh ehqh

rdxlk ah gnkgzjqgfgncalh `qdf {eh z{cnkydgn{ d` g{z ycq{gjgycn{z regje rdxlk bd zdfh rcw


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gn huylcgngnb rew dnh fgbe{ ah gnjlgnhk {d gfcbgnh {ec{ {eh zcfh qh`hqhnjh d` G zdfhedr

yhqzgz{z {eqdxbe {eh dyhqc{gdn, rehn gn `cj{ c nhr ndncngfcl qhfncn{ yhqzdn {cohz dphq.

[egz zhjdnk dy{gdn hn{hq{cgnz {eh yqdzyhj{ d` c ndncngfcl qh`hqhn{ d` G. Gz {egz c yqdalhf

`dq cn cngfclgz{4 Nd{ gn g{zhl`. [eh cngfclgz{ ydzg{gdn gz {wygjcllw `qcfhk cz pghr cadx{ xz? g{

gz {eh pghr {ec{ rh exfcn yhqzdnz cqh cngfclz.33

G{ gz nd{ z{qgj{lw c yqdalhf `dq {egz pghr {d

ckfg{ {eh ydzzgaglg{w d` d{ehq ognkz d` yhqzdnz= qdad{z, cnbhlz, dq hphn ycq{lw agdldbgjcl

cq{g`cj{z lgoh c ycqhk kdrn aqcgn gn c pc{.

G rgll qhpgzg{ {eh {rd dy{gdnz mxz{ zoh{jehk? ax{ {eh `djxz d` {eh qhfcgnkhq d` {eh ycyhq rgll ah

c {egqk, fdqh qckgjcl, dy{gdn. [egz dy{gdn cbqhhz rg{e {eh `gqz{ dy{gdn {ec{ {ehqh gz nd zeg`{ gn

{eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw {eh aqcgn= Dlk Cngfcl qhfcgnz {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G.

Ax{ g{ cbqhhz rg{e {eh zhjdnk dy{gdn gn {ec{ g{ kdhz nd{ jlcgf {ec{ {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn gz gkhn{gjcl

rg{e Dlk Cngfcl? gn `cj{ g{ cbqhhz {ec{ {eh cngfcl ecz ahhn rgyhk `qdf {eh zjhnh cnk gz ndr

ndrehqh. Gn h``hj{ {eh zxbbhz{gdn gz {d qhbcqk {eh zg{xc{gdn cz dnh d` kgzhfadkghk

jdnzjgdxznhzz= rh ecph c zg{xc{gdn gn regje u gz ndrehqh cnk wh{ u gz z{gll {eh yhqzdn, {eh

drnhq d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz.

[eh qhczdngnb gz {egz= cazhn{ cnw nhr jdfyh{g{dq jdn{hu{ `dq {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn cazhn{ cnw

nhr hygz{hfgj gnyx{ {d {eh ndr gzdlc{hk jdbng{gph jhn{qh Dlk Cngfcl rgll qhfcgn {eh

ondrlhkbh fcugfg}gnb czzgbnfhn{ {d G {dohnz gnkh`gng{hlw. @dq {ehqh gz zgfylw nd{egnb {d

dx{rhgbe {eh fhfdqw ondrlhkbh d` Dlk Cngfclz ycz{ lg`h czjqgahk dn czzgbnfhn{ d` Dlk

Cngfcl {d {eh G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn. Zd Dlk Cngfcl rgll jdn{gnxh {d ah

{eh yhqzdn {egnognb, khzyg{h {eh `cj{ {ec{ eh gz ndr yewzgjcllw ndrehqh

Reh{ehq dq nd{ c bgphn cngfclgz{ zedxlk huyldqh {egz qckgjcl dy{gdn rgll khyhnk xydn {ehgq

fh{cyewzgjcl jdffg{fhn{z hlzhrehqh, yqgnjgycllw gn {eh yegldzdyew d` {gfh. G` dnh gz

c{{qcj{hk {d cnw pghr cjjdqkgnb {d regje ycz{damhj{z jcn z{gll %ndr' ydzzhzz yqdyhq{ghz, {ehn

33Zhh Zndrkdn 3779 cnk Dlzdn 3772.


27/33

12

dnh zedxlk {coh {eh dy{gdn zhqgdxzlw.31

Rew4 [eh zdq{ d` yqhzhn{ yqdyhq{ghz {ec{ g{ gz

ylcxzgalh {d czjqgah {d ycz{damhj{z cqh hu{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz. @dq hucfylh, g{ gz ylcxzgalh {ec{

Rgnz{dn Jexqjegll ndr ydzzhzzhz c jhq{cgn qhyx{c{gdn? eh ndr z{cnkz gn pcqgdxz jqdzz

{hfydqcl jcxzcl qhlc{gdnz {d jxqqhn{ bhdydlg{gjcl hphn{z? eh gz ndr ahgnb rqg{{hn cadx{? cnk zd

dn. [ehzh cqh cll hu{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz. [eh yqdyhq{ghz {ec{ c ndldnbhqyqhzhn{ yhqzdn fdz{

jlhcqlw jcnnd{ ndr ydzzhzz cqh {eh ycqckgbf gn{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz, zxje cz zecyh cnk fczz.

G{ gz {qckg{gdncl {d zxyydzh {ec{ fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz cqh gn{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz? g` zd, {ec{ rdxlk qxlh

dx{ {ehgq ydzzhzzgdn aw ycz{damhj{z lgoh Dlk Cngfcl gn {eh qhfncn{ jczh. Ax{ gn `cj{ g{ gz

clqhckw gfylgjg{ gn {eh aczgj hu{hqnclgz{cngfclgz{ {qhc{fhn{ d` aqcgn{qcnz`hq {ec{ fhn{cl

yqdyhq{ghz cqh qhcllw hu{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz= [d ah {eh yhqzdn redzh {edxbe{z cqh zxazhqphk aw c

aqcgn %dq d{ehq jdbng{gph jhn{qh' gz {d ah ahz{ jcnkgkc{h `dq qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxazhqphk

aw {ec{ aqcgn? cnk cz rh ecph zhhn, dnhz zc{gz`cj{gdn d` {egz jdnkg{gdn jcn gn yqgnjgylh khyhnk

xydn dnhz qhlc{gdnz {d {egnbz dx{zgkh d` dnhz adxnkcqghz.

Rh jcn fcoh {egz ydgn{ cadx{ {eh hu{qgnzgjnhzz d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz fdqh jcqh`xllw, aw xzgnb

c z{cnkcqk kh`gng{gdn d` gn{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz cz yqdyhq{ghz {ec{ nhphq kgz{gnbxgze ah{rhhn

kxylgjc{hz %Lhrgz 375:' gn jdfagnc{gdn rg{e {eh `dlldrgnb hlcadqc{gdn d` {eh dqgbgncl aqcgn

{qcnz`hq jczhz=

Jdnzgkhq c [qcnz`hq- jczh hucj{lw lgoh {eh dqgbgncl [qcnz`hq jczh, hujhy{ `dq {eh `dlldrgnb

kg``hqhnjh. Nhr Cngfcl gz nd{ gfylcn{hk rg{e Dlk Cngfclz aqcgn c{ [= eh gz gnz{hck

gfylcn{hk rg{e c aqcgn, gn hucj{lw {eh zcfh gn{qgnzgj yewzgjcl z{c{h cz rcz Dlk Cngfclz aqcgn

c{ [ gn {eh dqgbgncl [qcnz`hq jczh? ax{ c aqcgn jqhc{hk aw cn hu{qcdqkgncqw qcnkdf lgbe{ngnb

z{qgoh, regje ecz nd{ yqhpgdxzlw ahhn jdbng{gphlw gn{hbqc{hk rg{e cnw cngfcl. Zxazhsxhn{lw

31[ehqh gz c pcqgh{w d` pghrz cjjdqkgnb {d regje ycz{damhj{z hugz{ cnk ndr ydzzhzz yqdyhq{ghz,

gnjlxkgnb nd{ dnlw cn{gyqhzhn{gz{ pghrz lgoh h{hqnclgzf cnk {eh bqdrgnb aldjo {ehdqw %zhh Zgkhq 1993

`dq c kh`hnjh d` h{hqnclgzf' ax{ clzd `dqfz d` yqhzhn{gzf {ec{ ycqcllhl {eh fdkcl cj{xclgzf kh`hnkhk

aw Lgnzow cnk ]cl{c 3770 cnk Rgllgcfzdn 3775, 1991. Cjjdqkgnb {d {egz bhnqh d` yqhzhn{gzf, egz{dqgjcl

damhj{z yqhzhn{lw hugz{, cnk cqh gn c ydzg{gdn {d ahcq yqdyhq{ghz= {ehw cqh ndnjdnjqh{h damhj{z {ec{ dnjhrhqh jdnjqh{h.


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{egz aqcgn bdhz dn {d gn{hqcj{ jcxzcllw rg{e Nhr Cngfcl gn hucj{lw {eh zcfh rcw cz {eh Dlk

Cngfclz aqcgn bdhz dn {d gn{hqcj{ rg{e Nhr Cngfcl gn {eh dqgbgncl [qcnz`hq jczh.

Gn {eh dqgbgncl [qcnz`hq jczh, c zedq{ {gfh c`{hq [, Nhr Cngfcl gz gn c jhq{cgn {d{cl gn{qgnzgj

yewzgjcl z{c{h Z, ax{ eh gz nd{ wh{ {eh {egnohq= kxh {d {eh fhfdqw lgnoz qhcjegnb acjo {d Dlk

Cngfcl, Dlk Cngfcl qhfcgnz c{ {egz z{cbh {eh ondrlhkbhfcugfg}gnb czzgbnfhn{ d` qh`hqhnjh

{d G {dohnz zxazhqphk aw {eh aqcgn. Ax{ gn {eh [qcnz`hq- jczh {eh pgqbgn aqcgn rgll

gffhkgc{hlw zh{{lh gn {d Nhr Cngfcl `dq {ehqh gz nd{egnb {d dx{rhgbe {eh czjqgy{gdn d`

ondrlhkbh aczhk dn gn`dqfc{gdn gnjdfgnb `qdf Nhr Cngfcl. [eh qcnkdflw jqhc{hk aqcgn

kdhz nd{ jcqqw fhfdqw {qcjhz khqgpgnb `qdf Dlk Cngfclz lg`h= {eh aqcgn jcqqghz yxqhlw

gllxzdqw cyycqhn{ fhfdqghz, regje aw cn hu{qcdqkgncqw jdgnjgkhnjh jdqqhzydnk {d Dlk

Cngfclz fhfdqghz gn {eh [qcnz`hq jczh. Zd Nhr Cngfcl rgll phqw sxgjolw ahjdfh {eh

{egnohq d` {eh {edxbe{z zxazhqphk aw {eh aqcgn. C zedq{ {gfh c`{hq [, Nhr Cngfcl rgll bd gn{d

{eh {d{cl gn{qgnzgj yewzgjcl z{c{h Z, ax{ eh rgll ah {egnognb, xnlgoh Nhr Cngfcl gn z{c{h Z gn {eh

dqgbgncl [qcnz`hq jczh.

Zd gn{qgnzgj yewzgjcl kxylgjc{hz jcn kg``hq gn reh{ehq {ehw cqh {egnognb. [egz gz c fdqh qckgjcl

qhzxl{ {ecn {eh xzxcl hu{hqnclgz{ jlcgfz {ec{ kxylgjc{hz jcn kg``hq gn qhzyhj{ d` {eh jdn{hn{ dq

ognk d` {ehgq fhn{cl z{c{hz? {eh jlcgf ehqh gz {ec{ kxylgjc{hz jcn kg``hq gn reh{ehq {ehw ydzzhzz

fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz c{ cll. [egz qhzxl{ gz zxqyqgzgnb? ax{ {ec{ gz cqbxcalw ahjcxzh gn cll qhcl lg`h

jczhz hnjdxn{hqhk g{ gz {eh jdbng{gph jhn{qh rg{egn dnhz drn adxnkcqghz cnk dnlw {eh

jdbng{gph jhn{qh rg{egn dnhz drn adxnkcqghz regje zxazhqphz dnhz {edxbe{. G{ {cohz

qh`lhj{gdn dn {eh ydzzgaglg{w d` aqcgn {qcnzylcn{c{gdn {d zhh {eh jdn{gnbhnjw d` {egz

cqqcnbhfhn{.

Rh ecph clqhckw zhhn {ec{ {eh drnhqzegy d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz aw dnh {egnb qc{ehq {ecn

cnd{ehq jcn gn yqgnjgylh ah c sxg{h `qcbglh fc{{hq, ahgnb gn xnxzxcl jczhz edz{cbh {d cyycqhn{lw

fgndq jdn{hu{xcl `cj{dqz. Rh jcn ndr zhh {ec{ {egz gz c qh`lhj{gdn d` {eh `cj{ {ec{ fhn{cl

cj{gpg{w gz qhcllw c fc{{hq d` jecnbh gn hu{qgnzgj yqdyhq{ghz, cnk zd z{qgj{lw zyhcognb c `dqf d`


29/33

17

fhqh Jcfaqgkbh jecnbh. Fhn{cl cj{gpg{w gz {eh gnkxj{gdn d` hu{qgnzgj jecnbhz aw {eh

gn{qgnzgj jecnbhz d` c aqcgn gn {eh qgbe{ jdn{hu{.

Edr kdhz egz zxyydq{ {eh qckgjcl dy{gdn `dq khclgnb rg{e {eh gzdlc{hk qhfncn{ jczh4 [eh qhzxl{

{ec{ fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz cqh hu{qgnzgj d` jdxqzh kdhz nd{ aw g{zhl` yqdph {ec{ Dlk Cngfcl qhfcgnz

{eh qgbe{ jcnkgkc{h `dq czjqgy{gdn d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz c`{hq cll, nd{ cnw dlk hu{qgnzgj

yqdyhq{w jcn ndr ah ydzzhzzhk aw c ycz{damhj{ %nd zxje damhj{ jdxlk ndr ah gn ndq{e

Ldnkdn, `dq gnz{cnjh'. Ax{ {eh qhzxl{ kdhz qhfdph dnh d` {eh fdqh dapgdxz daz{cjlhz {d {egz

dy{gdn= `dq dnjh g{ gz cjjhy{hk {ec{ {eh drnhqzegy d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz gz lhzz khhy cnk fdqh

`qcbglh cnk hu{qgnzgj {ecn dnh fgbe{ ecph zxyydzhk, {ehn g{ ahjdfhz jdqqhzydnkgnblw lhzz

kg``gjxl{ {d cjjhy{ {ec{ {eh dnbdgnb `xnj{gdngnb d` c aqcgn jdxlk zx``gjh `dq {ehgq ydzzhzzgdn aw

zdfh{egnb regje nd ldnbhq ecz cnw zyc{gcl yqhzhnjh. @dq gn yqgnjgylh {egz gz nd{ zd kg``hqhn{

`qdf {eh rcw gn regje dnbdgnb jecnbhz gn {eh rdqlk jdn{gnxh {d h``hj{ hu{qgnzgj jecnbhz gn

d{ehq ycz{ damhj{z? {egno d` {eh rcw {ec{ {eh yxalgjc{gdn d` c zjcnkcldxz nhr agdbqcyew jdxlk

cl{hq Rgnz{dn Jexqjegllz yqhzhn{ qhyx{c{gdn.

Ecpgnb zoh{jehk {egz ydzzgaglg{w g{ zedxlk ah qhhfyeczg}hk {ec{ {eh qckgjcl dy{gdn gz aw nd

fhcnz jdfyxlzdqw, nd{ hphn `dq cngfclgz{z red zgbn xy {d {eh hu{hqnclgz{ {qhc{fhn{ d` {eh

dqgbgncl {qcnz`hq jczhz. Cz fhn{gdnhk cadph, {ehqh cqh d{ehq dy{gdnz `dq khclgnb rg{e {eh

qhfncn{ jczh rg{egn cn cngfclgz{ `qcfhrdqo, aw hg{ehq %g' jlcgfgnb {ec{ {eh cngfcl fc{hqgcllw

yhqzgz{z gn c fgngfcl ycqhk kdrn `dqf cz {eh qh`hqhn{ d` G dq %gg' jlcgfgnb {ec{ qh`hqhnjh

zeg`{z gffhkgc{hlw {d {eh aqcgn g{zhl` dn {eh ycqgnb crcw dq dalg{hqc{gdn d` {eh cngfcl.

Edrhphq, cl{edxbe G jcnnd{ rhgbe `xllw {eh qhlc{gph fhqg{z d` {eh {eqhh dy{gdnz, g{ gz rdq{e

dazhqpgnb {ec{ {eh qckgjcl dy{gdn gn `cj{ cpdgkz yqdalhfz `cjhk aw dy{gdnz %g' cnk %gg'

qhzyhj{gphlw.

[eh yqdyhq czzhzzfhn{ d` dy{gdn %g' rdxlk qhsxgqh c `xll cjjdxn{ d` {eh yhqzgz{hnjh jdnkg{gdnz

d` cngfclz. Ax{ rh jcn nd{h sxgjolw {ec{ c qhfncn{ zxyydq{gnb zhl`jdnzjgdxz cj{gpg{w nhhk

nd{ hphn ah cz lcqbh cz c redlh aqcgn= c fhqh jhqhaqxf rdxlk kd. Cnk g{ rdxlk zhhf `cq


30/33

:9

`h{jehk {d gkhn{g`w zxje c zfcll qhfncn{ rg{e {eh dqgbgncl cngfcl. Jdfycqh= rh rdxlk ah

qhlxj{cn{ {d gkhn{g`w c ogknhw rg{e cn cngfcl hphn g` g{ rhqh {eh dnlw ycq{ zxqpgpgnb gn pg{qd {eh

gnjgnhqc{gdn d` zdfh cngfcl. G{ xnjlhcq rew c jhqhaqxf zedxlk ah {qhc{hk cnw kg` hqhn{lw. Zd

g{ gz cn ckpcn{cbh d` {eh qckgjcl {egqk dy{gdn dphq {eh `gqz{ {ec{ g{ kdhz nd{ nhhk {d gkhn{g`w {eh

cngfcl rg{e {eh qhfncn{.

C fgzbgpgnb dnh fgbe{ ecph cadx{ {eh zhjdnk dy{gdn %gg' gz {egz= {ehqh gz zdfh{egnb {qdxalgnb

cadx{ g{z jlcgf {ec{ {eh fhqh ycqgnb crcw d` cngfcl {gzzxh jdxlk aqgnb g{ cadx{ {ec{ {ehqh gz c

zxkkhnlw c nhr yhqzdn dn {eh zjhnh, gn {egz jczh {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn {ec{ {ehqh gz zdfh{egnb

regje cll d` c zxkkhn ahjdfhz {eh drnhq d` fhn{cl yqdyhq{ghz, rg{edx{ ecpgnb {d bd {eqdxbe

cnw d` {eh yqgnjgylhk hygz{hfgj zh{{lgnbgn aw regje Nhr Cngfcl hcqnhk yhqzdneddk gn {eh

dqgbgncl aqcgn {qcnz`hq jczh.

Fcqo Mdenz{dn gn c qhjhn{ ycyhq ecz zhg}hk dn mxz{ {egz ognk d` rdqqw, cqbxgnb {ec{ qhfncn{

jczhz `dqjh {eh cngfclgz{ {d pgdlc{h c yqgnjgylh {ec{ dqbcng}hz zdfh d` dxq {egnognb cadx{

yhqzdnz cnk yewzgjcl qhclg{w %1992= ;2'. Eh `gnkz {eh pgdlc{gdn d` {egz yqgnjgylh qhyxbncn{

cnk ehnjh zhhz ehqh c z{qdnb damhj{gdn {d cngfclgzf. Ehqh gz {eh yqgnjgylh=

Wdx jcn{ aqgnb c yhqzdn gn{d ahgnb zgfylw aw qhfdpgnb {gzzxh `qdf zdfh{egnb, cnk

{ehn khz{qdwgnb {ec{ {gzzxh, xnlhzz {ec{ {gzzxh rcz `xnj{gdngnb {d zxyyqhzz fhn{cl lg`h

dq {eh jcycjg{w `dq fhn{cl lg`h. %gagk.'

Eh huylcgnz=

C khphldygnb `h{xz fgbe{ ecph c fczzgph aqcgn {xfdq gn g{z khphldygnb aqcgn, regje

zxyyqhzzhz g{z fhn{cl lg`h, cnk yhqecyz hphn g{z jcycjg{w `dq fhn{cl lg`h. Bgphn {ec{,

rh jcn xnkhqz{cnk edr qhfdpgnb {eh {xfdq jdxlk clldr c yhqzdn gn Ldjohz zhnzh {d

ah yqhzhn{ `dq {eh `gqz{ {gfh. Ax{ edr jdxlk qhfdpgnb c zxz{cgngnb {dqzd aqgnb {egz

cadx{4 %gagk.'


31/33

:3

Mdenz{dn gz ehqh zyhcognb d` {eh qhfdpcl d` c zxz{cgngnb {dqzd ahjcxzh eh egfzhl` gz

jdnzgkhqgnb c lhzz fgngfcl qhfncn{, c ehckcnknhjo. Ax{ g{ gz qc{ehq lhzz jlhcq {ec{ c ehck

cnknhjo qhfncn{ gz nd{ gkhn{gjcl {d {eh dqgbgncl cngfcl, zd g{ rdxlk zhhf rgkh dyhn {d {eh

cngfclgz{ ehqh zgfylw {d {coh dy{gdn %g' cnk zgkh z{hy cnw pgdlc{gdn d` {eh yqgnjgylh. Mdenz{dn

rdxlk ah gn c z{qdnbhq ydzg{gdn {d rghlk egz yqgnjgylh cbcgnz{ {eh cngfclgz{ aw qh`hqhnjh {d {eh

jczh xnkhq yqhzhn{ jdnzgkhqc{gdn, {eh jczh d` c fhqh qhfncn{ aqcgn dq jhqhaqxf `dq cz rh

ecph mxz{ nd{hk g{ gz `cq lhzz ylcxzgalh {d gkhn{g`w zdfh{egnb zd fgngfcl rg{e {eh dqgbgncl

cngfcl. Zd g` {eh cngfclgz{ bdhz rg{e dy{gdn %gg' gnz{hck cnk czzhq{z {ec{ {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G

zeg`{z aw kh`cxl{ {d {eh qhfncn{, {ehn {ehw cqh gnkhhk jdffg{{hk {d jlcgfgnb {ec{ {eh fhqh

ycqgnb crcw d` cngfcl {gzzxh aqgnbz c nhr yhqzdn gn{d hugz{hnjh, pgdlc{gnb Mdenz{dnz

yqgnjgylh.

[egz gz nd{ {eh ylcjh `dq c `xll hpclxc{gdn d` Mdenz{dnz yqgnjgylh, ax{ g{z gng{gcl cyyhcl fxz{ ah

ckfg{{hk. Zd G rgll jldzh aw qhjdqkgnb {ec{ {eh qckgjcl {egqk dy{gdn ecz {eh ckpcn{cbh dphq {eh

zhjdnk dy{gdn {ec{ g{ kdhz nd{ pgdlc{h Mdenz{dnz yqgnjgylh. @dq g` cz {eh qckgjcl dy{gdn

jdn{hnkz Dlk Cngfcl qhfcgnz {eh qh`hqhnjh d` G {dohnz zxz{cgnhk aw {eh qhfncn{ aqcgn

gnkh`gng{hlw, {ehn g{ gz zgfylw nd{ {qxh {ec{ {eh fhqh qhfdpcl cnk khz{qxj{gdn d` {gzzxh aqgnbz c

yhqzdn gn{d ahgnb= {eh dqgbgncl Dlk Cngfcl rgll qhfcgn {eh yhqzdn, jdn{gnxgnb {d {egno cnk

huyhqghnjh hu{qgnzgjcllw. [eh qhfncn{ kdhz nd{ fcbgjcllw cjsxgqh yhqzdneddk. Dnlw g` {eh

qhfncn{ gz lc{hq hfahkkhk gn zdfh nhr hygz{hfgj jdn{hu{ rgll c nhr yhqzdn ah aqdxbe{ gn{d

ahgnb. Ax{ g` {egz kdhz ecyyhn g{ rgll nd{ ecph ecyyhnhk cz c qhzxl{ d` {eh fhqh qhfdpcl cnk

khz{qxj{gdn d` {gzzxh= g{ rgll ecph ecyyhnhk cz c qhzxl{ d` {eh ognk d` hu{hqnclgz{gj zh{{lgnbgn

{ec{ ecz ahhn {eh {ehfh d` {egz ycyhq.3:

Qh`hqhnjhz

3:Cjondrlhkbhfhn{z.


32/33

:1

Cwhqz, F. 3773 Ldjoh. Ldnkdn= Qdx{lhkbh.

Aqc{fcn, F. 375;. [rd @cjhz d` Gn{hn{gdn Yegldzdyegjcl Qhpghr 7:= :28;98.

Aqhrhq, A. 1999. Hu{hqnclgzf cnk C Yqgdqg Ondrlhkbh d` Hfygqgjcl @cj{z, gn Y. Adbedzzgcn

cnk J. Yhcjdjoh, hkz. Nhr Hzzcwz dn {eh C Yqgdqg. Du`dqk= Du`dqk Xngphqzg{w Yqhzz.

Kcpgkzdn, K. 375;. Gnsxgqghz gn{d [qx{e cnk Gn{hqyqh{c{gdn. Du`dqk= Du`dqk Xngphqzg{w Yqhzz.

Khnnh{{, K. 3725 Rehqh Cf G4 gn Aqcgnz{dqfz. FG[ Yqhzz. :39:1:

Khnnh{{, K. 3771 [eh Zhl` cz c Jhn{qh d` Ncqqc{gph Bqcpg{w gn @. Ohzzhl, Y. Jdlh cnk K.

Mdenzdn hkz. Zhl` cnk Jdnzjgdxznhzz= Fxl{gylh Yhqzyhj{gphz. Egllzkclh, NM= Hqlacxf

Hpcnz, B. 372:. [eh Jcxzcl [ehdqw d` Ncfhz, gn egz Jdllhj{hk Ycyhqz. Du`dqk= Du`dqk

Xngphqzg{w Yqhzz. 31;

Exkzdn, E. 1992. G Cf Nd{ cn Cngfcl# gn Y. pcn Gnrcbhn cnk K. ]gffhqfcn hkz. Yhqzdnz=

Exfcn cnk Kgpgnh. 1301:;

Mdenz{dn, F. 1992. Exfcn Ahgnbz Qhpgzg{hk Du`dqk Z{xkghz gn Fh{cyewzgjz Pdlxfh :.

Du`dqk= Du`dqk Xngphqzg{w Yqhzz. ::2;.

Ocn{, G. 3717. N. Ohfy Zfg{e {qcnz. [eh Jqg{gsxh d` Yxqh Qhczdn. Ldnkdn= Fcjfgllcn

Oqgyoh, Z. 3759. Ncfgnb cnk Nhjhzzg{w Jcfaqgkbh, FC= Ecqpcqk Xngphqzg{w Yqhzz.

Lhrgz, K. 3720. Zxqpgpcl cnk Gkhn{g{w gn C. Qdq{w hk. [eh Gkhn{g{ghz d` Yhqzdnz Ahqohlhw=

Jclg`dqngc.

Lhrgz, K. 375:. Hu{qgnzgj Yqdyhq{ghz. Yegldzdyegjcl Z{xkghz ;;= 372199.

Lgnzow, Ahqncqk, cnk Hkrcqk ]cl{c. 3770. Gn Kh`hnjh d` {eh Jdn{gnbhn{lw Ndnjdnjqh{h

Yegldzdyegjcl Z{xkghz 5;= 15:17;.


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Externalism and Brain Transplants--Madden