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Exploring Biology: Lecture Outline • Defining life (6+1)
• Order of structural hierarchy levels of the living world
– Ascending/up & descending/down
– emergent properties
• Unifying themes
– Form and function
– Cell Theory & types of cells
– Genetic material- DNA
– Evolution and biologic diversity
– Scientific Method and approaches (lab)
Figure 1.1-0
(1) Order (2) Reproduction (3) Growth and development
(4) Energy processing
(5) Regulation (6) Response to the environment
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
Properties of Living Organisms 1. Order 2. Reproduction 3. Growth and development 4. Energy processing or transformation 5. Interaction with environment 6. Regulation of internal conditions –Homeostasis • Evolutionary adaptation
• Ordered organization of the living world o Levels of structural hierarchy o ascending vs. descending- o emergent properties
Sperm cell
Nuclei containing DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits inherited from both parents
Growth & Development
Unspecialized cells
Different specialized
cells
Regulation of internal conditions- Homeostasis
Biological processes are self-regulating by feedback mechanisms
Living organisms interact with their environment transform energy
Decomposers
Figure 1.4-0
ENERGY FLOW
Sun
Inflow of light energy
Producers (plants)
Chemical energy in food
Consumers (animals)
Outflow of heat
Leaves take up CO2 from air; roots absorb H2O and minerals from soil
Decomposers such as worms, fungi,
and bacteria return chemicals to soil
Figure 1.4-1
ENERGY FLOW
Sun
Inflow of light energy
Producers (plants)
Chemical energy in food
Consumers (animals)
Outflow of heat
Leaves take up CO2 from air; roots absorb H2O and minerals from soil
Decomposers such as worms, fungi,
and bacteria return chemicals to soil
Levels of Order of the Living World
– Organized into structural hierarchical levels
– Ascending vs. Descending
– Each level builds on the level below it
– Interaction between components of each
level of the structural hierarchy leads to the
emergence of new properties
Atoms/Elements
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Chemical world
Biological World
Non-living
Living
Ascending
Descending
Viruses: organized structure of biomolecules
Emergent Properties
Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts
Figure 1.2-1
Biosphere
Florida
Ecosystem Florida
Everglades
Community All organisms in this wetland ecosystem
Population All alligators living
in the wetlands
Organism an American alligator
Figure 1.2-2 Organism
an American alligator
Organ system Nervous system Nerve Spinal
cord
Brain Organ Brain
Tissue Nervous tissue
Cell Nerve cell
Nucleus
Organelle Nucleus
Molecule DNA
Atom
Biological Themes
• Form/structure and Function • The Cell Theory & Types of cells • Genetic Material- DNA
Structure or form fits function at all levels of the biological organization
Biological Themes/ The cell Theory
• A cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
Two Types of cells on earth differ in size and complexity
– Prokaryotic cells: DNA is not surrounded by a membrane
– Eukaryotic cells: membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
DNA (no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus (membrane- enclosed)
Membrane
Membrane- enclosed organelles
DNA (throughout nucleus) 1 µm
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Genetic Material/DNA
- DNA directs all cell’s activities
- Genetic information must be duplicated before any cell divides
Nucleotide
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
G
T
A
T
A
DNA
Electronic information
recognized by Player
Music is produced
Analogy
Genetic information
recognized by Cell machinery
Protein is produced
All Living Organisms can be arranged into three domains
1. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.
2. Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments.
3. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include • single-celled protists and • multicellular fungi, animals, and plants.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6-0
Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
Domain Archaea Protists (multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Plantae
Archaea
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
• The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.
• In recent years, scientists have determined the entire sequence of nucleotides in the human genome.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolutionary Adaptation – Charles Darwin
How evolution really works http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evoluti
on/library/11/2/e_s_4.html
Evolutionary Adaptation of populations Populations: groups of organisms belonging to the
same species
Populations • Genetic diversity • Over production of Offspring • Under influence of external factors • Differential reproductive success (Natural Selection)
Populations adapt to their surrounding and evolve
Wrap-up • Defining life by properties of being alive (6+1)
• Order of structural hierarchy levels of the living world
– Ascending/up & descending/down
– emergent properties
• Unifying themes
– Form and function
– Cell Theory & types of cells
– Genetic material- DNA
– Evolution & biologic diversity
– Scientific Method and approaches (Lab)
