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PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES I:
ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES Cargando, Debei
Fajardo, Laiza
Ferrer, Liezel
Pajarillaga, Shara
Ramos, Angeli
INTRODUCTION
MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
Quality of a cell’s plasma membrane that allows substances to pass in and out of the cell
Cell membranes have SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY.
The membrane will allow certain substances to pass while forming a barrier against others.
Dependent upon the bilayer structure of the cell membrane
CELL MEMBRANE
barrier between the inside of the cell (ICF: cytoplasm and organelles) and the outside of the cell (ECF)
there is a constant and dynamic exchange of substances between the two fluids
CELL MEMBRANE
flexible lipid bilayer phospholipid
polar, hydrophilic head 2 hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails spontaneously bury the tails together and leave the hydrophilic
heads exposed automatically fixes itself when torn
3 major classes of lipid molecules: (1) phospholipids, (2) cholesterol, (3) glycolipids diff membranes have diff ratios of the 3 lipids
surface proteins functions: (1) cell surface receptors, (2) enzymes, (3) surface
antigens, (4) transporters also has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
hydrophilic region: help anchor the protein inside the cell membrane can be classified as (1) intrinsic / integral or (2) extrinsic / peripheral
IMPORTANCE OF MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
the cells can extract the amino acids, fatty acids, sugars and vitamins it needs to carry out its daily functions
enables chemical messengers, such as hormones, to enter the cell and either trigger / inhibit some function of the cell as necessary
allows the exit and release of waste products after the cells create hormones, neurotransmitters,
proteins and other substances required by the body, MP allows these substances to exit the cell
prevents harmful substances from infiltrating the cell
ensures that the cell does not lose too much of its precious fluids and proteins at any one time
METHODOLOGY &
GUIDE QUESTIONS
Solution A
0.20 g NaCl
50 ml dH20
Solution B
0.20 g NaCl
50 ml
gelatin soln
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF GELATIN?
GELATIN
Comes from the thermal denaturation of collagen, isolated from animal skin and bones, with very dilute acid.
Gelatin is only partially soluble in cold water, however dry gelatin swells or hydrates when stirred into water. On warming to about 40°C gelatin that has been allowed to hydrate for about 30 minutes melts to give a uniform solution.
A protein food composed of 18 amino acids.
GELATIN
What is the purpose of the 5% gelatin solution in solution B?
The 5% gelatin solution simulates the inside of an animal cell. It contains proteins and peptides that are impermeable to the longganisa skin, which acts as the membrane.
Soln
A
Soln
B
Maintain distance
Soln BB
WHY LABEL SOLUTION BB DIFFERENTLY
FROM SOLUTION B?
Solution B → Solution BB
Concentration difference (permeating solute)
results in diffusion from area of high
concentration to low concentration
Solution BB has more Cl- ions because of
diffusion from solution A to B along the
concentration gradient
Soln A
0.5 ml
Soln A
0.5 ml
Soln A +
50 uL
Potassium
Chromate
+ Silver
Nitrate
25 uL
increments
WHY USE SILVER NITRATE?
Silver nitrate can react with the chloride ions of the NaCl in the solution.
Forms a while solid ppt -> AgCl-
Chemical reaction:
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl- + NO3-
WHY USE POTASSIUM CHROMATE?
Potassium chromate was used because it indicates that there are no more chloride ions present in the solution. Excess silver nitrate (from the silver nitrate-chloride reaction) reacts
with potassium chromate
Product: silver chromate
(brick red ppt)
K2CrO4 →2K+ + CrO42+
Ag+ + CrO42+ → Ag2CrO4
-
DISCUSSION
Solution Amount of Silver
Nitrate (uL)
Computed moles of
Cl
A 725 ?
BB 250 ?
Conversion factor:
Each 50 µL portion of AgNO3
represent 1 mg of NaCl / mL
General Formula:
Molecula
r weight
Simple
conversion AgNO3 + Cl- AgCl- + NO3
-
COMPUTATIONS
For Soln A:
= 2.48 x 10 -4 mol Cl-
725
COMPUTATIONS
For Soln BB:
= 8.55 x 10 -5 mol Cl-
250
Solution Amount of Silver
Nitrate (uL)
Computed moles of
Cl
A 725 2.48 x 10 -4
BB 250 8.55 x 10 -5
GIBBS-DONNAN RULE
the presence of a nonpermeating charged solute on one side of a membrane results in an equilibrium in which each permeating charged solute is more concentrated on one side than the other
The final distribution of all ions will satisfy 3 requirements:
i. the total number of cations and anions on the same side of the semi-permeable membrane will be equal
# of cations = # of anions protein
# of cations = # of anions
ii. on the side containing the protein, the number of diffusible ANIONS present will be less and the number of diffusible CATIONS will be greater than on the other side of the semi-permeable membrane
# of cations
# of anions
protein
# of cations
# of anions
>
<
iii. the osmotic pressure on the side containing the protein anion will be slightly greater than on the side without protein anions
GIBBS-DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM IN SET-UP
Na+
Protein –
Na+
Cl –
Starting condition
membrane
Sol B Sol A
Initial concentrations (molar) N
a+
Pro
tein
–
Na+
Cl –
Na+
Protein—
Cl –
Na+
Cl –
Net diffusional movements during approach to equilibrium
membrane
Sol B Sol A
Final concentrations (molar)
Na
+
Na
+
Cl–
Na+
Cl –
Pro
tein
– C
l–
Sol BB Sol A
[Na]1 [Cl]1 = [Na]2 [Cl]2
Final concentrations (molar)
Na
+
Cl–
Sol BB Sol A
Pro
tein
– C
l–
Na
+
Solution Amount of Silver
Nitrate (uL)
Computed moles of
Cl
A 725 2.48 x 10 -4
BB 250 8.55 x 10 -5
HOW DOES THIS PHENOMENON AFFECT
THE GENERATION OF A MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL IN LIVING CELLS?
Aside from generating a concentration gradient, there is also a difference of electrical potential at equilibrium, with the nonpermeating solute having the charge of that solute.
Na+
Protein—
Cl –
Na+
Cl –
membrane
Sol B Sol A
Na+
Cl –
REFERENCES
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_membranes.html
http://www.biologymad.com/cells/cellmembrane.htm
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-membrane-permeability.htm
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hygel.html
http://www.gelatin.co.za/gltn1.html
http://www.gmap-gelatin.com/about_gelatin_comp.html