Exercise Science

Exercise Physiology

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology – the physiological

responses that occur in the body during exercise. We will also discuss how these responses can be manipulated and trained to elicit desired results and benefits

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Principles

Consistency - (most important)

Progression

Overload

Specificity

Reversibility

Exercise PhysiologyComponents of Health Related Fitness

Cardiorespiratory

Exercise Physiology Muscular Strength

Exercise Physiology Muscular Endurance (conditioning)

Exercise Physiology Flexibility

Exercise Physiology Body Composition

Exercise Physiology Balance

Exercise Physiology

Physiology of the Cardiorespiratory System

Components of Cardiorespiratory System: Heart Lungs Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) Blood

Cardiac Cycle: Systole Diastole

Exercise PhysiologyPhysiology of the Cardiorespiratory System

Vocabulary Heart Rate (RHR, Ex HR) Stroke Volume Cardiac Output (SV x HR = CO) Ejection Fraction Ischemia

Angina Pectoris (heart) Myocardial Infarction (heart) Cerebral Vascular Accident (Brain) …Stroke…

Exercise PhysiologyGeneral Training Effects (CV)

VO2max – Intake, Delivery, UTILIZATION of O2 Lungs – External, Internal & Cellular respiration Heart – SV, HR, CO, EF

Metabolism Anaerobic Metabolism – the productions of energy

within the body in the absence of O2 Aerobic Metabolism – the production of energy

within the body in the presence of O2

Exercise PhysiologyFuel Sources

Glucose (4Kcals/g) most utilized Glycogen – stored form of glucose

Fat (9Kcals/g) most caloricaly dense

Protein (4Kcals/g)

Exercise Physiology

Outside MitochondriaLactic Acid (waste)

Anaerobic Metabolism

-O2 +O2

(-O2)

Anaerobic Enzymes

Energy(2 ATP)

Outside Mitochondria

Inside Mitochondria

Lactic Acid (waste)

Anaerobic Metabolism Aerobic Metabolism

Beta Oxidation(Fat Metabolism)

-O2 +O2

-O2+O2

Anaerobic Enzymes

ENERGY(36 ATP)

Energy(2 ATP)

(waste)

Exercise PhysiologyMechanical Adaptations to the Cardiorespiratory

System due to Aerobic Activity Increase Lung Function

Increase ability of external respiration Increase ability of internal respiration Increase ability of cellular respiration

Increase Cardiac Efficiency Decrease Heart Rate at any given workload Increase Stroke Volume Increase Ejection Fraction Increase Cardiac Output Increase Capillarization

Increase VO2 Max

Exercise PhysiologyPhysiological Adaptations to the Cardiorespiratory System

due to Aerobic Activity Increase ability of cellular respiration Increase quantity of Anaerobic & Aerobic enzymes Increase glycogen storage Increase accessibility to glucose Increase fat utilization Decrease the production rate of lactic acid Increase the tolerance to lactic acid (anaerobic threshold) Increase Mitochondria density (# & Size) Increase VO2 Max

Exercise PhysiologyMetabolic Equivalent – 3.5ml/kg/min

F. I. T. T. Principle Frequency

Intensity

Type

Time

Exercise PhysiologyCardiorespiratory Miscellaneous Items…

Benefits of Regular Aerobic Activity Effects of Environment

Altitude Heat Cold

Exercise PhysiologySkeletal Muscle Anatomy & Physiology

Exercise PhysiologyNecessary Elements of Skeletal Muscle

Contraction Nervous Impulse Energy (ATP) O2 (if sustained)

Exercise PhysiologySliding Filament Theory

Exercise PhysiologySliding Filament Theory Cont…

Exercise Physiology Muscle Contraction – ALL or NOTHING Force Generation of Muscular Contraction

Muscle Size # of Contracting Fibers Motor Unit Recruitment Length Tension Relationship

Isometric Contraction Isotonic

Concentric Eccentric

Isokinetic

Exercise Physiology Muscle Fiber Type

Slow Twitch (Type 1, Red Fibers, Oxidative Fibers) Fast Twitch (Type II, White Fibers, Glycolitic Fibers) Fiber Distribution – Genetic? Or Trainable? Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy – increase in muscle fiber size Hyperplasia – increase in # of muscle fibers

Exercise PhysiologyMechanical Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle to

Resistive Training Increase Cross-sectional area Increase Tensile Strength of Muscle & Connective

Tissue Increase Motor Unit recruitment Decrease Nervous Inhibition Increase Neural Control Decrease Repair Time

Exercise PhysiologyPhysiological Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle

to Resistive Training Increased Actin & Myosin Increased # of Cross-Bridges Decrease Nervous Inhibition Increased Anaerobic Enzymes Increased Mitochondrial Density (# & size) Increased Anaerobic Threshold

Exercise Physiology Golgi Tendon Organ

Sensor – Prevents too much force production

Exercise Physiology Musculotendonis Unit

Exercise Physiology Muscle Sorness

Immediate Onset Delayed Muscle Soreness