Ex. 22 - Forced Landing Ex. 22 – Forced Landing. Ex. 22 - Forced Landing What you will learn: How to select a landing site and carry out a safe forced

Ex. 22 - Forced Landing

Ex. 22 – Forced Landing


What you will learn:

How to select a landing site and carry out a safe forced approach and landing after an in-flight engine failure.

OBJECTIVE


Why learn this: Today’s planes are very reliable and engine

failures are very rare – but they do happen

The best way to deal with an engine failure is to prevent it by:

thorough walk-arounds ensuring that plane’s inspection and maintenance schedules

are followed careful flight planning (do you have enough fuel?) using proper in-flight procedures to avoid engine shock-

cooling, engine over-heating, carb ice formation etc.

However, it is important to be able to execute a safe forced landing should you still end up in a situation that requires one.

MOTIVATION


Links:LINKS

You have already practiced:

gliding for range and estimating your touch-down point

selecting a good landing site

estimating wind speed and direction

All of these will help you in performing forced approaches.


Let’s see how much you already know:Q How can you estimate wind direction?

Q What are some characteristics of a good landing site?

Q What is the definition of best glide speed, and what is the best glide speed for your aircraft, for no-wind conditions?

Q How is best glide speed affected by wind?

Q When gliding, how can you estimate your touchdown point?

Q How can you correct the situation if it appears that you’re going to touch down beyond the desired touch-down point (i.e., you are too high)?

Q How can you correct the situation if it appears that you are going to touch down short of the desired touch-down point (i.e., you are too low)?

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - TKT


Theories and Definitions: Estimating Wind Speed and Direction

Selecting a Landing Site

Circuit Forced Landing Pattern

360o Forced Landing Pattern

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS


Estimating Wind Speed and Direction Visual indication of wind direction & speed

Smoke

Water, crops or tall grass ripples

Trees (some types of trees have light-coloured underside exposed on upwind side)

Birds usually land into the wind

If no visual indication available, recall area forecasts and observe ground speed and in-flight drift.



Selecting a Landing Site: Roads


Often a good option, but must consider hard-to-see obstructions

MEDIANS

TRAFFIC

SIGNS

LAMP POSTS,HYDRO POLES


Selecting a Landing Site: Fields


Your choices may be more limited than for a precautionary landing – need to pick best available field. Try to avoid:

DARK GREEN FIELDS (tall vegetation)

DARK BROWN FIELDS (moisture)

CONTOUR PLOUGHING


Circuit Forced Landing Pattern


HIGH KEY~1000’ AGL LOW KEY

~500’ AGL

How do you know what ASL figure corresponds to 1000’ AGL?

Why not aim for the very beginning of the field?

What can you do if you are too high at the high key point?

Too low?

What can you do if you are too high at the low key point?

Too low?

• Carb heat hot• Best glide speed• Pick a field and key points


360o Forced Landing PatternTHEORIES & DEFINITIONS

LOW KEY(fpm descent) + 200

FINAL KEY(fpm descent)/2 + 200

What can you do if you are too high at the high key point?

Too low?

What can you do if you are too high at the low key point?

Too low?

Rate 1 TurnHow long does it take to complete a 360o turn at rate 1?

When descending at best glide speed, how much will you descend in that time?

HIGH KEY2 x (fpm descent) + 200


360o Forced Landing PatternTHEORIES & DEFINITIONS


Procedures Forced Landing

PROCEDURES


Forced LandingPROCEDURES

Carb heat, best glide speed

Pick a field and key points

Establish approach

When practicing: engine warm-ups every 500 feet!

Cause check, try engine restart (use emergency checklist if time permits)

Transponder 7700, MAYDAY call

Secure engine (leave master on) power and mixture off

fuel off

mags off

Passenger briefing

Once field is made: full flaps

master off

crack door open prior to touchdown.


Considerations This procedure deals with engine failure with some

altitude available. Right after take-off or in traffic pattern you may not have enough time for all checks and calls. Concentrate on flying a good approach

In cruise, constantly be on look-out for good fields within gliding distance. There are many small, unmarked landing strips – see if you can notice those (parked planes are a big give-away). Prior to take-off, familiarize yourself with local terrain to know what the options available to you are

Good news: most forced landings are survivable – if you don’t stall the plane! Don’t try to “stretch a glide” by raising the nose and losing airspeed.

CONSIDERATIONS


SAFETYSAFETY

! Keep an eye on your airspeed and angle of bank!

! When practicing, conduct engine warm-ups every 500’ (to avoid shock-cooling the engine)

! When practicing solo, do not descend below 500’ AGL

! Aim to be slightly high on final in case wind shear or downdraft cause unanticipated altitude loss

! Keep calm and offer reassurance to your passengers. And you did remember to do a thorough pax briefing BEFORE even getting into the plane, right?


Conclusion

This exercise prepares you for dealing with one of the most challenging in-flight emergencies

After mastering the forced landing, you will be ready to venture beyond the practice area and actually go places!

Read for next lesson: Ex. 23, Navigation.

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS?

Documents

Ex. 22 - Forced Landing Ex. 22 – Forced Landing. Ex. 22 - Forced Landing What you will learn: How to select a landing site and carry out a safe forced