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Copyright © 2012 Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. All rights reserved. A Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore

Evolution Of

Cabin CrewTraining

Allan TangPrincipal training Specialist

Importance of Training

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Importance of Training…..Then the captain ordered the evacuation of the aircraft

and the Cabin Manager instinctively jumped to action.

"I wasn't really thinking, but my body started carrying

out the steps needed for an evacuation. I was only

thinking about rescuing the next passenger."

Cabin Manager Lee Yong Hye

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ICAO Cabin Crew Training

Requirements

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ICAO Requirements

� ICAO Annexes contain SARPs

� Adopted by Council of ICAO

� Serve as minimum Standards

applicable to international

civil aviation.

� Following Annexes comprise SARPs related to cabin safety.

Safety & Emergency Procedures TrainingAnnex 6, Part I - Paragraph 12.4

� Operator shall establish/maintain training programme

� Completed by all persons before being assigned as cabin crew

� Approved by State of the Operator

� Cabin crew members shall complete recurrent training

� Annually

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Dangerous Goods TrainingTechnical Instructions Doc 9284, Part 1 Chapter 4

� DG training for cabin crew members includes:a) General philosophyb) Limitations c) Labelling and markingd) Recognition of undeclared dangerous

goodsa) Provisions for passengers and crewb) Emergency procedures

� Training required regardless of whether operator is approved to transport dangerous goods or not.

Security Training

Annex 6, Part I - Paragraph 13.4

� Operator shall establish/maintain approved security training programme

� Crew members act in most appropriate manner to minimize consequences of unlawful interference

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Annex 19

� Safety Management

� State Safety Programme

� Service providers’ safety management systems

� Including air operators

ICAO Standards

Historical Background

ICAO Annex 6 Part I

� The first edition of ICAO Annex 6 Part I

(Operations of Schedules International Air Services ) was first issued in September 1949.

� It was priced at 25 cents (Canadian currency in Montreal).

� There was no mention of cabin attendant or cabin crew in the document.

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ICAO Standards

ICAO Standards

� Some 18 years later……

Safety Training

� 1967 – Introduction of a chapter “Cabin Attendant ” requiring the approval of training programme.

� Training programme to cover:

(a) carrying out duties during in flight emergency or

situation requiring an emergency evacuation ;

(b) use of emergency and life saving equipment;

(c) Use of Oxygen; and

(d) awareness of other crew members duties and functions.

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ICAO Standards

ICAO Standards

ICAO Annex 6 Part I ( International

Commercial Air Transport)

� Some 7 years or 25 years later again …..

Security Training

� 1974 – Introduction of the requirement for crew member to be trained to act in the most appropriate manner to minimise the consequences of acts of unlawful interference.

Note: Crew member is defined as “a person

assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time.”

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ICAO Standards

ICAO Standards

Another 9 years or 34 years later …..

� Dangerous Goods Training for cabin crew was introduced in Annex 6 Part I in 1983.

� ……ensure each cabin attendant is:

(a)…

(e) awareness of the types of dangerous goods which may, and may not, be carried in a passenger cabin and has completed the dangerous goods training programme

required by Annex 18.

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CRM TRAINING

� Since early 1990s. CRM training has been extended to Cabin Crew who has a shared responsibility to safety. Some airlines also initiated joint flight and cabin crew CRM training.

� Current Cabin Crew CRM training

covers the elimination, trapping

and mitigating errors and

identifying systemic threats

to safety.

New ICAO Document 10002 –

Cabin Crew

Safety Training

Manual

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A Joint Industry-Regulatory Effort

New ICAO Doc 10002

� ICAO (Annex 6 - Part 1) requires initial and recurrent cabin crew safety training.

� ICAO has developed new guidance material for Cabin Crew Safety Training Manual

(Doc 10002).

� Replaces ICAO Doc 7192 dated 1996.

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New ICAO Doc 10002

New Materials in the Manual covers:

� Cabin Crew Training Requirements and qualifications

� Training Facilities and Devices

� Competency Based Training

� SMS Training for Cabin Crew

� In Charge Cabin Crew Training

� Fatigue Management Training

� Management aspects of Cabin Safety Training Programme

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Competency Based Training

� Understanding Competency-based Training

� Traditional aviation training programmes are designed to acquire standards established to meet qualifications of licence, rating or privilege.

� Embedded in national regulations.

� Standards expressed in quantitative terms

- prescribe training programme “inputs”.

� Programme design and content influenced by Authority’s testing criteria and methods.

Competency Based Training

� Focused training on:� Job performance

� Adult learner

� Competencies are observable

and measurable.

� Training is adaptable.

� Better prepares cabin crew for on-the-job requirements.

� Tools to improve quality of training.

� Skills acquired may be transferable.

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Competency Based TrainingWhy Move Towards Cabin Crew Competency-based Training?

� Ensure cabin crew members are proficient to perform duties & responsibilities.

� Establish international baseline for cabin crew competencies.

� Encompasses safety, security and emergency training

Competency Based Training � Competency-based Training & Assessment

� Competency-based approaches characterized by:

– Emphasis on job performance

– Knowledge & skills required to perform

on the job

� Competency-based training aims at progressively building and integrating knowledge and skills required for

competency job performance.

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Competency Based Training � Competency-based Training &

Assessment….( Contd)

� Competency based assessments aim at measuring how well competencies necessary for the job are.

� Demonstrated to specified performance standards.

Crew In Charge Training

� Since 1990s, some States introduced initial training for

Crew In Charge to enable them to carry out specific tasks

during normal, abnormal and emergency situations

effectively.

� The training includes the coordination with flight and cabin

crew, the management of the cabin, interface with other

personnel (e.g. ground crew) and administrative tasks

related to the cabin operations.

� New ICAO Doc 10002 recommends Crew In Charge to

receive both initial and periodic training.

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Cabin Safety Training Devices

� Many States approve Cabin Safety training devices (e.g.

cabin mock up, emergency exits, fire fighting training

facilities).

� This is to enhance Cabin Crew training by providing an

accurate representation of :

(a) Cabin Crew and passenger seat location,

dimension and seat pitch.

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Cabin Safety Training Devices

(b) emergency equipment and its location in

the aircraft.

(c) extent of movement and the required

associated force for the exits and

equipment.

(d) Markings and lightings of the aircraft

cabin.

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Cabin Safety Training Devices

(e) Communications equipment and

associated control panels.

(f) Evacuation slides, including normal and

standby methods of operation.

(g) Height and angle of inflated evacuation

slides.

� New ICAO Doc 10002 provides guidance for

States to approve/accept Training devices.

Trainee to Instructor Ratio

� New ICAO Doc 10002 recommends the following:

Computer Based Training 30: 1

Classroom environment 20 : 1

Practical Instructions 10: 1*

* Individual hands-on exercises on safety and

emergency equipment versus group simulated exercises may prompt an adjustment of the proposed trainee to instructor ratio.

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SMS Training

� Requirements for SMS training for Cabin Crew is also being addressed in Doc 10002.

� Training in SMS is defined as training which focuses on the role that the individual cabin

crew members play within the operator’s

SMS and how their contributions fit in the

bigger picture of safety management at the

overarching organizational level.

SMS Training

� During training, cabin crew should be shown how to fill in a hazard report (or an occurrence report) and submit it to management. If the operator has specific forms for different types of hazards or occurrences, all the different forms should be covered during training.

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First ICAO Regional Workshop on Cabin Crew Safety Training

Manual in AsiaSingapore Aviation Academy

23 to 25 July 2014

New Challenges for Cabin Crew Training

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DNA of Cabin CrewWhen marching to the beat of the drum…….

CABIN

CREW

New Challenges

Next Generation of Aviation Professionals

� Strawberry Generation – Expensive, nice to look at, but

very easily bruised.

� High Expectations – Good theoretical knowledge due to

information technology. Believe their theoretical

knowledge can solve the world’s problem with minimum

effort and maximum effect.

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New Challenges

Next Generation of Aviation Professionals

� Demanding – From Day 1, expects a high salary and be

assigned with heavy responsibilities. They believe they

can solve the world ‘s problem.

� Sensitive - Cannot accept criticism and would give up

easily once they meet an obstacle.

New Challenges

Next Generation of Aviation Professionals

� Loves Technology and want to use it.

� Strangely most of them still prefers hard copy of Cabin

Crew Safety Manual during training.

� A combination of self paced learning, classroom learning

and hands on learning is recommended.

� Have short attention span. More practical training should

be provided for retention of information.

� Use realistic practical training scenario.

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New ChallengesCompetency Based Training Vs

Minimum Operating Experience

� Some countries require a Crew In Charge to have a

minimum operating experience of one year.

� ICAO does not provide any guideline for the minimum

operating experience of a Crew In Charge.

� With the introduction of competency based training, the

need for minimum operating experience is now

debateable.

Competency Based Training VsMinimum Operating Experience

“Regardless of the quality of training being provided, a

minimum operating experience is required particularly for

the Crew In Charge. This minimum experience should be

subject to the complexity of the aircraft operations. It cannot

be a one size fits all requirement. Had I only have one year

of operating experience as mandated by many countries, I

doubt I could have handle the situation as competently as I

did in this particular incident.”

Michael Von Reth

Customer Service Manager

A-380 QANTAS

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New Challenges

Licensing of Cabin Crew

� ICAO Annex 1 does not require Cabin Crew to be licensed

but many countries license their Cabin Crew and this trend

is increasing.

� The New ICAO Document 1002 provides some guidelines

on cabin crew qualifications.

� If a State licences its Cabin Crew, the licensing process is

must not be merely a paper exercise but should incorporate

changes to address the training and competency of Cabin

Crew.

Final Thoughts� No two accidents are identical.

� The relentless, thorough and repetitive training on emergency procedures can provide only the tools, not the solution for crew to handle an emergency.

� No amount of training can cover each particular situation.

� Prepare to expect the unexpected.

� There are no text book procedures on how to react and respond to each and every situation.

� The greatest challenge in Training is to produce Cabin Crew who can to think on their feet, perform as required in a positive, confident and calm manner during any unexpected situation.

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Final Words…..

Evolution of Cabin Crew Training

- Thank You-

Copyright © 2012 Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. All rights reserved. A Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore