Eustace Ebenezer Turner, 1893-1966 - Royal Societyrsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/14/449.full... · EUSTACE EBENEZER TURNER 1893-1966 Elected F.R.S. 1939 Eustace

Eustace Ebenezer Turner, 1893-1966

Christopher Ingold

1968, 449-467, published 1 November141968 Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.

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EUSTACE EBENEZER TURNER

1893-1966

Elected F.R.S. 1939

Eustace Ebenezer T urner was born in London on 22 May 1893. His father, John Turner, had as a young man left the village of Finchingfield, Essex, which had been the home of the Turners for many generations, for a business career in London, eventually as a piano merchant. Eustace Turner’s mother, Annie Elizabeth, n Coates, came from Windermere: she was of Lakeland stock. Eustace was the youngest of a family of three children: his brother was nine years older and his sister three years older than himself. It seems to have been a plain-living, serious-minded household. Both parents were active in church work. Of the life of the children, Eustace wrote: ‘We children had no money to spend on amusements, and as a result learned to take pleasure in such things as woodworking. My brother and I made electrical apparatus, and we had a chemical bench, first in a bedroom and later in a garden shed. In the latter we had no running water, and used a spirit lamp for heating. Every summer we all went to Finchingfield for our holiday, and lived as members of the village community. Long walks and amateur fishing were our main occupations. Until I was twenty, I had never seen the inside of a theatre or even of a picture palace.I had only twice seen the sea, and the North Sea at that.’

After primary school, Eustace Turner entered the Coopers’ Company’s School early in 1906. His interest in this period was caught by both English and science. He shared the former interest with his sister, soon to study English under W. P. Ker in University College, and there to achieve the distinction in that school of first-class honours in the B.A. She helped Eustace and guided his reading. His brother, whose boyish laboratory undertakings Eustace had assisted, was now a student of chemistry under William Ramsay in University College. By watching Ramsay he had learned glass-blowing; and by watching his brother Eustace learned glass-blowing. When leaving school in 1910, he was awarded the school Essay Prize, and an Exhibition which took him to East London College (now Queen Mary College). In 1911, when his father died and money became short in the family, the Drapers’ Company awarded him an Exhibition to maintain him at College. He graduated B.Sc. in 1913, being placed first in the first-class honours list for chemistry.

His professor of chemistry was J. T. Hewitt, who, Turner says, was449



Vastly stimulating, and made all branches of chemistry seem equally interesting’. Turner’s laboratory work was so good that he was able to spend much of his undergraduate period assisting F. G. Pope in a research. He came to know, and to make lifelong friendships with Clarence Smith, G. M. Bennett, and A. D. Mitchell. The last-named left with the writer some vivid oral pictures of the excitement of life with Hewitt. He was, it seems, liable at any moment to rush into the laboratory, waving the last number of the Berichte or Annalen, collect a group round him, and explain to them what Werner, or Knorr, or someone else, had just done.

Turner had one postgraduate year in East London College, where, at his own suggestion and with Hewitt’s agreement, he started a course, never before given in the College, on practical physical chemistry. He also completed a successful research with G. M. Bennett. In 1914 he accepted an Assistant Lectureship in the Goldsmith’s College, but almost immediately became caught up in chemical work for the 1914-1918 war. Some of this was on medicinals and was largely done during a few months spent at Boots’ Laboratories, Nottingham, and in a similarly short time at Huddersfield Technical College. Then for the rest of the war period, he became assistant to W. J. Pope in Cambridge for work under the Chemical Warfare Department. Turner’s work in this capacity was mainly on arsenicals.

In 1919, Turner went to take up a Lectureship in Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Prior to this, remarkable as it appears in all circumstances, he had already published several papers on organo-metal chemistry and organic chemistry (1-7);* but the work thus reported had been done in broken time and in otherwise difficult conditions. The two years spent in Sydney gave him the best opportunity he had yet had to pursue sustained research. This he did, largely with G. J. Burrows, on two main themes, viz. the constitution of organo-metal complexes as elucidated by physical methods, and new types of organo-arsenic compounds (8-19). The point of the latter work was that asymmetrically constituted arsonium salts had attained notoriety for resisting attempts optically to resolve them. Burrows and Turner did demonstrate optical activity in an arsonium salt (14).

In Sydney in 1921, Turner married Beryl Osborne Wyndham. She was a member of the Wyndham family, of whose history, going back to Norman times, two volumes written by the Hon. Hugh Wyndham have been published, whilst a third volume is expected. Their daughter, Patricia Wyndham Turner, was born in 1923.

While in Sydney, Turner obtained a more interesting vacation than usually comes the way of a chemist by joining an anthropological expedition under W. E. Armstrong, which, by foot and canoe and with the help of many native porters, crossed New Guinea from the south coast to Milne Bay.

In 1921 Turner returned to England to take up a post at the Research* The numbers in parentheses refer to the serially numbered Bibliography at the end of this

Memoir.

450 Biographical Memoirs



Eustace Ebenezcr Turner 451Department of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. What he did there was secret and has never been disclosed.

In 1923 he returned to academic work, rejoining his Alma Mater, East London College, as Senior Lecturer in Chemistry. J. R. Partington was now the head of the chemistry department, and, master of physical chemistry and learned historian of science as he was, the catholicity of chemical enthusiasm which had been Hewitt’s was missed, and Turner had an obvious gap to fill. This he did with infective energy throughout the years 1922-1928 of his second period at the College.

This period was marked by great productivity, some in the domain of physical and inorganic chemistry, some in metal complex chemistry concerned with either inorganic or organic ligands and much in organic chemistry, especially in problems of reactivity in relation to structure, problems of the class later to be described as physical organic chemistry (20-50). Towards the end of the period at East London College he collaborated with one of his students, having a drive and enthusiasm matching his own: R. J. W. LeFevre. They published eleven papers together in 1926-1928, mainly on the orientation of electrophilic substitution in biphenyl compounds. The main outcome was the clearing up of the comedy of errors which had led to belief in the incorrect formula proposed by Kaufler for biphenyl, and thus to the discovery of conformational isomerism in the aromatic series, a decade before this phenomenon was discovered in the alkane series by Pitzer and others. To Turner, the problem which he solved with LeFevre was an old one. In 1915 he had published a paper throwing doubt on the Kaufler formula, and particularly on the sort of evidence on which Kaufler had relied (4).

In 1907 Kaufler had proposed the ‘folded’ configuration (I) for biphenyl and its derivatives, in particular for its 4,4'-diamino-derivative, benzidine. Of course, it involved ideas about stereochemical configuration very different from any previously considered; but such ideas were not then controlled by physical measurement, and hence they were less firmly and immutably accepted than they would be today. Consistently, Kaufler regarded the naphthalene structure as sharply folded about the bond common to the two rings. None of these ideas could then be rejected as absurd. Kaufler’s most important argument for the folded structure (I) of biphenyl was that a number of derivatives of benzidine had been described as having both nitrogen atoms included in the same ring, when prepared by diacylating the diamine with a derivative of a dibasic acid, such as oxalic or phthalic acid. Some of the cited compounds claimed to have such a macrocyclic structure were not well characterized; but benzidine phthalate had well-established properties, composition, and molecular weight. In 1915 Turner had tried to strengthen this evidence by producing other macrocyclic derivatives of benzidine by condensation of benzidine with difunctional reagents, such as phenanthraquinone and acetylacetone. He had failed, and had drawn the conclusion that the amino-groups of benzidine were not near together (4).



452Finally in 1926, Turner and LeFevre (34) showed that the best investigated of Kaufler’s examples, benzidine phthalate, had not the structure (II) which had been assigned to it, but had the unsymmetrical structure (III):

Biographical Memoirs

( I )

c NH.CO

■NH.CO

(ID

In the meantime, another line of evidence had been building up in support of Kaufler’s concept, namely, a supposed stereoisomerism of cis-trans type among 2,2'- or 3,3'-disubstituted biphenyls. The first examples were two dinitrobenzidines. In 1872 Strakosh had prepared one of them by nitration of diacetyl-benzidine. Brunner and With subsequently showed that it was S^'-dinitrobenzidine. In 1884 Bandrowski nitrated diphthaloyl-benzidine. He thus obtained two dinitrobenzidines, and assumed that the highermelting of the two was identical with Strakosh’s substance. In 1912, these two substances were reinvestigated by Cain, Coulthard and Micklethwait, who showed that they were different. Strakosh’s diamine, on oxidation of its acetyl derivative, gave 4-acetamino-3-nitrobenzoic acid. Bandrowski’s diamine gave the same oxidation product, but only in low yield. Strakosh’s diamine on reduction to the tetra-amine, and subsequent condensation with benzil, gave a diquinoxaline. Bandrowski’s diamine on similar treatment gave the same diquinoxaline. The conclusion was drawn that both rings of both Strakosh’s and Bandrowski’s dinitrobenzidine had ortho-amino- nitro-substituents, and that therefore the isomers were stereoisomeric forms of 3,3'-dinitrobenzidine (IV). A stereoisomeric change was assumed in order to account for the identity of the diquinoxalines.

Turner and his co-workers had cleared up this confused story by 1926. By nitration of 4,4'-dichloro- and 4,4'-dibromo-biphenyl, they obtained as main products the 2,3'-dinitro-derivatives. This was demonstrable by the difference of lability of halogens ortho- and meta- to nitro-groups (27). By nitration of the diacetyl derivative of 2-nitrobenzidine they obtained 2,3,-dinitrobenzidine (V), and proved its structure by replacing the amino- group by bromine atoms, so to obtain the known 2,3'-dinitro-4,4'-di- bromobiphenyl. They then prepared Bandrowski’s dinitrobenzidine, and found that when fully purified it was identical with 2,3'-dinitrobenzidine (30). This compound on reduction and subsequent reaction with benzil did not give any of the diquinoxaline, so easily thus obtained from Strakosh’s dinitrobenzidine. But if Bandrowski’s dinitrobenzidine was purified to the



melting point of Cain, Coulthard, and Micklethwait’s product (a little below the melting point of the pure compound), then it did yield a small amount of diquinoxaline on reduction and subsequent coupling with benzil. Evidently an impurity in the crude form of Bandrowski’s diamine was Strakosh’s diamine. Thus the stereoisomerism which Kaufler’s structure would have explained was in reality position isomerism, and the supposed stereoisomeric change was illusory.

Eustace Ebenezer Turner 453

3,3'—Dinitrobenzidine (Strakosh)

N02 no22,3'—Dinitrobenzidins

(Bandrowski)

If Strakosh and Bandrowski’s dinitrobenzidines really had been isomers in a Kaufler biphenyl structure, the trans isomer would have been optically resolvable. In the early 1920’s, Kenner and his co-workers believed that they had a second case of cis-trans isomers in a Kaufler biphenyl structure. These isomers were two supposedly stereoisomeric forms of 6,6'- dinitro-diphenic acid (VI). This presumed stereoisomerism went the way of that of the dinitrobenzidines. By 1926 it had been made clear that the two dinitrodiphenic acids were position isomers: one was 4,6'-dinitro- and the other 6,6'-dinitro-diphenic acid. But before this clarification had occurred, already in 1922, Christie and Kenner had deduced that the isomer which they then regarded as the /ra/zj-stereo-isomer, and which was in fact the 6,deposition isomer, should be optically resolvable; and they had tried to resolve it, and had succeeded.

(VI)

This fact stood firm throughout the next four years while every prop supporting the concept which had led to its discovery, viz. the Kaufler structure for biphenyl, was being swept away, largely by Turner. In 1926, three articles appeared, one by LeFevre and Turner (32), one by Bell and Kenyon, and one by W. H. Mills, in that order but within a few weeks of one another, all addressed to the rationalizing of the discovery of Christie and Kenner. They took somewhat similar lines, though with progressively increasing simplicity and clarity. The biphenyl axis was linear, but the rings were conformationally twisted from coplanarity by



non-bonding interactions between the substituents. This was how conformational isomerism in the aromatic series was discovered, and the way opened for development work, which was started at once in several countries and was continued for many years. Turner himself took an active part in it.

In 1928 Turner left Queen Mary College to become Head of the Department of Organic Chemistry in Bedford College for Women. This was the last move of his academic life. In the federal University of London he was given the title of Reader at this time, though 16 years later, when he had been Fellow of the Royal Society for 5 years, his title was raised to that of Professor.

Throughout his career in London, he did an exceptionally large amount of voluntary work, much of it for the University of London. For 14 years he was Secretary of its Board of Studies in Chemistry, and for 4 years he was Chairman of this body. For 10 years he was Chairman of its Board of Examiners for External Candidates, and Chairman of the Special Relations Board for Southampton, Exeter, Leicester and Hull. For 4 years he was Chairman of the Central Research Fund Committee of the University. Completely naturally and without effort he kept all committees of which he was chairman in good humour by his witty turns of phrase. One remembered them with great pleasure long after the meetings were over. The expression in the photograph is one which he often wore when savouring the humour of a situation.

As if his teaching and research, and his administrative and Committee work for his College and the University, were not enough, he worked also for the national chemical organizations. In particular, he served on the Council of the Chemical Society; and for 21 years was an Assistant Editor of the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts.

From some points of view, the move to Bedford College in 1928 must have seemed unpropitious. The Department of Organic Chemistry was very poorly equipped, even for those days. It had no technician. It is recorded that the only vacuum desiccator to be found in it had been brought by the recently arrived junior lecturer, Miss Lesslie, in her trunk when she came from Scotland. But Turner found some fine colleagues in Bedford College, with the first of whom, Dr Mary S. Lesslie, he at once started a fruitful collaboration. More such colleagues joined them as the years went by.

Lesslie and Turner’s first paper together disposed of another potential claimant for stereoisomerism in the biaryl series. 2-Phenyl- 1,3-napthylene- diamine had been said to exist in two forms. They proved to be stable position tautomers (51). The second paper by these authors marked the beginning of a systematic attempt to determine how few substituents, ortho- situated with respect to a biaryl internuclear bond, would permit the optical resolution of a biaryl compound. Up to 1930, the optically resolved biaryls had all had four ortho-substituents. Between 1930 and 1933, Lesslie and Turner optically resolved two biaryls with three ortho-substituents,




and then two with two ortho-substituents, one in each ring, whilst Turner with Dr Florence R. Shaw provided another such sample. All the resolved compounds obtained up to this point were optically stable, and this meant that the simultaneous passage of the ortho-substituent in either ring past the ortho-hydrogen atom in the other ring was resisted by an activation energy high enough to protect the optical enantiomers. The limit was reached in Lesslie and Turner’s example having only one ortho-substituent, a trimethylarsonio-group (together with a meta-bromine atom put into the otherwise unsubstituted ring in order to exclude a plane of symmetry). Salts of this cation could be resolved, but could be preserved in optically active form for only a short time at room temperature. Analogous salts with a trimethylammonio-group could not be shown to be resolved by the procedures used. Evidently the activation needed for the passage of the single trimethylarsonio-group past ortho-hydrogen is only just enough, and for that of the single trimethylammonio-group is not enough, for the maintenance of optical activity at room temperature. The examples of biaryls obtained in optically active form in this research are formulated below:


c o 2h Me

no2

With M.S.L. (57) With M.S.L. (61)

Ph03S

With M.S.L. (69)

N02

With M.S.L. (71)

+

With F.R.S. (72) With M.S.L. (73)

One of Turner’s concurrent researches was a development of his early work on the orientation of the nitration of biphenyl derivatives. It was on that earlier work that the identification of Bandrowski’s dinitrobenzidine had been based. Since 1926 he had filled out this work considerably, and with F. R. Shaw he made much more quantitative the analysis of products formed at different stages of nitration of various symmetrically dihalogenated biphenyls.

In 1934, Lesslie and Turner started a new study of optical resolutions. Stimulated by some work of his former co-worker G. M. Bennett, who had shown by polarization measurements that thianthrene is considerably

30



456bent about an axis through the sulphur atoms, Turner worked to check the possibilities of optical activity in that and similar heterocyclic systems with flanking benzene rings. Optical activity had not been observed in substituted thianthrenes. But Lesslie and Turner were successful in optically resolving 10-methylphenoxarsine-2-carboxylic acid, and later the 10-ethyl and 10-phenyl analogues:


030”R = Me, Et, Ph (77, 80, 82)

Their interpretation was that, as in Bennett’s thioanthrene, the natural bond angles at the hetero-atoms could be better accommodated to a dihedral than to a planar 6-ring structure between the lateral benzene rings. But the optical stability of the phenoxarsines remained a mystery, which was heightened when, in 1938, with Mary Thompson and Ishbel Campbell, Turner failed to observe even transient optical activity in derivatives of phenoxselenine, selenoxanthone, and phenoxtellurine (90, 91). The matter was discussed in a paper with G. M. Bennett (88), and again in one with R. J. W. and C. G. LeFevre (92). The folded structure seems to have been preferred for all these compounds, though the possible influence of a stable pyramidal arsenic atom in the phenoxarsines was admitted. It was not known then that phosphines RR'R"P are optically stable, or the latter possibility would no doubt have been taken more seriously.

A new personality destined to take a main part in Turner’s subsequent scientific work appeared in Bedford College about this time: Margaret Jamison, later Mrs Harris. Their first paper (89) published in 1937 was preparative, but dealt with the synthesis of the class of N-benzoyldiphenyl- amine-carboxylic acids, such as those formulated below, on which restricted conformational rotation confers the possibility of optical activity though only of an unstable kind. By passing from one compound to another one could vary the optical stability in a convenient way, and it was with those compounds that Turner and Jamison carried out their clarifying work on ‘asymmetric transformations’. The most definitive of their series of papers on this subject was the first one (93) published in the next year. Several

PhCO PhCO



further contributions (95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 120) appeared later, and in 1947 Turner and Margaret Harris reviewed the whole subject (107).

‘Asymmetric transformations’ had previously been widely discussed in terms of definitions and nomenclature which tended to hide their essential simplicity, whilst doing nothing to elucidate their detailed electrochemical and mechanistic features. Turner and Harris brought out the simplicity, and made some headway with the details. The following is a much condensed account of this work.

When an equivalent of one of their optically very unstable and hence racemic acids HA was added to a solution of an optically stable and optically active base af-B (which was usually an alkaloid) the rotation of the solution changed markedly. If a second equivalent of the acid were added, a new and similarly notable change of rotation usually occurred, often in a direction opposite to that of the original change. On adding a third equivalent of the acid, this second movement of the rotation would be extended, often approximately doubled. By adding a fourth and fifth equivalent of acid, this second change would be similarly and progressively further extended. The behaviour of the extremely labile acids was elucidated by the study of less labile ones in the same series. The change of rotation produced by adding the first equivalent of acid, the primary salt-forming change, was instantaneous, and was followed by a further change which proceeded at a measurable first-order rate, equal to the rate of mutarotation of either salt, tff-B,</-HA, or df-B,/-HA, in like conditions: this was evidently the establishment of an equilibrium between diastereoisomers. The second major change, that given by an excess of acid over one equivalent, took place at a faster first-order rate, and reached an equilibrium composition of diastereoisomeric salts which was different, even sometimes also in sign of rotation, from that of the mixture with one equivalent. The overall significance of the changes in rotation was demonstrated by recovering specimens of fi?-HA and of /-HA from solutions of the originally racemic acid and the alkaloid made up in appropriate ratios. The fastest mutarotation observed had a half life of only a few minutes at —30 °G in chloroform. By suitable organization of the concentration and solvent, a single diastereoisomeric salt could sometimes be crystallized. The crystallization unidirectionally disturbed the equilibrium between the enantiomers of the acid component of the salt, with the result that a good yield of the single salt would be obtained. On re-dissolution, the salt mutarotated, as its acid component took up the composition characteristic of the diastereoisomers.

The instantaneous salt-forming process, at its simplest, might be expressed as in line (1) of the formulae below. If this were all, and the solution were dilute, the acid structure (HA or A- ) would not be close enough to the base structure (d-B or d-BH+) to feel such asymmetric induction as would desym- metrize its internal racemizing process, so making it de-racemizing. This requires some form of association; and two forms of association, one by




hydrogen-bonding and the other by ion-pairing, are shown in line 2 (. . . signalizes a hydrogen-bond, and } an ion-pair). By increasing the concentration of HA, more of d-B becomes stored in either of the associated forms of line 2, or else in a third associated form, dependent on both hydrogen


bonding and ion-pairing, as shown in line 4.

d-B+HA ̂ </-BH++A- (1)11 %

d-B.. .HA </-BH+}A~ (2)

A- + HA ^ A ...HA- (3)

d-BH+ + A .. .HA- ^ BH+}A.. .HA“ (4)

The electrochemical problem of estimating the concentrations and desymmetrizing powers of the possible associated species, and so to find the actual path of asymmetric induction, is, of course, very difficult. But Turner and Harris did establish one point, by showing that, whilst their ‘asymmetric transformations’ went in aprotic solvents of all polarities from nitro- methane to benzene, they did not go in methanol and ethanol. These are the solvents that break up solute hydrogen-bonds, and hence it is clear that induction proceeds by one of the hydrogen-bonded associated species.

Symmetry arguments ‘forbid’ or ‘allow’ a process, but when ‘allowing’ one, give no guarantee that it will go appreciably, and no information as to what mechanisms are available to it. Asymmetric induction must depend on polar and steric structural factors. Turner and Harris plausibly discussed theirs on a purely stereochemical basis: that certainly must be part of the full story.

During the war of 1939-1945, Bedford College was evacuated to Cambridge. There Turner worked with his colleagues and a reduced number of students in the old Chemical Laboratories in Pembroke Street. The research became concentrated on wartime projects. The most extensive of these, carried out with Mary Lesslie and Margaret Jamison (as she was then), and with Henry J. Shine, who later was brought in to help, was on the synthesis of very pure hydrocarbons for quantitative spectroscopic characterization as a basis for the analysis of aviation spirits. Some of this work was published at later dates (104, 105, 111, 112, 115, 116). Other work was concurrently carried out on arsenical war ‘gases’, and on several classes of compounds of pharmacological and chemotherapeutic interest.

In this period, Turner’s small but closely bound group of colleagues were joined by Muriel Hall (she later married but did not change her professional name), who was destined to exert a major influence on the work of the group after the College returned to London. In Cambridge she worked with Turner in the chemotherapeutic field (101, 102, 108, 121, 122, 135).

In 1946, soon after the return of the College to London, Professor J. F.



Spencer retired, and Professor Turner (as he now was) took on the headship of the whole chemistry school of Bedford College. At once he set to work to improve the conditions; and when he retired in 1960 he left the department well equipped in expanded territory, and with a loyal and expert band of technicians, as well as a dedicated academic staff.

Turner’s research work in his post-war years at Bedford College was partly of consolidation and partly in extension of his earlier work on conformational optical activity and its stability. One line of extension, started with Muriel Hall and first announced in 1949, was to examine optical activity in derivatives of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. This molecule is a biphenyl in which the planes of the benzene rings are held at an angular separation of about 20° by the ethylene bridge. A good synthetic route to such compounds was devised (110, 117, 128). However, it appeared that 2-substituted 9,10- dihydrophenanthrenes could not be resolved, and it was concluded that the energy barrier contributed by the ethylene bridge was too low. The simplest optically active derivatives obtained were the 3,4:5,6-dibenzo- derivatives, in which a repulsion between two benzo-hydrogen atoms is introduced to swell the barrier protecting the enantiomers:


c h 2

Ic h 2

This hydrocarbon is optically stable at 60 °C, but racemizes at temperatures above 100 °C (138, 143).

Another line of development, pursued with Muriel Hall and other colleagues, involved the study of ultraviolet absorption spectra of biphenyls in the spectral region sensitive to conjugation between the benzene rings, and therefore expected to be sensitive to such conformational twisting as would impair conjugation. Biphenyl joined across the 2,2'-positions by loops of two, three, and four carbon atoms to give 6-, 7-, and 8-membered rings, were expected to suffer out-of-plane twisting by about 20°, 50°, and, 75°, respectively. Their conjugation bands were diminished in intensity, relatively to that in biphenyl, very slightly, slightly ( . 12%), and largely, in the respective cases. (Band overlapping usually made difficult or impossible quantitative estimates of band intensity) (133, 139, 145). The 2,2'-dimethyl-, 2,2'-diethyl-, 2,2'-di-/-propyl, and 2,2'-di-£-butyl-derivatives of biphenyl were also studied. Even the first of these showed a loss of most of the conjugation band. In the higher homologues the loss progressively



increased, until in the 2,2'-di-£-butyl-derivative nothing of the conjugation band remained (149).

Turner wrote about 150 scientific articles, or about 160 if we include a few reviews and biographical memoirs. With Margaret Harris he produced in 1952 a 900-page textbook of Organic chemistry (164). It was, and is, a most valuable text.

Turner had great gifts of loyalty; and he made friends for life. His happiness in the group of good colleagues he had at Bedford College did not dim his grateful remembrance of those who had befriended him in earlier years: for instance George Barger, who, though he knew Turner only as an examinee, went out of his way to help him towards a stable position; G. J. Burrows, with whom Turner spent two happy and hard-working years in Sydney; and F. W. Bury, whose friendship and philosophic cheerfulness helped Turner through the personal difficulties which attended his years at East London College.

In the last three years before his retirement from Bedford College, Turner collaborated with the firm Biorix Laboratories, of which he became research director after retirement. They were interested in the constituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra. He participated with their staff in the preparation of the 3-0-succinoyl derivative of glycyrretinic acid, the sodium salt of which was found to be valuable for the treatment of gastric ulcer (158).

Turner died in his home at Tonbridge on 8 September 1966. His wife Beryl, whom he had met in Sydney 45 years earlier, nursed him through his last years of declining health. She survives him, as also does their daughter Patricia, Mrs Bowyer.

Christopher Ingold


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18. 1921. (With G. J. Burrows.) The preparation of certain ferri-oxalates. Proc. R. Soc.N.S. W. 55, 263.

19. 1923. (With F. W. Bury.) Zb-Methyldihydroarsindole. Chem. Soc. 123, 2489.20. 1924. (With W. H. Patterson.) Cryoscopy in sodium sulphate decahydrate. Trans.

Faraday Soc. 20, 1.21. 1925. (With A. B. Sheppard.) 6-Chlorophenoxarsine. Chem. Soc. 127, 544.22. 1925. (With A. F. Hunt.) Some aromatic chlorovinylarsines. J. Chem. Soc. 127, 996.23. 1925. (With L. H . A. H olmes.) Potassium antimonoxalate. Chem. Soc. 127, 1753.24. 1925. (With E. R oberts.) The relative rates of conversion of phenoxyphenyldichloro-

arsine and its chloro-derivatives into chlorophenoxarsines. J. Chem. Soc. 127, 2004.

25. 1925. (With A. F. Hunt.) The preparation of tertiary arsines by the Friedel-Craftsreaction. J. Chem. Soc. 127, 2667.

26. 1925. (With T. B. C hild & E. R oberts.) The aluminioxalates of some opticallyactive bases. J.Chem. Soc. 127, 2971.

27. 1926. (With H. G. D ennett.) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part I.J. Chem. Soc. p. 476.

28. 1926. (With E. R oberts.) 10-Chlorophenthiarsine, and its rate of formation fromo-phenylthiolphenyldichloroarsine. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1207.

29. 1926. (With E. R oberts & in part F. W. Bury .) zL-Chlorotetrahydroarsinoline andsome quaternary arsonium compounds.^. Chem. Soc. p. 1443.

30. 1926. (With R. J. W. L e Fev re .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part II.The constitution ofBandrowski’s dinitrobenzidine. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1759.

31. 1926. (With R. J. W. L e Fev re .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part III.The monomi tro-4:4'-di-halogendiphenyls and some allied compounds. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2041.

32. 1926. (With R. J. W. L eFevre .) The space formula of diphenyl. Chem. & Ind. 45, 831.33. 1926. (With R. J. W. LeFevre .) The space formula of diphenyl. Chem. & Ind. 45, 883.34. 1926. (With R. J. W. Le Fev re .) The space formula of diphenyl. Chem. Soc. p. 2476.35. 1927. (With R. J. W. LeFevre.) Benzidine monohydrate and notes on recorded

melting points of benzidines. Chem. & Ind. 46, 209.




36. 1927. (With R. J. W. LeFisvre.) Piperidine as a general reagent for the determination of the constitution of halogeno-nitro-compounds. The nitration of 4:4'- dihalogenodiphenylmethane and -j-diphenylethane. J. Chem. p. 1113.

37. 1927. (With E. B. E vans & E. E. M abbott.) The interaction of alkali sulphites withsome halogeno-compounds and the optical resolution of a-phenylpro- panesulphonic acid. J . Chem. Soc. p. 1159.

38. 1927. (With R. J. W. L e Fevre & S. L. M. Saunders.) The scission of diaryl ethersand related compounds by means of piperidine. Part I. The scope of the method and its use in determining the constitution of some nitro-derivatives. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1168.

39. 1927. (With E. R oberts.) The factors controlling the formation of some derivativesof quinoline, and a new aspect of the problem of substitution in the quinoline series. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1832.

40. 1927. (With R. J. W. L eF^vre & D. D. M oir .) Orientation effects in the diphenylseries. Part IV. The reduction of Bandrowski’s and of Strakosh’s dinitrobenzidines, and the condensation of the products with benzil. The nitration of 2-nitrodiacetylbenzidine and of 4 :4'-dibromodiphenyl. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2330.

41. 1928. (With R. J. W. LeF^vre.) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part V.The independence of the two nuclei in diphenyl compounds. J. Chem. Soc. p. 245.

42. 1928. (With A. Brew in .) The comparative reactivities of some chloro-, bromo-, an diodo-nitrobenzenes. J. Chem. Soc. p. 332.

43. 1928. (With A. Brew in .) The mechanism of activation of halogen atoms by a nitro-group present in the same aromatic nucleus. J. Chem. Soc. p. 332.

44. 1928. (With H. W. R udd.) The competitive interaction of aklyl and aryl halides withmagnesium. J . Chem. Soc. p. 686.

45. 1928. (With H. A. M ayes.) The nitration of mixed m-dihalogenobenzenes. J. Chem.Soc. p. 963.

46. 1928. (With R. J. W. L e F£vre .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VI.The supposed isomerism of the dinitrotolidines. J. Chem. Soc. p. 963.

47. 1929. (With H. C. G ull .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VII. Theeffect of substituents in one nucleus on the ratio of ortho-para nitration in the other. The nitration of 2- and 4-nitro- and of 2 :4- and 2 :4'-dinitrodi- phenyl and of diphenyl-4-carboxylic acid. J. Chem. Soc. p. 491.

48. 1929. (With H. A. Mayes.) The nitration of phenylcyc/ohexane and of its /^-halogenderivatives. J. Chem. Soc. p. 500.

49. 1929. (With L. G. G roves.) The nitration of 4-chloro-4'-bromo-benzophenone and-diphenylsulphone, and the attempted nitration of 4-chloro-4'-bromodiphenyl. J.Chem. Soc. p. 509.

50. 1929. (With L. G. G roves & in part G ladys I. Sh a r p .) The scission of diaryl ethersand related compounds by means of piperidine. Part II. The nitration of 2 :4:4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether, and of 2 :4-dichlorophenyl />-toluenesul- phonate and benzoate.^. Chem. Soc. p. 512.

51. 1929. (With M ary S. Lesslie.) The isomerism of derivatives of 2-phenylnaphthalene-l:3-diamine. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1512.

52. 1929. The reactions and space formula of diphenyl. Rec. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas, 48, 821.53. 1930. (W ith A. Brew in .) y-Phenyl-a-m ethylpropyldim ethylarsine, /3-benzylbutyldi-

methylarsine, and some related compounds.^. Chem. Soc. p. 502.54. 1930. (With R osalind V. H enley .) The scission of diaryl ethers and related compounds

by means of piperidine. Part III. The nitration of 2 :4-dibromo-2':4'-dinitrodi- phenyl ether and of 2 :4-dibromophenyl ^-toluene-sulphonate and benzoate. The chlorination and bromination of m-nitrophenol. J. Chem. Soc. p. 928.




55. 1930. (With D orothy L. F ox .) The scission of diaryl ethers and related compoundsby means of piperidine. Part IV. Elimination of halogen atoms and scission reactions during substitution processes. Chem. p. 1115.

56. 1930. (With R. J. W. LeF£vre.) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VIII.The nitration of4:4'-difluorodiphenyl. Chem. Soc. p. 1158.

57. 1930. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The optical resolution of 2 :4-dinitro-2'-methyldi-phenyl-6-carboxylic acid. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1758.

58. 1930. (With D orothy L. F ox .) The scission of diaryl ethers and related compoundsby means of piperidine. Part V. The nitration of methyl-, dimethyl-, and poly-halogeno-derivatives of diphenyl ether. Chem. Soc. p. 1853.

59. 1931. (With R osalind V. H enley .) The reactions of substituted ammonium andaryloxides and of related compounds. Part I. The preparation and thermal decomposition of some tetrasubstituted ammonium aryloxides. J . Chem Soc. p . 1172.

60. 1931. (With R osalind V. H enley .) The cinchona alkaloids and substances related tothem. Part I. Some piperidinomethylcarbinol hydrochlorides. J . Chem. Soc.p. 1188.

61. 1931. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The optical resolution of 3:5-dinitro-6-o-naphthyl-benzoic acid. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1188.

62. 1931. (With E lizabeth E. J. M a r ler .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series.Part IX. The nitration of 4-chloro-4'-fluoro- and 4-bromo-4/-fluoro-diphenyl. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1359.

63. 1932. (With M ary S. L esslie.) Catalytic dehalogenation by tetrahydronaphthalenesin presence of copper. J.Chem. Soc. p. 281.

64. 1932. (With F lorence R. Sh a w .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part X.The quantitative nitration of 4 :4'-dichloro and 4 :4'-dibromodiphenyl and of 4-chloro-4'-bromodiphenyl. J. Chem. Soc. p. 285.

65. 1932. (With F lorence R. Sh a w .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XI.A study of the quantitative mono- and di-nitration of 4:4'-difluorodiphenyl. J. Chem. Soc. p. 509.

66. 1932. The configuration of phthalylbenzidine. Chem. Soc. p. 1294.67. 1932. (With F lorence R. Sh a w .) The quantitative nitration of />-chloro- and p-

bromo-toluene. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1884.68. 1932. (With F lorence R. Sh a w .) Stereochemistry of diphenyl, Nature, Land. 130, 315.69. 1932. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The stereo chemistry of 2 :2'-disubstituted diphenyls.

Part I. The optical resolution of phenyl benzidine-2:2'-disulphonate. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2021.

70. 1932. (With E lizabeth E. J. M arler .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series.Part XII. The mono- and the di-nitration of 4 :4'-dimethyldiphenyl. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2391.

71. 1932. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The stereochemistry of 2 :2'-disubstituted diphenyls.Part II. The optical resolution of diphenyl-2:2'-disulphonic acid. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2394.

72. 1933. (With F lorence R. Shaw .) The stereochemistry of 2 :2'-disubstituted diphenyls.Part III. The optical resolution of o-(2-dimethylaminophenyl) phenyltrimethylammonium iodide.^. Chem. Soc. p. 135.

73. 1933. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The optical activity of a diphenyl derivative, thedissymmetry of which is caused by the space effect of only one group. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1588.

74. 1934. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The stereochemistry of 2 :2'-disubstituted diphenyls.Part IV. The diphenates of the cinchona alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc. p. 347.

75. 1934. (With R uth M . M urray .) The nitration of some aryloxy-2- and -4-methyl-quinolines. Synthesis of substances having possible antimalarial action. J. Chem. Soc. p. 856.




76. 1934. (With B. R. Carpen ter .) The action of Grignard reagents on 4-diphenylylpiperidinomethyl ketone and on jV-methylcinchotoxine. Chem. p. 869.

77. 1934. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds. Part I.The optical resolution of 10-methylphenoxarsine-2-carboxylic acid. Chem.Soc. p. 1170.

78. 1934. Organic chemistry. Part III. Heterocyclic Division. Ann. Rep. Chem. Soc. 31, 255.79. 1935. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds. Part II.

Some phenoxarsine salts. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1051.80. 1935. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds. Part

III. The optical resolution of 10-ethylphenoxarsine-2-carboxylic acid. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1268.

81. 1935. Organic chemistry. Stereochemistry. Heterocyclic compounds. Am. Rep.Chem. Soc. 32, 243 and 330.

82. 1936. (With M ary S. L esslie.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds. Part IV.The optical resolution of 10-phenylphenoxarsine-2-carboxylic acid. J. Chem. Soc. p. 730.

83. 1936. Organic chemistry. Stereochemistry. Heterocyclic compounds. Alkaloids.Vitamin Bi (aneurin) and thiochrome. Ann. Rep. Chem. Soc. 33, 228 and 367.

84. 1937. (With D orothy E. C ook.) The racemisation of some d-o-(2-dimethylamino-phenyl)phenyltrimethylammonium salts. J. Chem. Soc. p. 88.

85. 1937. (With D orothy E. C ook.) Some 2 :2'-derivatives of diphenyl. Chem. Soc.p. 117.

86. 1937. (With E lizabeth E. J. M a rler .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series.Part XIII. The nitration of the four 2-halogeno-4:4/-dimethyldiphenyls.

J.Chem. Soc. p. 266.87. 1937. (With D iana L ockhart.) Aryloxy-derivatives of pyrimidines, quinoxalines and

quinolines. J. Chem. Soc. p. 424.88. 1937. (With G. M. Bennett & M ary S. L esslie.) The configuration of heterocyclic

compounds. Part V. Thianthren and phenoxthionine derivatives. J. Chem. Soc. p. 444.

89. 1937. (With M argaret M . J amison.) Some derivatives of diphenylamine and a newsynthesis of jV-arylanthranilic acids and of acridrones. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1954.

90. 1938. (With M ary C. T hompson.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds.Part VI. An examination of derivatives of selenoxanthone and phenoxselenine. J.Chem. Soc. p. 29.

91. 1938. (With I shbel G. M. Campbell.) The configuration of heterocyclic compounds.Part VII. Some derivatives of phenoxtellurine. J. Chem. Soc. p. 37.

92. 1938. (With I shbel G. M. Campbell, Catherine G. L e Fevre & R. J. W. L eF£v r e .)The configuration of heterocyclic compounds. Part VIII. The configuration of anthracene, 9:10-dihydroanthracene, phenazine, 9:10-dimethyl-9:10- dihydrophenazine, thianthren and selenanthren. J. Chem. Soc. p. 404.

93. 1938. (With M argaret M. J amison.) Some quantitative aspects of asymmetrictransformation.^. Chem. Soc. p. 1646.

94. 1939. (With J essie D. C. M ole .) Intramolecular substitution as a means of comparingactivating and deactivating effects. JChem. Soc. p. 1720.

95. 1940. (With M argaret M. J amison.) The optical activation of acids and a newresolution process depending on it. J. Chem. Soc. p. 264.

96. 1941. (W ith M ary S. L esslie & E. R . W inton .) T he salts of diphenic acid w ithoptically active bases. J. Chem. Soc. p. 257.

97. 1941. (With M argaret M. J amison.) The mutarotation of ethyl alcoholic solutions of1-menthyl benzoylformate. J. Chem. Soc. p. 538.

98. 1942. (With M argaret M . J amison.) The inter-relation of first- and second-orderasymmetric transformations.^. Chem. Soc. p. 437.




99. 1942. (With M argaret M. J amison.) The separation of diastereoisomerides by selective adsorption on optically inactive material.^. Chem. p. 611.

100. 1943. (With M argaret M. J amison.) Asymmetric transformations. Nature, Lond. 151,391.

101. 1945. (With D. M uriel H a ll .) Structure and antimalarial activity. Part I. Someacridine derivatives. J. Chem. Soc. p. 694.

102. 1945. (With D. M uriel H a ll .) Structure and antimalarial activity. Part II.Alloxazines, quinoxalines, and quinoxalocyc/opentadienes. Chem. Soc. p. 699.

103. 1945. (With E dna M. D avidson.) Asymmetric transformations with benzylmalono-anilic acids. J. Chem. Soc. p. 843.

104. 1946. (With H. J. Sh in e .) Grignard compounds as condensing agents. Nature, Lond.158, 170.

105. 1946. (With H. J. Sh in e .) First report on hydrocarbon syntheses. Institute ofPetroleum, Hydrocarbon Research Group.

106. 1946. (With M argaret M. J amison & M ary S. L esslie.) Organic chemistry 3.Stereochemistry. Ann. Rep. Chem. Soc. p. 155.

107. 1947. (With (Mrs) M argaret M. H arris.) Asymmetric transformation and asymmetric induction. Quart. Revs Chem. Soc. 1, 299.

108. 1948. (With D. M uriel H a ll .) Structure and antimalarial activity. Part III. Somebenziminazoles. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1909.

109. 1949. (With J. G lazer .) The mutarotation of laevomenthyl benzoylformate inalcoholic solution.^. Chem. Soc. Supplementary Issue, 1, 169.

110. 1949. (With D. M uriel H a ll .) A new route to dihydrophenanthrene. Lond.163, 537.

111. 1949. (With M argaret M. J amison & M ary S. L esslie.) General introduction topreparation of hydrocarbons. .J. Inst. Petroleum, 35, 590.

112. 1949. (With H. J. Sh in e .) Five new tertiary carbinols and four new aliphatic hydrocarbons. J.Amer. Chem. Soc. 71, 2589.

113. 1949. (With J oan A. R eid .) Partial asymmetric synthesis in a Reformatsky reaction.J.Chem. Soc. p. 3365.

114. 1950. (With K athleen L onsdale.) Absolute configuration of optically activemolecules.^. Chem. Phys. 18, 156.

115. 1950. (With H. J. Sh in e .) The synthesis of 2 :3:5-trimethylhexane and of 2:4:6-trimethylheptane. J.Inst. Petroleum, 36, 70.

116. 1950. (With H. J. Sh in e .) The anomalous reactions of Grignard reagents. Inst.Petroleum, 36, 73.

117. 1950. (With D. M uriel H all & M ary S. L esslie.) 9:10-Dihydrophenanthrenes.Part I. The formation of 9:10-dihydrophenanthrene from 2 :2'-disubstituted diphenyls. J.Chem. Soc. p. 711.

118. 1950. (With J. Booth and E. Boyland.) The reduction of o-quinones with lithiumaluminium hydride. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1188.

119. 1950. (With A. T. J ames.) Structures and antimalarial activity. Part IV. Benziminazoles and mercaptodihydroglyoxalines. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1515.120. 1950. (With J. G lazer & M argaret M . H arris.) First-order asymmetric trans

formation arising from solvation. Chem. Soc. p. 1753.121. 1950. (With D. M uriel H all & Sardar M ahboob.) Structure and amoebicidal

activity. Part I. Aliphatic diamines.^. Chem. Soc. p. 1842.122. 1950. (With M. H. Beeby & F. G. M ann.) The synthetic application of phenylarsi-

nebis (magnesium bromide). Part II. The synthesis and properties of 6-substituted 6-arsa-l :2:3:4-dibenzQ)c/ohepta-l :3-dienes. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1923.

123. 1950. (With D. Bryce Smith.) Alkali organometal compounds. Part I. The reactionof benzylsodium with alkyl halides.^. Chem. Soc. p. 1975.




466124. 1950.

125. 1950.

126. 1951.127. 1951.

128. 1951.

129. 1951.

130. 1951.

131. 1951.

132. 1952.

133. 1952.

134. 1952.

135. 1952.

136. 1952.

137. 1953.

138. 1953.

139. 1954.

140. 1954.

141. 1954.

142. 1954.

143. 1955.

144. 1955.

145. 1955.

146. 1955.

(With J. Booth & E. Boyland.) The optical resolution of (-\-)-trans-9:10- dihydroxy-dihydrophenanthrene. J. Chem. p. 2808.

(With J oan A. R eid .) T h e optical resolution of /3-hydroxy-/3-phenylbutyric acid. J.Chem. Soc. p. 3694.

The purification of brucine. J.Chem. Soc. p. 842.(W ith L. T urner .) Compounds containing the 2 :2 :4-trimethylhexyl skeleton.

Part I. J.Chem. Soc. p. 2543.(With D. M uriel H all .) 9:10-Dihydrophenanthrenes. Part II. 9:10-Dihydro-

4:5-dimethoxyphenanthrene. J.Chem. Soc. p. 3072.(With J oan A. R eid .) Partial asymmetric synthesis with keto-esters. Part I .

J. Chem. Soc. p. 3219.(With D oreen M. Bovey.) Partial asymmetric synthesis with keto-esters.

Part II. J.Chem. Soc. p. 3223.(With D oreen M. Bovey & J oan A. R eid .) Partial asymmetric synthesis with

keto-esters. Part III. J . Chem. Soc. p. 3227.(With D. M uriel H all & Sardar M ahboob.) Structure and amoebicidal

activity. Part II. J.Chem. Soc. p. 149.(With G. H. Beavan, D. M uriel H all & M ary S. L esslie.) The relation

between configuration and conjugation in diphenyl derivatives. Part I. The enantiomorphism and ultra-violet spectra of some 2 :2'-bridged compounds.

J.Chem. Soc. p. 854.(With L. T urner .) Compounds containing the 2 :2 :4-trimethylhexane skeleton.

Part 11. J . Chem. Soc. p. 1761.(With D. M uriel H all & Sardar M ahboob.) Structure and amoebicidial

activity. Part III. Aliphatic diamines. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1956.(With R. F. Bird .) The reduction of 3-chlorophthalic acid and of its th ree

methyl esters. J. Chem. Soc. p. 5050.(With D. Bryce-Smith.) Organometallic compounds of the alkali metals.

Part II. The metallation and dimetallation of benzene. J. Chem. Soc. p. 861.(With D. M uriel H all .) The preparation of optically active 9:10-dihydro-

3 :4-5:6-dibenzphenanthrene. Chem. & Ind. p. 1177.(With G. H. Beavan, D. M uriel H all & M ary S. L esslie.) The relation

between configuration and conjugation in diphenyl derivatives. Part III. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of some 2:2'-bridged compounds with meta-substituents. ,7. Chem. Soc. p. 131.

(With D. M uriel H all & S. R idgw ell.) Optical activity in 1-phenylnaphthalene-2'-carboxylic acid and related compounds. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2498.

(With J oan E. L adbury.) The formation of o-xylene through 4:5-dimethyl- eneeyc/ohexene. J. Chem. Soc. p. 3885.

(With M argaret M. H arris & W. G. P otter .) Further studies on unstable optical activity in the JV-benzoyldiphenylaminecarboxylic acid series.

J.Chem. Soc. p. 145.(With D. M uriel H all, with an appendix by K. E. H ow lett .) 9:10-Dihydro-

phenanthrenes. Part III. Optically active 9:10-dihydro-3:4-5:6-dibenzo- phenanthrene. Appendix: Theoretical considerations of the optical stability of9:10-dihydrophenanthrene. J.Chem. Soc. p. 1242.

(With Shiu M ay L oh .) Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XIV. The thermal decomposition of some ‘diazoperbromides’. J. Chem. Soc. p. 1274.

(With G. H . Beavan, G wendoline R. Bird , D. M uriel H all, E. A. J ohnson, J oan E. L adbury & M ary S. Lesslie.) The relation between configuration and conjugation in diphenyl derivatives. Part V. 2:2'-Bridged compounds with seven- and eight-membered homocyclic rings. Chem. Soc. p. 2708.

(With V. C. G. T r ew .) James Frederick Spencer 1881-1950. J. Chem. Soc. p. 3311.




147. 1955. John Theodore Hewitt, 1886-1954.^. Chem. p. 4493.148. 1955. John Theodore Hewitt, 1886-1954. Biog. Roy. Soc. 1, 79.149. 1956. (With D. M uriel H all & P auline M . E v er itt .) The relation between

configuration and conjugation in diphenyl derivatives. Part VI. Some alkyldiphenyls. J. Chem. Soc. p. 2286.

150. 1956. (With W. L. F. A rmarego .) Diaryl-2:2'-disulphonic acids and related compounds. Part I. The diphenyl and ditolyl series. Chem. Soc. p. 1665.

151. 1956. (With W. L. F. A rm arego .) Diaryl-2:2'-disulphonic acids and related com pounds. Part II. The optical stability of a cyclic 2 :2'-thiosulphonate. J . Chem. Soc. p. 3668.

152. 1956. (With D. M uriel H all , J oan E. L adbury & M ary S. L esslie.) Anomalies inthe reduction of 2 :2'-diacetyldiphenyl. J.Chem. Soc. p. 3475.

153. 1957. (With W. L. F. A rmarego.) Diaryl-2:2'-disulphonic acids and related compounds. Part III. Optical activity and optical stability in the lrl'-din- aphthyl series. J.Chem. Soc. p. 13.

154. 1957. (With P auline M. E v er itt .) The isomerisation of the lactone of 2'-(l-hydroxy-1-me thy le thy 1) diphenyl-2-carboxylic acid. Chem. Soc. p. 3477.

155. 1958. Steric effects in conjugated systems. Proceedings of a Symposium held at theUniversity of Hull, 15-17 July 1958 by the Chemical Society. Butterworths Scientific Publications, Lond., p. 1.

156. 1958. (With A. E. Somerfield.) Steric effects in conjugated systems. Hull University, July 15-17 1958. Proc. Chem. Soc. p. 274.

157. 1959 George Macdonald Bennett, 1892-1959. Proc. Chem. Soc. p. 197.158. 1959. (With H. M. Brow n , G. C. B. C hristie, E. C ohn-Jones, R. S. H. F inney,

W. C. M acgreigor, J. M. Smith , W. O. Smith , F. M. Sullivan, A. J. T arnoky, G. W atkinson & D. E. M. W otton .) Glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen succinate (disodium salt.) A new anti-inflammatory compound. Lancet, 2, 492.

159. 1959. Harry Dugald Keith Drew, 1886-1958. Proc. Chem. Soc. p. 338.160. 1960. (W ith Shiu M ay L oh & Pauline M . Everitt .) O rien ta tion effects in the

diphenyl [biphenyl] series. Part XV. Derivatives of 2,2/-bitolyl and of 2,4,2', 4'-tetramethylbiphenyl. Chem. Soc. p. 4587.

161. 1961. (With S. P. Bakshi.) Reduction of cholesteryl benzoylformate (phenylglyox-alate). J.Chem. Soc. p. 168.

162. 1961. (With S. P. Bakshi.) The hydratropic acids and the related 2-phenylpropanols.J. Chem. Soc. p. 171.

163. 1962. Joseph Kenyon, 1885-1961. Biog. Mems Roy. Soc. 8, 49.

Book

164. 1952. (With M. M. H arris.) Organic chemistry. London: Longmans, Green.




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Eustace Ebenezer Turner, 1893-1966 - Royal Societyrsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/14/449.full... · EUSTACE EBENEZER TURNER 1893-1966 Elected F.R.S. 1939 Eustace