European Warfare, 1350–1750assets.cambridge.org/97805217/13894/frontmatter/9780521713894... · interests are the ethos and practice of medieval warfare with a focus on chivalry

European Warfare, 1350–1750

The period 1350 to 1750 saw major developments in European warfare, which not only had a huge impact on the way wars were fought, but are also critical to long-standing controversies about state development, the global ascendancy of the West, and the nature of ‘military revolutions’ past and present. However, the military history of this period is usually written from either medieval or early-modern, and either western or eastern European, perspectives. These chrono-logical and geographical limits have produced substantial confusion about how the conduct of war changed. The chapters in this book provide a comprehensive overview of land and sea warfare across Eur-ope throughout this period of momentous political, religious, techno-logical, intellectual, and military change. Written by leading experts in their fields, it not only summarises existing scholarship, but also presents new findings and new ideas, casting new light on the art of war, the rise of the state, and European expansion.

FR ANK TALLETT is Head of the School of Humanities at the Univer-sity of Reading, and Co-director of its Centre for the Advanced Study of French History. His previous publications include War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495–1715 (1992, 2nd edn 2002), Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism from 1750 to the Present (with Nicholas Atkin, 2003), and, as co-editor, The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen (2003).

D. J . B . TR IM is Research Fellow at the Department of History at the University of Reading. His previous publications as editor and co-editor include The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Mili-tary Professionalism (2003), Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modern England 1400–1800 (2004), Amphibious Warfare 1000–1700: Commerce, State Formation and European Expansion (with M. C. Fissel, 2006), and Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early-Modern Europe, 1550–1700 (2006).

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European Warfare, 1350–1750

Edited byFrank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim






CAMBR IDGE UN IVERS ITY PR ESS

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© Cambridge University Press 2010

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First published 2010

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataEuropean warfare, 1350–1750 / [edited by] Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-88628-4 (hbk.) – ISBN 978-0-521-71389-4 (pbk.)1. Military art and science–Europe–History–To 1500. 2. Military art and science–Europe–History–16th century. 3. Military art and science–Europe–History–17th century. 4. Military art and science–Europe–History–18th century. 5. Europe–History, Military.6. Europe–History, Military–1492–1648. 7. Europe–History, Military–1648–1789. 8. Europe–Politics and government.9. State, The–History. 10. Revolutions–Europe–History.I. Tallett, Frank. II. Trim, D. J. B. (David J. B.) III. Title.U37.E94 2010355.02094′0903–dc22

ISBN 978-0-521-88628-4 HardbackISBN 978-0-521-71389-4 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






For Evie, Debbie, and Joanna






vii

Contents

List of figures page ixList of maps xList of tables xiNotes on contributors xiiAcknowledgements xviiNote on the text xxList of abbreviations xxiMaps xxiii

1 ‘Then was then and now is now’: an overview of change and continuity in late-medieval and early-modern warfare 1FRANK TALLETT AND D. J. B. TR IM

2 Warfare and the international state system 27KELLY DEVR IES

3 War and the emergence of the state: western Europe, 1350–1600 50STEVEN GUNN

4 From military enterprise to standing armies: war, state, and society in western Europe, 1600–1700 74DAV ID PARROTT

5 The state and military affairs in east-central Europe, 1380–c. 1520s 96LÁSZLÓ VESZPRÉMY

6 Empires and warfare in east-central Europe, 1550–1750:the Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry and military transformation 110GÁBOR ÁGOSTON

7 Ottoman military organisation in south-eastern Europe, c. 1420–1720 135RHOADS MURPHEY






viii Contents

8 The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789 159OLAF VAN N IMWEGEN

9 Aspects of operational art: communications, cannon, and small war 181SIMON PEPPER

10 Tactics and the face of battle 203CL IFFORD J. ROGERS

11 Naval warfare in Europe, c. 1330–c. 1680 236LOU IS S ICK ING

12 Legality and legitimacy in war and its conduct, 1350–1650 264MATTHEW BENNETT

13 Conflict, religion, and ideology 278D. J. B. TR IM

14 Warfare, entrepreneurship, and the fiscal-military state 300JAN GLETE

15 War and state-building 322RONALD G. ASCH

Bibliography 338Index 378






ix

Figures

6.1 Effective strength of the Habsburg standing army. page 126

6.2 The number of Janissary troops, 1514–1776. 128

6.3 Janissaries in Istanbul and on frontier duty. 129

10.1 A caracole. 219






x

Maps

1 The Hundred Years’ War. page xxiii

2 Battles, sieges, and fortresses in the Low Countries and northern France, c. 1400–1750. xxiv

3 Central Europe, c. 1480. xxv

4 The Italian Wars. xxvi

5 Europe in 1500. xxvii

6 The European wars of religion. xxviii

7 The Hungarian defence system in 1582. xxix

8 The Thirty Years’ War. xxx

9 Central Europe in 1648. xxxii






xi

Tables

6.1 The number of salaried troops in the first half of the sixteenth century. page 116

7.1 Salary payments of the Janissaries as a percentage of overall state treasury expenditure, 1548–1710 (in millions of akçe). 147






xii

Notes on contributors

GÁBOR ÁGOSTON is Associate Professor in the Department of History, Georgetown University in Washington, DC. His field of research includes Ottoman military, economic, and social history, and the comparative study of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires in the ear-ly-modern era. He is the author of Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (2005), and co-editor with Bruce Masters of the Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (2008). He has also published four Hungarian-language books and many scholarly articles and chapters in Hungarian, English, and Turkish. His current research concerns Habsburg–Ottoman rivalry in the six-teenth and seventeenth centuries.

RONALD G. ASCH has held posts at the German Historical Institute in London and the University of Münster in Germany, the chair of early-modern history at the University of Osnabrück, and is now teaching at the University of Freiburg. He is the editor of Politics, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age (1991) and the author of Der Hof Karls I. Politik, Provinz und Patronage 1625–1640 (1993), The Thirty Years’ War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618–1648 (1997), and Europäischer Adel in der Frühen Neuzeit (2008). He is now working on a comparative his-tory of the French and the English monarchies in the seventeenth century.

MATTHEW BENNETT is Senior Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he has taught for twenty-five years. His research interests are the ethos and practice of medieval warfare with a focus on chivalry and the crusades. His publications include The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 732–1487 (1996), Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare (1998), Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (2001), and Agincourt 1415 (1991), as well as two dozen aca-demic articles. He co-edits the ‘Warfare in History’ book series for Boydell Press and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.






xiiiNotes on contributors

KELLY DEVR IES is Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland. His numerous works on medieval military history and technology include The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477, co-authored with Robert Douglas Smith (2005); Joan of Arc: A Military Leader(1999); The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 (1999); Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology(1996); and A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology (and updates) (2001–8). He is editor of the monograph ser-ies ‘History of Warfare’ for Brill, and is currently writing The World’s Battlefield: Warfare in the Eastern Mediterranean from Troy to Iraq.

JAN GLETE was, until 2008, Professor of History at Stockholm University; he died of cancer in 2009. He had published extensively on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Swedish industrial and finan-cial history, before turning later in his career to Swedish military and naval history, European naval history, and the formation of early-modern European fiscal-military states. His work on state formation was exceptionally influential. His publications in English include Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1860 (1993), Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2000), and War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660 (2002).

STEVEN GUNN is Fellow and Tutor in History at Merton College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He is the author of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 (1988), Early Tudor Government, 1485–1558 (1995) and, with David Grummitt and Hans Cools, War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559 (2007). He has edited Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art (1991) with P. G. Lindley, Authority and Consent in Tudor England (2002) with G. W. Bernard, and The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages (2006) with Antheun Janse. He is currently writing a book on the councillors of Henry VII.

RHOADS MURPHEY is Reader in Ottoman Studies based at the Centre of Byzantine, Ottoman, and Modern Greek Studies in the College of Arts and Law, University of Birmingham. His research interests include the fields of Ottoman social and economic history (sixteenth to seventeenth centuries), Ottoman historians and historiography, and Ottoman political philosophy and sovereignty concepts. A study of Ottoman military institutions, Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700, was






xiv Notes on contributors

published in 1999. His latest book, Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty,was published in 2008.

OLAF VAN N IMWEGEN has held posts at the Universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam, the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda, and is now based at the University of Groningen. His publications include three major books on Dutch military history: De subsistentie van het leger (1995); De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogend-heid 1713–1756 (2002); and ‘Deser landen crijchsvolck’: Het Staatse leger en de militaire revoluties (1588–1688) (2006); an English edi-tion of the latter is forthcoming as The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions (1588–1688). He is currently writing a military history of the Dutch army from 1550 to 1814.

DAV ID PARROTT is College Fellow and University Lecturer at New College, Oxford. His research interests lie in seventeenth-century French political, military, and administrative history, and in early-modern European warfare; and in addition to publishing numer-ous scholarly papers he is the author of Richelieu’s Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642 (2001). A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, he co-edits the ‘Warfare in History’ ser-ies for Boydell Press, and gave the 2004 Lees Knowles lectures on military history at the University of Cambridge. He is at present completing a book on privatised military organisation and the early-modern state.

S IMON PEPPER recently retired as Professor of Architecture at the University of Liverpool. An architect with a Ph.D. in Art History (Essex University), he is the author (with Nicholas Adams) of Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena (1986) and (again with Nicholas Adams) contributed much of the fortification material to The Architectural Drawings of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and His Circle (3 vols., 1993–4). He has published widely in the fields of nineteenth- and twentieth-century social housing and cultural buildings. He is now widening the scope of his military history interests beyond the confines of early-modern military architecture and siege warfare.

CL IFFORD J. ROGERS is Professor of History at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He is the author of Soldiers’ Lives through History: The Middle Ages (2007); War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360 (2000); and Essays on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolutions, and the Hundred Years War (2010). He is also editor or co-editor of The Journal of Medieval






xvNotes on contributors

Military History, as well as The Military Revolution Debate (1995), two other books and the three-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. His current projects include a two-volume Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology,and an edition and translation of the fourteenth-century St Omer Chronicle.

LOU IS S ICK ING is Lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Leiden, and a Fellow of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. His publications on maritime history and the his-tory of European expansion include Zeemacht en onmacht: Maritieme politiek in de Nederlanden, 1488–1558 (1998), Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance (2004), Colonial Borderlands: France and the Netherlands in the Atlantic in the Nineteenth Century (2008), and most recently, as co-editor, Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900–1850 (2009). He is currently researching risk management in the maritime trade of the sixteenth-century Low Countries.

FRANK TALLETT is Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading. He is the author of War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495–1715 (1992, 2nd edn 2002), co-author (with Nicholas Atkin) of Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism from 1750 to the Present (2003), and co-editor (again with Nicholas Atkin) of Religion, Society and Politics in France (1991), Catholicism in Britain and France 1789–1996 (1996) and The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen (1998; 2nd edn, 2002). He co-edits the book series ‘Warfare, Society and Culture’ for Pickering and Chatto, is a contributing editor to Wiley–Blackwell’s Encyclopedia of War, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

DAV ID J. B. TR IM is Visiting Fellow in the Department of History, at the University of Reading.. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, he is editor of the Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research and co-editor of the Pickering and Chatto series ‘Warfare, Society and Culture’. His research interests are English and European military, religious, and cultural history, on which his publications include, as editor or co-editor, Amphibious Warfare 1000–1700; Commerce, State Formation and European Expansion (with M. C. Fissel, 2006), The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism (2003), and four other books.

LÁSZLÓ VESZPRÉMY is Director of the Hungarian Institute of Military History, and Visiting Professor of History at Central European






xvi Notes on contributors

University, both in Budapest. His scholarly publications include AMillennium of Hungarian Military History co-edited with Béla Király (2002), and critical editions of the two medieval histories of Hungary, the Gesta Hungarorum of ‘the anonymous notary of King Béla’ (1991) and Simon of Kéza’s Gesta Hungarorum (1999). He edits the Budapest Institute of Military History’s monograph series, and co-edits the Columbia University Press series ‘Atlantic Studies on Society and Change’.






xvii

Acknowledgements

This book had its origins in the perception of a group of academics at the University of Reading that, for progress to be made in the great debates about military history in the pre-industrial era, historians needed to cross the chronological divide that has tended to separate scholars of the Middle Ages from historians of the early-modern world. The ini-tial concept was to stage a conference on medieval and early-modern military history that would bring together specialists from across the period 1350–1750 to discuss common issues. We are indebted to two colleagues who have since left Reading, Anne Curry and Clare Dale, for their encouragement and contribution to discussions at the forma-tive stage.

As the concept developed, the editors came to feel that what was really desirable was a volume that would tackle the major themes in the history of warfare in late-medieval and early-modern Europe. We identified those themes and the leading experts on them, and enlisted a group of prominent scholars to write on them. We are grateful to all our contributors for providing us, in timely fashion, with authoritative and stimulating essays that summarise current scholarship and present new research and ideas. We are additionally obliged to Gábor Ágoston and Simon Pepper for their help with maps. We are very grateful to Michael Watson, history Editor at Cambridge University Press, for his interest in and enthusiastic support for this book, from its concept through to press. We also thank Helen Waterhouse for overseeing the passage of the book into production, and Sarah Price and Robert Whitelock for their superb work in production and copy-editing.

Having worked out the concept of the book, its table of contents, and the contributing authors, we still wanted to go ahead with a con-ference: both to serve the original purpose, of bringing historians of different periods together; and as a way of enhancing the quality of the chapters in the book, by presenting drafts to an audience of experts, whose comments and criticism would be integrated into the final texts. The conference (entitled Crossing the Divide: Continuity and Change in






Acknowledgementsxviii

Late-Medieval and Early-Modern Warfare) was held at the University of Reading in September 2007, and has been an important and integral part of the process of producing this book. The discussions between scholars working on different periods, different regions in Europe, and different types of history were extremely productive and exciting. Each chapter that follows has been improved by the comments and criticisms raised during discussion sessions (and by comments over tea, coffee, and dinner). The contributors to this volume were particularly notable participants in discussions at the conference, but important contribu-tions were made by many other scholars. Thus, while the chapters that follow are the work of particular scholars and bear their individual imprint, the volume as a whole is a collaborative work in more ways than one.

We are therefore grateful to everyone who participated in the con-ference and helped to stage it. We thank the forty-one scholars from twelve countries (Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, the UK, and the USA) who attended for crossing chronological, geographical, and disciplinary divides, and so helping make this a better volume: Ronald Asch, Jim Beach, Adrian Bell, Matthew Bennett, Alan Bryson, Adam Chapman, Alan Cromartie, Kelly DeVries, John Dillon, Gary Evans, Joel Félix, Caroline Finkel, Mark Fissel, Robert Frost, Bernard Ganly, Jan Glete, Roeland Goorts, Rosa Groen, Steve Gunn, Simon Healy, Margaret Houlbrooke, Ralph Houlbrooke, Alan James, Michiel de Jong, Andy King, Gunnar Knutsen, Rhoads Murphey, Olaf van Nimwegen, David Parrott, Simon Pepper, Rebecca Rist, Nick Rodger, Cliff Rogers, Shinsuke Satsuma, Alaric Searle, D. H. Seo, Louis Sicking, Oliver Teige, László Veszprémy, Andrew Wheatcroft, and David Whetham. We are particularly beholden to those who served as chairs of sessions. The conference could not have taken place with-out the exceptional efficiency of the support team comprising Nina Aitken, who made most of the logistical arrangements, and Natasha Madgwick.

We are especially pleased to acknowledge the generous award of a grant by the British Academy, and the funding provided by the School of Humanities and Department of History at the University of Reading, without which the conference could never have occurred. We are also grateful to the Royal Historical Society for funding, which made it pos-sible to allow post-graduate students to attend at a discounted rate.

We are saddened that, while the book was in production, Jan Glete died of cancer. We are indebted to him for several insightful interventions at






xixAcknowledgements

the original conference, as well as for his incisive chapter; and we thank his assistant Mats Hellenberg for his assistance with queries and with the proofs.

The draft of the introduction was completed during the autumn of 2007, when Frank Tallett had a term of sabbatical leave. The editing process was completed during the spring and summer of 2008, when David Trim held the Walter C. Utt Visiting Chair in History at Pacific Union College. We are grateful to the University of Reading for the research leave granted to Frank Tallett, and to Pacific Union College and the Walter C. Utt Endowment, for David Trim’s appointment to the Utt Chair, both of which greatly facilitated completion of the volume.

Sometimes academic historians are more focused on teaching, research and administration than they, or their children, would like. The editors are exceptionally grateful to their daughters, Deborah and Joanna Tallett and Genevieve Trim, for forbearance and patience when dad was at work, or at home but ‘busy’ – this work is dedicated to them.






xx

Note on the text

In order to keep this book to a reasonable length, references and supporting examples have been curtailed by contributors, and the editors have supplied one comprehensive bibliography, rather than separate bibliographies for each chapter. All works are cited in the notes by author and short title; full bibliographical details will be found in the bibliography at the end of the volume. This is divided into printed pri-mary works and secondary works, but otherwise is alphabetised. Where more than one chapter from a collection of essays is cited, the book is listed separately, by editors’ surnames, as well as by the authors of the various chapters. It is cited in full the first time it appears, but there-after by short title.






xxi

AHR American Historical ReviewAoH Acta orientalia academiae scientiarum HungaricaeASF Archivio di Stato, FlorenceBN, MS Fr. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Manuscrits

FrançaisEHR English Historical ReviewHk Hadtörténelmi közlemények [Hungarian Quarterly of

Military History]HZ Historische ZeitschriftJMH Journal of Military HistoryNAN Het Nationaal Archief, The Hague, NetherlandsNAUK The National Archives, Kew, United KingdomRAZH Rijksarchief in Zuid-Holland, The Hague, NetherlandsSCJ Sixteenth Century JournalTRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical SocietyUA Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, NetherlandsZfO Zeitschrift für Ostforschung

Abbreviations






xxiii

0

0

200 km100

150 miles50 100

Tours1444

Chinon

Poitiers

La Rochelle

Limoges

LIMOUSINAQUITAINE

POITOU

Angers

RennesBRITTANY MAINE

Brest

Formigny1450

NORMANDY

Cherbourg

Bergerac

1372

Toulouse

Albi

Auch

1453

Narbonne

ArlesAix

Embrun

LyonsVienne

AUVERGNE

LANGUEDOC

PROVENCE

Avignon

DAUPHINÉ

Rhôn

e

Clermont-Ferrand

BOURBON

BERRY

BourgesNevers

ARMAGNACGASCONY

Basaz

BordeauxCastillon

1450 recaptured by French

Cahors1450 recaptured by French

1450 recaptured by French1453 finally subjugated

Bayonne1451 recaptured by French

Garonne Tarn

Lot

Dor

dogne

L. Geneva

SAVOY

Chalon-sur-Saône

Besançon

COUNTY OFBURGUNDY

DUCHY OFBURGUNDY

NEVERS Dijon

Arc

Domremy

Saôn

e

Auxerre

OrleansPatay1429

Pontvallain1370

Sens Troyes1420

English Channel

Rethel

Reims1429 Charles VII crowned

Meaux1422 seized by Henry V

Melun1420 seized by Henry V

Paris

Harfleur Rouen1419 seized by Henry V

1431 Joan of Arc burned at stake

Amiens

1428–29 beseiged

CHAMPAGNEVaucouleurs

H O LY

R O M A N

E M P I R E

LimburgHAINAULT

BRABANTAntwerp

Tournai

BrugesFLANDERSCalaisDover

Southampton

E N G L A N D

PICARDY Guise

Arras1435

MediterraneanSea

Compiègne1422 seized by Henry V

Agincourt1415

ARTOISRoosebeke1382

Picquigny1475

Boundary of the kingdom of France

Boundary of the lands left to England 1377

Lands held by Henry VI of England 1429

Lands held by Charles VII of France

Lands held by Duke of Burgundy

Burgundian lands recognizing Henry VI

Route taken by Henry V 1415–16

Route taken by Joan of Arc 1429–31

Site and date of important battle

Site and date of treaty

Archdiocese

Moselle

Rhin

e

Meuse

Loire

Yonne

Loire

Marne

Rhine

SeineOi

se

Map 1 The Hundred Years’ War. After Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe, 196.






xxiv

0

0

150100 200 km

100 miles

50

50

Jemmingen1568

ZutphenAmsterdam

‘s HertogenboschBredaTurnhout

Antwerp

MaastrichtNeerwinden

RamilliesGembloux

Charleroi

Luxemburg

Thionville

MetzVerdun

Sedan

Fontenoy

St-DenisParis

St Quentin

Oudenarde

Fleurus

Rocroi

Lens

Denain

Malplaquet

MonsTournai

NieuwpoortThe Dunes

GravelinesDunkirk

Lille

Arques Ry

St. Valéry-sur-Somme

IvryDreux

Verneuil

Battlefield with date

Fortress

Guingate

Bergen-op-Zoom

Steenkerke

1597

1708

1692

Mose

lle

Rhine

Meu

se

1693

1558

16581600

Sche

lde

17061578

1622/1690

1643

1709

1589

Somme

1436

1567

1562

1590

1424

17121745

1648

1557

1479

N o r t h S e a

Map 2 Battles, sieges, and fortresses in the Low Countries and northern France, c. 1400–1750. After Tallett, War and Society, xi.






xxv

0

0

200 km100

100 miles

Vilnius

Minsk(Minskas)

Hrodna(Gardinas)

L I V O N I A

Kaliningrad(Königsberg)

Stebark(Tannenberg)MAZOVIA

Warsaw

Chelm

BelzL’viv

(Lwöw)

Rawa

PlockGostynin

SiewierzCracow

ZatorOswiecim

PODOLIA

Suceava

Cluj(Kolozsvár)

IasiMOLDAVIA

Kiev(Kijevas)

Bendery(Tighina)

Bilhorod(Cetatea Alba)

Brasov(Brassó)

TRANSYLVANIACRIMEA

WALACHIA

Varna

B l a c k

S e aVeliko Türnovo

(Tirnova)BULGARIA

EdirnePlovdiv(Filibe)

THRACE Istanbul

Iznik

ANATOLIAIzmir

LESBOS

LEMNOS

Aegean Sea

Salonika(Selänik)

Skopje(Usküb)

ZETA

MACEDONIA

SERBIAHERZE-

GOVINA

Dubrovnik(Ragusa) Kotor

(Cattaro)

Durrës(Durazzo)

Ohrid(Ohri)

Butrint(Butrinto)

Párga

Athens(Ateni)

MOREAArgos

Návpaktos(Lepanto)I o n i a n

S e a CHIOS(to Genoa)

RHODESKnights of St. John

KARPATHOSCandia

CRETE

NAXOSMonemvasia

CERIGO

BOSNIA

Belgrade(Nándorfehërvár)

ZagrebSLAVONIA

H U N G A R Y

Buda

Senj(Zengg)

Zadar(Zaraj)

Ravenna

CARNIOLAGORIZIA

STYRIATYROL

SALZBURG

Verona Venice

PAPALSTATES

Naples

Rome

KINGDOM OF

TWO

SICILIES

Palermo

Ty r r h e n i a n

S e a

Munich

BAVARIAUPPER

AUSTRIA LOWER

AUSTRIAVienna

Brno(Brünn)

Bratislava(Pozsonyl)

MORAVIA

BOHEMIAPrague

PALATINEMOSBACH

UPPERLUSATIA

DresdenSAXONY

Salzburg

Wroclaw(Breslau)

Poznan

LOWERLUSATIA

Oder

Leipzig

BerlinBRANDENBURG

MECKLENBURGSzczecin(Stettin)

ROYALPRUSSIA

GdanskElblag

B a l t i c S e a

BRUNSWICK

MAGDEBURG

HamburgLübeck

HOLSTEIN

D E N M A R KCopenhagen

Nürnberg

L I T H U A N I A

Chernihiv(Cernigovas)

Smolensk(Smolenskas)

O T T O M A N

International boundariesBoundaries of duchies and vassal statesProvincial boundariesHoly Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical states

SIENA

FLORENCEFlorence

Danube

Danube

Vlatva

CROATIA

Kupa Sava

Tis

za

Mor

av

a

VE

NI C

E

Elbe

POMERANIA

ALB

AN

IA

EPIRU

S

THESSALY

Methoni(Modone)

ATHENS

Sakarya

Maritsa

Siret

Ipel

VE

NI

CE

Morava

Dniester

Southern Bug

Dnieper

Pripet

Vistula

PO

LA

ND

Warta

NEUM

AR

K

S I L E S I A

GAL I C I A

POD

LAC

HIA

Western

Bug CHELM

WARM

IA

TEUTONICO

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Ad

ri

at

i cS

ea

CARINTHIA Drava

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Des

na

Western

Dvin

Neman

E M P I R E

Olt

Kosice(Kassa)

ˆSPIS

ˆ

Tirgoviste

Giurgiu(Yergögü)

ˆ

Eskisehir

Nis(Nis)

ˆ

Map 3 Central Europe, c. 1480. After Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, 32.






xxvi

0

0

200 km100

100 miles

50 150

50

French victories

Spanish victories

Boundary of theHoly Roman Empire

French territory

Territories occupied by France,1499–1512 and 1515–21

Austrian Habsburg territories

Aragonese territory, Spanish from 1504

Geneva

KINGDOMOF

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SWISSCONFEDERATION

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SANMARINO

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PAPALSTATESSIENA

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PIOMBINO

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KINGDOMOF

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Map 4 The Italian wars. After Black, Cambridge Atlas of Warfare, 49.






xxvii

Dubl

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19.






xxviii

Avignon

London Dunkirk

Nieuport

Calais

Arques

RouenAmiens

E N G L A N D LOW

COUNTRIESOstend

Haarlem

AmsterdamLeiden

Brill

Bruges

Nijmegen

Hulst

DeventerZutphen

MookDuisburg

Ghent

Oudenaarde

LuxembourgPALATINATE

Meaux

Troyes

St Denis

SWISSCONFEDERATION

FRANCHE-

COMTEBesançon

Fontaine-Francaise

Ivry

DreuxAuneau

Paris

Blois

Orléans

Bourges

F R A N C ELJarnac

Bordeaux

Nantes

Montcontour

FLANDERSARTOIS Cambrai

H O LY

R O M A N

E M P I R E

N o r t h

S e a

Tournai

Milan

Venice

Genoa

FlorencePAPALSTATES

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

NAVARRE

Habsburg territories 1560

Spanish Road

Route of Spanish Armada, 1588

The Low Countries

Base for conquests by Alexander ofParma, 1578

Area conquered by Spain, 1578-89

Area conquered by Maurice ofNassau, 1590-1607

Prince-bishopric of Liège

Spanish victories with dates

Spanish defeats, with dates

Towns captured by Spain, with dates

REPUBLIC OF VENICE

SAVO Y

Valte

lli

ne

Valley

NASSAU

Rh

ône

Loire

1569

B R I T TA NY

1569 1562

1590

1589

Seine

1587

1575

1597

1595BU

RG

UN

DY

15871583

1579

1582

1573Sa

ône

1596 1581

1595

Antwerp

Gembloux1578

1585

1604

15841584

1583

1600

Rhi

ne

BRANDENBURG

SAXONY

LUSATIA

KINGDOM OFBOHEMIA

ARCHDUCHYOF

AUSTRIABAVARIA

STYRIA

France

Greatest extent of CatholicLeague, 1590

Area of Huguenot control, 1598

Huguenot victories, with dates

Huguenot defeats, with dates

Towns involved in St. Bartholomew’sDay Massacre, 1574

0

0

200 km100

100 miles50 SPAIN

Breda

La Rochelle

Toulouse Aix

yons

Dormans

1574

Maastricht

1567

Map 6 The European wars of religion. After Black, Cambridge Atlas of Warfare, 57.






xxix

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Hungarian-C

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Ottoman castles

Ottoman provincial centr

e






xxx

Map 8 The Thirty Years’ War. After Parker, Thirty Years’ War,210–11.

N o r t h S e a

Boundary of the Holy Roman EmpireBattlesSiegesOther towns

SPANISHNETHERLANDS

The Hague

Brussels

Lens

Rocroi1643

1648

LUXEMBURG

F R A N C E

WESTPHALIA

DUTCHREPUBLIC

OsnabrückStadtlohn

BREMEN-VERDEN

MARK

COLOGNEHöchst

Meu

se

Moselle

Freiburg1644 1643

Tuttlingen

L. Constance

L. Como

L. Geneva

METZ

FRANCHE-

COMTÉ

LOWER

CLEVES

PALATINATE

TOUL

EinseidelnSWISS

CONFEDERATIONGREY

LEAGUE

Bregenz1646

Valtelline

SAVOYMILAN

PARMA

MONTFERRAT

Genoa

Rhin

e

PFALZ-ZWEIBBRÜCKEN

Corbie1636

Le Chatelet1636

Roye

1636La Chapelle

Maastricht1632

Trier

Jülich

1635

Koblenz1634

Ehrenbreitstein1632

BERG

Rheinfelden1638

ALSACE

Dole1636

Breisach1638

Philippsburg1632

Mainz1636–7

1622

Bergen1622

Breda1629

’s Hertogenbosch1624–51623

Wesel1629

1625

Casale1628–9

1622

Wimpfen

Wiesloch16221622

Heidelberg1622

1622MannheimFrankenthal

16221636






xxxi

0

0

100 300 km

200 miles50

200

100 150

Krakow

POLAND

PRUSSIAKoenigsberg

LIVONIA

Ba

lt

ic

S

ea

S W E D E N

Brömsebro1645

TRANSYLVANIA

Dan

ub

e

TURKISH HUNGARY

ROYALHUNGARY

MORAVIA

Vistula

SILESIA

PO

MERN I A

MECKLENBURG

BRANDENBURG

D E N M A R K

Breitenfeld1642 Leipzig

1642

Prague

Dresden

1645

Munich

Regensburg

Nuremberg

Elbe

ELECTORALSAXONY

Jankow1648

1645

DUCALSAXONY

PFALZ-NEUBERGBAVARIA

TYROLSALZBURG

CARINTHIA

CARNIOLA

STYRIA

Linz

PALATINATE

UPPER AUSTRIA

LOWERAUSTRIA

Vienna

Krems1645

BOHEMIA

Graz

Venice

REPUBLIC OFVENICE

PAPALSTATES

FURTHER POMERANIA

LUSATIA

Wittstock1636

Frankfurt-on-Oder1631Magdeburg

1631

Lützen1632

1632

1632

Rain1632

Nördlingen

DessauBridge1626

WhiteMountain

1620

Kosice

ˆ

1620

Honigfelde1629

Memel1626

Pillau1626

Wolgast1629

Stralsund1628

Bautzen1620

Záblati1619

Vöcklabruch1626

Pauerbach1626

UPPER

Lutter

MAGDEBURG-HALBERSTADT

Weser

1626

Main

Mergentheim1645

AllerheimAlte Veste

1634

1648Zusmarshausen

MANTUA

Mantua1629–30

MO

DENA

Map 8 (continued)






xxxii

Map 9 Central Europe in 1648. After Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, 58.

CRO

ATIA

KANIJE

0

0

200 km100

100 miles

P O L A N D

Vilnius(Wilno)

Minsk

Kaliningrad(Königsberg)

Warsaw

Chelm

BelzL’viv

(Lwöw)

Rawa

Plock

Leczyca

Siewierz

Cracow

Suceava

Cluj

IasiMOLDAVIA

Kiev(Kijów)

Bilhorod(Akkerman)

CRIMEANKHANATE

W A L A C H I A

Olt

SilistraB l a c k

S e a

EdirneIstanbul

Iznik

Bursa

ANADOLUIzmir

SAMOS

Aegean Sea

Salonika(Selänik)

MONTE-NEGRO

Sofia (Sofya)Dubrovnik(Ragusa) Kotor

(Cattaro)

Butrint(Butrinto)

Párga

Athens(Atina)

Tripolis

I o n i a n

S e aCHIOS

RHODESKARPATHOSCRETE

Belgrade

Zagreb

Buda(Bubin)

CARNIOLA

TYROL

Venice

PAPALSTATES

Naples

Rome

Palermo

Ty r r h e n i a n

S e a

MunichBAVARIA UPPER

AUSTRIA LOWER

AUSTRIAVienna

Brno(Brünn)

Bratislava(Pressburg)

MORAVIA

BOHEMIAPrague

DresdenSAXONY

Salzburg

Wroclaw(Breslau)

PoznanOder

Leipzig

Berlin

BRANDENBURG

MECKLENBURGSzczecin(Stettin)

Gdansk

Malbork

B a l t i c S e a

Lübeck

D E N M A R KCopenhagen

Würzburg

L I T H U A N I A

Chernihiv(Czernichów)

Smolensk

O T T O M A N

International boundariesBoundaries of duchies and vassal statesBoundaries of provinces and palatinatesOttoman eyalet boundariesHoly Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical states

FLORENCEFlorence Danube

Danube

Vlatva

Sava

Tisz

a

Mor

av

a

VE

NI

C

E

Elbe

POM

ERA

NIA

-STETTIN

Sakarya

Maritsa

Siret

Ipel

Morava

Dniester

Southern Bug

Dnieper

Pripet

Vistula

Warta

S I L E S I A

PO

DLA

CHIA

W. Bug

WARMIA

DUCHY OF PRUS

SIA

Ad

ri

at

i cS

ea

CARINTHIA

Prut

Des

na

Western Dvina

Neman

E M P I R E

Hildesheim

Magdeburg

HABSBURG

SAXONY(Electorate)

LU

SAT

I A

Lidzbark

Inowroclaw

Kalisz

Sandomierz

Sieradz Lublin

Sarajevo(Bosna-Saray)

BOSNA Split(Spalato)

Vardar

Gelibolu

LESBOS

TENOS(to Venice)

(to Venice)

M

OR

EA

T R A N S Y LVA

NI AEGRI

DebrecenEger(Egri)

BUDIN

Drava

Nagykanisza(Kanije)

SI

LI

ST

RE

Luts’k (Luck)

V O L H YNI A

Trakai(Troki)

SAMOGITIA

Varniai(Wornie)

Daugavpils(Dyneburg)

INFLANTYDUCHY OF COURLAND

Vitsebsk(Witebsk)

Mstsislau(Mscislaw)

Starodub

PODOLIA

Bratslav(Braclaw)

Kamianets-Podil’s’kyi(Kamieniec Pod.)CARPATHAN

RUS’

RUS’(GALICIA)

Chelmno

POM

ERA

NIA

POMERANIA-WOLGAST

(to Sweden)

Wes

er

(to Sweden)

MA

ZO

VI A

Drohiczyn

Navahrudak(Nowogródek)

Brest Litovsk

BrzescKujawski

EMPIRE

S L O V A K I A

ROYA

L

HUNGARY

STYRIA

Nürnberg

Bamberg

Fulda(Duchy)

Erfurt

AugsbergPassau

SWITZ.

VORALBERG

LUCCA

Rijeka

(to Spain)

SAN MARINO

(to Spain)NAPLES

(to Spain)SICILY

C E Z A Y I R

ION

IAN

ISLAN

DS

(toVenice)

Zadar(Zara)

Ljubljana (Laibach)

SALZBURG

MO

DENA

PARM

A

MANTUA

Habsburg landsPolish ducal and palatinate centres

(Agram)

(to Venice)

Trent

Polatsk(Polock)

BrasovTimisoara (Timisvar)

TIMISVAR

Tirgoviste

R U M E L I






Documents

European Warfare, 1350–1750assets.cambridge.org/97805217/13894/frontmatter/9780521713894... · interests are the ethos and practice of medieval warfare with a focus on chivalry