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European Warfare, 1350–1750
The period 1350 to 1750 saw major developments in European warfare, which not only had a huge impact on the way wars were fought, but are also critical to long-standing controversies about state development, the global ascendancy of the West, and the nature of ‘military revolutions’ past and present. However, the military history of this period is usually written from either medieval or early-modern, and either western or eastern European, perspectives. These chrono-logical and geographical limits have produced substantial confusion about how the conduct of war changed. The chapters in this book provide a comprehensive overview of land and sea warfare across Eur-ope throughout this period of momentous political, religious, techno-logical, intellectual, and military change. Written by leading experts in their fields, it not only summarises existing scholarship, but also presents new findings and new ideas, casting new light on the art of war, the rise of the state, and European expansion.
FR ANK TALLETT is Head of the School of Humanities at the Univer-sity of Reading, and Co-director of its Centre for the Advanced Study of French History. His previous publications include War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495–1715 (1992, 2nd edn 2002), Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism from 1750 to the Present (with Nicholas Atkin, 2003), and, as co-editor, The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen (2003).
D. J . B . TR IM is Research Fellow at the Department of History at the University of Reading. His previous publications as editor and co-editor include The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Mili-tary Professionalism (2003), Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modern England 1400–1800 (2004), Amphibious Warfare 1000–1700: Commerce, State Formation and European Expansion (with M. C. Fissel, 2006), and Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early-Modern Europe, 1550–1700 (2006).
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European Warfare, 1350–1750
Edited byFrank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-71389-4 - European Warfare, 1350-1750Edited by Frank Tallett and D. J. B. TrimFrontmatterMore information
CAMBR IDGE UN IVERS ITY PR ESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521713894
© Cambridge University Press 2010
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2010
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataEuropean warfare, 1350–1750 / [edited by] Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-88628-4 (hbk.) – ISBN 978-0-521-71389-4 (pbk.)1. Military art and science–Europe–History–To 1500. 2. Military art and science–Europe–History–16th century. 3. Military art and science–Europe–History–17th century. 4. Military art and science–Europe–History–18th century. 5. Europe–History, Military.6. Europe–History, Military–1492–1648. 7. Europe–History, Military–1648–1789. 8. Europe–Politics and government.9. State, The–History. 10. Revolutions–Europe–History.I. Tallett, Frank. II. Trim, D. J. B. (David J. B.) III. Title.U37.E94 2010355.02094′0903–dc22
ISBN 978-0-521-88628-4 HardbackISBN 978-0-521-71389-4 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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For Evie, Debbie, and Joanna
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vii
Contents
List of figures page ixList of maps xList of tables xiNotes on contributors xiiAcknowledgements xviiNote on the text xxList of abbreviations xxiMaps xxiii
1 ‘Then was then and now is now’: an overview of change and continuity in late-medieval and early-modern warfare 1FRANK TALLETT AND D. J. B. TR IM
2 Warfare and the international state system 27KELLY DEVR IES
3 War and the emergence of the state: western Europe, 1350–1600 50STEVEN GUNN
4 From military enterprise to standing armies: war, state, and society in western Europe, 1600–1700 74DAV ID PARROTT
5 The state and military affairs in east-central Europe, 1380–c. 1520s 96LÁSZLÓ VESZPRÉMY
6 Empires and warfare in east-central Europe, 1550–1750:the Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry and military transformation 110GÁBOR ÁGOSTON
7 Ottoman military organisation in south-eastern Europe, c. 1420–1720 135RHOADS MURPHEY
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viii Contents
8 The transformation of army organisation in early-modern western Europe, c. 1500–1789 159OLAF VAN N IMWEGEN
9 Aspects of operational art: communications, cannon, and small war 181SIMON PEPPER
10 Tactics and the face of battle 203CL IFFORD J. ROGERS
11 Naval warfare in Europe, c. 1330–c. 1680 236LOU IS S ICK ING
12 Legality and legitimacy in war and its conduct, 1350–1650 264MATTHEW BENNETT
13 Conflict, religion, and ideology 278D. J. B. TR IM
14 Warfare, entrepreneurship, and the fiscal-military state 300JAN GLETE
15 War and state-building 322RONALD G. ASCH
Bibliography 338Index 378
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Figures
6.1 Effective strength of the Habsburg standing army. page 126
6.2 The number of Janissary troops, 1514–1776. 128
6.3 Janissaries in Istanbul and on frontier duty. 129
10.1 A caracole. 219
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Maps
1 The Hundred Years’ War. page xxiii
2 Battles, sieges, and fortresses in the Low Countries and northern France, c. 1400–1750. xxiv
3 Central Europe, c. 1480. xxv
4 The Italian Wars. xxvi
5 Europe in 1500. xxvii
6 The European wars of religion. xxviii
7 The Hungarian defence system in 1582. xxix
8 The Thirty Years’ War. xxx
9 Central Europe in 1648. xxxii
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Tables
6.1 The number of salaried troops in the first half of the sixteenth century. page 116
7.1 Salary payments of the Janissaries as a percentage of overall state treasury expenditure, 1548–1710 (in millions of akçe). 147
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Notes on contributors
GÁBOR ÁGOSTON is Associate Professor in the Department of History, Georgetown University in Washington, DC. His field of research includes Ottoman military, economic, and social history, and the comparative study of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires in the ear-ly-modern era. He is the author of Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (2005), and co-editor with Bruce Masters of the Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (2008). He has also published four Hungarian-language books and many scholarly articles and chapters in Hungarian, English, and Turkish. His current research concerns Habsburg–Ottoman rivalry in the six-teenth and seventeenth centuries.
RONALD G. ASCH has held posts at the German Historical Institute in London and the University of Münster in Germany, the chair of early-modern history at the University of Osnabrück, and is now teaching at the University of Freiburg. He is the editor of Politics, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age (1991) and the author of Der Hof Karls I. Politik, Provinz und Patronage 1625–1640 (1993), The Thirty Years’ War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618–1648 (1997), and Europäischer Adel in der Frühen Neuzeit (2008). He is now working on a comparative his-tory of the French and the English monarchies in the seventeenth century.
MATTHEW BENNETT is Senior Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he has taught for twenty-five years. His research interests are the ethos and practice of medieval warfare with a focus on chivalry and the crusades. His publications include The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 732–1487 (1996), Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare (1998), Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (2001), and Agincourt 1415 (1991), as well as two dozen aca-demic articles. He co-edits the ‘Warfare in History’ book series for Boydell Press and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
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xiiiNotes on contributors
KELLY DEVR IES is Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland. His numerous works on medieval military history and technology include The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477, co-authored with Robert Douglas Smith (2005); Joan of Arc: A Military Leader(1999); The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 (1999); Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology(1996); and A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology (and updates) (2001–8). He is editor of the monograph ser-ies ‘History of Warfare’ for Brill, and is currently writing The World’s Battlefield: Warfare in the Eastern Mediterranean from Troy to Iraq.
JAN GLETE was, until 2008, Professor of History at Stockholm University; he died of cancer in 2009. He had published extensively on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Swedish industrial and finan-cial history, before turning later in his career to Swedish military and naval history, European naval history, and the formation of early-modern European fiscal-military states. His work on state formation was exceptionally influential. His publications in English include Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1860 (1993), Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2000), and War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660 (2002).
STEVEN GUNN is Fellow and Tutor in History at Merton College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He is the author of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 (1988), Early Tudor Government, 1485–1558 (1995) and, with David Grummitt and Hans Cools, War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559 (2007). He has edited Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art (1991) with P. G. Lindley, Authority and Consent in Tudor England (2002) with G. W. Bernard, and The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages (2006) with Antheun Janse. He is currently writing a book on the councillors of Henry VII.
RHOADS MURPHEY is Reader in Ottoman Studies based at the Centre of Byzantine, Ottoman, and Modern Greek Studies in the College of Arts and Law, University of Birmingham. His research interests include the fields of Ottoman social and economic history (sixteenth to seventeenth centuries), Ottoman historians and historiography, and Ottoman political philosophy and sovereignty concepts. A study of Ottoman military institutions, Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700, was
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xiv Notes on contributors
published in 1999. His latest book, Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty,was published in 2008.
OLAF VAN N IMWEGEN has held posts at the Universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam, the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda, and is now based at the University of Groningen. His publications include three major books on Dutch military history: De subsistentie van het leger (1995); De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogend-heid 1713–1756 (2002); and ‘Deser landen crijchsvolck’: Het Staatse leger en de militaire revoluties (1588–1688) (2006); an English edi-tion of the latter is forthcoming as The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions (1588–1688). He is currently writing a military history of the Dutch army from 1550 to 1814.
DAV ID PARROTT is College Fellow and University Lecturer at New College, Oxford. His research interests lie in seventeenth-century French political, military, and administrative history, and in early-modern European warfare; and in addition to publishing numer-ous scholarly papers he is the author of Richelieu’s Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642 (2001). A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, he co-edits the ‘Warfare in History’ ser-ies for Boydell Press, and gave the 2004 Lees Knowles lectures on military history at the University of Cambridge. He is at present completing a book on privatised military organisation and the early-modern state.
S IMON PEPPER recently retired as Professor of Architecture at the University of Liverpool. An architect with a Ph.D. in Art History (Essex University), he is the author (with Nicholas Adams) of Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena (1986) and (again with Nicholas Adams) contributed much of the fortification material to The Architectural Drawings of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and His Circle (3 vols., 1993–4). He has published widely in the fields of nineteenth- and twentieth-century social housing and cultural buildings. He is now widening the scope of his military history interests beyond the confines of early-modern military architecture and siege warfare.
CL IFFORD J. ROGERS is Professor of History at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He is the author of Soldiers’ Lives through History: The Middle Ages (2007); War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360 (2000); and Essays on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolutions, and the Hundred Years War (2010). He is also editor or co-editor of The Journal of Medieval
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Military History, as well as The Military Revolution Debate (1995), two other books and the three-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. His current projects include a two-volume Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology,and an edition and translation of the fourteenth-century St Omer Chronicle.
LOU IS S ICK ING is Lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Leiden, and a Fellow of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. His publications on maritime history and the his-tory of European expansion include Zeemacht en onmacht: Maritieme politiek in de Nederlanden, 1488–1558 (1998), Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance (2004), Colonial Borderlands: France and the Netherlands in the Atlantic in the Nineteenth Century (2008), and most recently, as co-editor, Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900–1850 (2009). He is currently researching risk management in the maritime trade of the sixteenth-century Low Countries.
FRANK TALLETT is Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading. He is the author of War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495–1715 (1992, 2nd edn 2002), co-author (with Nicholas Atkin) of Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism from 1750 to the Present (2003), and co-editor (again with Nicholas Atkin) of Religion, Society and Politics in France (1991), Catholicism in Britain and France 1789–1996 (1996) and The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen (1998; 2nd edn, 2002). He co-edits the book series ‘Warfare, Society and Culture’ for Pickering and Chatto, is a contributing editor to Wiley–Blackwell’s Encyclopedia of War, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
DAV ID J. B. TR IM is Visiting Fellow in the Department of History, at the University of Reading.. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, he is editor of the Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research and co-editor of the Pickering and Chatto series ‘Warfare, Society and Culture’. His research interests are English and European military, religious, and cultural history, on which his publications include, as editor or co-editor, Amphibious Warfare 1000–1700; Commerce, State Formation and European Expansion (with M. C. Fissel, 2006), The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism (2003), and four other books.
LÁSZLÓ VESZPRÉMY is Director of the Hungarian Institute of Military History, and Visiting Professor of History at Central European
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University, both in Budapest. His scholarly publications include AMillennium of Hungarian Military History co-edited with Béla Király (2002), and critical editions of the two medieval histories of Hungary, the Gesta Hungarorum of ‘the anonymous notary of King Béla’ (1991) and Simon of Kéza’s Gesta Hungarorum (1999). He edits the Budapest Institute of Military History’s monograph series, and co-edits the Columbia University Press series ‘Atlantic Studies on Society and Change’.
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Acknowledgements
This book had its origins in the perception of a group of academics at the University of Reading that, for progress to be made in the great debates about military history in the pre-industrial era, historians needed to cross the chronological divide that has tended to separate scholars of the Middle Ages from historians of the early-modern world. The ini-tial concept was to stage a conference on medieval and early-modern military history that would bring together specialists from across the period 1350–1750 to discuss common issues. We are indebted to two colleagues who have since left Reading, Anne Curry and Clare Dale, for their encouragement and contribution to discussions at the forma-tive stage.
As the concept developed, the editors came to feel that what was really desirable was a volume that would tackle the major themes in the history of warfare in late-medieval and early-modern Europe. We identified those themes and the leading experts on them, and enlisted a group of prominent scholars to write on them. We are grateful to all our contributors for providing us, in timely fashion, with authoritative and stimulating essays that summarise current scholarship and present new research and ideas. We are additionally obliged to Gábor Ágoston and Simon Pepper for their help with maps. We are very grateful to Michael Watson, history Editor at Cambridge University Press, for his interest in and enthusiastic support for this book, from its concept through to press. We also thank Helen Waterhouse for overseeing the passage of the book into production, and Sarah Price and Robert Whitelock for their superb work in production and copy-editing.
Having worked out the concept of the book, its table of contents, and the contributing authors, we still wanted to go ahead with a con-ference: both to serve the original purpose, of bringing historians of different periods together; and as a way of enhancing the quality of the chapters in the book, by presenting drafts to an audience of experts, whose comments and criticism would be integrated into the final texts. The conference (entitled Crossing the Divide: Continuity and Change in
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Acknowledgementsxviii
Late-Medieval and Early-Modern Warfare) was held at the University of Reading in September 2007, and has been an important and integral part of the process of producing this book. The discussions between scholars working on different periods, different regions in Europe, and different types of history were extremely productive and exciting. Each chapter that follows has been improved by the comments and criticisms raised during discussion sessions (and by comments over tea, coffee, and dinner). The contributors to this volume were particularly notable participants in discussions at the conference, but important contribu-tions were made by many other scholars. Thus, while the chapters that follow are the work of particular scholars and bear their individual imprint, the volume as a whole is a collaborative work in more ways than one.
We are therefore grateful to everyone who participated in the con-ference and helped to stage it. We thank the forty-one scholars from twelve countries (Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, the UK, and the USA) who attended for crossing chronological, geographical, and disciplinary divides, and so helping make this a better volume: Ronald Asch, Jim Beach, Adrian Bell, Matthew Bennett, Alan Bryson, Adam Chapman, Alan Cromartie, Kelly DeVries, John Dillon, Gary Evans, Joel Félix, Caroline Finkel, Mark Fissel, Robert Frost, Bernard Ganly, Jan Glete, Roeland Goorts, Rosa Groen, Steve Gunn, Simon Healy, Margaret Houlbrooke, Ralph Houlbrooke, Alan James, Michiel de Jong, Andy King, Gunnar Knutsen, Rhoads Murphey, Olaf van Nimwegen, David Parrott, Simon Pepper, Rebecca Rist, Nick Rodger, Cliff Rogers, Shinsuke Satsuma, Alaric Searle, D. H. Seo, Louis Sicking, Oliver Teige, László Veszprémy, Andrew Wheatcroft, and David Whetham. We are particularly beholden to those who served as chairs of sessions. The conference could not have taken place with-out the exceptional efficiency of the support team comprising Nina Aitken, who made most of the logistical arrangements, and Natasha Madgwick.
We are especially pleased to acknowledge the generous award of a grant by the British Academy, and the funding provided by the School of Humanities and Department of History at the University of Reading, without which the conference could never have occurred. We are also grateful to the Royal Historical Society for funding, which made it pos-sible to allow post-graduate students to attend at a discounted rate.
We are saddened that, while the book was in production, Jan Glete died of cancer. We are indebted to him for several insightful interventions at
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xixAcknowledgements
the original conference, as well as for his incisive chapter; and we thank his assistant Mats Hellenberg for his assistance with queries and with the proofs.
The draft of the introduction was completed during the autumn of 2007, when Frank Tallett had a term of sabbatical leave. The editing process was completed during the spring and summer of 2008, when David Trim held the Walter C. Utt Visiting Chair in History at Pacific Union College. We are grateful to the University of Reading for the research leave granted to Frank Tallett, and to Pacific Union College and the Walter C. Utt Endowment, for David Trim’s appointment to the Utt Chair, both of which greatly facilitated completion of the volume.
Sometimes academic historians are more focused on teaching, research and administration than they, or their children, would like. The editors are exceptionally grateful to their daughters, Deborah and Joanna Tallett and Genevieve Trim, for forbearance and patience when dad was at work, or at home but ‘busy’ – this work is dedicated to them.
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Note on the text
In order to keep this book to a reasonable length, references and supporting examples have been curtailed by contributors, and the editors have supplied one comprehensive bibliography, rather than separate bibliographies for each chapter. All works are cited in the notes by author and short title; full bibliographical details will be found in the bibliography at the end of the volume. This is divided into printed pri-mary works and secondary works, but otherwise is alphabetised. Where more than one chapter from a collection of essays is cited, the book is listed separately, by editors’ surnames, as well as by the authors of the various chapters. It is cited in full the first time it appears, but there-after by short title.
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AHR American Historical ReviewAoH Acta orientalia academiae scientiarum HungaricaeASF Archivio di Stato, FlorenceBN, MS Fr. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Manuscrits
FrançaisEHR English Historical ReviewHk Hadtörténelmi közlemények [Hungarian Quarterly of
Military History]HZ Historische ZeitschriftJMH Journal of Military HistoryNAN Het Nationaal Archief, The Hague, NetherlandsNAUK The National Archives, Kew, United KingdomRAZH Rijksarchief in Zuid-Holland, The Hague, NetherlandsSCJ Sixteenth Century JournalTRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical SocietyUA Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, NetherlandsZfO Zeitschrift für Ostforschung
Abbreviations
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0
0
200 km100
150 miles50 100
Tours1444
Chinon
Poitiers
La Rochelle
Limoges
LIMOUSINAQUITAINE
POITOU
Angers
RennesBRITTANY MAINE
Brest
Formigny1450
NORMANDY
Cherbourg
Bergerac
1372
Toulouse
Albi
Auch
1453
Narbonne
ArlesAix
Embrun
LyonsVienne
AUVERGNE
LANGUEDOC
PROVENCE
Avignon
DAUPHINÉ
Rhôn
e
Clermont-Ferrand
BOURBON
BERRY
BourgesNevers
ARMAGNACGASCONY
Basaz
BordeauxCastillon
1450 recaptured by French
Cahors1450 recaptured by French
1450 recaptured by French1453 finally subjugated
Bayonne1451 recaptured by French
Garonne Tarn
Lot
Dor
dogne
L. Geneva
SAVOY
Chalon-sur-Saône
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COUNTY OFBURGUNDY
DUCHY OFBURGUNDY
NEVERS Dijon
Arc
Domremy
Saôn
e
Auxerre
OrleansPatay1429
Pontvallain1370
Sens Troyes1420
English Channel
Rethel
Reims1429 Charles VII crowned
Meaux1422 seized by Henry V
Melun1420 seized by Henry V
Paris
Harfleur Rouen1419 seized by Henry V
1431 Joan of Arc burned at stake
Amiens
1428–29 beseiged
CHAMPAGNEVaucouleurs
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LimburgHAINAULT
BRABANTAntwerp
Tournai
BrugesFLANDERSCalaisDover
Southampton
E N G L A N D
PICARDY Guise
Arras1435
MediterraneanSea
Compiègne1422 seized by Henry V
Agincourt1415
ARTOISRoosebeke1382
Picquigny1475
Boundary of the kingdom of France
Boundary of the lands left to England 1377
Lands held by Henry VI of England 1429
Lands held by Charles VII of France
Lands held by Duke of Burgundy
Burgundian lands recognizing Henry VI
Route taken by Henry V 1415–16
Route taken by Joan of Arc 1429–31
Site and date of important battle
Site and date of treaty
Archdiocese
Moselle
Rhin
e
Meuse
Loire
Yonne
Loire
Marne
Rhine
SeineOi
se
Map 1 The Hundred Years’ War. After Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe, 196.
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0
0
150100 200 km
100 miles
50
50
Jemmingen1568
ZutphenAmsterdam
‘s HertogenboschBredaTurnhout
Antwerp
MaastrichtNeerwinden
RamilliesGembloux
Charleroi
Luxemburg
Thionville
MetzVerdun
Sedan
Fontenoy
St-DenisParis
St Quentin
Oudenarde
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Rocroi
Lens
Denain
Malplaquet
MonsTournai
NieuwpoortThe Dunes
GravelinesDunkirk
Lille
Arques Ry
St. Valéry-sur-Somme
IvryDreux
Verneuil
Battlefield with date
Fortress
Guingate
Bergen-op-Zoom
Steenkerke
1597
1708
1692
Mose
lle
Rhine
Meu
se
1693
1558
16581600
Sche
lde
17061578
1622/1690
1643
1709
1589
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1436
1567
1562
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1424
17121745
1648
1557
1479
N o r t h S e a
Map 2 Battles, sieges, and fortresses in the Low Countries and northern France, c. 1400–1750. After Tallett, War and Society, xi.
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xxv
0
0
200 km100
100 miles
Vilnius
Minsk(Minskas)
Hrodna(Gardinas)
L I V O N I A
Kaliningrad(Königsberg)
Stebark(Tannenberg)MAZOVIA
Warsaw
Chelm
BelzL’viv
(Lwöw)
Rawa
PlockGostynin
SiewierzCracow
ZatorOswiecim
PODOLIA
Suceava
Cluj(Kolozsvár)
IasiMOLDAVIA
Kiev(Kijevas)
Bendery(Tighina)
Bilhorod(Cetatea Alba)
Brasov(Brassó)
TRANSYLVANIACRIMEA
WALACHIA
Varna
B l a c k
S e aVeliko Türnovo
(Tirnova)BULGARIA
EdirnePlovdiv(Filibe)
THRACE Istanbul
Iznik
ANATOLIAIzmir
LESBOS
LEMNOS
Aegean Sea
Salonika(Selänik)
Skopje(Usküb)
ZETA
MACEDONIA
SERBIAHERZE-
GOVINA
Dubrovnik(Ragusa) Kotor
(Cattaro)
Durrës(Durazzo)
Ohrid(Ohri)
Butrint(Butrinto)
Párga
Athens(Ateni)
MOREAArgos
Návpaktos(Lepanto)I o n i a n
S e a CHIOS(to Genoa)
RHODESKnights of St. John
KARPATHOSCandia
CRETE
NAXOSMonemvasia
CERIGO
BOSNIA
Belgrade(Nándorfehërvár)
ZagrebSLAVONIA
H U N G A R Y
Buda
Senj(Zengg)
Zadar(Zaraj)
Ravenna
CARNIOLAGORIZIA
STYRIATYROL
SALZBURG
Verona Venice
PAPALSTATES
Naples
Rome
KINGDOM OF
TWO
SICILIES
Palermo
Ty r r h e n i a n
S e a
Munich
BAVARIAUPPER
AUSTRIA LOWER
AUSTRIAVienna
Brno(Brünn)
Bratislava(Pozsonyl)
MORAVIA
BOHEMIAPrague
PALATINEMOSBACH
UPPERLUSATIA
DresdenSAXONY
Salzburg
Wroclaw(Breslau)
Poznan
LOWERLUSATIA
Oder
Leipzig
BerlinBRANDENBURG
MECKLENBURGSzczecin(Stettin)
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BRUNSWICK
MAGDEBURG
HamburgLübeck
HOLSTEIN
D E N M A R KCopenhagen
Nürnberg
L I T H U A N I A
Chernihiv(Cernigovas)
Smolensk(Smolenskas)
O T T O M A N
International boundariesBoundaries of duchies and vassal statesProvincial boundariesHoly Roman Empire
Ecclesiastical states
SIENA
FLORENCEFlorence
Danube
Danube
Vlatva
CROATIA
Kupa Sava
Tis
za
Mor
av
a
VE
NI C
E
Elbe
POMERANIA
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IA
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S
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K
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Western
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Kosice(Kassa)
ˆSPIS
ˆ
Tirgoviste
Giurgiu(Yergögü)
ˆ
Eskisehir
Nis(Nis)
ˆ
Map 3 Central Europe, c. 1480. After Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, 32.
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xxvi
0
0
200 km100
100 miles
50 150
50
French victories
Spanish victories
Boundary of theHoly Roman Empire
French territory
Territories occupied by France,1499–1512 and 1515–21
Austrian Habsburg territories
Aragonese territory, Spanish from 1504
Geneva
KINGDOMOF
FRANCE BURGUNDY
SWISSCONFEDERATION
Turin
SALUZZO
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MANTUA
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PAPALSTATESSIENA
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PIOMBINO
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NaplesSalerno
KINGDOMOF
NAPLESKINGDOM OF
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Otranto
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
KINGDOM OFSICILY
Palermo
Mediterranean
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H O L Y R O M A N E M P I R E
H U N G A R Y
1513SAVOY
Danube
Da
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A
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ia
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a
(held by Turks, 1480-81)
1503
Tiber
GENOA
1509
1515
1512
MILAN
OF
1495
RE
PU
BL I C
OF
VE N
I C E
Rh
ône
Map 4 The Italian wars. After Black, Cambridge Atlas of Warfare, 49.
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xxvii
Dubl
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xxviii
Avignon
London Dunkirk
Nieuport
Calais
Arques
RouenAmiens
E N G L A N D LOW
COUNTRIESOstend
Haarlem
AmsterdamLeiden
Brill
Bruges
Nijmegen
Hulst
DeventerZutphen
MookDuisburg
Ghent
Oudenaarde
LuxembourgPALATINATE
Meaux
Troyes
St Denis
SWISSCONFEDERATION
FRANCHE-
COMTEBesançon
Fontaine-Francaise
Ivry
DreuxAuneau
Paris
Blois
Orléans
Bourges
F R A N C ELJarnac
Bordeaux
Nantes
Montcontour
FLANDERSARTOIS Cambrai
H O LY
R O M A N
E M P I R E
N o r t h
S e a
Tournai
Milan
Venice
Genoa
FlorencePAPALSTATES
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
NAVARRE
Habsburg territories 1560
Spanish Road
Route of Spanish Armada, 1588
The Low Countries
Base for conquests by Alexander ofParma, 1578
Area conquered by Spain, 1578-89
Area conquered by Maurice ofNassau, 1590-1607
Prince-bishopric of Liège
Spanish victories with dates
Spanish defeats, with dates
Towns captured by Spain, with dates
REPUBLIC OF VENICE
SAVO Y
Valte
lli
ne
Valley
NASSAU
Rh
ône
Loire
1569
B R I T TA NY
1569 1562
1590
1589
Seine
1587
1575
1597
1595BU
RG
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DY
15871583
1579
1582
1573Sa
ône
1596 1581
1595
Antwerp
Gembloux1578
1585
1604
15841584
1583
1600
Rhi
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BRANDENBURG
SAXONY
LUSATIA
KINGDOM OFBOHEMIA
ARCHDUCHYOF
AUSTRIABAVARIA
STYRIA
France
Greatest extent of CatholicLeague, 1590
Area of Huguenot control, 1598
Huguenot victories, with dates
Huguenot defeats, with dates
Towns involved in St. Bartholomew’sDay Massacre, 1574
0
0
200 km100
100 miles50 SPAIN
Breda
La Rochelle
Toulouse Aix
yons
Dormans
1574
Maastricht
1567
Map 6 The European wars of religion. After Black, Cambridge Atlas of Warfare, 57.
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xxix
Map
7T
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xxx
Map 8 The Thirty Years’ War. After Parker, Thirty Years’ War,210–11.
N o r t h S e a
Boundary of the Holy Roman EmpireBattlesSiegesOther towns
SPANISHNETHERLANDS
The Hague
Brussels
Lens
Rocroi1643
1648
LUXEMBURG
F R A N C E
WESTPHALIA
DUTCHREPUBLIC
OsnabrückStadtlohn
BREMEN-VERDEN
MARK
COLOGNEHöchst
Meu
se
Moselle
Freiburg1644 1643
Tuttlingen
L. Constance
L. Como
L. Geneva
METZ
FRANCHE-
COMTÉ
LOWER
CLEVES
PALATINATE
TOUL
EinseidelnSWISS
CONFEDERATIONGREY
LEAGUE
Bregenz1646
Valtelline
SAVOYMILAN
PARMA
MONTFERRAT
Genoa
Rhin
e
PFALZ-ZWEIBBRÜCKEN
Corbie1636
Le Chatelet1636
Roye
1636La Chapelle
Maastricht1632
Trier
Jülich
1635
Koblenz1634
Ehrenbreitstein1632
BERG
Rheinfelden1638
ALSACE
Dole1636
Breisach1638
Philippsburg1632
Mainz1636–7
1622
Bergen1622
Breda1629
’s Hertogenbosch1624–51623
Wesel1629
1625
Casale1628–9
1622
Wimpfen
Wiesloch16221622
Heidelberg1622
1622MannheimFrankenthal
16221636
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xxxi
0
0
100 300 km
200 miles50
200
100 150
Krakow
POLAND
PRUSSIAKoenigsberg
LIVONIA
Ba
lt
ic
S
ea
S W E D E N
Brömsebro1645
TRANSYLVANIA
Dan
ub
e
TURKISH HUNGARY
ROYALHUNGARY
MORAVIA
Vistula
SILESIA
PO
MERN I A
MECKLENBURG
BRANDENBURG
D E N M A R K
Breitenfeld1642 Leipzig
1642
Prague
Dresden
1645
Munich
Regensburg
Nuremberg
Elbe
ELECTORALSAXONY
Jankow1648
1645
DUCALSAXONY
PFALZ-NEUBERGBAVARIA
TYROLSALZBURG
CARINTHIA
CARNIOLA
STYRIA
Linz
PALATINATE
UPPER AUSTRIA
LOWERAUSTRIA
Vienna
Krems1645
BOHEMIA
Graz
Venice
REPUBLIC OFVENICE
PAPALSTATES
FURTHER POMERANIA
LUSATIA
Wittstock1636
Frankfurt-on-Oder1631Magdeburg
1631
Lützen1632
1632
1632
Rain1632
Nördlingen
DessauBridge1626
WhiteMountain
1620
Kosice
ˆ
1620
Honigfelde1629
Memel1626
Pillau1626
Wolgast1629
Stralsund1628
Bautzen1620
Záblati1619
Vöcklabruch1626
Pauerbach1626
UPPER
Lutter
MAGDEBURG-HALBERSTADT
Weser
1626
Main
Mergentheim1645
AllerheimAlte Veste
1634
1648Zusmarshausen
MANTUA
Mantua1629–30
MO
DENA
Map 8 (continued)
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xxxii
Map 9 Central Europe in 1648. After Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, 58.
CRO
ATIA
KANIJE
0
0
200 km100
100 miles
P O L A N D
Vilnius(Wilno)
Minsk
Kaliningrad(Königsberg)
Warsaw
Chelm
BelzL’viv
(Lwöw)
Rawa
Plock
Leczyca
Siewierz
Cracow
Suceava
Cluj
IasiMOLDAVIA
Kiev(Kijów)
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CRIMEANKHANATE
W A L A C H I A
Olt
SilistraB l a c k
S e a
EdirneIstanbul
Iznik
Bursa
ANADOLUIzmir
SAMOS
Aegean Sea
Salonika(Selänik)
MONTE-NEGRO
Sofia (Sofya)Dubrovnik(Ragusa) Kotor
(Cattaro)
Butrint(Butrinto)
Párga
Athens(Atina)
Tripolis
I o n i a n
S e aCHIOS
RHODESKARPATHOSCRETE
Belgrade
Zagreb
Buda(Bubin)
CARNIOLA
TYROL
Venice
PAPALSTATES
Naples
Rome
Palermo
Ty r r h e n i a n
S e a
MunichBAVARIA UPPER
AUSTRIA LOWER
AUSTRIAVienna
Brno(Brünn)
Bratislava(Pressburg)
MORAVIA
BOHEMIAPrague
DresdenSAXONY
Salzburg
Wroclaw(Breslau)
PoznanOder
Leipzig
Berlin
BRANDENBURG
MECKLENBURGSzczecin(Stettin)
Gdansk
Malbork
B a l t i c S e a
Lübeck
D E N M A R KCopenhagen
Würzburg
L I T H U A N I A
Chernihiv(Czernichów)
Smolensk
O T T O M A N
International boundariesBoundaries of duchies and vassal statesBoundaries of provinces and palatinatesOttoman eyalet boundariesHoly Roman Empire
Ecclesiastical states
FLORENCEFlorence Danube
Danube
Vlatva
Sava
Tisz
a
Mor
av
a
VE
NI
C
E
Elbe
POM
ERA
NIA
-STETTIN
Sakarya
Maritsa
Siret
Ipel
Morava
Dniester
Southern Bug
Dnieper
Pripet
Vistula
Warta
S I L E S I A
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W. Bug
WARMIA
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SIA
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CARINTHIA
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Des
na
Western Dvina
Neman
E M P I R E
Hildesheim
Magdeburg
HABSBURG
SAXONY(Electorate)
LU
SAT
I A
Lidzbark
Inowroclaw
Kalisz
Sandomierz
Sieradz Lublin
Sarajevo(Bosna-Saray)
BOSNA Split(Spalato)
Vardar
Gelibolu
LESBOS
TENOS(to Venice)
(to Venice)
M
OR
EA
T R A N S Y LVA
NI AEGRI
DebrecenEger(Egri)
BUDIN
Drava
Nagykanisza(Kanije)
SI
LI
ST
RE
Luts’k (Luck)
V O L H YNI A
Trakai(Troki)
SAMOGITIA
Varniai(Wornie)
Daugavpils(Dyneburg)
INFLANTYDUCHY OF COURLAND
Vitsebsk(Witebsk)
Mstsislau(Mscislaw)
Starodub
PODOLIA
Bratslav(Braclaw)
Kamianets-Podil’s’kyi(Kamieniec Pod.)CARPATHAN
RUS’
RUS’(GALICIA)
Chelmno
POM
ERA
NIA
POMERANIA-WOLGAST
(to Sweden)
Wes
er
(to Sweden)
MA
ZO
VI A
Drohiczyn
Navahrudak(Nowogródek)
Brest Litovsk
BrzescKujawski
EMPIRE
S L O V A K I A
ROYA
L
HUNGARY
STYRIA
Nürnberg
Bamberg
Fulda(Duchy)
Erfurt
AugsbergPassau
SWITZ.
VORALBERG
LUCCA
Rijeka
(to Spain)
SAN MARINO
(to Spain)NAPLES
(to Spain)SICILY
C E Z A Y I R
ION
IAN
ISLAN
DS
(toVenice)
Zadar(Zara)
Ljubljana (Laibach)
SALZBURG
MO
DENA
PARM
A
MANTUA
Habsburg landsPolish ducal and palatinate centres
(Agram)
(to Venice)
Trent
Polatsk(Polock)
BrasovTimisoara (Timisvar)
TIMISVAR
Tirgoviste
R U M E L I
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-71389-4 - European Warfare, 1350-1750Edited by Frank Tallett and D. J. B. TrimFrontmatterMore information