European Middle Ages, 500–1200

European Middle Ages, 500–1200

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

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SECTION Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne 1

SECTION Feudalism in Europe 2

SECTION The Age of Chivalry 3

SECTION The Church Wields Power 4

13CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

After Charlemagne’s empire dissolves, people look to local leaders for protection from invaders. Feudalism and knighthood develop as a result of this need for protection. Later kings fail to revive Charlemagne’s empire. They struggle with the Church for power.

13CHAPTER European Middle Ages,

500–1200

511 Clovis unites Franks under Christian rule.

732 Charles Martel stops Muslim invasion.

800 Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope.

13CHAPTER

Time Line

500 1200

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European Middle Ages, 500–1200

962 Otto the Great crowned emperor.

900s Outside invasions spur growth of feudalism.

1190 Holy Roman Empire weakens.

Invasions cause the fall of the Roman Empire, which is replaced by small kingdoms. The leader of the Frankish kingdom converts to Christianity. This religion spreads through western Europe as the Frankish kingdom expands. Charlemagne builds the Frankish kingdom into an empire.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire.

Charlemagne spread Christian civilization through northern Europe, where it had a permanent impact.

Overview

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AssessmentAssessment

• Middle Ages

• Franks

• monastery

• secular

• Carolingian Dynasty

• Charlemagne

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize how each person listed below helped spread Christianity.

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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Method of Spreading Christianity

Clovis

Benedict

Gregory I

Charles Martel

Charlemagne

Converted himself and his army

Wrote rule book for monasteries

Extended papal power; blended church and government power

Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours

Spread Christianity through conquests; was crowned emperor by pope

2. After the fall of the Roman Empire, learning declined. How was this trend offset during the early Middle Ages? THINK ABOUT

Section

1

1 Assessment

• the establishment of monasteries • Charlemagne’s accomplishments

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

• Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, copied books, and wrote scholarly works.

• Charlemagne opened a palace school and supported learning.

Possible Responses:

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3. How does Charlemagne’s empire in medieval Europe compare with the Roman Empire? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the extent of the empire • the spread of Christianity • how long each empire endured

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ANSWERANSWER

• Charlemagne’s empire covered parts of western Europe, a much smaller area than the Roman Empire.

• Both empires helped spread Christianity.

• Charlemagne’s empire lasted only 75 years, while the Roman Empire endured for nearly 600 years.

Possible Responses:

End of Section 1

New invasions create chaos in western Europe. People look to local leaders, rather than to a central ruler, for protection. The system of feudalism develops, in which protection is provided in exchange for land or labor. Social classes become well defined under this system.


Key Idea

Feudalism in Europe 2HOME

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Europeans developed feudalism, a political and military system of protective alliances and relationships.

The rights and duties of feudal relationships helped shape today’s forms of representative government.

Overview


• lord

• fief

• vassal

• knight

• serf

• manor

• tithe


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Feudalism in Europe

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Feudalism in Europe 2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the reasons why feudalism developed, and describe its consequences.


continued . . .

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Rise of Feudalism

Causes

Effects

Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions; decline of centralized government

Increased emphasis on warfare and the control of land;well-defined social classes

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Feudalism in Europe 2

2. What benefits do you think a medieval manor provided to the serfs who lived there? What were the drawbacks? THINK ABOUT


• the duties and rights of serfs • serfs’ living conditions

ANSWERANSWER

Benefits: Fulfilled basic needs for food, shelter, and protection; provided security and a sense of belonging to a community

Drawbacks: Limited freedom; backbreaking labor; no awareness of the outside world; poor living conditions

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Possible Responses:

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Feudal lords create private armies of knights, who live by a complex set of ideals that guide behavior. Warfare is brutal, but poems idealize the life of a knight. In literature and songs, women are glorified as objects of romantic love. In reality most women are powerless.


Key Idea

The Age of Chivalry 3HOME

The code of chivalry for knights glorified combat and romantic love.

Chivalry has shaped modern ideas of romance in Western cultures.

Overview


• chivalry

• tournament

• troubadour

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TERMS & NAMES

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The Age of Chivalry

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List ideas associated with chivalry.


continued . . .

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The Age of Chivalry

war games for glory

Christian faith

courtesyloyalty

courtly love

epic poems

women on pedestal

courage

horses as status symbols

Chivalry

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ANSWERANSWER

Helped women: Showed new respect and admiration; made the love between men and women more important; offset Church’s dim view of women

Hindered women: Fostered unrealistic visions of women; encouraged a distant admiration of women instead of a respect for women’s abilities and ideas; valued unrequited love over relationships or marriage; applied to very few women

Possible Responses:

2. Do you think the idea of romantic love helped or hindered women? Why? THINK ABOUT

• pros and cons of placing women on a “pedestal” • the Church’s view of women • the lyrics of love songs quoted in the text

continued . . .

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The Age of Chivalry

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ANSWERANSWER

• taught boys about courtesy and honor

• softened the brutality of a warlike society

• created guidelines for social behavior

• encouraged the virtues of loyalty, faith, and bravery

• inspired great literature

Possible Responses:

3. What positive effects might the code of chivalry have had on feudal society? THINK ABOUT

• the ideals of chivalry

• the education of a knight

End of Section 3

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The Age of Chivalry

• the importance of religious faith

• the violence and constant warfare during the Middle Ages

German kings’ attempts to revive Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance with the Church by invading Italy fail. The Church resents the power German kings have to appoint church officials.


Key Idea

The Church Wields Power

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Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority.

Today many religious leaders still voice their opinions on political issues.

Overview


• clergy

• sacrament

• canon law

• Holy Roman Empire

• lay investiture


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TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. The dates below were significant during the Holy Roman Empire. Explain the importance of each date shown.


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continued . . .


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936 1077 1190

962 1122

Otto I crowned king.

Otto I crowned emperor.

Henry IV’s journey to Canossa

(power struggle)

Concordat of Worms (power struggle)

Frederick I’s empire breaks up into feudal

states.


ANSWERANSWER

2. Do you think the Concordat of Worms was a fair compromise for both the emperor and the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the Church’s authority in spiritual matters


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• the emperor’s political power

Yes. It gave the Church the right to appoint bishops.

No. The emperor still had ultimate control over the appointment of bishops.

Possible Responses:

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• the problems that remained unresolved

End of Section 4

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European Middle Ages, 500–1200