European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) Pocket

european automobile

manufacturers association

p u b l i s h e d b y

ACEA Communications department Please order your personal copy via [email protected]

s t a t i s t i c s c o m p i l e d b y

Quynh-Nhu HuyNH, Director Economics & Statistics Please direct enquiries to [email protected]

This paper is made in an environmentally-friendly way and according to FSC certification A C E A _ s E p t E m b E r 2 0 1 3

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the automobile industry pocket guide

With the latest data on vehicle production, registration, use and taxation, as well as employment and trade, ACEAs Automobile Industry Pocket Guide provides a map of the European automobile industry today.

As the key figures of this sixth edition clearly show, the automobile industry is the engine of Europe - in terms of its skilled workforce, levels of investment in research and development, the size of its manufacturing base, as well as its trade and tax contributions.

Today, however, the industry stands at a critical juncture, with the economic crisis having taken a harsh toll. Since the 2007 peak, vehicle registrations have shrunk by a quarter - down 4.4 million vehicles.Despite this difficult context, the automotive industry is ready to meet the challenges ahead. It is also ready to support Europe in its mission growth of boosting industrys share of EU GDP to 20% by 2020.In order to be able to adapt to changing demands, our sector requires a robust industrial policy. It needs

a supportive regulatory framework that will foster competitiveness, ultimately stimulating growth, jobs and investment - thereby benefiting the European economy as a whole.

Erik Jonnaert ACEA Secretary General

Foreword

ACEA

ABOUT ACEA

ACEA


5

Members and partnersThe European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) represents the fifteen Europe-based car, van, truck and bus makers: BMW Group, Daimler, DAF, Fiat, Ford of Europe, General Motors Europe, Hyundai Motor Europe, Iveco, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Peugeot Citron, Renault, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars, Volvo Group.

ACEA has permanent cooperation with the European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR), which is the industry body for collaborative research and development. ACEA has close relations with 29 national automobile manufacturers associations in Europe and maintains a dialogue on international issues with automobile associations around the world. It also works with a variety of institutional, non-governmental, research and civil society partners as well as with a number of industry associations with related interests.

ACEA represents Europes car, van, truck and bus makers

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acea

ACEAs mission is to: define and voice the common interests, policies and positions of the European automobile industry;

engage in dialogue with the European institutions and other stakeholders in order to advance understanding of industry-related issues, and to contribute to effective legislation;

act as a portal for specialist knowledge on vehicle-related regulation;

communicate the role and importance of the industry, using reliable data and information;

monitor activities that influence the automobile industry, cooperating with the actors involved;

undertake strategic reflection on the increasingly global challenges of sustainability and competitiveness.

The automotive industry is one of the most regulated sectors in Europe. This legislative framework consists of around 80 EU Directives and over 70 international UNECE regulatory agreements, mostly covering technical issues and standardisation. Through its member companies, ACEA taps into a wealth of technical, regulatory and practical expertise in the following priority fields: Environment and sustainability Competitiveness, market and economy International trade Research and innovation Safety Transport policy

ACEAs mission and priorities

ACEA


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The ACEA Board of Directors is composed of the CEOs of its member companies. Additionally, a Commercial Vehicle Board of Directors addresses the specific issues facing the commercial vehicle manufacturers that ACEA represents: DAF Trucks, Daimler Trucks, Iveco, MAN Truck & Bus, Scania, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles and Volvo Group.

The day-to-day work of the ACEA secretariat is overseen by the Secretary General, who ensures that the Board of Directors priorities are addressed. Technical expertise and advisory input come from working groups on topics as diverse as emissions, road and vehicle safety, general transport policy and regulatory compliance. These specialist working groups are made up of experts from the member companies and are chaired by ACEA staff.

How ACEA works

8

acea

Secretary GeneralIvan Hodac Erik Jonnaert (as from 1 October 2013)

Emissions & Fuels DirectorPaul Greening

Environmental Policy DirectorPeter Kunze

Legal & Taxation DirectorMarc Greven

Mobility & Sustainable Transport DirectorPetr Dolejsi

Parliamentary Affairs Director Cline Domecq

Regulatory Affairs DirectorEskil Sturesson

Safety DirectorGianfranco Burzio

Statistics & Economics DirectorQuynh-Nhu Huynh

Technical Affairs DirectorErwin Kirschner

Trade & Economics DirectorErik Bergelin

Trade AdviserMt Kander

Transport Policy DirectorFuensanta Martinez-Sans

Communications DirectorCara McLaughlin

Communications Manager Charles de Lusignan

Information Technology Director Marc Vanderstraeten

Finance & Administration DirectorTanguy De Decker

ACEA Tokyo OfficeAnthony Millington +81 3 350 563 [email protected]

ACEA Beijing Office Dominik Declercq +86 10 6463 [email protected]

ACEA Avenue des Nerviens 85B-1040 Brussels+32 2 732 55 [email protected]

ACEA secretariat

ACEA


9

BMW AGPetuelring 130D 80788 MunichT. +49 89 3820www.bmwgroup.com

DAF TRUCKS NVHugo van der Goeslaan 1 NL 5643 PT EindhovenT. + 31 40 214 9111www.daftrucks.com

DAIMLER AGD 70546 StuttgartT. +49 711 170www.daimler.com

FIAT SpAVia Nizza 250I 10126 TurinT. +39 011 003 11 11www.fiatspa.com

FORD OF EUROPE GmbHHenry Fordstrasse 1D 50725 CologneT. +49 221 900www.ford.com

GENERAL MOTORS EUROPE AGADAM OPEL AGBahnhofsplatz D 65423 RsselsheimT. +49 6142 770www.gm.com

ACEA members

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acea

HYUNDAI MOTOR EUROPE GmbH Kaiserleipromenade 5D 63067 Offenbach am MainT. +49 69 271 4720www.hyundai-europe.com

IVECO SpAVia Puglia 35I 10156 TurinT. +39 011 006 11 11www.iveco.com

JAGUAR LAND ROVERBanbury RoadGaydonUK Warwick CV35 ORRT. +44 19 2664 1111www.jaguarlandrover.com

PSA PEUGEOT CITRONAvenue de la Grande Arme 75F 75116 Paris CedexT. +33 1 40 66 55 11www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com

RENAULT SAQuai Alphonse Le Gallo 13-15F 92109 Boulogne-Billancourt T. +33 1 41 04 50 50www.renault.com

TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE SAAvenue du Bourget 60B 1140 BrusselsT. +32 2 745 21 11www.toyota.eu

VOLKSWAGEN AGBerliner Ring 2D 38436 WolfsburgT. +49 536 190www.volkswagenag.com

VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONS 405 31 GothenburgT. +46 31 59 00 00www.volvocars.com

AB VOLVOS 405 08 GothenburgT. +46 31 66 51 70www.volvogroup.com

MAN Truck & Bus AG(Commercial Vehicle Board member)Postfach 50 06 20D 80995 MunichT. +49 891 580 01www.mantruckandbus.com

SCANIA AB(Commercial Vehicle Board member)S 151 87 SodertaljeT. +46 8 55 38 10 00www.scania.com

ACEA


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BMW Group Representative OfficeBoulevard de Waterloo 25B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 737 50 30

Daimler EU Corporate Representation Rue Froissart 133B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 233 11 45

Fiat Delegation to EuropeRue Jules Cockx 12AB 1160 BrusselsT. +32 2 513 63 92

Ford Motor Company EU AffairsRue Montoyer 40 B7B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 761 06 11

GM Europe Public Policy & Government RelationsRue dIdalie 11-13B 1050 BrusselsT. +32 2 773 69 81

Brussels ACEA member representations

Hyundai Motor Group Brussels OfficeRue de la Loi 227B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 205 03 60

Iveco Delegation to EuropeA. Gossetlaan 28A B3B-1702 Groot-BijgaardenT. +32 2 467 12 11

Jaguar Land Rover Brussels OfficeRue Abb Cuypers 3B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 741 24 60

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acea

PSA Peugeot Citron EU DelegationAvenue des Arts 53B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 545 11 79

Renault European AffairsAvenue des Arts 40B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 274 10 00

Toyota Motor EuropeAvenue du Bourget 60B 1140 BrusselsT. +32 2 745 33 13

Volkswagen Group EU Representation Rue Archimde 25B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 645 49 53

Volvo Car CorporationBrussels Office EU AffairsRue du Luxembourg 3B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 503 69 67

Volvo Group EU RepresentationRue du Luxembourg 3B 1000 BrusselsT. +32 2 482 58 70

MAN Truck & Bus Brussels Office(Commercial Vehicle Board member)Rue Jacques de Lalaing 4B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 230 41 95

Scania EU Representation(Commercial Vehicle Board member)c/o Kreab Gavin AndersonAvenue de Tervueren 2B 1040 BrusselsT. +32 2 737 69 02

ACEA


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_a u s t r i a FFOEAutomobile Industry Association of AustriaWiedner Hauptstrasse 63A1045 ViennaT. +43 5 90 900 48 00F. +43 5 90 900 289www.wk.or.at/fahrzeuge

_b e l g i u mFEBIACBelgian Federation of Automobile & Motorcycle Industries Boulevard de la Woluwe 46 B6B1200 BrusselsT. +32 2 778 64 00F. +32 2 762 81 71www.febiac.be

_b u l g a r i aACMAssociation of Car Manufacturers and their Authorised Representatives for BulgariaVeliko Tarnovo Street 37BG1504 SofiaT. +359 2 946 12 50F. +359 2 94 33 944www.svab.bg

_c y p r u sOEBEmployers & Industrialists FederationAcropoleos Avenue 2 & Glafkou StreetPoBox 21657 CY1511 NicosiaT. +357 22 66 51 02F. +357 22 66 94 59http://en.oeb.org.cy

_c z e c h r e p u b l i cAIA CR (SAP)Automotive Industry Association of the CROpletalova 55CZ110 00 Prague 1T. +420 221 602 982F. +420 224 239 690www.autosap.cz

_d e n m a r k DBIDanish Car Importers AssociationRdhuspladsen 16DK1550 Copenhagen VT. +45 39 16 23 23F. +45 39 16 24 24www.bilimp.dk

ACEA associated organisations

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acea

_e s t o n i a AMTELUnion of Estonian Car Sales and Service EnterprisesPrnu Road 232EST11314 TallinnT. +372 672 23 08F. +372 650 21 97www.amtel.ee

_ f i n l a n d AUTOTUOJAT RYAssociation of Automobile Importers in FinlandAteneuminkuja 2 C FIN 00100 HelsinkiT. +358 207 928 850F. +358 207 928 859www.autotuojat.fi

_ f r a n c e CCFAFrench Automobile Manufacturers AssociationRue de Presbourg 2F75008 ParisT. +33 1 49 52 51 00F. +33 1 49 52 51 88www.ccfa.fr

_g e r m a n y VDAGerman Association of the Automotive IndustryBehrenstrasse 35D 10117 BerlinT. +49 30 897 8420F. +49 30 897 842 600www.vda.de

_g r e e c e AMVIR (SEAA)Association of Motor Vehicle Importers RepresentativesKifisias Avenue 296GR152 32 Chalandri AthensT. +30 210 689 1400 F. +30 210 685 9 022www.seaa.gr

_h u n g a ry AHAI (MGSZ)Association of the Hungarian Automotive IndustryThn Kroly u. 3 5H1119 BudapestT. +36 1 382 9805F. +36 1 382 9810www.gepjarmuipar.hu

ACEA


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_ i r e l a n d SIMISociety of the Irish Motor IndustryUpper Pembroke Street 5IRL Dublin 2T. +353 1 676 16 90F. +353 1 661 92 13www.simi.ie

_ i ta ly ANFIAItalian Association of the Automobile IndustryCorso Galileo Ferraris 61I 10128 TurinT. +39 011 554 65 11F. +39 011 545 986www.anfia.it

_l at v i a AUTO ASOCICIJASAutomotive AssociationVangau Street 5LV1024 RigaT. +371 6 752 99 79F. +371 6 754 03 15www.lpaa.lv

_l i t h u a n i aLAALithuanian Autoenterpreneurs AssociationP. adeikos g. 1bLT 06319 VilniusT. +370 5 230 12 24F. +370 5 230 12 25www.laa.lt

_m a ltaACIMAssociation of Car Importers MaltaPoBox 50 Valletta Building MT Sint GwannT. +356 21 38 57 74 F. +356 21 22 33 06

_t h e n e t h e r l a n d sRAIMotorcycle & Automobile Industry AssociationKoningin Wilhelminaplein 30 PoBox 74800NL1062 KR AmsterdamT. + 31 20 504 49 49F. +31 20 646 38 57www.raivereniging.nl

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_n o r wayBILAutomobile Importers Associationkernveien 99PoBox 71 kernN 0508 OsloT. +47 22 64 64 55F. +47 22 64 85 95www.bilimportorene.no

_p o l a n dPZPMPolish Automotive Industry AssociationAl. Niepodlegoci 69 PL 02 626 WarsawT. +48 22 322 71 98F. +48 22 322 76 65www.pzpm.org.pl

_p o rt u g a lACAPAutomobile Association of PortugalAvenida Torre de Belm 29P 1400 342 LisbonT. +351 21 303 53 00F. +351 21 302 14 74www.acap.pt

_r o m a n i aACAROMAutomobile Manufacturers Association of RomaniaStr. Banu Mrcine Bl. D5RO 110194 PitestiT. +40 248 211 245F. +40 248 217 990www.acarom.ro

_s l o v e n i aADSAssociation of Automobile Manufacturers and Authorised Importersc/o Chamber of Commerce & Industry of SloveniaDimiceva 13SI 1000 LjubljanaT. +386 1 58 98 217F. +386 1 58 98 219www.ads slo.org

_s l o va k r e p u b l i cZAP SRAutomotive Industry Association SRTomikova 26SK 821 01 Bratislava T. +421 2 4364 2235F. +421 2 4364 2237www.zapsr.sk

ACEA


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_s w i t z e r l a n d

AUTO-SUISSE Automobile Association of Swiss ImportersMittelstrasse 32Postfach 5232 CH 3001 BernT. +41 31 306 65 65F. +41 31 306 65 50www.auto-suisse.chwww.auto-schweiz.ch

_t u r k e yOSDAutomotive Manufacturers AssociationAtilla Sokak 10 AltunizadeTR 34676 IstanbulT. +90 216 318 29 94F. +90 216 321 94 97www.osd.org.tr

_s pa i nANFACSpanish Association of Car & Truck ManufacturersIberia Mart II BuildingCalle Orense 34E 28020 MadridT. +34 91 343 13 45F. +34 91 343 13 77www.anfac.com

_s w e d e nBIL SwedenSwedish Association of Automobile Manufacturers & Importers Box 26173 Storgatan 19S 100 41 StockholmT. +46 8 700 41 00 F. +46 8 791 23 11www.bilsweden.se

_u n i t e d k i n g d o mSMMTSociety of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Great Peter Street 71UK London SW1P 2BNT. +44 207 235 70 00F. +44 207 235 71 12 www.smmt.co.uk

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acea

The European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) is the collaborative research organisation of the major automobile manufacturers in Europe, with the mission to strengthen the competitiveness of the manufacturers through strategic collaborative research and innovation.

Together with its members, EUCAR drives the strategy and assessment of collaborative automotive research and innovation, and establishes common work with the European Commission, member states and other key stakeholders. These activities facilitate the participation of EUCARs members in high-quality projects with industrially-relevant results. Projects are mainly financed through the EU Framework Programmes for research and innovation, matched with industry funding.

EUCARs activities also cover commercial vehicle research and development.

EUCAR collaborative research is focused on the following domains: Sustainable propulsion Safe and integrated mobility Affordability and competitiveness

EUCAR is governed by its Council, composed of the heads of the research and advanced development divisions of the member companies. EUCARs Chairman is nominated annually from the Council on a rotating basis.

The EUCAR Office is composed of:Simon Godwin

[email protected]

Alessandro [email protected]

Research Coordinator

Assistant to Chairman and [email protected]

EUCAR members are:

BMW, DAF, Daimler, Fiat, Ford Europe, GM/Opel,

Jaguar Land Rover, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citron, Renault,

Scania, Volkswagen, Volvo Cars and Volvo Group.

KEy

Figu

rEs

KEY FIGURES

21

Key

figur

es


The automobileindustry:the engineof Europe

Many of our essential public services - such as postal, waste and emergency services - are delivered by cars, trucks and vans.

The automotive sector is the EUs largest investor in R&D, accounting for 25% of total R&D spending.

The EU auto industry invests over 32 billion into R&D and applies for 9,500 patents per year.

Cars and buses offer freedom and mobility for all, providing us with direct access to education, health and employment.

12.9 million people work in the sector representing 5.3% of the EU employed population.

The 3 million high-skilled jobs in automotive manufacturing represent 10% of the EUs manufacturing employment.

Trucks and vans deliver the goods and services we take for granted in our daily lives, carrying 75% of freight transported over land and delivering 18 billion tonnes of goods per year.

22

key figures

Motor vehicles account for over 385 billion in tax contribution in just 14 EU countries - a vital source of government revenue.

Vehicle manufacturing is a strategic industry in the EU, where 16.2 million cars, vans, trucks and buses are manufactured.

ACEAs members operate 208 vehicle assembly and production plants in 22 countries across Europe.

The 839 billion turnover generated by the automotive sector represents 6.9% of EU GDP. The automobile industry has ripple effects throughout the economy, supporting a vast supply chain and generating an array of business services.

The European auto industry is a global player, delivering 6.6 million Made in Europe vehicles around the world, and bringing in a 92 billion trade surplus.

Europes cars, vans, trucks and buses are the cleanest, safest and quietest in the world.

Europe leads the way in clean production, with decreasing quantities of water and energy used to manufacture a vehicle, and much less CO2 and waste produced in the process.

23

Key

figur

es


Driving sustainable mobility...

Europes cars, vans, trucks and buses are the cleanest, safest and quietest in the world.

Europe leads the way in clean production, with decreasing quantities of water and energy used to manufacture a vehicle, and much less CO2 and waste being produced in the process.

Over the past 30 years, safety technologies have helped halve the number of road deaths, despite a three-fold increase in traffic.

One car in the 1970s produced as many pollutant emissions as 100 cars today.

The average car engine emits 28 times less carbon monoxide than 20 years ago.

In 2012, 71% of new cars emitted less than 140g of CO2 per kilometre, and more than half of those less than 120g.

An average new car today consumes 15% less fuel per 100km than 10 years ago.

Noise from passenger cars has been reduced by 90% since 1970.

Pollutant emissions from trucks have been slashed to near-zero levels, down 98% since 1990.

Trucks fuel consumption - and therefore CO2 emissions - has decreased by over a third since 1970.

A modern truck needs just 1 litre of fuel to transport 1 tonne of goods over a distance of 100km.

25 of todays trucks and buses are quieter than one built in 1980.

24

key figures

The automobile sector is the EUs biggest investor in R&D

R&D shares of sectors of the main world regions | 2011

Source: The 2012 eU indUsTrial r&d invesTmenT scoreboard eUropean commission, jrc/dg rTd

eU

Us

japan

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

pharmaceuticals & biotechnology Technology hardware & equipment automobiles & parts software & computer services

electronical equipment chemicals industrial engineering aerospace & defence

leisure goods general industrials other

15%

11%

23%

12%

11%

23%

25%

25% 4%

7%

3%

11%

16% 2%

5%

7%

3%

5%

3%

3%

5%

11%

4%

1

1

16%

5%

4%

23%

13%

13%

25

Key

figur

es


Patent applications filed by the automotive sector | 2012

Source: based on eUropean paTenT office daTa - 2013

21.6% japan

55.6% eU

14.8% Us

1.2% south Korea

1.9% switzerland

0.9% canada

0.8% china

0.8% Taiwan

2.4% others

Spurring innovation

In 2012,

a total of 9,541 patents were filed by the automotive sector

at the European Patent Office

Empl

oym

Ent

EMPLOYMENT

26

key figures

PRODUCTION Total motor vehicles (World) 2012 84.1m units Total motor vehicles (EU27) 2012 16.2m units = 19% of worldwide MV production Total passenger cars (World) 2012 63.1m units Total passenger cars (EU27) 2012 14.6m units = 23% of worldwide PC production Production value 2011 718.7bn NEW REGISTRATIONS Total motor vehicles (World) 2012 82.1m units Total motor vehicles (EU27) 2012 13.7m units = 17% of worldwide MV registrations/sales Total passenger cars (World) 2012 69.1m units Total passenger cars (EU27) 2012 12.1m units = 18% of worldwide PC registrations/sales Diesel (Western Europe) 2012 55% EMPLOYMENT Manufacture of motor vehicles (EU27) 2010 2.2m people = 7.2% of EU manufacturing Total (including indirect, EU27) 2010 12.9m people = 5.3% of EU employed population TURNOVER Manufacture of motor vehicles (EU27) 2011 840.5bn R&D INVESTMENT ACEA members 2012 32.3bn = 4% of turnover VALUE ADDED EU27 2010 141.1bn = 9% of manufacturing sector ExPORTS Extra-EU27 2012 119.8bn IMPORTS Extra-EU27 2012 27.9bn TRADE BALANCE Extra-EU27 2012 91.9bn MV IN USE (PARC) Total motor vehicles 2011 277.0m units (EU27) Passenger Cars 2011 242.2m units Motorisation rate (cars) 2011 483 per 1,000 inhab. TAx REVENUE FROM MOTOR VEHICLES (EU15) 2012 384.6bn

SOURCE: ACEA, VDA, AAA, IHS GLoBAL InSIGHT, EURoSTAT

W.EUROPE = EU15 + EFTA

Key figures

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n

EmploymEnt

29

Empl

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Ent

Total12.9m jobs

3.0m jobsmanufacturing

10.7m jobsindirect

Automobile sector: direct and indirect* employment

The automotive industry generates 12.9 million jobs in the EUSo

urce

: Bas

ed o

n eu

rost

at m

ost

rece

nt d

ata

avai

laBl

e - 2

010

2.2m jobsdirect

0.8m jobsindirect

4.3m jobs

4.8m jobs

0.7m jobs

9.9m jobsnon-manufacturing

AuToMoTIVe INDuSTrY (ProDucTIoN oPerATIoNS)

automobile manufacturing (nace c291) coachwork, trailers, caravans (nace c292) equipment and accessories (nace c293)

oTHer MANuFAcTurING AcTIVITIeS

manufacture, retreading and rebuilding of rubber tyres and tubes (nace c2211) manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements (nace c2815) manufacture of cooling and ventilation equipment (nace c2825) manufacture of computers and other information processing equipment (nace c262) manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers (nace c2711)

AuToMoBILe uSe

sale of motor vehicles (nace g451) maintenance and repair of motor vehicles (nace g452) sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories (nace g453) retail sale of automotive fuel (nace g473) renting and leasing of motor vehicles (nace n771)

TrANSPorT

Passenger land transport (urban and suburban, taxi) (nace h493) Freight transport by road (nace h4941)

coNSTrucTIoN

construction of roads and motorways (nace f4211) construction of bridges and tunnels (nace f4213)

* indirect employment data does not report employment in raw material sector (eg steel, aluminium, glass, etc), textile, driving schools, licensing activities, vehicle testing, vehicle insurance and financing, etc.

30

employment

Trends in automotive employment in the EU

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

units

2008 2009 2010

EU automobile employment by year | 2008 2010

eMPLoYMeNT reLATeD To THe AuToMoTIVe SecTor 2008 2009 2010 % cHG 10/08

manufacturing direct 2,233,422 2,218,600 2,176,498 -2.5%

manufacturing indirect * 813,947 877,120 816,994 0.4%

automobile use 4,443,645 4,549,700 4,348,100 -2.2%

transport 5,111,300 4,816,500 4,818,900 -5.7%

construction 759,100 748,400 713,200 -6.0%

Total 13,361,414 13,210,320 12,873,692 -3.7%

manufacturing direct

manufacturing indirect*

automobile use

transport

construction

* indirect employment data does not report employment in raw material sector (eg steel, aluminium, glass, etc), textile, driving schools, licensing activities, vehicle testing, vehicle insurance and financing, etc.

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

euro

stat

mos

t re

cent

com

Preh

ensi

ve d

ata

avai

laBl

e - 2

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Trad

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EmploymEnt

31

Empl

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Total manufacturing employment in the EU (% share)

Source: Based on eurostat most recent data availaBle - 2010

Direct automotive employment (manufacturing) 2.2m people = 7.3% of total EU employment in manufacturing

Manufacturing employment related to the automotive sector 3.0m people = 10.0% of total EU employment in manufacturing

Total automotive employment (manufacturing, services* and construction) 12.9m people = 5.3% of EU employed population

EU27 total population in 2010 493.8m people

EU27 total employment in 2010 216.4m people

EU27 employed population in the manufacturing sector 30.0m people = 13.9% of total employed population

eu manufacturing employment non-automotive 30m 90.0%

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

euro

stat

dat

a - 2

010

10% of EUs manufacturing employment is in the automotive sector

*in activities specified

direct automotive7.3% manufacturing employment 2.2m

indirect automotive2.7% manufacturing employment 0.8m

32

7

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0

de Fr it uKesPl cZ se hu Be atPt si Fi dK

ieBG cYee lt lv

Direct automotive employment - by country | 2010

20293035516566

117136140141149

171

225

749

0113341013

units - in thousands

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

euro

stat

dat

a 20

10 -

revi

sed

in 2

013

ro sK nl

A closer look at automotive employment

employment

Trad

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EmploymEnt

33

Empl

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Ent

Employment* by mode of transport in the EU (% share) | 2010

Postal and courier activities 17.0%

Warehousing and support activities 23.9%

railways 6.5%

air transport 3.8%

sea transport 1.7%

inland water transport 0.4%

Pipelines 0.2%

Passenger transport 18.5%

Feight transport28.0%

* employment in companies the main activity of which lies in the transport mode concerned

Sour

ce: B

ased

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a - 2

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Road transport accounts for almost half of all transport-related jobs

road transport 46.5%

prod

uCti

on

PROdUCTION

Production

37

Prod

ucti

on

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

5,000,000

0

Sour

ce: o

ica

- 201

3

Passenger car production - international comparison (% share) | 2000 2012

Passenger car production - world | 2012

2000 2005 2010 2012

VoLuMe % SHAre

eu* 14,611,284 23.2%

naFta 6,956,158 11.0%

Japan 8,554,219 13.6%

south Korea 4,167,089 6.6%

Bric 23,401,647 37.1%

others 5,379,144 8.5%

Total World 63,069,541 100%

eu* naFta Japan south Korea Bric

Sour

ce: o

ica

20

13

units

39.3%

20.3% 20.3%

6.3%8.4%

34.1%

14.2%

19.2%

7.2%

15.8%

26.2%23.2%

8.7%

11.0%

14.3% 13.6%

6.6% 6.6%

35.2%

37.1%

* constant eu27 perimeter throughout the period

23.2% of the worlds cars are produced in the EU

38

Passenger car production - world (% share) | 2012

Commercial vehicle production - world (% share) | 2012

Sour

ce: a

cea

- oic

a

2013

Sour

ce: a

cea

- oic

a

2013

11.0% naFta

13.6% Japan

23.2% eu

24.6% china

south Korea 6.6%

Brazil 4.2%

others 3.2%

russia 3.1%

europe - others 1.0%

india 4.1%

europe - others 3.6%

others 3.5%

Brazil 3.4%

turkey 2.7%

asia-others 2.2%

south Korea 1.9%

6.6% Japan

7.7% eu

17.8% china

41.9% naFta

india 5.2%

asia-others 4.3%

thailand 7.2%

Asia - others : australia, indonesia, malaysia, taiwan, thailandeurope - others : serbia, turkey, ukraineothers : argentina, egypt, iran, south africa, uzbekistan

Asia - others : australia, indonesia, malaysia, taiwaneurope - others : russia, serbia, ukraineothers : argentina, egypt, iran, south africa, uzbekistan

production

Production

39

Prod

ucti

on

World passenger car production international comparison | 2001-2012

World car production is on the riseSo

urce

: Bas

ed o

n oi

ca

201

3

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

World passenger car production trend | 1997-2012

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

-0.7%+4.2% +3.7% -3.4% +3.8%

+1.5%+6.2%

+6.6% -0.9%

-9.4%

+22.0%+2.9%

+6.5%

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

oica

- 20

13

units

+5.2%

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

units

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

eu china Japan south Korea india usa Brazil russia

2012

+5.2%

40

World commercial vehicle production - international comparison | 2001-2012

production

World commercial vehicle production is climbing

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

oica

2

013

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

25,000,000

20,000,000

World commercial vehicle production - trend | 1999-2012

+4.0% -4.0%+7.0%

+6.0%+6.7% -1.6% -1.6%

-21.2%

+38.1% +4.1%+4.5%

-11.3%

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

oica

2

013

units

+3.9%

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

units

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

usa china eu thailand canada Japan mexico india

Production

41

Prod

ucti

on

Motor vehicle production in the EU by country | 2012

+ ToTAL

AuSTrIA 123,602 19,060 142,662

BeLGIuM 507,204 33,890 541,094

cZecH rePuBLIc 1,171,774 568 1,172,342

FINLAND 2,900 2,900

FrANce 1,682,814 284,951 n.a. 1,967,765

GerMANY 5,388,456 260,813 n.a. 5,649,269

HuNGArY 215,440 2,400 217,840

ITALY 396,817 241,186 33,411 671,414

NeTHerLANDS 28,000 21,800 49,800

PoLAND 540,000 103,923 764 644,687

PorTuGAL 115,735 43,831 3,990 163,556

roMANIA 326,556 11,187 22 337,765

SLoVAKIA 900,000 900,000

SLoVeNIA 126,836 4,113 130,949

SPAIN 1,539,680 392,624 46,875 1,979,179

SWeDeN 162,814 n.a. 162,814

uNITeD KINGDoM 1,464,906 94,045 16,289 1,575,240

EU 14,611,284 1,435,990 186,204 16,233,478

1. double countings are deducted from the totals2. Figures for cvs + B&c were not communicated in 2012

Sour

ce: a

cea

- 201

2 (n

atio

nal

auto

moB

ile

asso

ciat

ions

)16.2 million vehicles are produced in the EU

42

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

-3.2%+2%

-15.1%

+12.4% +3.8%+2.9%

+4.3%

+8.8% +1.1%+3.1% +0.2% -1.2% -1.2% +1.9% -0.9% +1.3%

-12.8%

+9.9% +2.7%

+5.6%-6.7%

czech republic, hungary, Poland, romania, slovakia, slovenia

austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, italy, netherlands, Portugal, spain, sweden, united Kingdom

Passenger car production in the EU | 1990-2012

Trends in EU car production

Sour

ce: a

cea

20

13

units

2012

-6.9%

production

Production

43

Prod

ucti

on

Commercial vehicle production in the EU | 1990-2012

Trends in EU commercial vehicle productionSo

urce

: ace

a - 2

013

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-7.7% -1.0%

-23.5%

+20.6%+10.2% +2.2%

+17.3%+7.5%

-3.3%

+13.2%-3.3%

-6.0% +2.3%+3.8%

+3.3% +3.8%

-47.3%

+39.3%+9.8%

-18.7%

+5.4%-5.2%

units

44

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

sK cZ side Be Fres uK Plhu se* roat Pt it nl Fi*

Motor vehicle production per 1,000 inhabitants | 2012

production

The EU produces 35 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat;

acea

- 20

13

* only production of cars available in 2012

eu

Prod

uctio

n / 1

,000

inha

bita

nts

167

112

6964

4943

3530

25 2217 17 17 16 16

113 1

Production

45

Prod

ucti

on

eu Plants

austria 6

Belgium 8

Bulgaria 1

czech republic 11

Finland 2

France 36

Germany 46

hungary 5

italy 23

netherlands 9

Poland 14

Portugal 6

romania 3

slovakia 3

slovenia 1

spain 15

sweden 14

united Kingdom 30

NoN - eu Plants

Belarus 2

Kazakhstan 2

russia 32

serbia 2

turkey 15

ukraine 5

uzbekistan 2

ALL MANuFAcTurerS countries Plants

total europe 25 293

ToTAL eu 18 233

AceA MeMBerS countries Plants

total europe 22 208

ToTAL eu 17 183

Automobile assembly and production plants in Europe

ACEA members operate 208 plants across EuropeSo

urce

: ace

a - 2

013

46

Water used

Sour

ce:

acea

- 2

013

Europe leads the way in resource-efficient production

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.0050

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

million m3 m3/car

-35.3%

European automobile manufacturers have significantly reduced the environmental impact of vehicle production in recent years.

long-term strategies to reduce water consumption have made it possible to reduce the water use per car produced by 28.5% from 2005 to 2012. this includes the increased application of re-circulation technologies for the reuse of water.

Water total (million m3/year) Water per unit produced (m3/car) total industry volume production

production

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production

47

Prod

ucti

on

Energy consumption

Sour

ce: a

cea

- 20

13

as cars are equipped with more and more features to make them safer, more comfortable and more environmentally-friendly, the complexity of production increases as well, which affects energy demand. however, manufacturers constantly work on improving energy-efficiency. as a result, total energy consumption over the last years, from 2005 to 2012, decreased by 10.7%. Fluctuation in energy per car produced can be explained by lower volumes in production in certain years and weather conditions such as the harsh winter of 2012.

the co2 emissions per vehicle produced in the same period dropped by 10.4%, while the overall figure went down by 19.0%, reflecting the industrys efforts to reduce co2 emissions.

3.3

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.520

25

30

35

40

45

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

million mWh mWh/car

CO2 emissions

Sour

ce: a

cea

- 20

13

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

million tons tons/car

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

energy total (million mWh/year) energy per unit produced (mWh/car) total industry volume production

co2 emissions total (million t/year) co2 emissions per unit produced (t/car) total industry volume production

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-10.7%

-19.0%

48

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions

Sour

ce:

acea

- 20

13

4.10

3.90

3.70

3.50

3.30

3.10

2.90

2.70

2.50

2.3030,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

tons kg/car

Volatile organic compounds (Voc) are organic solvents mainly emitted from paintshops. the graph shows the voc emissions per car produced and the absolute emissions of all passenger car manufacturers altogether. With new technologies such as water-based paints that replace solvent-based paints, manufacturers have been able to reduce emissions by 34.8% per vehicle over the last eight years.

voc emissions total (t) voc emissions per unit produced (kg/car) total industry volume production

- 42.6%

- 34.8%

production

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production

49

Prod

ucti

on

Waste (excluding scrap metal)

Sour

ce:

acea

- 20

13

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.001,000,000

1,100,000

1,200,000

1,300,000

1,400,000

1,500,000

1,600,000

1,700,000

tons kg/car

the total amount of waste generated by the manufacturing of vehicles went down 3.8% over eight years. the 6.3% increase noted in the waste per unit produced occurs mainly due to the increasing portion of one-way packaging which is a result of globalisation. Fluctuation both in absolute waste and waste per car, especially in 2008, can be explained by the occurrence of singular events such as the formation of demolition waste.

Waste total (t/year) excluding scrap metal Waste per unit produced (kg/car) excluding scrap metal total industry volume production

+6.3%

-3.8%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

rEgi

strA

tion

s

REGISTRATIONS

RegistRations

53

Regi

stRa

tion

s

europe 22.6%

eu 16.8%eFta 0.7%russia 3.9%turkey 1.0%ukraine 0.3%

Asia 41.0%

china 23.5% Japan 6.5% india 4.4% south Korea 1.9% asia-others 1 4.7%

1. indonesia, malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, singapore, taiwan, thailand, vietnam

others 9.4%

New motor vehicle registrations world (market shares) | 2012

Europe accounts for 23% of all motor vehicle registrationsSo

urce

: a

cea,

vda

- 20

13

America 27.0%

NAFTA 21.4%

usa 18.0%

MercoSur 5.6%

Brazil 4.6%

MoTor VeHIcLeS in 1,000 units 2012 % share 2011 % change 12/11

euroPe 18,573 22.6% 19,648 -5.5%

eu 13,749 16.8% 15,065 -8.7%

eFta 549 0.7% 539 1.9%

russia 3,194 3.9% 2,902 10.0%

turkey 818 1.0% 911 -10.2%

ukraine 264 0.3% 231 14.2%

AMerIcA 22,151 27.0% 20,105 10.2%

naFta 17,525 21.4% 15,596 12.4%

of which usa 14,786 18.0% 13,041 13.4%

mercosur 4,626 5.6% 4,509 2.6%

of which Brazil 3,796 4.6% 3,625 4.7%

ASIA 33,644 41.0% 30,594 10.0%

china 19,304 23.5% 18,505 4.3%

india 3,580 4.4% 3,292 8.8%

Japan 5,370 6.5% 4,210 27.5%

south Korea 1,542 1.9% 1,580 -2.4%

asia-others 1 3,849 4.7% 3,008 28.0%

oTHerS 7,704 9.4% 8,110 -5.0%

ToTAL WorLD 82,072 100.0% 78,457 4.6%

54

Asia 35%

china 19.2% Japan 6.6% india 4.0% south Korea 1.9% asia-others 2 3.3%

europe 23.5%

eu 17.5%eFta 0.7%russia 4.3%turkey 0.8%ukraine 0.3%

PASSeNGer cArS in 1,000 units 2012 % share 2011 % change 12/11

euroPe 16,257 23.5% 17,048 -4.6%

eu 12,054 17.5% 13,130 -8.2%

eFta 474 0.7% 462 2.5%

russia 2,935 4.3% 2,654 10.6%

turkey 556 0.8% 594 -6.3%

ukraine 238 0.3% 207 14.5%

AMerIcA 1 21,529 31.2% 19,492 10.4%

naFta 17,098 24.8% 15,221 12.3%

of which usa 14,440 20.9% 12,734 13.4%

mercosur 4,431 6.4% 4,271 3.7%

of which Brazil 3,634 5.3% 3,426 6.1%

ASIA 24,200 35.0% 21,428 12.9%

china 13,239 19.2% 12,214 8.4%

india 2,777 4.0% 2,514 10.4%

Japan 4,572 6.6% 3,525 29.7%

south Korea 1,307 1.9% 1,316 -0.7%

asia-others 2 2,306 3.3% 1,859 24.1%

oTHerS 7,074 10.2% 7,448 -5.0%

ToTAL WorLD 69,060 100.0% 65,416 5.6%1. including light commercial vehicles2. indonesia, malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, singapore, taiwan, thailand, vietnam

America 31.2%

NAFTA 24.8%

usa 20.9%

MercoSur 6.4%

Brazil 5.3%

others 10.2%

New passenger car registrations - world (market shares) | 2012

Over 16 million cars were registered in Europe in 2012

Sour

ce:

ace

a, v

da -

2013

registrations

RegistRations

55

Regi

stRa

tion

s

Asia 72.6%

china 46.6% india 6.2% Japan 6.1% south Korea 1.8% asia-others 2 11.9%

europe 17.8%

eu 13.0%eFta 0.6%turkey 2.0%russia 2.0%ukraine 0.2%

coMMercIAL VeHIcLeS in 1,000 units 2012 % share 2011 % change 12/11

euroPe 2,316 17.8% 2,600 -10.9%

eu 1,695 13.0% 1,935 -12.4%

eFta 75 0.6% 76 -1.8%

russia 258 2.0% 248 4.1%

turkey 261 2.0% 317 -17.6%

ukraine 26 0.2% 23 10.9%

AMerIcA 1 622 4.8% 613 1.4%

naFta 427 3.3% 376 13.7%

of which usa 346 2.7% 306 13.0%

mercosur 195 1.5% 237 -18.0%

of which Brazil 161 1.2% 200 -19.1%

ASIA 9,444 72.6% 9,166 3.0%

china 6,065 46.6% 6,291 -3.6%

india 803 6.2% 777 3.3%

Japan 797 6.1% 685 16.3%

south Korea 235 1.8% 263 -10.8%

asia-others 2 1,543 11.9% 1,149 34.3%

oTHerS 630 4.8% 662 -4.8%

ToTAL WorLD 13,012 100.0% 13,041 -0.2%1. excluding light commercial vehicles2. indonesia, malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, singapore, taiwan, thailand, vietnam

America 4.8%

NAFTA 3.3%

usa 2.7%

MercoSur 1.5%

Brazil 1.2%

others 4.8%

New commercial vehicle registrations world (market shares) | 2012

Europe accounts for 18% of worldwide commercial vehicle registrationsSo

urce

: v

da, a

cea

- 201

3

56

ToTAL

AT 336,010 31,508 6,589 722 374,829

Be 486,737 54,607 8,474 701 550,519

BG 19,419 3,118 n.a. n.a. 22,537

cY 10,967 1,293 88 n.a. 12,348

cZ 174,009 11,821 7,234 731 193,795

DK 170,763 24,109 3,770 506 199,148

ee 17,267 2,139 726 116 20,248

FI 111,251 11,469 3,252 533 126,505

Fr 1,898,760 381,233 45,678 6,062 2,331,733

De 3,082,504 219,422 86,937 5,139 3,394,002

Gr 58,482 3,707 211 118 62,518

Hu 53,059 10,900 4,158 51 68,168

Ie 79,498 10,874 1,120 236 91,728

IT 1,402,089 116,112 13,741 2,131 1,534,073

ToTAL

LV 10,665 2,236 1,605 92 14,598

LT 12,170 1,598 2,759 145 16,672

Lu 50,398 3,262 995 159 54,814

NL 502,528 56,576 12,002 779 571,885

PL 273,589 38,507 16,436 1,271 329,803

PT 95,290 16,011 1,892 223 113,416

ro 66,436 9,389 2,817 1,463 80,105

SK 69,268 5,103 3,511 307 78,189

SI 48,648 6,412 1,097 92 56,249

eS 699,589 76,933 12,827 1,642 790,991

Se 279,899 39,303 5,610 1,629 326,441

uK 2,044,609 239,641 42,280 7,233 2,333,763

eu 12,053,904 1,377,283 285,809 32,081 13,749,077

IS 7,902 444 87 69 8,502

No 137,967 31,850 5,861 1,231 176,909

cH 328,139 30,922 3,853 509 363,423

eFTA 474,008 63,216 9,801 1,809 548,834

eu+eFTA 12,527,912 1,440,499 295,610 33,890 14,297,9111. data for malta not available

registrations

Motor vehicle registrations in the EU - by country (in units) | 2012

Sour

ce: a

cea

- 201

3 (n

atio

nal

auto

moB

ile

asso

ciat

ions

)

The EU represents a market of almost 14 million vehicles

RegistRations

57

Regi

stRa

tion

s

10,000,000

1,500,000

11,000,000

1,700,000

12,000,000

1,900,000

13,000,000

2,100,000

14,000,000

2,300,000

15,000,000

2,500,000

16,000,000

2,700,000

-5

-5

-4

-4

-3

-3

-2

-2

-1

-1

+0

+0

+1

+1

+2

+2

+3

+3

+4

+4

New commercial vehicle registrations in the EU and GDP | 1997-2012

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Sour

ce: a

aa, a

cea,

dG

ecFi

nSo

urce

: aaa

, ace

a, d

G ec

Fin

new Pc registrations eu eu GdP

new cv registrations eu eu GdP

New

Pc re

gist

ratio

ns (u

nits

)Ne

w cV

regi

stra

tions

(uni

ts)

New passenger car registrations in the EU and GDP | 1990-2012

Vehicle sales mirror economic growth

GDP

grow

th (%

)

GDP

grow

th (%

)

eurostat forecast

eurostat forecast

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

58

10,000,000

11,000,000

12,000,000

13,000,000

14,000,000

15,000,000

16,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-0.6% +0.8%

-16.9%

+6.0% +0.7%

+6.3%

+4.9%

+7.2%

+5.0%-2.1% +0.6%

-2.7%

+5.0%+1.6% -0.6%

+3.8% +1.0%

-8.0% -1.2%

-5.5%-1.7%

-8.3%

New passenger car registrations in the EU (in units % change) | 1990-2012

Trend in new EU car registrations

Sour

ce: a

cea

- 201

3

units

registrations

RegistRations

59

Regi

stRa

tion

s

0

0

500,000

100,000

1,000,000

200,000

1,500,000

300,000

2,000,000,

400,000

2,500,000

500,000

New medium & heavy commercial vehicle registrations in the EU (in units % change) | 1997-2012

1998

1998

1997

1997

1999

1999

2000

2000

2001

2001

2002

2002

2003

2003

2004

2004

2005

2005

2006

2006

2007

2007

2008

2008

2009

2009

2010

2010

2011 2012

2011 2012

+13.1%+9.0%

+5.6% -2.8% -2.5% -2.7%+9.5%

+3.0% +0.4%

-29.5%+8.7%

+7.5%-7.4%

+5.7%-9.7%

+16.5%+12.7% +2.5% -3.7%

-10.0% -1.2%+9.5%

+6.1%+6.4%

+6.5% -2.6%

-44.4% +7.1%

+19.7%-6.0%

New light commercial vehicle registrations in the EU (in units % change) | 1997-2012

Trend in new EU commercial vehicle registrationsSo

urce

: ace

a, B

ased

on

aaa

data

- 20

13So

urce

: ace

a, B

ased

on

aaa

data

- 20

13

units

units

60

New cars sold in Europe* by segment (% share) | 2012

upper medium (d) 12.0%

luxury (e+F) 4.0%

mPv 12.0%

suv 12.0%

others 2.0%

small (a+B) 35.0%

lower medium (c) 23.0%

* europe = eu27 (without luxembourg) + norway, switzerland

A closer look at consumer demand

more information on trends in new car characteristics at www.acea.be

Sour

ce: i

hs G

loBa

l in

siGh

t

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

New passenger cars sold in Europe* by segment (in units) | 1994-2012

19951994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Sour

ce: i

hs G

loBa

l in

siGh

t

small (a+B) lower medium (c) upper medium (d) luxury (e+F) mPv suv othersunits

registrations

RegistRations

61

Regi

stRa

tion

s

eu = eu27, data for malta n.a. eu15 = at, Be, de, dK, es, Fi, Fr, Gr, ie, it, lu, nl, Pt, se, uK eu11 = BG, cY, cZ, ee, hu, lv, lt, Pl, ro, sK, si

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0.0

New passenger car registrations per 100 inhabitants (in units) | 2012

Sour

ce:

acea

, eur

osta

t - 2

013

units

2.4 new cars were registered per 100 inhabitants in the EU in 2012

9.8

4.94.4

4.03.8 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9

2.4 2.4 2.32.1

1.7 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.30.9 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3

lu deBe at uKnoch is eesenl itFr cYie PlFi husK Gr ltesdK

cZ Pt lv ro BG

eu 15

eu 27

si

eu 11

62

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,500,000

4,000,000

3,500,000

2,500,000

New passenger cars in the EU by CO2 emissions | 1995-2012

19991998199719961995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

02

3,247,803

3,865,560

4,283,478

4,594,922

2,057,924

1,494,098

1,008,992904,845958,591839,488583,614

306,514159,384813 20,339 88,174

co2 emissions (g/km)

161+

160-141

140-121

120 and less

Demand for passenger cars 120g CO2 /km | 1995-2012

The drive towards fuel efficiency

units

+6.8%

1995

17%

3% 0%

20071998

37%29%

28% 23%

7%11%

0%

20082001

31%42%

27%35%

26%

20% 16%

3%

20092004 2010 2011 2012

23%

36%25%

34%27%

21%25%

8%

19%15% 12%

21%19% 18%

30% 33% 32%29% 33%39%

80%

65%

registrations

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Be: 128 ; -16.4%

nl: 123 ; -25.1%

dK: 117 ; -25.7%

se: 139 ; -23.3%

Fi: 139 ; -21.7%

uK: 133 ; -18.8%

ie: 125 ; -24.2%

de: 141 ; -17.0%Pl: 141 ; -8.4%

cZ: 141

ee: 150

lv: 153

lt: 145

si: 134 hu: 140

sK: 141

lu: 138 ; -16.3%

at: 138 ; -15.0%

it: 128 ; -13.1%

Gr: 127 ; -22.9%

es: 132 ; -16.%

Pt: 119 ; -16.6%

Fr: 124 ; -16.8%

CO2 emissions of new cars: continuing the downward trend

Source: acea - 2013

average co2 of new cars % change in 2012 2012/2007

DK 117 -25.7% PT 119 -16.6%

NL 123 -25.1%

Fr 124 -16.8%

Ie 125 -24.2%

Gr 127 -22.9%

Be 128 -16.4%

IT 128 -13.1%

eS 132 -16.0%

uK 133 -18.8%

SI 134

Lu 138 -16.3%

AT 138 -15.0%

FI 139 -21.7%

Se 139 -23.3%

Hu 140

SK 141

PL 141 -8.6%

cZ 141

De 141 -17.0%

LT 145

ee 150

LV 153

Average CO2 emissions of new cars in the EU in 2012 (in gCO2 /km)

64

0

10

20

30

40

60

50

Diesel penetration in the EU15 + EFTA by country (% of new cars registered) | 2012

1999199819971996199519941993199219911990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fr eslu noBe uKitse chdK

Fide nlPt Gr

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Diesel penetration in the EU15 + EFTA (% of new cars registered) | 1990-2012

Most new cars have a diesel engine

% share

% share

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ie

registrations

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Vehicles in use

67

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4

6

8

10

12

14

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Passenger car fleet* by age (% share) | 2010

slovaKiaFinlandestonia Greece sWedenPortuGal GermanY BelGium austria uK ireland

* for available countries: austria, Belgium, estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, ireland, Portugal, slovakia, sweden, united Kingdom.

Average passenger car age by country | 2010

Cars in the EU are on average 8.3 years oldSo

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35.6% cars > 10 years old

32.2% cars 5 years old

12.0 11.9 11.510.7

10.1 9.8

8.3 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.5 7.36.3

eu*

France

32.1% cars 5-10 years old

68

vehicles in use

The share of diesel in the EU car fleet is gradually increasing

EU car fleet by fuel type (% share) | 2012

EU car fleet by fuel type (% share) | 2010

Sour

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Gasoline 60.6%

Gasoline 61.5%

diesel 35.9%

diesel 35.3%

other 3.4%

other 3.2%

* for available countries: austria, Belgium, czech republic, denmark, Finland, France, Germany, italy, latvia, netherlands, Poland, romania, sweden, united Kingdom.

* for available countries: austria, Belgium, czech republic, denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, italy, latvia, lithuania, netherlands, Poland, romania, spain, sweden, united Kingdom

Vehicles in use

69

Vehi

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300

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

EU commercial vehicle fleet (in units) | 1990 2011

units - in millions

units - in millions

1990

1990

1995

1995

2000

2000

2005

2005

2010 2011

2010 2011

EU passenger car fleet (in units) | 1990 2011

The EUs vehicle fleet continues to growSo

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: eur

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013

Sour

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3

70

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

de it Fr uK es Pl nl Be Gr cZPt at se ro huFi BG dK

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17.7%

15.3%

13.2%12.1%

9.2%

7.5%

3.2%

2.2% 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8%1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%

vehicles in use

Passenger car fleet by country (% share - in units) | 2011

Vehicle spread in the EU

Sour

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tat

- 201

3

units - in millions

Vehicles in use

71

Vehi

cles

in U

se

Passenger car fleet growth (in units) | 1995-2011

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

JaPan

JaPan

usa

usa

russia

russiachina

BraZil

BraZil

s. Korea

s. Korea

india

india

* 27 countries included over the whole period

Passenger car fleet (in units) | 2011

The EU has the largest car fleet in the world

eu*

eu*

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units in millions

units in millions

242.2

130.72

57.7 55.935.0 27.5 14.2 13.5

1995 2011

china

72

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

100

200

300

400

500

0

usaJaPaneu s. Korea russia BraZil china india

vehicles in use

Passenger car density per 1,000 inhabitants EU | 2011

Passenger car density per 1,000 inhabitants world | 1995-2011

The EU has 483 cars per 1,000 inhabitants

Sour

ce: e

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tat,

ihs

GloB

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tSo

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: eur

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380 373

461

143108 106

2 3

448447

454

236179

100

11 6

483 452

417

293251

137

4111

itlu cYmt Fi delt Fr Be es uKeu nl Gr iePl Pt ee dK

BG husK ro

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610 589570 551 545 535 525 519 502 490 482483 470 470 466 464 461 447 436 428 417

394368

324300 298

203

at si se cZ lv

units

units

1995 2005

2011

trAd

E

TRAdE

trade

75

Trad

e

eFta & eastern europe 25.1%

middle east 4.8%

africa 6.8%

asia & oceania 34.0%

north america (naFta) 26.8%

south america & caribbean 2.4%

EU exports of passenger cars - by value (% share)

The EU automotive industry is a formidable exporterSo

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: Bas

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- 201

2

76

2011 2012 % cHG 12/11

trade trade tradetrade in value (m) imPorts exPorts Balance imPorts exPorts Balance imPorts exPorts Balance

Passenger cars 24,237 93,606 69,369 23,670 107,887 84,217 -2.3% 15.3% 21.4%

commercial vehicles (up to 5t) 3,913 3,780 -133 3,388 4,663 1,275 -13.4% 23.4% ++

commercial vehicles (over 5t) + buses & coaches 843 6,369 5,526 819 7,216 6,397 -2.8% 13.3% 15.8%

t o t a l 28,993 103,755 74,762 27,877 119,766 91,889 -3.8% 15.4% 22.9%

2011 2012 % cHG 12/11

trade in volume (units) imPorts exPorts imPorts exPorts imPorts exPorts

Passenger cars 2,176,517 5,153,725 1,932,420 5,914,655 -11.2% 14.8%

commercial vehicles (up to 5t) 326,756 362,268 269,972 428,402 -17.4% 18.3

commercial vehicles (over 5t) + buses & coaches 24,573 856,242 92,838 245,186 277.8% -71.4%

t o t a l 2,527,846 6,372,235 2,295,230 6,588,243 -9.2% 3.4%

trade

EU motor vehicle trade by type (in m)

EU motor vehicle trade by type (in units)

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat

Sour

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tat

The EU exported 6.6 million vehicles in 2012

trade

77

Trad

e

chinas. KoreaturKeY indiamexico sWitZerlands. aFrica thailand

Origin of EU motor vehicle imports (in units) | 2012

Origin of EU motor vehicle imports (in units)

A closer look at imports of all vehicle categoriesSo

urce

: eur

osta

t

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 12/11 % share in 2012

World 3,402,211 3,620,596 3,246,820 2,522,080 2,488,966 2,527,846 2,295,230 -9.2% 100.0%

turkey 561,914 620,836 666,586 497,799 568,896 571,142 518,427 -9.2% 22.6%

south Korea 724,689 655,218 452,348 353,423 295,970 384,462 403,690 5.0% 17.6%

Japan 970,386 971,861 879,620 691,638 618,914 440,320 347,759 -21.0% 15.2%

united states 322,664 450,533 365,682 155,695 186,425 243,049 241,129 -0.8% 10.5%

china 329,426 348,407 267,254 208,718 164,712 161,101 184,927 14.8% 8.1%

mexico 101,378 152,045 183,686 116,308 139,186 184,196 163,550 -11.2% 7.1%

india 51,391 63,035 101,705 267,065 233,441 260,922 163,503 -37.3% 7.1%

south africa 29,499 25,056 35,316 38,783 74,278 86,263 67,714 -21.5% 3.0%

switzerland 34,166 47,060 43,751 29,795 26,740 26,691 25,966 -2.7% 1.1%

thailand 75,011 82,865 62,645 35,822 44,383 39,950 25,198 -36.9% 1.1%

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

JaPan usa

units

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

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stat

dat

a

78

Destination of EU motor vehicle exports (in units) | 2012

china sWitZerlandrussiausa JaPan norWaYaustralia s. aFrica

Main destinations of EU motor vehicle exports (in units)

Most EU motor vehicle exports go to the US

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat

Sour

ce: B

ased

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stat

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trade

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 12/11 % share in 2012

World 5,031,578 5,319,592 5,359,061 3,740,221 4,772,147 6,372,235 6,588,243 3.4% 100.0%

united states 999,431 981,493 880,691 550,856 714,944 751,824 883,590 17.5% 13.4%

russia 385,147 604,659 731,138 191,937 324,866 516,792 764,172 47.9% 11.6%

china 61,764 99,103 137,823 174,242 349,737 487,108 534,662 9.8% 8.1%

turkey 375,636 258,308 256,255 188,650 383,890 434,377 388,250 -10.6% 5.9%

switzerland 237,706 267,905 259,276 225,443 281,867 321,999 329,629 2.4% 5.0%

Japan 169,088 191,156 145,094 114,729 148,211 177,975 207,122 16.4% 3.1%

australia 116,744 136,236 136,615 96,376 141,256 156,798 190,335 21.4% 2.9%

ukraine 140,745 126,932 165,388 39,449 113,015 134,468 169,818 26.3% 2.6%

norway 148,012 176,565 143,819 122,510 167,647 178,217 167,214 -6.2% 2.5%

south africa 140,977 124,420 77,117 67,313 102,607 142,086 130,562 -8.1% 2.0%

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

turKeY uKraine

units

trade

79

Trad

e

Passenger cars - origin of EU imports - by value (% share) | 2012

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 12/11 % share in 2012

World 31,601 33,397 29,721 22,046 22,483 24,237 23,670 -2.3% 100.0%

united states 5,470 6,344 5,977 2,952 3,483 4,665 5,492 17.7% 23.2%

Japan 12,012 11,796 10,634 8,240 7,672 6,504 5,464 -16.0% 23.1%

south Korea 7,272 6,690 3,945 2,610 2,449 3,395 3,900 14.9% 16.5%

turkey 3,393 4,206 3,674 3,194 3,397 3,328 3,119 -6.3% 13.2%

mexico 1,334 1,992 2,405 1,499 1,771 2,465 2,341 -5.0% 9.9%

india 270 332 584 1,536 1,341 1,770 1,069 -39.6% 4.5%

south africa 366 70 300 469 847 904 549 -39.3% 2.3%

china 298 482 541 398 455 394 331 -16.0% 1.4%

canada 89 86 70 38 70 136 179 32.1% 0.8%

switzerland 142 193 152 120 114 106 123 16.0% 0.5%

Origin of most EU passenger car imports - by value (in m)

The US, Japan and South Korea account for the highest import value for carsSo

urce

: eur

osta

tSo

urce

: Bas

ed o

n eu

rost

at d

ata

13.2% turkey

16.5% south Korea

33.8 % naFta

23.1% Japan

0.1% middle east

0.0% australia

africa 4.9%

india 4.5%

china 1.4%

eFta 0.6%

asean 0.2%

russia 0.1%

mercosur 0.0%

others 1.6%

80

Origin of EU passenger car imports (in units) | 2012

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 11/12 % share in 2012

World 3,014,086 3,214,833 2,783,532 2,212,025 2,139,820 2,176,517 1,932,420 -11.2% 100.0%

south Korea 717,090 651,130 446,544 351,142 294,013 382,871 402,062 5.0% 20.8%

Japan 940,670 949,317 852,805 676,461 604,151 429,803 345,895 -19.5% 17.9%

turkey 344,923 385,188 361,161 314,514 330,548 334,349 318,265 -4.8% 16.5%

united states 314,856 440,892 351,235 150,142 179,892 236,381 233,835 -1.1% 12.1%

mexico 101,331 152,006 183,647 116,298 139,171 184,180 163,526 -11.2% 8.5%

india 49,433 61,389 99,121 265,659 231,987 259,776 162,928 -37.3% 8.4%

china 308,720 336,075 252,801 154,266 155,262 149,025 111,881 -24.9% 5.8%

south africa 17,938 3,877 20,515 31,315 65,396 72,074 43,973 -39.0% 2.3%

switzerland 29,346 41,248 36,281 26,232 23,892 23,420 22,254 -5.0% 1.2%

taiwan 54,904 57,492 59,795 32,076 29,670 29,252 19,327 -33.9% 1.0%

50,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000

0

turKeY indiaJaPan mexico taiWansWitZerlands. aFrica

trade

Origin of most EU passenger car imports (in units)

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat

units

s. Korea usa china

Sour

ce: B

ased

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Most EU car imports come from South Korea

trade

81

Trad

e

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 12/11 % share in 2012

World 67,776 70,658 69,416 48,088 76,149 93,606 107,887 15.3% 100.0%

united states 27,064 24,748 20,520 12,768 19,127 19,482 24,934 28.0% 23.1%

china 2,250 3,344 4,608 5,475 12,182 17,335 19,290 11.3% 17.9%

russia 4,290 6,627 8,758 2,563 4,063 7,016 8,727 24.4% 8.1%

switzerland 4,002 4,318 4,360 3,935 5,219 6,646 6,813 2.5% 6.3%

Japan 4,221 4,115 3,249 2,713 3,843 5,089 6,306 23.9% 5.8%

turkey 2,908 2,834 2,806 2,067 4,255 5,229 4,826 -7.7% 4.5%

australia 1,831 2,097 2,186 1,613 2,758 3,177 3,496 10.1% 3.2%

norway 2,266 2,694 2,180 1,854 2,699 3,016 3,166 5.0% 2.9%

canada 2,082 2,074 2,057 1,789 2,414 2,480 2,995 20.7% 2.8%

south Korea 1,018 974 911 805 1,682 1,955 2,496 27.7% 2.3%

Main destinations of EU passenger car exports by value (in m)

The US is the EUs most valuable export market

Passenger cars - destination of EU exports by value (% share) | 2012

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat

9.4% eFta

8.1% russia

17.9% china

6.8% others

26.8% naFta

1.3% mercosur

0.2% india

africa 6.8%

Japan 5.8%

middle east 4.8%

turkey 4.5%

australia 3.2%

south Korea 2.3%

asean 2.0%

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

euro

stat

dat

a

82

norWaY s. aFrica canada

trade

Destination of EU passenger car exports (in units) | 2012

Main destinations of EU passenger car exports (in units)

Almost 15% of EU car exports set sail to the US

Sour

ce: e

uros

tat

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % chG 12/11 % share in 2012

World 4,301,184 4,743,045 4,797,916 3,375,224 4,234,470 5,153,725 5,914,655 14.8% 100.0%

united states 993,405 972,316 874,508 547,326 708,575 731,138 873,628 19.5% 14.8%

russia 342,762 528,674 670,381 176,595 291,164 470,878 706,918 50.1% 12.0%

china 60,383 95,925 136,239 172,218 345,581 478,877 526,769 10.0% 8.9%

turkey 247,886 225,505 223,331 170,456 339,556 388,000 349,979 -9.8% 5.9%

switzerland 212,941 243,348 233,163 203,939 255,874 291,899 300,976 3.1% 5.1%

Japan 168,731 190,864 145,006 114,649 148,082 175,242 206,521 17.8% 3.5%

australia 99,876 107,469 109,738 84,157 123,250 141,394 150,460 6.4% 2.5%

norway 125,799 151,956 122,103 110,027 147,473 153,694 144,232 -6.2% 2.4%

south africa 122,877 102,828 65,611 62,834 93,145 123,355 115,808 -6.1% 2.0%

canada 83,707 85,291 98,188 82,576 99,169 94,849 109,767 15.7% 1.9%

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1.000,000

0

china turKeY sWitZerland JaPanusa australiarussia

Sour

ce: B

ased

on

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stat

dat

a

units

tAxA

tion

TAxATION

TaxaTion

85

Taxa

Tion

co2 taxation is now well established across the european union. 19 eu member states currently apply some form of co2 tax to the registration and/or ownership of passenger cars, up from 17 in 2010. Finland and Greece both changed their annual circulation tax to a co2 basis recently.

the 19 eu countries that levy passenger car taxes partially or totally based on the cars co2 emissions and/or fuel consumption are: austria, Belgium, cyprus, denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, ireland, latvia, luxembourg, malta, the netherlands, Portugal, romania, slovenia, spain, sweden and the united Kingdom.

the european automobile industry welcomes this trend towards co2-related car taxation. however, it regrets the lack of uniformity in the implementation of these taxes.

european auto makers therefore support taxation for passenger cars that is: exclusively based on co2 emissions; technologically neutral; linear; and budget neutral.

For more information, visit www.acea.be

CO2 taxation is gaining ground in the EU

Source: acea tax Guide 2013

86

taxation

incentives for electrically-chargeable vehicles are now applied in all western european countries. the incentives mainly consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as in countries such as Belgium and the netherlands, and bonus payments and premiums for the buyers of electric vehicles in spain, luxembourg and Portugal.

the european car industry supports the further introduction of fiscal incentives for fuel efficiency. tax measures are an important tool in shaping consumer demand towards fuel-efficient cars and help create a market for breakthrough technologies, notably during the introduction phase. innovations generally first enter the market in low volumes and at a significant cost premium, and this needs to be offset by a positive policy framework. electric mobility will make an important contribution towards ensuring sustainable mobility. however, advanced conventional technologies, engines and fuels will play a predominant role for years to come. Governments must continue to include these co2-efficient technologies and solutions in their overall sustainable mobility policy approach.

For more information, visit www.acea.be

Tax incentives help shape demand for electric vehicles

Source: acea tax Guide 2013

TaxaTion

87

Taxa

Tion

at Be dK de es Fi Fr Gr ie it nl Pt se uK

bn bn dKK bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn seK bn bn 2011 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2010 2011 2012 2012 2011

Purchase or transfer

1. vat on vehicle sales servicing/repair, parts, tyres 2.484 6.060 n.a. 27.175 4.031 1.310 14.554 0.170 0.387 18.100 1.400 1.076 21.000 12.500

2. Fuels & lubricants 5.517 7.534 16.970 40.036 18.325 3.742 35.332 4.143 2.720 31.315 7.708 2.310 49.500 26.920

3. sales & registration taxes 0.485 0.408 13.800 0.478 1.008 2.076 0.100 0.387 1.142 1.999 0.420

annual ownership taxes 1.635 1.512 9.872 8.422 2.807 0.706 1.098 1.116 1.075 6.610 3.586 0.362 12.200 5.820

driving license fees 0.007 0.010 0.065 0.295

insurance taxes 0.310 0.934 1.757 3.656 0.676 0.299 4.276 4.051 0.365 3.000

tolls 1.512 0.370 10.106 1.422 0.800

customs duties 0.550 0.025

other taxes 0.274 0.759 0.920 0.349 1.572 0.055 5.186 3.396 0.266 4.200 1.500

ToTAL 12.217 17.214 42.769 80.769 26.731 7.065 69.014 5.584 4.569 67.826 18.749 4.459 90.700 46.740

euro 12.2 17.2 5.7 80.8 26.7 7.1 69.0 5.6 4.6 67.8 18.7 4.5 10.4 54.3

GrAND ToTAL = 384.6bn

Fiscal income from motor vehicles in the EU*

* no data available for other eu member states.Sour

ce: a

cea

- 201

3Motor vehicles are a vital source of government revenue

88

taxation

austria

Bulgaria

estonia

slovakia

slovenia

uK

France

Germany

malta

cyprus

luxembourg

Share of VAT in net price of cars

Excise duties on fuels in (/1,000 litres)

at Be BG cY cZ de dK ee es Fi Fr Gr hu ie it lt lu lv mt nl Pl Pt ro se si sK uK eu minimum rates

unleaded Petrol 482 628 363 429 512 655 593 423 456 650 607 670 432 587 728 434 462 415 469 747 406 585 360 668 576 551 674 360

Diesel 397 428 330 400 437 470 444 393 331 470 428 330 398 479 617 330 335 336 382 440 355 368 330 621 449 368 674 330

Sour

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: eur

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on -

2013

hungary

denmark

sweden

romania

Finland

Greece

ireland

Poland

Portugal

Belgium

czech republic

italy

latvia

lithuania

netherlands

spain 19.6%

19%

18%

17%

15%

25%

24%

21%20%

27%

23%

eu27

AT Austria

Be Belgium

BG Bulgaria

CY Cyprus

CZ Czech Republic

De Germany

DK Denmark

ee Estonia

eS Spain

FI Finland

FR France

GR Greece

Hu Hungary

Ie Ireland

IT Italy

LT Lithuania

Lu Luxembourg

LV Latvia

MT Malta

NL Netherlands

PL Poland

PT Portugal

RO Romania

Se Sweden

SI Slovenia

SK Slovakia

uK United Kingdom

OTHeRS

CH Switzerland

IS Iceland

NO Norway

RS Serbia

Ru Russia

TR Turkey

uA Ukraine

euROPe EU27 + EFTA eFTA Iceland + Norway + Switzerland NAFTA USA + Canada + Mexico BRIC Brazil + Russia + India + China MeRCOSuR Argentina + Brazil + Paraguay + Uruguay ASeAN Brunei + Cambodia + Indonesia + Laos + Malaysia + Myanmar + Philippines + Singapore + Thailand + Vietnam

AAA Auxiliary Automobile Association VDA German Association of the Automotive Industry OICA International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers

CARS

PC Passenger cars

SUV Sport utility vehicles

MPV Multi-purpose vehicles

VANS

LCV Light commercial vehicles + minibus / coaches 3.5t

TRuCKS

MCV Medium commercial vehicles > 3.5t but 16t HCV Heavy commercial vehicles > 16t CV MCV + HCV

BuSeS + COACHeS

B&C Buses > 3.5t

MOTOR VeHICLeS

MV Cars + vans + trucks + buses & coaches

PM particulate matter NOx nitrogen oxides CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide

m million bn billion g gramme t tonne tkm tonne-kilometre pkm passenger-kilometre GCW gross combined weight GDP gross domestic product

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