Absorption (absorptive) capacity:This usually means the ability of a country or organisation to receive aid and use it effectively. Developing countries often lack this capacity. For example, a country may receive enough money to enable all its children to attend primary school but owing to a lack of teachers, lack of schools or a poor administrative system, it is impossible to spend this money in the short term. Work must first be done to train teachers, build schools and improve the efficiency of the system thus raising the country's 'absorption capacity'. Acquis communautaire: This is a French term meaning, essentially, 'the EU as it is' in other words, the rights and obligations that EU countries share. The 'acquis' includes all the EU's treaties and laws, declarations and resolutions, international agreements on EU affairs and the judgments given by the Court of Justice. It also includes action that EU governments take together in the area of 'justice and home affairs' and on the Common Foreign and Security Policy. 'Accepting the acquis' therefore means taking the EU as you find it. Candidate countries have to accept the 'acquis' before they can join the EU, and make EU law part of their own national legislation. For a fuller explanation, see 'Community acquis' in the glossary.

Agenda: This term literally means 'things to be done'. It normally refers to the list of items for discussion at a meeting, but politicians also use it as a jargon term meaning 'things we want to achieve'. For example, the EUs 'Social Agenda' sets out what the Union wants to achieve, over the next few years, in terms of employment and social policies. It forms part of the 'Lisbon Strategy' (see below). Anti-trust: The EU aims to guarantee fair and free competition in the single market, and to ensure that companies compete rather than collude. So EU rules prohibit agreements that restrict competition (e.g. secret agreements between companies to charge artificially high prices) and abuses by firms who hold a dominant position on the market. Rules of this kind are known as 'anti-trust' legislation. The Commission has considerable powers to prohibit anti-competitive activities, and to impose fines on firms found guilty of anti-competitive conduct. Applicant country: This means a country that has applied to join the European Union. Once its application has been officially accepted, it becomes a candidate country (see below).

Benchmarking: This means measuring how well one country, business, industry, etc. is performing compared to other countries, businesses, industries, and so on. The 'benchmark' is the standard by which performance will be judged. Best practice: One way of improving policies in the EU is for governments to look at what is going on in other EU countries and to see what works best. They can then adopt this 'best practice', adapting it to their own national and local circumstances. "Brussels has decided": The term Brussels is often used in the media to refer to the EU institutions, most of which are located in the city of Brussels. EU laws are proposed by the European Commission but it is the Council of the European Union (ministers from the national governments) and the European Parliament (elected by the European citizens) that debate, amend and ultimately decide whether to pass these proposed laws.

Budget deficit: A technical term meaning the gap between a government's revenue and its expenditure. Candidate country: This means a country that has applied to join the European Union and that has officially been accepted as a candidate for accession to the European Union. At present there are five candidate countries: Croatia, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey. Before a candidate country can join the EU it must meet the 'Copenhagen criteria' (see below). CAP: The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was first introduced in 1960, to ensure that Europe had secure food supplies at affordable prices. Farming remains one of the biggest areas with which the EU deals.

Civil dialogue: This means consulting civil society (see below) when the European Commission is drawing up its policies and proposals for legislation. It is a broader concept than 'social dialogue' (see below). Civil society: This is the collective name for all kinds of organisations and associations that are not part of government but that represent professions, interest groups or sections of society. It includes (for example) trade unions, employers' associations, environmental lobbies and groups representing women, farmers, people with disabilities and so on. Since these organisations have a lot of expertise in particular areas and are involved in implementing and monitoring European Union policies, the EU regularly consults civil society and wants it to become more involved in European policymaking. Citizens' initiative: This is a way for ordinary people to participate in decision-making at European level. It refers to a particular procedure whereby 1 million citizens from at least seven EU countries sign a proposal for a new EU law. When this happens, the EU institutions are obliged to debate and take a decision on the proposal. More information. Cohesion: This means (literally) 'sticking together'. The jargon term 'promoting social cohesion' means the EU tries to make sure that everyone has a place in society for example by tackling poverty, unemployment and discrimination. The EU budget includes money known as the 'Cohesion Fund' which is used to finance projects that help the EU 'stick together'. For example, it finances new road and rail links that help disadvantaged regions take a full part in the EU economy.

Comitology: This is more correctly known as 'committee procedure'. It describes a process in which the Commission, when implementing EU law, has to consult special advisory committees made up of experts from the EU countries. For a fuller explanation, go to 'glossary'. Common market: When the EEC (see below) was founded in 1957, it was based on a 'common market'. In other words, people, goods and services should be able to move around freely between the member states as if they were all one country, with no checks carried out at the borders and no customs duties paid. However, this took a while to achieve: customs duties between the EEC countries were not completely abolished until 1 July 1968. Other barriers to trade also took a long while to remove, and it was not until the end of 1992 that the 'Single Market' (as it became known) was in place. Community/communities: In the 1950s, six European countries decided to pool their economic resources and set up a system of joint decision-making on economic issues. To do so, they formed three organisations: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Economic Community (EEC).These three communities collectively known as the 'European Communities' formed the basis of what is today the European Union. The EEC soon became by far the most important of the three and was eventually renamed simply 'the European Community' (EC). With the Lisbon treaty in 2009 the word 'community' disappeared and became fully replaced by 'European Union'. There are however still many texts where the word 'community' is used and means more or less the same as 'EU'.

Community method: This is the EU's usual method of decision-making, in which the Commission makes a proposal to the Council and Parliament who then debate it, propose amendments and eventually adopt it as EU law. In the process, they will often consult other bodies such as the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. This is in contrast to intergovernmental cooperation (see below) Competencies: This is Eurojargon for 'powers and responsibilities'. It is often used in political discussions about what powers and responsibilities should be given to EU institutions and what should be left to national, regional and local authorities.

Competent authority: This usually means the government department or other body responsible for dealing with a particular issue. It is 'competent' in the sense of having the legal power and responsibility. Convention: This term has various meanings, including (in the EU context) a group of people representing the EU institutions, the national governments and parliaments, who come together to draw up an important document. Conventions of this sort have met to draw up the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union or new EU treaties.

Copenhagen criteria: In June 1993, EU leaders meeting in Copenhagen set three criteria that any candidate country (see above) must meet before it can join the European Union. Firstly, it must have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for minorities. Secondly, it must have a functioning market economy. Thirdly, it must take on board all the acquis (see above) and support the various aims of the European Union. In addition, it must have a public administration capable of applying and managing EU laws in practice. The EU reserves the right to decide when a candidate country has met these criteria and when the EU is ready to accept the new member. Council: There are three different European bodies with the word 'council' in their names: The European Council This is the meeting of Heads of State and Government (i.e. presidents and/or prime ministers) of all the EU countries, plus the President of the European Commission. The European Council meets, in principle, four times a year to agree overall EU policy and to review progress. It is the highest-level policy-making body in the European Union, which is why its meetings are often called 'summits'. The Council of the European Union Formerly known as the Council of Ministers, this institution consists of government ministers from all the EU countries. The Council meets regularly to take detailed decisions and to pass EU laws. The Council of Europe This is not an EU institution. It is an intergovernmental organisation based in Strasbourg, which aims (amongst other things) to protect human rights, to promote Europe's cultural diversity and to combat social problems such as xenophobia and intolerance. The Council of Europe was set up in 1949 and one of its early achievements was to draw up the European Convention on Human Rights. To enable citizens to exercise their rights under that Convention it set up the European Court of Human Rights. Cultural capitals: Every year one or more European cities are designated as the 'European capital of culture'. The aim is to publicise and celebrate the cultural achievements and charms of these cities and so make European citizens more aware of the rich heritage they share. List of cultural capitals. Democratic deficit: It is often said that the EU's decision-making system is too remote from ordinary people, who cannot understand its complexities and its difficult legal texts. The EU is trying to overcome this democratic deficit through simpler legislation and better public information, and by giving civil society (see above) a greater say in European policymaking. Citizens are already represented in EU decision-making via the European Parliament.For further details go to 'glossary'. DG: The staff of the main EU institutions (Commission, Council and Parliament) are organised into a number of distinct departments, known as 'Directorates-General' (DGs), each of which is responsible for specific tasks or policy areas. The administrative head of a DG is known as the 'Director-General' (a term sometimes also abbreviated to 'DG'). EEA: This abbreviation refers to the European Economic Area which consists of the European Union and all the EFTA countries (see below) except Switzerland. The EEA Agreement, which entered into force on 1 January 1994, enables Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway to enjoy the benefits of the EU's single market without the full privileges and responsibilities of EU membership. EFTA: This is the abbreviation for the European Free Trade Association an organisation founded in 1960 to promote free trade in goods amongst its member states. There were originally seven EFTA countries: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK). Finland joined in 1961, Iceland in 1970, and Liechtenstein in 1991. In 1973, Denmark and the UK left EFTA and joined the EEC (see above). They were followed by Portugal in 1986, and by Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. Today the EFTA members are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Enhanced co-operation: This is an arrangement whereby a group of EU countries can work together in a particular field even if the other EU countries are unable or unwilling to join in at this stage. The outsiders must, however, be free to join in later if they wish. Enlargement: In the 1950s, the EU began with just six member states. It now has 27. Growth in EU membership is known as 'enlargement', and it has happened several times: 1950 Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands 1973 Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom 1981Greece 1986Portugal, Spain 1995Austria, Finland, Sweden 2004Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. 2007 Bulgaria and Romania. ERASMUS: This is not really Eurojargon. Named after the great Renaissance scholar, it is an EU-supported education programme that began in 1987. Well over 1.5 million students have so far benefited from Erasmus grants, which give European university students a chance of living and studying for the first time in a foreign country. Eurobarometer: This is a Commission service, set up in 1973, which measures and analyses trends in public opinion in all the member states and in the candidate countries. Knowing what the general public thinks is important in helping the European Commission draft its legislative proposals, take decisions and evaluate its work. Eurobarometer uses both opinion polls and focus groups. For further information go to the Eurobarometer website. Eurocrat: The term 'Eurocrats' (a pun on the word 'bureaucrats') refers to the many thousands of EU citizens who work for the European institutions (Parliament, the Council, the Commission, etc.). Euroland: This is an unofficial nickname for what is officially called the euro area also often referred to as 'the euro zone'. This area consists of the EU member states that have adopted the euro as their currency. So far the countries involved are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. EUROPA: This is not really Eurojargon. It is the Latin name for Europe, and it is also the name of the European Union's official website. This contains a wealth of useful information about the EU, regularly updated, and is available in all the official languages of the EU. European integration: This means building unity between European countries and peoples. Within the European Union it means that countries pool their resources and take many decisions jointly. This joint decision-making takes place through interaction between the EU institutions (the Parliament, the Council, the Commission, etc.). European Year of: Every year or two, the EU or the Council of Europe may draw public attention to a particular European issue by organising a series of special events in connection with it. 2011 is the 'European Year of Volunteering'. Europe Day, 9 May: It was on 9 May 1950 that Robert Schuman (then French Foreign Minister) made his famous speech proposing European integration (see above) as the way to secure peace and build prosperity in post-war Europe. His proposals laid the foundations for what is now the European Union, so 9 May is celebrated annually as the EU's birthday. Europe 2020: This is the name of the EU's plan for creating job and growth in the years until 2020. EU leaders agreed upon it in 2010, as the overall framework for a number of different initiatives. The plans include, among other initiatives, reforms of how the markets work and more investment in education and research. A well-known slogan is that Europe 2020 will ensure that Europe has smart growth (building on knowledge and new ideas), sustainable growth (focus on green issues) and inclusive growth (advantages also for weaker citizen and regions). Eurosceptic: This term is often used to mean a person who is opposed to European integration or who is 'sceptical' of the EU and its aims. Eurotariffs: Eurotariff is the new limit on the prices mobile operators can charge for mobile calls made or received while abroad in an EU country. Federalism: Broadly speaking, this means any system of government where several states form a unity and yet remain independent in their internal affairs. People who are in favour of this system are often called 'federalists'.A number of countries around the world e.g. Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland and the United States have federal models of government, in which some matters (such as foreign policy) are decided at the federal level while others are decided by the individual states. However, the model differs from one country to another.The European Union is not based on any of these models: it is not a federation but a unique form of union in which the member states remain independent and sovereign nations while pooling their sovereignty in many areas of common interest. This gives them a collective strength and influence on the world stage than none of them could have on their own.Part of the debate about the future of Europe is the question of whether the EU should or should not become more 'federal'. Financial perspective: The word 'perspective' here really means 'plan'. The EU has to plan its work well in advance and ensure that it has enough money to pay for what it wants to do. So its main institutions (Parliament, the Council and the Commission) have to agree in advance on the priorities for the next few years and come up with a spending plan, which was earlier called a 'financial perspective' but is now better known as a 'financial framework'. This financial perspective or framework states the maximum amount the EU can spend, and what it can spend it on.In a world of rising costs, the purpose of the financial perspective/framework is to keep EU expenditure under control. Flexicurity: This means a welfare state model with a pro-active labour market policy. The model is a combination of easy hiring and firing (flexibility for employers) and high benefits and training for the unemployed (security for the employees). Denmark is sometimes considered as a country that has such a model. Fortress Europe: This expression is often used to mean an attitude that wants to defend Europe from outside influences, especially cultural influences. The term 'Fortress Europe' often appears in discussions about asylum and immigration regulations. Founding fathers: In the years following the Second World War, people like Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman dreamed of uniting the peoples of Europe in lasting peace and friendship. Over the following 50 years, as the EU was built, their dream became reality. That is why they are called the founding fathers of the European Union. Four freedoms: One of the great achievements of the EU has been to create a frontier-free area within which (1) people, (2) goods, (3) services and (4) money can all move around freely. This four-fold freedom of movement is sometimes called the four freedoms. Free trade area: This means a group of countries that have removed barriers to trade between them barriers such as import tariffs and quotas. Several free trade areas have been established around the world: Mercosur in South America, NAFTA in North America and EFTA in Europe, for example. The European Union is also a free trade area, but it is much more than that because it is built on a process of economic and political integration, with joint decision-taking in many policy areas. Harmonisation: This may mean bringing national laws into line with one another, very often in order to remove national barriers that obstruct the free movement of workers, goods, services and capital. In other words, harmonisation means making sure that, on any particular issue for which the EU has responsibility, the rules laid down by the different EU countries impose similar obligations on citizens of all those countries and that they impose certain minimum obligations in each country.Harmonisation can also mean co-ordinating national technical rules so that products and services can be traded freely throughout the EU. Contrary to popular myth, this does not mean pointlessly standardising everything from the curvature of cucumbers to the colour of carrots. Often it simply means that EU countries recognise one another's safety rules. Intergovernmental: This literally means 'between governments'. This is the traditional method of international cooperation and different from the community method (see above) which dominates the European Union. There are still some matters related to the EU such as security and defence issues that are decided purely by intergovernmental agreement (i.e. agreement between the governments of the EU countries). Intergovernmental Conference (IGC): This means a conference at which the EU member states' governments come together to amend the European Union treaties. Lisbon treaty: This is the current treaty on European Union, as presently in force. The treaty was signed on 13 December 2007 in Lisbon, because Portugal held the presidency of the EU Council at that time. It entered into force on 1 December 2009. Technically, the Lisbon treaty consists of several specific changes of articles compared to the previous treaty . So those who want to read the EU treaty would normally read the consolidated treaties. This means a text where you can read what is in force now irrespective of how it has been changed from previous versions. "Treaties" are in the plural, because the Lisbon treaty divided the rules into two parts: the Treaty on European Union, which sets out the overall principles in short form, and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which contains more details about how it works. Maastricht criteria: These are five criteria that determine whether an EU country is ready to adopt the euro. They relate to: Price stability: The inflation rate should be no more than 1.5 percentage points above the rate for the three EU countries with the lowest inflation over the previous year; Budget deficit: (See above): This must generally be below 3% of gross domestic product (GDP); Debt: The national debt should not exceed 60% of GDP, but a country with a higher level of debt can still adopt the euro provided its debt level are falling steadily; Interest rates: The long-term rate should be no more than two percentage points above the rate in the three EU countries with the lowest inflation over the previous year; Exchange rate stability: The national currency's exchange rate should have stayed within certain pre-set margins of fluctuation for two years. These criteria were laid down in the Maastricht Treaty hence their name.

Mainstreaming: Put simply, mainstreaming an issue means making sure it is fully taken into account in all EU polices. For example, every European Union policy decision must now take account of its environmental implications. In other words, environmental considerations have been 'mainstreamed'. Member state: The countries that belong to an international organisation are its 'member states'. The term is also often used to mean the governments of those countries. From 1 January 2007, the member states of the European Union are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. For the years when they joined the EU, see 'enlargement' (above). Neighbourhood Policy: The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in the context of the EU's 2004 enlargement with the aim of avoiding new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and neighbouring countries and instead strengthening the stability, security and well-being of everyone. It builds on shared values: democracy, human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy and sustainable development. The level of ambition of the relationship is linked to the extent to which these values are shared. Key to the ENP is the bilateral ENP action plans agreed between the EU and each partner country. These set out priorities for political and economic reforms in the short to medium-term. Non-paper: This means an off-the-record or unofficial document a paper that has not been through a formal adoption procedure (the use is not restricted to the EU). Official languages: From 1 January 2007 there are 23 official languages in the European Union: Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish. EU legislation is published in all the official languages, and you may use any of these languages to correspond with the EU institutions. In addition, of course, there are many other languages spoken in Europe, and this diversity of national and regional languages is something Europeans cherish. It is part of their rich cultural heritage. The European Commission runs programmes to promote language learning and linguistic diversity . Open method of coordination: In many policy areas (for example education and training, pensions and health care, immigration and asylum), EU governments set their own national policies rather than having an EU-wide policy laid down in law. However, it makes sense for governments to share information, adopt best practice (see above) and bring their national policies into line. This way of learning from one another is called the 'open method of coordination'. Qualified majority voting: On most issues, the Council of the European Union takes its decisions by voting. Each country can cast a certain number of votes, roughly in proportion to the size of its population. The number of votes per country is as follows: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom29

Poland and Spain27

Romania14

Netherlands13

Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary and Portugal12

Austria, Bulgaria and Sweden10

Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania and Slovakia7

Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg and Slovenia4

Malta3

345

A qualified majority is reached: if a majority of member states (in some cased a two-thirds majority) approve; if a minimum of 255 votes is cast in favour which is 73.9% of the total. In addition, a member state may ask for confirmation that the votes in favour represent at least 62% of the total population of the Union. If this is found not to be the case, the decision will not be adopted. For further details on qualified majority voting, see glossary.Rendezvous clause: Sometimes, when EU leaders are discussing an important legal document, they cannot reach agreement on a particular issue. So they may decide to come back to this subject at a later date. Their decision is made official by putting it in writing and including it as a clause in the legal text they are discussing. This type of clause is sometimes known as a rendezvous clause. Schengen land (= the Schengen area, the Schengen countries): In 1985, five EU countries (France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) agreed to abolish all checks on people travelling between them. This created a territory without internal borders which became known as the Schengen area. (Schengen is the town in Luxembourg where the agreement was signed).The Schengen countries introduced a common visa policy for the whole area and agreed to establish effective controls at its external borders. Checks at the internal borders may be carried out for a limited period if public order or national security makes this necessary.Step by step, the Schengen area has been extended to include almost every EU country plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, and the agreement has become an integral part of the EU treaties. However, Ireland and the United Kingdom do not take part in the arrangements relating to border controls and visas, and Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania are not Schengen-countries. More on this subject. Semester: The European Semester is the way EU countries work together on economic policy. It is so called because it is a procedure that takes about six months. It is done in the first half of every year, and started in 2011. After a first debate on how the economy is faring, each EU country presents its plans for its state budget and policies designed to create economic growth, and then guidelines are decided. Social dialogue: This means discussion, negotiation and joint action between the European social partners (see below) and discussions between these social partners and the EU institutions.For further details see glossary. Social partners: This is jargon for the two sides of industry i.e. employers and workers. At EU level they are represented by three main organisations: The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), representing workers; The Union of Industries of the European Community (UNICE), representing private sector employers; The European Centre for Public Enterprise (CEEP), representing public sector employers.

The European Commission consults them when drawing up proposals for social and employment legislation.For further details see glossary.

Stakeholder: Any person or organisation with an interest in or affected by EU legislation and policymaking is a 'stakeholder' in that process. The European Commission makes a point of consulting as wide a range of stakeholders as possible before proposing new legislation or new policy initiatives. Strasbourg: Strasbourg is a French city located close to the border with Germany. The plenary sessions of the European Parliament are held here for one week every month. It is also home to the European Court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe which are not EU institutions. The term Strasbourg is sometimes used in the media to mean one or other of these bodies. Subsidiarity: The 'subsidiarity principle' means that EU decisions must be taken as closely as possible to the citizen. In other words, the Union does not take action (except on matters for which it alone is responsible) unless EU action is more effective than action taken at national, regional or local level. Summit: Meetings of the European Council (see above) are sometimes referred to as European (or EU) 'summit' meetings, because they bring together the EU's heads of state or government. Some countries are represented by their Prime Minister, others by their President, some by both. It depends on their Constitution. Supranational: This literally means 'at a level above national governments' as distinct from 'intergovernmental' (see above) which means 'between governments'. Many EU decisions are taken at 'supranational' level in the sense that they involve the EU institutions, to which EU countries have delegated some decision-making powers. Do not confuse this term with 'transnational' (see below). Third country: This phrase simply means a non-EU country. The meaning is clearest when we are speaking about relations between two EU member states and another country literally a third country that is outside the European Union. Transnational: This word is often used to describe cooperation between businesses or organisations based in more than one EU country. Part of the EU's purpose is to encourage this cross-border or 'transnational' cooperation. Transparency: The term 'transparency' is often used to mean openness in the way the EU institutions work. The EU institutions are committed to greater openness. They are taking steps to improve public access to information, and they are working to produce clearer and more readable documents. This includes better drafting of laws and, ultimately, a single, simpler and shorter treaty. Unanimity: When taking decisions on some issues, the Council of the European Union has to be in unanimous agreement i.e. all countries have to agree. Any disagreement, even by one single country, will block the decision. This would make progress very difficult in a Union of 27 countries, so the unanimity rule now applies only in particularly sensitive areas such as asylum, taxation and the common foreign and security policy. In most fields, decisions are now taken by qualified majority voting (see above).For further details on unanimity, see glossary.

Acquis comunitarAcquis-ul comunitar desemneaz drepturile i obligaiile comune ale Statelor Membre. Acquis-ulinclude tratatele i legislaia UE, declaraii i rezoluii, acorduri internaionale n domenii comunitare ihotrrile judectoreti ale Curii de Justiie a Comunitilor Europene. Include, de asemenea, aciunilecomune ale Statelor Membre n cadrul politicii externe i de securitate comun i al cooperriipoliieneti i judiciare n materie penal. nainte de a adera la Uniunea European, statele candidatetrebuie s accepte acquis-ul i s transpun legislaia comunitar n legislaia naional.Textele actelor legislative comunitare se gsesc, n limbile oficiale din Uniunea European1, n EURLex,portalul legislaiei Uniunii Europene, a crui adres este http://eur-lex.europa.eu. Procesul deadoptare a unui act comunitar poate fi urmrit pe site-ul PreLex, la adresa http://prelex.europa.eu, iarsinteze legislative sunt disponibile pe site-ul Scadplus http://europa.eu/scadplus.La 1 ianuarie 2007, limba romn a devenit limb oficial, iar legislaia UE adoptat dup aceastdat este publicat i n limba romn. Traduceri n limba romn ale actelor adoptate anterior pot fiaccesate pe site-ul Institutului European din Romnia, instituie care are rolul de a coordona procesulde traducere a acquis-ului comunitar n limba romn. Adresa site-ului este www.ier.ro.Capacitate de absorbieAcest termen se refer, de obicei, la capacitatea unei ri sau organizaii de a primi sprijin i de a-lfolosi eficient (respectiv de a i defini bine prioritile, de a elabora proiecte, de a asigura organizareade licitaii pentru acordarea proiectelor n intervalul agreat de comun acord cu finanatorul, de amonitoriza realizarea lor i de a lua msuri mpotriva folosirii defectuoase sau ilegale a fondurilor).O alta accepiune a termenului este aceea de capacitate de absorbie a Uniunii Europene i se referla capacitatea de extindere a Uniunii prin primirea de noi State Membre.1 n prezent, sunt 23 de limbi oficiale n Uniunea European: bulgara, ceha, daneza, engleza, estoniana, finlandeza, franceza,germana, greaca, irlandeza, italiana, letona, lituaniana, maghiara, malteza, olandeza, polona, portugheza, romna, slovaca,slovena, spaniola i suedeza. Pentru mai multe informaii despre multilingvism n Uniunea European, ai putea consultaportalul dedicat http://europa.eu/languages/Capitala cultural europeanDenumire dat n fiecare an unui ora din Europa, n scopul de a face mai vizibile realizrile culturale ipunctele de atracie din oraul respectiv, pentru ca cetenii europeni s-i cunoasc mai bine patrimoniulcultural comun.Iniiativa de a desemna n fiecare an capitale culturale europene dateaz din 1985, iar ncepnd din 2005alegerea acestora se face de ctre Consiliul UE, n baza unei recomandri a Comisiei Europene, n a creiformulare se ine seama de prerea unui juriu specializat.Pn acum au fost desemnate capitale culturale europene urmtoarele orae:1985: Atena (Grecia)1986: Florence (Italia)1987: Amsterdam (Olanda)1988: Berlin (Germania)1989: Paris (Frana)1990: Glasgow (Marea Britanie)1991: Dublin (Irlanda)1992: Madrid (Spania)1993: Antwerp (Belgia)1994: Lisabona (Portugalia)1995: Luxembourg (Luxemburg)1996: Copenhaga (Danemarca)1997: Salonic (Grecia)1998: Stockholm (Suedia)1999: Weimar (Germania)2000: Avignon (Frana), Bergen (Norvegia), Bologna (Italia), Bruxelles (Belgia), Cracovia (Polonia), Helsinki(Finlanda), Praga (Republica Ceh), Reykjavik (Islanda), Santiago de Compostela (Spania)2001: Porto (Portugalia), Rotterdam (Olanda)2002: Bruges (Belgia), Salamanca (Spania)2003: Graz (Austria)2004: Genova (Italia), Lille (Frana)2005: Cork (Irlanda)2006: Patras (Grecia)2007: Luxembourg (Luxemburg), Sibiu (Romnia)2008: Liverpool (Marea Britanie), Stavanger (Norvegia)2009: Linz (Austria), Vilnius (Lituania)2010: Essen (Germania), Istanbul (Turcia), Pecs (Ungaria)Mai multe informaii sunt disponibile la adresahttp://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/other_actions/cap_europ/cap_eu_en.htmlCei trei piloniCei trei piloni desemneaz structura de baz a activitilor Uniunii Europene, creat prin Tratatul de laMaastricht1:Primul pilon este format din domeniul comunitar.Al doilea pilon: Politica extern i de securitate comun.Al treilea pilon: Cooperare poliieneasc i judiciar n materie penal.Cele patru libertiAceast expresie face referire la cele patru tipuri de circulaii libere din spaiul fr frontiere, creat de UniuneaEuropean: (1) libera circulaie a mrfurilor, (2) persoanelor, (3) serviciilor, (4) capitalurilor.Clauze de salvgardareClauzele de salvgardare sunt folosite de Comisia European n situaia n care apar probleme legate dendeplinirea obligaiilor de stat membru al Uniunii Europene, nainte de aderare sau n perioada ulterioaraderrii. Acestea stabilesc contextul n care se pot lua anumite msuri reparatorii, dac unele angajamenteasumate n perioada de de pre-aderare nu pot fi duse la ndeplinire.Clauzele de salvgardare general sunt valabile pentru toate statele noi membre.n cazul Romniei i Bulgariei, s-a stabilit o clauz de salvgardare specific, respectiv clauza de amnare, carear fi putut duce la amnarea aderrii celor dou state cu un an, pn n 2008.Mai exist o clauz special, aplicabil doar Romniei, i care se refer strict la dou din cele 30 de capitolenegociate, Justiie i afaceri interne i Concuren.Mai multe informaii sunt disponibile la adresa http://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=5839&lid=1CoeziuneExpresia promovarea coeziunii sociale desemneaz ncercarea Uniunii Europene de a asigura fiecruicetean un loc n societate, de ex. prin aciuni de combatere a srciei, omajului i discriminrii.De asemenea, bugetul UE include Fondul de coeziune, care finaneaz proiecte, de ex. noi ci ferate,sprijinind astfel participarea regiunilor dezavantajate la economia Uniunii.Comisar europeanEste denumirea membrilor Comisiei Europene, actualmente n numr de 27 dup cum urmeaz: 1 preedinte,5 vice-preedini i 21 comisari. Fiecare dintre ei gestioneaz un anume domeniu. Dei fiecare din cei 27 demembri vine dintr-un alt Stat Membru, ei nu reprezint statele lor n Comisie.Informaii despre fiecare dintre acetia sunt disponibile la adresahttp://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=41&lid=1ConsiliuConsiliul este un termen care apare n denumirea a trei organisme europene:a. Consiliul Uniunii Europene, instituie a Uniunii Europene, denumit i Consiliul de Minitri, i care reuneteminitrii din Statele Membre n al cror portofoliu intr domeniul/domeniile aflate pe ordinea de zi (afaceriexterne, finane, transporturi, agricultur etc.). Adresa site-ului Consiliului UE estehttp://www.consilium.europa.eub. Consiliul European, denumire a reuniunilor efilor de stat i/sau de guvern din Statele Membre, la careparticip i Preedintele Comisiei Europene. Consiliul European se reunete, n principiu, de patru ori pean i are rolul de a hotr orientrile politice generale ale UE. Documentele adoptate n Consiliul European(Concluziile Preediniei) ntre anii 1993-2007 sunt disponibile la adresahttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/european-councilc. Consiliul Europei, organizaie european interguvernamental, separat de Uniunea European. Aresediul la Strasbourg i principalele sale obiective sunt protecia drepturilor omului, promovarea diversitiiculturale n Europa i combaterea problemelor sociale, precum xenofobia sau intolerana. Una dintre marilerealizri ale acestei organizaii nfiinate n 1949 a fost elaborarea i adoptarea Conveniei Europene aDrepturilor Omului. Pentru a permite cetenilor s-i exerseze drepturile n cadrul Conveniei, a fostnfiinat Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului. Detalii sunt disponibile att pe site-ul web al ConsiliuluiEuropei www.coe.int, ct i pe site-ul Biroului de Informare de la Bucureti www.coe.roCriteriile de la CopenhagaPentru ca un stat s adere la Uniunea European, trebuie s ndeplineasc criteriile de la Copenhaga:- criteriul politic: instituii stabile care s garanteze democraia, statul de drept, respectarea drepturilor omuluii protecia minoritilor;- criteriul economic: o economie de pia funcional, precum i capacitatea de a face fa presiunilorconcureniale din pia intern;- capacitatea de a-i asuma obligaiile de stat membru, inclusiv adeziunea la obiectivele politice, economicei monetare ale Uniunii Europene.Acestea sunt denumite i criterii de aderare i au fost stabilite n Consiliul European de la Copenhaga din19932.Textul complet al Concluziilor Preediniei Consiliului European de la Copenhaga poate fi accesat la adresahttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=432&lang=en&mode=gde convergen/criteriile de la MaastrichtPentru ca un Stat Membru s adopte moneda euro, trebuie s ndeplineasc criteriile de convergen:- rata medie a inflaiei, monitorizat pe o perioad de un an nainte de efectuarea verificrii, s nudepeasc cu mai mult de 1,5% rata inflaiei din cele trei state membre avnd cea mai mare stabilitate apreurilor;- raportul ntre deficitul public i produsul intern brut nu trebuie s depeasc 3%;- raportul ntre datoria public i produsul intern brut nu trebuie s depeasc 60%;- rata dobnzii nominale pe termen lung nu trebuie s depeasc cu mai mult de 2% pe cea realizat deprimele trei state membre cu cea mai slab inflaie n anul precedent;- marjele de fluctuaie normale stabilite prin mecanismul cursului de schimb n Sistemul Monetar Europeantrebuie s fi fost respectate fr mari presiuni, cel puin n cei doi ani premergtori verificrii.Fiind stabilite prin Tratatul de la Maastricht, aceste criterii sunt denumite i criteriile de la Maastricht.Detalii despre moneda euro sunt disponibile pe site-ul Comisiei Europene, la adresahttp://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm, precum i pe site-ul Bncii CentraleEuropene www.ecb.euDeficit democraticAceast expresie face referire la distana dintre sistemul de adoptare a deciziilor Uniunii Europene i ceteni,care nu sunt interesai s studieze i s neleag complexitile sistemului i dificultile textelor legislative.Uniunea ncearc s depeasc acest deficit democratic printr-o legislaie mai simpl i o mai buninformare a publicului. n aceast ncercare, societatea civil are un cuvnt mai greu de spus n elaborareapoliticilor UE. Trebuie menionat c cetenii sunt reprezentai n procesul de adoptare a deciziilor prinParlamentul European.Detalii despre procedurile de decizie UE http://europa.eu/institutions/decision-making/index_en.htmEUR-Lex, portal de acces la legislaia UE http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Comisia European, DG Comunicare http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/communication/index_en.htmEurontretermenii care au prefixul euro- sau includ termenul european se afl:- eurocrat, termen care face referire la angajaii instituiilor UE (euro+birocrat)- euromitul, idee despre Uniunea European care nu corespunde realitii, dar este vehiculat frecvent.O list a unora dintre cele mai frecvente euromituri identificate n Romnia poate fi accesat pe site-ulwww.infoeuropa.ro, la seciunea Romnia stat membru. Link directhttp://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=386&lid=1- eurosceptic, termen care desemneaz o persoan care se opune integrrii europene sau care estesceptic fa de UE i la obiectivele acesteia.- anul european al, tem aleas aproape n fiecare an de ctre Uniunea European sau Consiliul Europeipentru o campanie care vizeaz informarea publicului i atragerea ateniei guvernelor cu privire la unanume aspect. Pn acum, au fost stabilite urmtoarele teme:1983: Anul european al IMM-urilor i al artizanatului1984: Anul european al europenilor1985: Anul european al muzicii1986: Anul european al siguranei rutiere1987: Anul european al mediului1988: Anul european al cinematografului i televiziunii1989: Anul european al informrii despre cancer1990: Anul european al turismului1992: Anul european al sntii i siguranei la locul de munc1993: Anul european al persoanelor n vrst i al solidaritii ntre generaii1994: Anul european al nutriiei i al sntii1995: Anul european al siguranei rutiere i al tinerilor oferi1996: Anul european al nvrii de-a lungul ntregii viei1997: Anul european mpotriva rasismului i xenofobiei1998: Anul european al democraiei locale i regionale1999: Anul european al activitilor pentru combaterea violenei mpotriva femeilor2001: Anul european al limbilor2003: Anul european al persoanelor cu dizabiliti2004: Anul european al educaiei prin sport2005: Anul european al ceteniei prin educaie2006: Anul european al mobilitii lucrtorilor2007: Anul european al anselor egale pentru toi2008: Anul european al dialogului interculturalEurobarometruServiciu al Comisiei Europene, nfiinat n 1973, cu rolul de a studia i analiza tendinele opiniei publice dintoate Statele Membre i din statele candidate, cele aproximativ 100 de rapoarte anuale fiind importante nprocesul de elaborare a propunerilor legislative, de adoptare a deciziilor i de evaluare a activitii Comisiei.Eurobarometrul folosete att sondaje de opinie, ct i focus grupuri.Rapoartele Eurobarometru sunt disponibile la adresa http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htmMajoritate calificatExpresia majoritate calificat se refer la procedura de decizie cel mai des aplicat n sesiunile ConsiliuluiUniunii Europene3. n cadrul acestei proceduri, fiecare Stat Membru dispune de un anumit numr de voturi, nfuncie de populaia sa, astfel:- Frana, Germania, Italia i Marea Britanie au cte 29 de voturi;- Polonia i Spania 27 voturi;- Romnia 14 voturi;- Olanda 13 voturi;- Belgia, Grecia, Portugalia, Republica Ceh i Ungaria 12 voturi;- Austria, Bulgaria i Suedia 10 voturi;- Danemarca, Finlanda, Irlanda, Lituania i Slovacia 7 voturi;- Cipru, Estonia, Letonia, Luxemburg i Slovenia 4 voturi;- Malta 3 voturi.Pentru adoptarea unei decizii de ctre Consiliu, sunt necesare 255 de voturi din totalul de 345. Este, deasemenea, necesar ca majoritatea Statelor Membre (n anumite cazuri dou treimi) s fi votat pentru. OriceStat Membru poate cere Consiliului UE s verifice dac majoritatea statelor care au votat pentru reprezint celpuin 62% din populaia UE.Procedura de codecizieEste procedura de decizie cel mai des folosit n elaborarea legislaiei UE, n care puterea legislativ estedeinut de ctre Parlamentul European i Consiliul UE, n mod egal. Dac cele dou instituii nu se pun deacord cu privire la o propunere legislativ, aceasta este discutat ntr-un comitet de conciliere, compus dintr-unnumr egal de reprezentani ai Parlamentului, respectiv Consiliului. De ndat ce comitetul de conciliere ajungela un acord, textul este trimis din nou la cele dou instituii pentru adoptare.Informaii detaliate despre procedura de codecizie sunt disponibile la adresahttp://ec.europa.eu/codecision/index_en.htmRaport de arComisia European public anual un Raport de ar (Regular Report) n care este analizat n detaliu gradulde pregtire pentru aderare a unui stat candidat.Raportul de ar prezint mai nti stadiul relaiilor dintre respectiva ar candidat i Uniune, dup care suntevaluate realizrile din ultimul an. Evaluarea se face pe baza criteriilor de aderare. n final, Raportul prezintprincipalele msuri pe care ara respectiv le mai are de adoptat n vederea aderrii.Rapoartele de ar pentru Romnia sunt disponibile la adresahttp://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=3067&lid=1Rapoartele de ar publicate de ctre Comisia European, ncepnd din 1998http://ec.europa.eu/comm/enlargement/docs/index.htmDup ncheierea negocierilor, Rapoartele de ar sunt nlocuite de Rapoarte de Monitorizare.3Raportul de monitorizare Romnia 2005 http://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=7477&lid=1Raportul de monitorizare Romnia 2006 http://www.infoeuropa.ro/jsp/page.jsp?cid=10970&lid=1Spaiul Schengen (Statele Schengen)n 1985, cinci state membre UE (Frana, Germania, Belgia, Luxemburg i Olanda) au convenit s anulezecontroalele aplicate persoanelor care treceau frontierele din spaiul format de aceste state. Acest spaiu adevenit astfel un teritoriu fr frontiere interne, cptnd n timp denumirea de Spaiul Schengen (duplocalitatea Schengen, din Luxemburg, unde cele cinci state au semnat acordul).Statele Schengen au introdus o politic comun n domeniul vizelor pentru ntreg spaiul i au convenitstabilirea unor controale eficiente la frontierele externe ale spaiului.De atunci, Spaiul Schengen s-a extins, incluznd majoritatea statelor membre UE4, Islanda i Norvegia, iaracordul Schengen a devenit parte integrant a Tratatelor UE. Cu toate acestea, Irlanda i Marea Britanie nuparticip la aranjamentele referitoare la controalele la frontier i la vize.Cetenii statelor Schengen nu au nevoie de viz pentru a cltori n interiorul Spaiului Schengen. n cazulcetenilor din alte ri, dac acetia au viz de intrare n oricare dintre statele Schengen, ei pot cltori n totSpaiul Schengen, dar nu i n Irlanda sau Marea Britanie.Statele Uniunii Europene i state tereDin punct de vedere al apartenenei lor la Uniunea European, exist:- state membre (n prezent5 n numr de 27: Austria, Belgia, Bulgaria, Cipru, Danemarca, Estonia, Finlanda,Frana, Germania, Grecia, Irlanda, Italia, Letonia, Lituania, Luxemburg, Malta, Marea Britanie, Olanda,Polonia, Portugalia, Republica Ceh, Romnia, Slovacia, Slovenia, Spania, Suedia i Ungaria);- state tere: denumire generic pentru statele care nu fac parte din UE.Statele care i-au exprimat intenia de a deveni membre ale UE sunt denumite astfel:- state solicitante, care au depus cererea de aderare;- state candidate, care au depus cererea de aderare, aceasta fiind acceptat oficial. n prezent (iunie 2007)sunt trei state candidate: Croaia6, Fosta Republic Iugoslav a Macedoniei7 i Turcia8;- state n curs de aderare, acestea fiind state candidate care au ndeplinit criteriile de la Copenhaga i auncheiat negocierile de aderare.Informaii detaliate despre procesul de extindere a Uniunii Europene sunt disponibile pe site-ul ComisieiEuropene, la adresa http://ec.europa.eu/comm/enlargement/index_en.htmStatele SEE/AELSSintagm folosit pentru a desemna statele membre ale Spaiului Economic European (SEE), dar care nu suntmembre ale Uniunii Europene: Islanda, Liechtenstein i Norvegia.SEE: Spaiul Economic European, format din Uniunea European i statele membre ale Asociaiei Europene aLiberului Schimb, cu excepia Elveiei. Prin Acordul SEE, intrat n vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1994, Islanda,Liechtenstein i Norvegia pot avea beneficiile pieei unice a UE, fr a deine ns privilegiile iresponsabilitile statelor membre UE.AELS: Asociaia European a Liberului Schimb, organizaie nfiinat n 1960, pentru a promova comerul liberntre statele sale membre, la origine n numr de apte (Austria, Danemarca, Elveia, Marea Britanie, Norvegia,Portugalia i Suedia). n 1961, s-a alturat Finlanda, n 1970 Islanda, iar n 1991 Liechtenstein. O parte dintrestatele membre AELS au devenit state membre UE (Danemarca i Marea Britanie ncepnd din 1973,4 n ceea ce privete statele care au aderat n 2004, respectiv 2007, implementarea acquis-ului Schengen nu a nceput la data aderrii, elederulnd n continuare aciuni de consolidare a frontierelor externe i beneficiind de finanare pentru aceste aciuni prin FacilitateaSchengen.5 Pn acum, au avut loc cinci valuri de extindere. Astfel, celor ase state membre fondatoare (Belgia, Frana, Germania, Italia,Luxemburg, Olanda) li s-au alturat:- n 1973: Danemarca, Irlanda i Marea Britanie;- n 1981: Grecia;- n 1986: Portugalia i Spania;- n 1995: Austria, Finlanda i Suedia;- n 2004: Cipru, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania, Malta, Polonia, Republica Ceh, Slovacia, Slovenia i Ungaria;- n 2007: Bulgaria i Romnia (aderarea acestor dou ri este o completare a celui de-al cincilea val de extindere i nu esteconsiderat un val separat).6 Croaia a depus cererea de aderare la UE n februarie 2003, iar negocierile de aderare au nceput n octombrie 2005.7 Fosta Republic Iugoslav a Macedoniei a depus cererea de aderare la UE n martie 2004, iar statutul de ar candidat i-a fost acordatla Consiliul European din decembrie 2005.8 Turcia a depus cererea de aderare n 1987, negocierile de aderare fiind deschise n octombrie 2005.Eurojargon7Portugalia din 1986, Austria, Finlanda i Suedia din 1995), astfel nct AELS are patru state membre: Elveia,Islanda, Liechtenstein i Norvegia.Detalii despre Spaiul Economic European sunt disponibile la adresahttp://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/eea/index.htmSubsidiaritateAcest principiu stabilete c deciziile Uniunii Europene trebuie luate ct mai aproape de cetean. Cu altecuvinte, Uniunea nu ntreprinde o aciune dect dac se dovedete c aceasta este mai eficient la nivelcomunitar fa de o aciune ntreprins la nivel naional, regional sau local. De la aceast regul sunt excluseaciunile ntreprinse de UE n domeniile n care responsabilitatea i aparine.n acest scop a fost nfiinat prin Tratatul de la Maastricht Comitetul Regiunilor (CR), organism consultativindependent, complementar celor trei instituii decizionale (Consiliul, Comisia, Parlamentul). ComitetulRegiunilor reprezint o "punte" de legatur ntre instituiile europene i regiunile, comunele i orasele UniuniiEuropene. Membrii CR dein mandate (administrative) pe plan regional sau local, nu functioneaza permanent laBruxelles i ca urmare menin constant legtura cu cetenii.Detalii sunt disponibile la adresa http://www.cor.europa.euZona EuroSpaiu alctuit din statele membre ale Uniunii Europene a cror moned este euro. n momentul de fa, zonaeuro include 13 state: Austria, Belgia, Finlanda, Frana, Germania, Grecia, Irlanda, Italia, Luxemburg, Olanda,Portugalia, Slovenia i Spania.Pentru detalii despre euro, accesai site-ul Comisiei Europene, DG Afaceri economice i financiarehttp://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm sau site-ul Bncii Centrale Europenehttp://www.euro.ecb.intZon de liber schimb/Uniune vamal/Pia comun/Pia unic/Uniune economic i monetarZona de liber schimb: spaiu, format dintr-un grup de state, n care au fost suprimate barierele comerciale,precum licenele i cotele de import. n lume au fost create o serie de zone de liber schimb: Mercosur nAmerica de Sud, Alena (NAFTA) n America de Nord, AELS n Europa.Uniunea vamal: pe lng caracteristicile zonei de liber schimb, ntr-un spaiu n care funcioneaz o uniunevamal se aplic un tarif vamal exterior comun. n Comunitatea Economic European, Uniunea vamal adevenit funcional n 1968.Piaa comun: grup de state n cadrul cruia persoanele, mrfurile i serviciile circul liber, fr controale lafrontierele interne i fr aplicarea unor drepturi de vam. Comunitatea Economic European, fondat n1957, avea la baz piaa comun.Piaa unic: considerat un fel de versiune mbuntit a pieei comune, piaa unic presupune i eliminareafrontierelor fizice (formaliti i controale vamale), financiare (reguli bugetare i fiscale) i tehnice (datoratediferenelor normative). Piaa unic a UE a devenit funcional pe 1 ianuarie 1993, aa cum fusese stabilit prinActul Unic European.Mai multe informaii disponibile la adresa http://europa.eu/pol/singl/overview_en.htmUniunea economic i monetar (UEM): procesul prin care politicile economice i monetare ale statelormembre ale Uniunii sunt armonizate n scopul introducerii monedei unice. Tratatul prevede realizarea UEM ntrei etape:- Prima etap (1 iulie 1990 - 31 decembrie 1993): libera circulaie a capitalului ntre Statele Membre, o maibun coordonare a politicilor economice i o mai strns cooperare a bncilor centrale;- Etapa a II-a (1 ianuarie 1994 31 decembrie 1998): convergena politicilor economice i monetare aleStatelor Membre (in vederea asigurrii stabilitatii preurilor i a unor finane publice sntoase); nfiintareaInstitutului Monetar European (IME) i a Bncii Centrale Europene (BCE), n 1998;- Etapa a III-a (iniiat la 1 ianuarie 1999): fixarea cursurilor de schimb i introducerea monedei unice pepiaa valutar internaional, urmat de introducerea monedelor i a bancnotelor Euro la 1 ianuarie 2002.Pentru detalii despre UEM, accesai http://www.ecb.eu/ecb/history/emu/html/index.en.htmlDin Eurojargon fac parte i o serie de abrevieri i acronime, ntre care PAC (politica agricol comun), CIG(conferin interguvernamental cadru de negociere ntre Guvernele Statelor Membre, n vederea modificriiTratatelor).