Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure

Cell WallCell WallFound in cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, Found in cells of plants, fungi, bacteria,

and some protists.and some protists.Fairly rigid structure found outside the cell Fairly rigid structure found outside the cell

membrane.membrane.

Cell WallCell Wall

Provides additional support and protection.Provides additional support and protection.Cell walls in plants are very porous which Cell walls in plants are very porous which

allows molecules to pass through (not allows molecules to pass through (not selective).selective).

NucleusNucleusContains strands of DNA called chromatin.Contains strands of DNA called chromatin.

When the cell divides, chromatin condenses When the cell divides, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.to form chromosomes.

Controls the activity of organelles by Controls the activity of organelles by controlling protein production.controlling protein production.

Contains an organelle called the nucleolus Contains an organelle called the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.which makes ribosomes.

RibosomesRibosomesWhere proteins are made.Where proteins are made.Has no membrane.Has no membrane.Formed of RNA and proteins. Formed of RNA and proteins. During protein synthesis, ribosomes and During protein synthesis, ribosomes and

RNA translated from DNA leave the RNA translated from DNA leave the nucleus through the nuclear envelope and nucleus through the nuclear envelope and enter the cytoplasmenter the cytoplasm

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear EnvelopeSeparates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.Double membrane.Double membrane.Made up of two phospholipid bilayers Made up of two phospholipid bilayers

containing small nuclear pores for containing small nuclear pores for substances to pass through.substances to pass through.

CytoplasmCytoplasmClear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell.Clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell.Suspends organelles such as ER, golgi Suspends organelles such as ER, golgi

apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plastids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, plastids, mitochondria, and centrioles.centrioles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Site of cellular chemical reactions.Site of cellular chemical reactions.Arranged in a series of highly folded Arranged in a series of highly folded

membranes.membranes.These folds allow a large amount of ER to do These folds allow a large amount of ER to do

work in a small amount of space.work in a small amount of space.

Rough ER vs Smooth ERRough ER vs Smooth ERRough ERRough ER

Areas of ER where ribosomes are attached to Areas of ER where ribosomes are attached to the surface and carry out protein synthesis.the surface and carry out protein synthesis.

Smooth ERSmooth ERAreas of the ER not studded with ribosomes.Areas of the ER not studded with ribosomes. Involved in numerous biochemical activities, Involved in numerous biochemical activities,

including production and storage of lipids.including production and storage of lipids.

Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusFlattened stack of tubular membranes that Flattened stack of tubular membranes that

modify proteins.modify proteins.After proteins are made by ribosomes, they After proteins are made by ribosomes, they

are transferred to the golgi apparatus.are transferred to the golgi apparatus.

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Sorts proteins into packages and then Sorts proteins into packages and then packs them into membrane-bound packs them into membrane-bound structures called vesicles to be sent to the structures called vesicles to be sent to the appropriate destination.appropriate destination.

VacuolesVacuolesMembrane bound compartments or sacs.Membrane bound compartments or sacs.Temporarily store materials such as food, Temporarily store materials such as food,

wastes, and enzymes.wastes, and enzymes.Not usually present in animal cells.Not usually present in animal cells.

When they are present in animal cells, they When they are present in animal cells, they are very small.are very small.

LysosomesLysosomesOrganelles that contain digestive Organelles that contain digestive

enzymes.enzymes.Digest worn-out organelles, food particles, Digest worn-out organelles, food particles,

and engulfed viruses and bacteria.and engulfed viruses and bacteria.Has a membrane which prevents the Has a membrane which prevents the

digestive enzymes from destroying the digestive enzymes from destroying the cell.cell.

LysosomesLysosomes

Can fuse with vacuoles and dispense Can fuse with vacuoles and dispense enzymes into the vacuole, digesting its enzymes into the vacuole, digesting its contents.contents.

Sometimes lysosomes digest the cells that Sometimes lysosomes digest the cells that contain them as in the case of a tadpole contain them as in the case of a tadpole tail.tail.

ChloroplastsChloroplastsLocated in the cells of green plants and Located in the cells of green plants and

some protists.some protists.Capture light energy and convert it into Capture light energy and convert it into

chemical energy.chemical energy.Store the chemical energy in bonds of sugar Store the chemical energy in bonds of sugar

molecules.molecules.Belong to a group of plant organelles Belong to a group of plant organelles

called plastids.called plastids.

ChloroplastsChloroplastsHas a double membrane.Has a double membrane.

Inner membranes are called thylakoid Inner membranes are called thylakoid membranes and are arranged in stacks of membranes and are arranged in stacks of membranous sacs called grana which trap membranous sacs called grana which trap sunlight.sunlight.

Fluid that surrounds the stacks of grana is Fluid that surrounds the stacks of grana is called stroma.called stroma.

PlastidsPlastidsStore materials such as starches, lipids, Store materials such as starches, lipids,

and pigments.and pigments.Named according to their color or the Named according to their color or the

pigment they contain.pigment they contain.Chloroplasts contain the green pigment Chloroplasts contain the green pigment

chlorophyll which traps light energy.chlorophyll which traps light energy.

MitochondriaMitochondriaMembrane bound organelles in plant and Membrane bound organelles in plant and

animal cells which transform energy for animal cells which transform energy for the cell.the cell.

Have an outer membrane and highly Have an outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane where energy folded inner membrane where energy storing molecules are produced.storing molecules are produced.

Energy is then stored in bonds of other Energy is then stored in bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can access molecules that cell organelles can access easily and quickly when energy is needed.easily and quickly when energy is needed.

CytoskeletonCytoskeletonNetwork of tiny rods and filaments.Network of tiny rods and filaments.

MicrotubulesMicrotubulesThin hollow cylinders made of protein.Thin hollow cylinders made of protein.

MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsSmaller solid protein fibers.Smaller solid protein fibers.

CytoskeletonCytoskeletonForms a framework or structure for the Forms a framework or structure for the

cell.cell.Can be dismantled in one place and Can be dismantled in one place and

reassembled somewhere else in the cell, reassembled somewhere else in the cell, changing the cell’s shape.changing the cell’s shape.

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Anchors and supports many organelles.Anchors and supports many organelles.Provides a highway system through which Provides a highway system through which

materials move within the cell.materials move within the cell.

CentriolesCentriolesFound in cells of animals and most Found in cells of animals and most

protists.protists.Occur in pairs.Occur in pairs.Made up of microtubules.Made up of microtubules.Play an important role in cell division.Play an important role in cell division.

Cilia and FlagellaCilia and FlagellaOrganelles made of microtubules.Organelles made of microtubules.Aid in locomotion and/or feeding.Aid in locomotion and/or feeding.

Major means of locomotion in single celled Major means of locomotion in single celled organisms.organisms.

Cilia and FlagellaCilia and FlagellaCiliaCilia

Short, numerous projections that look like Short, numerous projections that look like hairs.hairs.

Motion similar to oars in a rowboat.Motion similar to oars in a rowboat.

Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella

FlagellaFlagellaLong projections.Long projections.Move with a whip-like motion.Move with a whip-like motion.Cells usually only have one or two.Cells usually only have one or two.