■Essential Question:–How was China affected by global

changes during the Qing Dynasty?

■Warm-Up Question:–?

A Review of Chinese History■From ancient times to 1900, China was the

most dominant & influential society in Asia–Chinese culture spread to surrounding

neighbors, including Korea & Japan–China was one of the most innovative

cultures in world history by developing technologies such as, compass, printing, silk, paper, & gunpowder

–Chinese civilization is unique in world history because of its continuity over 4,000 years of history

Quick Class Discussion: What elements of Chinese culture remained constant over the course of Chinese history

(from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)?

Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was isolated from outsiders by deserts &

the Himalayan Mountains

This isolation led the Chinese to refer to themselves as the “Middle Kingdom”, thought of outsiders as

barbarians, & rarely traded with foreign merchants

Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was ruled by emperors who claimed the Mandate of

Heaven (approval of the gods)

Since the Classical Era of the Han Dynasty, Chinese government was run effectively by educated bureaucrats

because of the examination system

Dynasties could be overthrown if they lost the mandate of heaven, called the dynastic cycle

Core Ideas Across Chinese History

Rather than following a major world

religion, China was influenced by the ethical

system of Confucianism

Buddhism was introduced &

spread through China during the

Han Dynasty

Core Ideas Across Chinese History Chinese luxury goods spread through Asia

& Europe across the Silk Road

China was a reluctant trade nation, but it was the trend setter as other Asian nations adopted Chinese

writing, gov’t, & artistic styles

Eras in Chinese history are named after the dynasties that were in power; Each of these dynasties added unique

contributions in Chinese history

Review of Chinese Dynasties

River Valley Era (5000-1700 B.C.)China began along the unpredictable Yellow & Yangtze Rivers but only 10% of China is suitable for

farming

Qin Dynasty (316-206 B.C.)China’s first emperor (Qin Shi Huang-di) came to power, gave “China” its name, & built the

Great Wall to protect from northern invasions

Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.)China became an empire for the first time & entered the Classical Era during the Han Dynasty

Chinese artisans mastered silk & paper making

The Silk Road began Buddhism was

first introduced & began to spread

The Confucian Examination

System began

Tang & Song Dynasties (618-1279)China experienced a “golden age” was the most powerful & advanced country in the world during

the Tang & Song Dynasties of the post-classical era

For the 1st time, foreign trade

was encouraged

A series of advanced inventions were developed, like gunpowder, compass, printing press, vaccines

Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan

became the first foreign leader to rule China;

The Mongols created the Yuan Dynasty

Marco Polo’s visit during the Yuan

Dynasty increased European demand for

Chinese goods

During the Pax Mongolica, the Silk Road was protected

& trade with China increased

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)During the Ming Dynasty Chinese rule was restored, emperors encouraged foreign trade & exploration

(Zheng He) for the first & only time in history

To protect Ming emperors from future invasions, the Forbidden City was built in Beijing that no one other than royalty or approved bureaucrats could

enter

■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria

conquered China & created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty

During this era of Manchu rule, China grew to its largest size by claiming Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet

Forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a pigtail as a sign of submission to their ruleMade the frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity.

■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)Like the era of Mongol rule, Chinese rejected &

led rebellions against their Manchu rulers

But, Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes,

& restoring peace and prosperity to China

Kangxi was the first emperor to tour China & visit peasant villages

Kangxi & later Manchu rulers returned China to isolationism by restoring strict

adherence to the “Middle Kingdom”

■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges

that would threaten China’s future strength The introduction of new American crops like corn & sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the

Chinese population

The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would

lead to competition for land & peasant uprisings

■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges

that would threaten China’s future strength

European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia eager to gain

access into China

Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade

with them, & refused to accept Chinese customs

Activity: Advice to Kangxi■ Imagine that you are an advisor to the

Manchu emperor Kangxi & give suggestions as to how to deal with China’s problems–Working with a partner, identify China’s 2

major problems during the Qing Dynasty; Write these on one side of an index card

–On the same side of the card, brainstorm at least 3 potential solutions to each problem

–Rank order these potential solutions–On the other side of the card, offer your

best solution for each problem

The Qing Dynasty■King George III asks for a better trade

arrangement ■representative Lord George

McCartney refuses to kowtow the emperor

■Qian-long denies Britain’s request■Why was the kowtow ritual

important to the Chinese emperor?

■Quick Write:

■What were the characteristics & causes of Japanese feudalism?

■What foreign group ruled China during the Qing Dynasty?

■What two major challenges did China face during Kangxi’s reign as emperor of China?

Geography of JapanJapan is a series of islands off the coasts of Korea & China

Like Greece, Japan was divided by mountains &

had few areas for farmingBefore 400 A.D., Japan was

not a unified nation but was ruled by hundreds of

different family clans Japan’s island location

provided protection from Chinese & Mongol invasions…

…but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural ideas from China

Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese culture, most specifically the Shinto religion

Shinto is a polytheistic religion

based on the respect of nature & ancestor worship Shinto worshipers believed in divine spirits called kami that live in natureThe most important of the Shinto gods is the sun goddess who

gave light to the world

Amaterasu: Sun GoddessAmaterasu: Sun Goddess

As Japan had more contact with Asia, it adopted Chinese culture & ideas

Japan adopted the Chinese idea of an emperor & rule by dynasties; The first Japanese emperor was

said to have descended from the sun goddess

Unlike China, Japanese emperors often did not have power over clan leaders; Japan often had an

emperor figurehead & a clan ruler with true power

Japan tried, but failed, to model the Chinese examination

system for gov’t officials

Japan adopted Confucianism & blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, & art

Chinese architecture

Japanese architectureChinese writing Japanese writing

Chinese landscape art

Japanese landscape art

In the mid-700s Buddhism was introduced in Japan from China & Korea

Buddhism was accepted by Japanese emperors, but in Japanese society,

Buddhism & Shinto blended

An example of religious blending

was Zen Buddhism

Classical Japan during the Heian Period■? From 794-1185, Japan entered a

classical era during the Heian Period

During this time, the imperial gov’t was strong & Japan experienced an

era of peace and prosperity Japan developed a

“golden age” in poetry, art, & literature

Japanese Feudalism■?By the mid-1000s, the imperial gov’t grew

weak, regional landowners gained power, & Japan became lawless & dangerous

Outlaws attacked farmers & pirates attacked the coast

Rival clans competed for power & threw Japan into a series of civil wars

Quick Class Discussion:Based on these images, how were

Japanese & European feudal systems similar?

Japanese Feudalism As a result, Japan

developed a feudal system

Farmers traded land to strong

warlords called daimyo who

offered protection

Daimyo were served by

loyal warriors called samurai

The emperor had little power

Japanese FeudalismSamurai warriors were usually

relatives or dependents of daimyo, although some were hired warriors called Ronin

Samurai warriors lived by a code of Bushido

which demanded courage, loyalty, deity,

fairness, & honor

Samurai were skilled swordsmen, but also used horses & guns (after the

arrival of Europeans)

■ Text

Japanese FeudalismIn 1192, the first

shogun was named by the emperor

The emperor remained in place,

but the shogun held real power & ruled

as military dictators

Shoguns’ power varied over time, but the pattern of

gov’t controlled by a shogun lasted

until 1867

Activity■ Who were the

military leaders, landowners, & warriors in medieval Europe & feudal Japan?

– How were they alike?

– How were they different?

■Essential Question:

■What roles did Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, & Tokugawa Ieyasu, play in unifying Japan?

■Name three ways Japanese feudalism was similar to European feudalism.

From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan

Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu

From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan

Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuIn 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga

conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto

Oda seized power by force, was the first to use guns effectively, & eliminated

Buddhist rivals that refused to accept rule by the emperor

By the time of his death in 1582, Japan was not unified

From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan

Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuOda Nobunaga’s best general was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who took over after Oda’s death

Toyotomi was resourceful & not ruthless like Oda;

He used political alliances, adoption, & marriage to gain

power over the daimyo

By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled most of Japan & tried unsuccessfully to

conquer Korea

From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan

Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuAfter Toyotomi ‘s death in 1598, one of his daimyo allies named

Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan in 1600In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of Japan, moved to capital to Edo (later called

Tokyo), & restored gov’t & order to Japan

Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but he created a line of succession

called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867

Tokugawa Shogunate For more than 250 years, Tokugawa’s successors ruled Japan as shoguns

During this time, Japan benefited from peace;

The economy boomed & became more commercial

Tokugawa Shogunate European merchants & missionaries first

arrived in Japan in the mid-1500s

Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans & was fascinated to learn about their military, new technologies, & ideas

Tokugawa Shogunate Between1549 & 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000

Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa

because the missionaries ignored Japanese cultural

beliefs & laws In 1612, Tokugawa

banned Christianity & began ruthlessly

persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced

to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians

Japanese Isolationism Tokugawa shoguns

decided to exclude foreign

merchants & missionaries

By 1639, Japan adopted a

“closed country policy” &

ended almost all foreign contacts

Nagasaki Bay

Japan

Deshima

Dutch Ships

Japanese isolation remained in place for over 200 years

until the 1850s

During this era of isolation, Japan had profitable trade,

became self-sufficient, limited foreign ideas, & reduced

Europe’s ability to colonize Japan

One Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open but

only to Dutch & Chinese merchants

Portuguese traders brought the first firearms to Japan in 1543 and thirty years later thousands of matchlock weapons were being used by Japanese armies. Yet when American navy vessels arrived in Japan in the 1850s there was almost no knowledge of guns to be found in Japan. What happened to bring about this unexpected reversal of technology? To unravel the question and look back at sixteenth century Japan, you will assume the role of a samurai advisor to the Tokugawa Shogun. He has asked for information as to whether to allow the continued influence of western guns in Japan or to end the use of firearms in the country in order to preserve traditional Japanese society. In groups you will examine five samurai positions on the question. You should present a convincing plea based on historical and cultural evidence you can discover in order to develop your position. In a culminating presentation to the shogun, you should present the accurate argument for your position (you may write a letter to the shogun presenting your position). This exercise should reflect 1) the growing influence of western ideas and technology on Japan, and 2) Japan’s ultimate rejection of westernization by establishing isolation. The shogun should then determine the most persuasive arguments. Assume one of the following samurai arguments: 1. Even farmers have been able to join armies and to be warriors. If common folk are allowed to be warriors, our position of the elite of the nation is in jeopardy. 2. Our islands are difficult to invade, our warriors are formidable fighters and our traditional weapons are enough to maintain our safety. 3. Foreign ideas and foreign ideas have injured the purity of our traditional practices. Christianity and foreign business practice are changing our traditional patterns of society. 4. The sword is a much better philosophical symbol for our nation. Swords are artistic and often serve as metaphors for human characteristics. We should not give up this element of our society. 5. Grace and elegance combine with the practice of swordsmanship. This benefits the training and development of the samurai. Guns demand ungraceful body positions and are undignified.