ES Chapter3

7/30/2019 ES Chapter3

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ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE 13e

CHAPTER 3:

Ecosystems: What Are

They and How DoThey Work?


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Core Case Study:

Tropical Rainforests Are Disappearing (1)

Found near the equator

2% land surface

~50% worlds known terrestrial plant andanimal species

50% destroyed or disturbed by humans

Cutting trees Growing crops

Grazing cattle

Building settlements


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Core Case Study:

Tropical Rainforests Are Disappearing (2)

Consequences of disappearing tropical

rainforests

1. Decreased biodiversity as species become

extinct

2. Accelerated global warming: fewer trees to

remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

3. Changes regional weather patterns: can leadto increase in tropical grasslands


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Fig. 3-1, p. 39


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3-1 What Keeps Us and OtherOrganisms Alive?

Concept 3-1A The four major componentsof the earths life-support system are theatmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water),

the geosphere (rock, soil, sediment), andthe biosphere (living things).

Concept 3-1BLife is sustained by the flowof energy from the sun through thebiosphere, the cycling of nutrients within

the biosphere, and gravity.


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Earth Has Four Major Life-

Support Components

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Geosphere Biosphere


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Rock

Crust

Atmosphere

Vegetationand animals

Biosphere

Mantle

Lithosphere

Soil

Geosphere(crust, mantle, core)

MantleCore

Crust(soil and rock)

Biosphere(living organisms)

Atmosphere(air)

Hydrosphere(water)


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Three Factors Sustain Life on

Earth

One-way flow of high-quality energy

from the sun

Cycling of matter or nutrients throughparts of the biosphere

Gravity


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Solar Energy Reaching the

Earth

Electromagnetic waves

Visible light

UV radiation Heat

Natural greenhouse effect

Energy in = energy out

Human-enhanced global warming


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Solarradiation

Radiated byatmosphereas heat

Reflected byatmosphere

Mostabsorbedby ozone

Absorbedby the earth

Greenhouseeffect

Visiblelight

UV radiation

Heat radiatedby the earthHeat

Troposphere

Lower Stratosphere(ozone layer)

Fig. 3-3, p. 41


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3-2 What Are the MajorComponents of an Ecosystem?

Concept 3-2Some organismsproduce the nutrients they need,

others get the nutrients they need byconsuming other organisms, andsome recycle nutrients back to

producers by decomposing thewastes and remains of organisms.


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Ecology

How organisms interact with biotic

and abiotic environment

Focuses on specific levels of matter: Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere


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Smallest unit of a chemical elementthat exhibits its chemical properties

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

Cell

Molecule

Atom

Parts of the earth's air,water, and soilwhere life is found

A community of different speciesinteracting with one another and with

their nonliving environment of matterand energy

Populations of different speciesliving in a particular place, andpotentially interacting with eachother

A group of individuals of the same

species living in a particular place

An individual living being

The fundamental structural andfunctional unit of life

Chemical combination of two ormore atoms of the same or differentelements

Fig. 3-4, p. 42

Water

Hydrogen Oxygen


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Smallest unit of a chemical element

that exhibits its chemical properties

Atom

Molecule Chemical combination of two ormore atoms of the same or differentelements

Cell

The fundamental structural andfunctional unit of life

Organism An individual living being

Population A group of individuals of the same

species living in a particular place

Community Populations of different speciesliving in a particular place, andpotentially interacting with eachother

Stepped Art

Ecosystem A community of different speciesinteracting with one another and with

their nonliving environment of matterand energy

Biosphere Parts of the earth's air,water, and soilwhere life is found

Fig. 3-4, p. 42


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Living and Nonliving

Components (1)

Abiotic

Water

Air Nutrients

Solar energy

Rocks Heat


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Living and Nonliving

Components (2)

Biotic

Plants

Animals Microbes

Dead organisms

Waste products of dead organisms


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Fig. 3-5, p. 43


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Soluble mineral

nutrients

Producers

Decomposers

Secondary

consumer(fox)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Primaryconsumer(rabbit)

Producer

Oxygen (O2)Precipitation

Water

Fig. 3-5, p. 43


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Trophic Levels (1)

Producersautotrophs

Photosynthesis

ConsumersheterotrophsPrimary - herbivores

Secondary - carnivores

Third-level

Omnivores


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Trophic Levels (2)

Decomposers

Release nutrients from the dead bodies

of plants and animals Detrivores

Feed on the waste or dead bodies of

organisms


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Fig. 3-6, p. 44


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Timeprogression Powder broken down by

decomposers into plantnutrients in soil

MushroomWoodreduced

to powder

Dry rotfungus

Termite andcarpenterant work

DecomposersDetritus feeders

Carpenterant galleriesBark beetle

engravingLong-hornedbeetle holes

Fig. 3-6, p. 44


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Production and Consumption of

Energy

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water + solar

energyglucose + oxygen Aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide

+ water + energy


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Energy Flow and Nutrient

Recycling

Ecosystems sustained through:

One-way energy flow from the sun

Nutrient recycling


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Fig. 3-7, p. 45


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Abiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,

oxygen, nitrogen,

minerals)

Decomposers(bacteria, fungi)

Consumers(herbivores,carnivores)

Producers(plants)

Solarenergy

Heat

Heat Heat

Heat Heat

Fig. 3-7, p. 45


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Science Focus: Invisible

Organisms (1)

Microorganisms/Microbes

Bacteria

Protozoa Fungi

Phytoplankton


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Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Trophic levels

Food chain

Sequence of organisms, each of whichserves as a source of food for the next

Food web

Network of interconnected food chains

More complex than a food chain


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Fourth TrophicLevel

Third TrophicLevel

Second TrophicLevel

First TrophicLevel

Heat

Heat

HeatHeatHeat

Tertiaryconsumers

(top carnivores)

Secondaryconsumers(carnivores)

Primaryconsumers(herbivores)

Producers(plants)

Solarenergy

Heat

Heat

Decomposers and detritus feeders

Fig. 3-8, p. 46


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Humans


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Humans

Squid

Herbivorouszooplankton

Phytoplankton

Krill

Fish

Petrel

Adeliepenguin

Sperm whale

Emperorpenguin

Leopardseal

Killerwhale

Crabeaterseal

Elephant

seal

Blue whale

Carnivorousplankton

Fig. 3-9, p. 46


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Usable Energy by Trophic Level

Energy flow follows the second law of

thermodynamics energy lost as

heat Biomass decreases with increasing

trophic level

Ecological efficiency typically 10% Pyramid of energy flow


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Tertiary

consumers(human)

Secondaryconsumers

(perch)

Producers(phytoplankton)

Primaryconsumers(zooplankton)

Usable energy availableat each trophic level

(in kilocalories)

HeatDecomposers

10

100

1,000

10,000

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

Fig. 3-10, p. 47


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10

Heat

Tertiary

consumers(human)

Usable energy availableat each trophic level

(in kilocalories)

Heat

Secondaryconsumers

(perch)

100

HeatDecomposersHeat

Primaryconsumers(zooplankton)

1,000

Heat

Producers(phytoplankton)

10,000

Stepped ArtFig. 3-10, p. 47

T Ki d f P i


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Two Kinds of Primary

Productivity Gross primary productivity (GPP)

Net primary productivity (NPP)

Planets NPP limits number ofconsumers

Humans use, waste, or destroy 10-

55% of earths total potential NPP Human population is less than 1% oftotal biomass of earths consumers


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Fig. 3-11, p. 48


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3 4 Wh t H t M tt i


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3-4 What Happens to Matter inan Ecosystem?

Concept 3-4Matter, in the form ofnutrients, cycles within and amongecosystems and in the biosphere, andhuman activities are altering thesechemical cycles.


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Hydrologic Cycle

Water cycle is powered by the sun

1. Evaporation

2. Precipitation

3. Transpiration - evaporates from plantsurfaces

Water vapor in the atmosphere comes

from the oceans 84% Over land, ~90% of water reaching the

atmosphere comes from transpiration


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Fig. 3-12, p. 49


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S i F W t U i


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Science Focus: Waters Unique

Properties (1)

Holds water molecules together

hydrogen bonding

Liquid over a wide temperature range Changes temperature slowly

Requires large amounts of energy to

evaporate


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Fig. 3-13, p. 51


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Fig. 3-14, p. 52


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Processes


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Seabirds

Phosphatein shallowocean sediments

Bacteria

Animals(consumers)

Plants

(producers)

Runoff

Runoff Runoff

Phosphates

in fertilizer

Phosphatesin mining waste

Phosphates

in sewage

Phosphatedissolved inwater

Erosion

Phosphatein deepocean

sediments

Oceanfood chain

Platetectonics

Phosphatein rock

(fossil bones,guano)

Fig. 3-15, p. 53

Processes

Reservoir

Pathway affected by humans

Natural pathway


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Fig. 3-16, p. 54


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Fig. 3-16, p. 54

Refiningfossil fuels

Sulfurin animals

(consumers)

Sulfurin plants

(producers)

Sulfur dioxidein atmosphere

Sulfurin soil, rock

and fossil fuels

Sulfurin oceansediments

Dimethylsulfide

a bacteriabyproduct

Processes

Reservoir

Pathway affected by humans

Natural pathway

Decay

Sulfuric acidand Sulfate

deposited as

acid rain

Uptakeby plantsDecay

Mining andextraction

Burningcoal

Smelting


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Field Research

Collecting data in the field by

scientists

Remote sensing devices Geographic information systems

(GIS)


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Scientific Studies of


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Scientific Studies of

Ecosystems

Models

Mathematical

Computer simulations Models need to be fed real data

collected in the field- baseline data

Models must determine relationshipsamong key variables


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Animation: Levels of


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Animation: Levels of

organization
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/levels_life.html


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Animation: Linked Processes

Animation: Feedback Control of
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/linked_processes.html


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Animation: Feedback Control of

Temperature
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/dog_homeostasis.html


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Animation: Prairie Trophic


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Animation: Prairie Trophic

Levels

Animation: Rainforest Food
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/trophic_prairie.html


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Animation: Rainforest Food

Web
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/rainforest_anim.html


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Animation: Prairie Food Web
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/prairie_web_int.html


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A i ti E Fl


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Animation: Energy Flow

Animation: Roles of Organisms in
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/energy_flow.html


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g

an Ecosystem

Animation: Matter Recycling
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/ecosystem_roles.html


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Animation: Matter Recycling

and Energy Flow

Animation: Current and Projected
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/matter_energy.html


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Animation: Current and Projected

Population Sizes by Region

Animation: Demographic
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/size_region.html


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g p

Transition Model
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/demo_transition.html


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A i ti Li k d P


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Animation: Linked Processes

Animation: Categories of Food
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/linked_processes.html


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g

Webs

A i ti H d l i C l
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/food_webs_v2.html


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Animation: Hydrologic Cycle

Animation Carbon C cle
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/hydrologic_cycle.html


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Animation: Carbon Cycle

Animation: Nitrogen Cycle
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/carbon_cycle.html


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Animation: Nitrogen Cycle
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/nitrogen_cycle_v2.html


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Animation: Sulfur Cycle


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Animation: Sulfur Cycle

Animation: Capture-Recapture
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/sulfur_cycle.html


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p p

Method
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Animations/capture_recapture.html


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ES Chapter3