Released July 10, 2015 ISSN 0799-3927
NOTIFICATIONS-
All clinical
sites
INVESTIGATION
REPORTS- Detailed Follow
up for all Class One Events
HOSPITAL ACTIVE
SURVEILLANCE-30
sites*. Actively pursued
SENTINEL
REPORT- 79 sites*.
Automatic reporting
*Incidence/Prevalence cannot be calculated
1
Week ending June 27 , 2015 Epidemiology Week 25
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGY BULLETIN
EPIDEMIOLOGY UNIT, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, JAMAICA
Weekly Spotlight
Climate change and infectious diseases
EPI WEEK 25
Today, worldwide, there is an apparent increase in many
infectious diseases, including some newly-circulating ones
... This reflects the combined impacts of rapid
demographic, environmental, social, technological and
other changes in our ways-of-living. Climate change will
also affect infectious disease occurrence.
Vector-borne and water-borne diseases
Infectious agents vary greatly in size, type and mode of
transmission... Those microbes that cause “anthroponoses”
have adapted, via evolution, to the human species as their
primary, usually exclusive, host. In contrast, non-human
species are the natural reservoir for those infectious agents
that cause “zoonoses” (Fig 6.1). There are directly
transmitted anthroponoses (such as TB, HIV/AIDS, and
measles) and zoonoses (e.g., rabies). There are also
indirectly-transmitted, vector-borne, anthroponoses (e.g.,
malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever) and zoonoses (e.g.
bubonic plague and Lyme disease).
Important determinants of vectorborne disease transmission
include: (i) vector survival and reproduction, (ii) the vector’s
biting rate, and (iii) the pathogen’s incubation rate within the
vector organism. Vectors, pathogens and hosts each survive
and reproduce within a range of optimal climatic conditions:
temperature and precipitation are the most important, while
sea level elevation, wind, and daylight duration are also
important.
Adapted from:http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/index5.html
SYNDROMES
PAGE 2
CLASS 1 DISEASES
PAGE 5
INFLUENZA
PAGE 7
DENGUE FEVER
PAGE 8
GASTROENTERITIS
PAGE 9
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Released July 10, 2015 ISSN 0799-3927
NOTIFICATIONS-
All clinical
sites
INVESTIGATION
REPORTS- Detailed Follow
up for all Class One Events
HOSPITAL ACTIVE
SURVEILLANCE-30
sites*. Actively pursued
SENTINEL
REPORT- 79 sites*.
Automatic reporting
*Incidence/Prevalence cannot be calculated
2
REPORTS FOR SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE
GASTROENTERITS
Three or more loose
stools within 24
hours.
FEVER
Temperature of
>38
0
C /100.4
0
F (or
recent history of
fever) with or without
an obvious diagnosis
or focus of infection.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
as
e
s
Epi weeks
GE ≥5 Weekly Threshold vs Cases 2015, EW 1-25
2015 Cases 5 years and older Epidemic Threshold
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
as
e
s
Epi Weeks
GE
Released July 10, 2015 ISSN 0799-3927
NOTIFICATIONS-
All clinical
sites
INVESTIGATION
REPORTS- Detailed Follow
up for all Class One Events
HOSPITAL ACTIVE
SURVEILLANCE-30
sites*. Actively pursued
SENTINEL
REPORT- 79 sites*.
Automatic reporting
*Incidence/Prevalence cannot be calculated
5
CLASS ONE NOTIFIABLE EVENTS and LEPTOSPIROSIS Comments
CONFIRMED YTD AFP Field Guides
from WHO indicate
that for an effective
surveillance system,
detection rates for
AFP should be
1/100,000 population
under 15 years old (6
to 7) cases annually.
___________
Pertussis-like
syndrome and Tetanus
are clinically
confirmed
classifications.
______________
The TB case detection
rate established by
PAHO for Jamaica is
at least 90% of their
calculated estimate of
cases in the island,
this is 180 (of 200)
cases per year.
*Data not available
**Leptospirosis is
awaiting classification
as class 1, 2 or 3
______________
1 Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever data include Dengue
related deaths;
2 Maternal Deaths include
early and late deaths.
CLASS 1 EVENTS
CURRENT
YEAR
PREVIOUS
YEAR
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
/
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
IN
T
E
R
E
S
T
Accidental Poisoning 32 311
Cholera 0 0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
1
0 0
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 0 0
Hepatitis B 6 35
Hepatitis C 2 1
HIV/AIDS
