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Enzymes & Macromolecules. Lipids. Proteins. Carbohydrates. Nucleic Acid. Role of Carbon in Organic Compounds. C. CARBON. Carbon is found in all living organisms. It can form up to 4 bonds with other elements or compounds. . Carbon Is Unique. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Enzymes & Macromolecules
ProteinsNucleic AcidLipidsCarbohydrates
Role of Carbon in Organic Compounds
Carbon is found in
all living organisms. It can form up to 4 bonds with other elements or compounds.
Carbon Is Unique
* Four electrons in outer shell; bonds with up to four other atoms (Usually H, O, N, or other carbons).
* Can bond to itself making chains and rings (back bones of organic molecules).
* Characteristics allow it to form an enormous variety of organic molecules.
CARBON ATOM
Monomers & Polymers
A. Monomer : Are small units that bind together to make large molecules. (Polymer) A polymer can be a straight chain or have many branching chains that fold back on itself.
B. There are Four Major Classifications of Polymers in Biology : Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins
Monomer
PolymerPolymer Polymer Polymer
Classes of Polymers
Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)Lipids (Triglycerides)
Proteins (Polypeptides)Nucleic Acids
Building a Polymer(Dehydration Synthesis)
Polymers (carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids) are built by bonding monomers together.
The joining is called dehydration synthesis. (Sometimes condensation).
REMOVE WATER!
Building a Polymer Chain(Remove water!)
Dehydration synthesis
Breaking Down A Polymer(Hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis means to split with water.“water” (hydro–)“split” (–lysis)
ADD WATER!
Breaking a Polymer Chain(Add Water!)
Organic Compound:Carbohydrates
GLUCOSE
1. Carbohydrates (sugars) : Basic monomer looks like this :
Carbohydrates : (sugars) Always have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CH2O)n Almost all carbohydrates are Hydrophilic.
Simple sugars with a backbone of three to seven carbon atoms.
Best known monosaccharides sugars have six carbons (hexoses).
GlucoseFructoseGalactose
Monosaccharides(Single Sugars)
Dissacharides(Double Sugars)
Two monosaccharide (single sugars) joined by dehydration synthesis. -Lactose Galactose + Glucose
Found in milk.-Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Forms in human digestive tract during starch digestion.-Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Transported within plants.
Polysaccharides
Chains of glucose molecules or modified glucose molecules.
Polysaccharides(carbohydrates) Used For Energy Storage
Starch.Found in plants.Straight chain of glucose moleculesFew side branches.
Glycogen.Found in animals (called “animal starch”).Highly branched polymer of glucoseMany side branches
Cellulose - Not easily digested due to the strong linkage between glucose molecules. Cellulose glucose bonded to form mcrofibrils; primary constituent of plants cell walls.
– Grazing animals can digest cellulose due to special stomachs and bacteria.
– Cotton - nearly pure cellulose.
Polysaccharides(carbohydrates) Structural Forms
Organic Compound:Lipids
FATTY ACIDA lipid unit molecule
Fatty acid - long hydrocarbon chain, carboxyl (-COOH), [acid] group at one end.
Carboxyl group is polar, fatty acids are soluble in water.
Most fatty acids in cells contain 16 to 18 carbons atoms per molecule.
FATTY ACID
Saturated Only single bonds between atoms. (NO doubles)
Unstaturated Double bonds in the carbon chain where there are less than two hydrogens per carbon atom.
WAXES
• Fatty acids bonded alcohol instead of glycerol.• Solid at room temperature• High melting point • Waterproof • Resist degradation.• Form protective coverings
– Retards water loss in plants– Maintain animal skin and fur.
Phosphate group is the polar head; hydrocarbon chains become nonpolar tails.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS In aqueous environments, arrange in a double
layer. Polar (hydrophilic) heads toward water molecules.
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails face toward each other - away from water molecules.
Very important property!
Forms an interface or separation between two solutions (e.g. The interior and exterior of a cell
Phospholipid bilayer
STEROIDS
Cholesterol part of an animal cell membrane.Used to make other steroids.
STEROIDS
Testosterone is the male sex hormone.Progesterone is the female sex hormone.
Organic Compound:Proteins
Proteins
FunctionsForm cell structuresChemical messengers EnzymesBody defenseRegulationMovement & support
Monomersamino acids
Polymers PolypeptidesProteins
Amino Acids
R C
H
C
NH2
O
OH
Carboxyl groupamino group
Denaturation Of Proteins
Loss of normal shape – a physical change.
Once a protein loses it normal shape, it cannot perform its usual function.
How Proteins Can Be Denatured
• TemperatureCooking an eggAlbumin congeals
• Addition of hydrogen or hydroxide ions (large pH changes)
Adding acid to milkCauses curdling
• Vigorous Shaking – making whipped cream• Organic Solvents• Salts of heavy metals (mercury, silver & lead)• Detergents• Ultraviolet Radiation
Degradation Reaction(Hydrolysis for example)
Factors Affecting Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Rates
• Substrate Concentration• Enzyme Concentration• Temperature (optimum)• pH (optimum)
Animation Of Enzymes
Specific Animation Of Enzymes
Chemistry in BiologyChapter 6
Organic Compound:Nucleic Acids
4. Nucleic Acids : Found in DNA & RNA. Are made of a Phosphate, Sugar, and a Nitrogen Base. (Nucleotide) DNA is doubled strained and RNA is Single strained.
Tests for Organic Macromolecules