ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING - International Trade …...The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide was prepared by ITC’s Trade and Environment Programme (TEP) team under the direction

TRADE IMPACTFOR GOOD

ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING

A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS

Digital images on the cover: Glenna Gordon, Flickr and ITC

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ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING

A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS

Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... v Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction to environmental mainstreaming ............................................................................. 2

1. Who should use this guide? ........................................................................................................ 2 2. What is environmental mainstreaming? ...................................................................................... 4 3. The role of the Trade and Environment Programme .................................................................. 4

Chapter 2 Why is environmental mainstreaming important? ....................................................................... 5 1. UN Global Goals ......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Competitive benefits ................................................................................................................... 6 3. Funder interests ......................................................................................................................... 6 4. ITC Code of Conduct .................................................................................................................. 7

Chapter 3 Process overview ........................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 4 Assessing environmental risks and opportunities ....................................................................... 9

1. The Environmental Assessment Template ............................................................................... 10 2. Tips on completing the Environmental Assessment Template ................................................. 10 3. Indicative questions for project managers ................................................................................ 11 4. Tools to rate and asses your project ......................................................................................... 12

Chapter 5 Deciding on environmental ratings ............................................................................................ 14 1. How to rate your project ............................................................................................................ 14 2. Minimum ratings ........................................................................................................................ 14

Chapter 6 Planning: How environment fits into your logframe................................................................... 15 Chapter 7 Delivery .................................................................................................................................... 17 Annex I Examples of mainstreaming logframes by sector ..................................................................... 18 Annex II Detailed matrix of environmental concerns ............................................................................... 21

Tables

Table 1 Practical reasons for integrating environment into ITC activities ............................................... 6 Table 2 Cross-cutting issues addressed in the Environmental Assessment Template ........................ 10 Table 3 Sector matrix of environmental concerns ................................................................................. 13 Table 4 Example of a logframe template .............................................................................................. 16

Figures

Figure 1 Summary of the environmental mainstreaming process for ITC projects .................................. 8 Figure 2 Minimum ratings ....................................................................................................................... 14

ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING: A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS

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Acknowledgements

The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide was prepared by ITC’s Trade and Environment Programme (TEP) team under the direction of Alexander Kasterine, Head of TEP.

The TEP team preparing the guide include Benjamin Smith and Ann-Kathrin Zotz with support from Ana Batalhone, Andrew Benton, Nydiane Razafindrahaingo, and Lori Werner in consultation with colleagues across ITC.

Special thanks for the technical input into the development process is extended to ITC colleagues Juan Hoyos (EC/DBIS), Elena Mendoza (ES/DCP), Anders Aeroe (Director, DMD), Rob Skidmore (SC/DMD), Raphaëlle Lancey and Iris Hauswirth (both SPPG).

The Guide builds on earlier work on environmental mainstreaming done by environmental economists within TEP, namely Katarina Nossal, Martina Bozzola, and Amanda McKee. Valuable early guidance was also offered from colleagues who served on ITC’s Environment Mainstreaming Taskforce.

Thanks also to Communications and Events for editorial and printing support, especially Evelyn Seltier, Serge Adeagbo and Franco Iacovino.

For further information on the guide, please contact Alexander Kasterine at [email protected].


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Foreword

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. The Agenda defines 17 Goals and 169 targets – including the objective to eradicate poverty by 2030. Trade is recognized as the “means for implementation” to achieve these Global Goals. The Paris Agreement reached in December 2015 further establishes a framework for urgent action on climate change. The International Trade Centre’s Aid for Trade programming supports developing countries to use trade as a lever for sustainable development and increased climate change resilience.

To ensure that ITC projects and programmes address these challenges effectively the ITC Trade and Environment Programme, as part of a corporate approach to sustainable development, has developed a strategy to mainstream environmental sustainability in ITC’s work. This Environmental Mainstreaming Guide for project managers and its accompanying training programme is the

culmination of that work.

A clear example of successful mainstreaming is ensuring that ITC’s SME clients develop climate-resilience and sustainability strategies and so remain viable businesses. ITC plays a critical role to help them mitigate environmental risks.

In addition, environmental mainstreaming has helped our clients to access new markets for certified products that meet high environmental standards and regulations. These products often fetch premium prices, helping producers create and capture higher value addition.

In short, mainstreaming will be critical to ensure that ITC continues to help shape profitable, resilient, inclusive and economically sustainable businesses.

Along with our gender and youth mainstreaming approaches, this guide is a critical step in aligning ITC work towards a more holistic approach in supporting sustainable and inclusive economic growth. I am pleased to introduce this guide as an important tool in ITC’s mission to deliver trade impact for good.

Arancha Gonzalez

Executive Director, International Trade Centre


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Chapter 1 Introduction to environmental mainstreaming

The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide for project managers provides advice on planning and managing the environmental elements of ITC projects. The guide also aims to raise awareness of environmental issues and impacts in some of ITC’s most frequently supported sectors.

The guide provides a summary of the activities involved in environmental mainstreaming, and wider appraisal processes. It does not contain all the answers, but helps project managers to assess project plans. It contains:

• Guidance on completing the environmental section of the cross-cutting issues and development markers section of a project plan;

• A list of indicative questions to help project managers consider specific environmental aspects of project plans;

• A matrix to identifying key environmental opportunities and risks – covering a range of sectors;

• Guidance on the environmental rating system and minimum environmental ratings;

• Guidance on finding appropriate outputs and indicators for environment in a project logframe;

• A detailed matrix of key environmental concerns by sector, with recommended sources of further information.

This guide will help project managers to mainstream issues of environmental sustainability into all of ITC’s activities achieving sustainable trade impact for good.

This guide helps project managers to understand and implement environmental mainstreaming.


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1. Who should use this guide?

This guide is a resource for ITC staff, consultants, and partners involved in managing ITC project activities such as planning, designing, appraising, implementing, monitoring and evaluating ITC projects.

Project managers are responsible to complete a screening note with respect to the environmental risks and opportunities faced by their respective project and to ensure that it is submitted with the other project documentation in the ITC project portal. It is also the responsibility of the project officer to ensure that any actions identified during screening are taken forward. Specific actions should be reflected in the project memorandum and logframe. A guide to integrating environmental considerations is included in Section 4.

The core objective of this policy document is to support project managers to incorporate environmental considerations into the planning, elaboration and implementation of ITC projects.

Mainstreaming requires the consideration of both opportunities, like organic certification, and risks, like higher emissions from project activities. © Tomás Munita


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2. What is Environmental Mainstreaming?

Environmental Mainstreaming means the integration of environmental considerations into ITC policies, planning and project activities to ensure the coherence and sustainability of our mission and practices.

Definition agreed by the Environment Mainstreaming Taskforce, September 2013

There are two aspects of environmental mainstreaming relevant to ITC and its delivery of Aid for Trade:

Risks: Mitigate environmental impacts and strengthen environmental resilience

• Exacerbate or cause environmental degradation or depletion

• Improve resource use efficiency, productivity and competitiveness

• Raise awareness of trade, environment and development linkages and their implications for sustainable development

• Reduce vulnerability to emerging risks and challenges, including resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change.

Opportunities: Realize environmental potential

• Expand trade in environmentally-sustainable product and services markets

• Enable beneficiaries to meet environmental standards, trading rules or funder requirements.

By working with its beneficiaries to recognize and address these aspects in their export development and promotion activities, ITC will achieve stronger and more enduring impacts on economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development.

The initiative to mainstream environment into ITC project and planning activities is also aligned with a set of global guiding principles towards sustainable development adopted by international bodies along the years. Furthermore, the case for mainstreaming environment takes into account the need to address funder requests and practical reasons that linkages trade and the Global Goals.

3. The role of the Trade and Environment Programme

The role of the Trade and Environment Programme (TEP) environmental mainstreaming officer is to advise ITC staff on the assessment of environmental risks and opportunities in their respective projects and to integrate environmental considerations in the respective project documents. The TEP officer can be consulted during the assessment or planning phases, particularly if there is uncertainty as to the possible environmental issues or the appropriate action to take.


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Chapter 2 Why is environmental mainstreaming important?

There are multiple reasons why mainstreaming environment is key for ITC project work. These include:

• Environment is consistent with the broader UN mandate to pursue sustainability, particularly in the context of the Global Goals

• There are numerous competitive benefits for beneficiaries that have sound environmental practices such as access to green markets (see section 2.2 for the full list).

• Environment is often identified by funders as a key priority or a necessary dimension of reporting

• Ensuring environmental sustainability of our projects is aligned to ITCs upcoming Code of Conduct.

1. UN Global Goals

In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Principal 4, Rio Declaration on Environment, 1992

The UN has a long-term commitment to environmental sustainability and the challenge remains at the forefront of the UN agenda. In the 2012 UN Quadrennial comprehensive policy review (QCPR) survey, 80% of governments singled out environment and sustainable development as the most critical area of UN assistance in the next four years.

At Rio+20, the General Assembly called on UN entities to “further enhance the mainstreaming of sustainable development into their respective mandates, programmes, strategies and decision-making process.” They also endorsed the outcome document of Rio+20, entitled ‘The future we want’.

Environmental sustainability is a key dimension of the recommended vision for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The United Nations Global Goals for Sustainable Development have identified environment. This new universal set of goals follows and expands on the Millennium Development Goals, and proposes a set of 17 goals that balances all dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social and economic.

Box. Defining Aid for Trade

The exact definition of Aid for Trade remains contested. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Director General’s Task Force on Aid for Trade formulated the rationale for Aid for Trade as follows:

“Aid for Trade is about assisting developing countries to increase exports of goods and services, to integrate into the multilateral trading system, and to benefit from liberalized trade and increased market access. Effective Aid for Trade will enhance growth prospects and reduce poverty in developing countries, as well as complement multilateral trade reforms and distribute the global benefits more equitably across and within developing countries.”

To summarize, the goals of Aid for Trade as enunciated by the WTO are:

• Increased exports from developing and least developed countries; • Enhanced economic growth; • Reduced poverty and increased equity both across and within developing countries.

The Task Force also notes:

“Aid for Trade should be rendered in a coherent manner taking full account, inter alia, of the gender perspective and of the overall goal of sustainable development.”


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2. Competitive benefits

Beyond our UN mandate and funder demands, there are a number of practical reasons why environment mainstreaming has become increasingly relevant to ITC. These may resonate differently with different staff and different programme areas. Five key motivations are discussed here.

Table 1 Practical reasons for integrating environment into ITC activities Motivation Description Example approach?

Global demand for green products and services is growing

The expanding international market for green products and services offers new opportunities for developing country exporters to increase export incomes and improve sustainability across the value chain.

Assist exporters in realising opportunities in green products and services markets (including renewables, ecotourism and natural products).

Environmental performance is important to securing market share

Exporters are increasingly required to meet regulatory or private standards for environmental sustainability. Some of these attract a price premium, while others are mainstreamed requirements for market access.

Assist exporters attain market access through meeting regulatory and private, voluntary environmental standards.

‘Green’ technologies and resource use efficiency can improve export competitiveness

Environmentally scarce and detrimental inputs -including energy, water, chemicals, waste and fuel—are among the largest business costs. More efficient resource management can increase productivity, profitability and competitiveness and provide quality and safety benefits.

Assist exporters to improve sourcing, use and management of resource inputs to reduce operating costs and improve competitiveness.

Over-extraction, over consumption and depletion of natural resources threatens development outcomes in the long term.

Developing country economies and livelihoods are highly dependent on natural resources. Unsustainable resource use and deterioration of natural assets may lift exports in the short term, but undermine long-term income, employment and development.

Assist exporters to sustainably manage natural resources and mitigate negative environmental impacts, such as waste and emissions.

Developing countries are most vulnerable to climate change and other environmental challenges, which could undermine trade

The impacts of climate change—including severe weather events, higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns—are expected to vary between sectors and regions. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable given their limited capacity to cope with change.

Assist exporters to understand environmental risks, in particular, climate change.

3. Funder interests

Many funders have highlighted the need for ITC to focus on green economy. At the WTO Trade and Environment Committee meetings and at the 2013 JAG, many funders expressed a strong desire to see ITC work more on green economy and trade. These funders include China, Canada, Denmark, Finland and other European funders.

Most funders have ‘environmental and climate sustainability’ within their aid goals and priority areas. Furthermore, several funders, including Canada and Norway demand strategic environmental assessments for all funded trade-related technical assistance (TRTA) projects.

Additionally, funders are particularly impressed when a project is shown to be aligned with a country’s National Action Plan (NAP) on environment. This alignment shows funders that ITC is taking into account national strategies and priorities. Many funder agencies support the creation of NAPs, so there may be a high level of interest in integrating strategies. Alignment indicates a project is more likely to have effectiveness and sustainability beyond the period of project activities.


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4. ITC Code of Conduct

With each project implementation, irrespective of the specific project objectives, we may cause unintended harm or have positive effects on Global Goals For instance a project may support the internationalisation and growth of enterprises/sectors that have a negative environmental impact, increase inequality or disrespect fair labour standards. Alternatively, a project could, for example as part of the support given to SMEs or trade and investment support institutions (TISIs), create solutions to pollution or inadequate working conditions.

It is suggested that ITC develop a ‘code of conduct’ that all projects have to follow. This code of conduct would guide projects on how to avoid unintentional harm. In the spirit of the Global Goals, it would also set minimum standards for the actors and beneficiaries we engage with, or define the minimum efforts ITC should undertake to help them reach these standards. The topics to be covered would include e.g. environmental sustainability and resilience in agri-food chains; how to cooperate with industries which contribute to pollution and contamination; minimum effort required to ensure equal access to all of ITC’s capacity-building measures.

Environmental Mainstreaming for projects is split up into four steps: asses, decide, plan and deliver. The methodology allows flexibility for application to all ITC projects. © Tomás Munita


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Chapter 3 Process overview

Environmental mainstreaming follows a four step process: assess, decide, plan and deliver.

Figure 1 Summary of the environmental mainstreaming process for ITC projects

• Assess. The first step is to assess the project’s potential environmental impacts. In this step, a

project manager gathers environmental information about potential risks and opportunities surrounding a project, the sector it will assist, and the geographic area where it will take place. Managers should talk to the in-country project counterparts about potential environmental issues as they do about all other aspects of the plan. To help assist this process, this guide presents a number of tools that will help project managers find environmental dimensions to consider. Managers should complete this process by filling out the Environmental Assessment Template in the New Project Portal.

• Decide. The second step is to decide the project’s appropriate environmental rating. Projects will be rated by the project manager based on their environmental risks and opportunities. Ratings are 0, 1, or 2. Rating 2 corresponds to the highest level of risks and opportunities. TEP has assessed a wide range of sectors that ITC supports and assigned a Minimum Rating to each. If, after investigating the projects potential environmental impacts, a project manager disagrees with the assigned Minimum Rating based upon the projects subsector they may rate the project lower than the minimum rating. In such a case the project manager must briefly explain why the project should have a lower rating. These explanations will be reviewed by TEP and PAC.

• Plan. The third step is to plan the project activities required to address the environmental risks and opportunities. Project rated as 0 (indicating that no risks or opportunities exist) need not follow this step. For projects rated 1 and 2, appropriate actions should be planned in the logical framework at the output level. For project rated 1 (moderate environmental risks and opportunities), environmental aspects should be integrated into existing outputs. For projects rated 2 (high levels of environmental risks and opportunities), environmental aspects should be their own stand-alone outputs. This guide presents a number of example outputs and indicators.

• Deliver. The fourth and final step is to deliver on the environmental activities. For projects rated as 1, the project team should be able to deliver the activities with existing resources and consultants. For projects rated as 2, specialized consultants may be necessary. TEP may also be available to support projects with a high level of potential environmental impact.


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Chapter 4 Assessing environmental risks and opportunities

Assessing the projects’ potential environmental impacts is essential to mitigating risks and taking advantage of opportunities available to the project. The assessment must take a holistic look at the project gathering information on the sector, the geographic area as well as taking into consideration beneficiary’s capacity and needs. Although a thorough environmental assessment needs technical expertise there are certain factors which can be directly assessed by the project manager. Where further technical assistance or information is needed the Trade and Environment Programme is available to help.

Environmental Assessment Template in ITC internal project portal is a good tool for starting your assessment. Also ITC’s project plan template contains space for noting “crosscutting-issues” of gender, youth and environment and has a space to assess development markers. However, there has not been specific guidance issued to project managers on the important elements that are should be included in that section nor to project evaluators, like members of the Project Approval Committee (PAC), on when such a section should be considered as complete.

Environmental screening is the responsibility of the project manager – who should consult colleagues in TEP as required. The TEP mainstreaming officer can provide advice on the completion of the screening note.

Assessing the risk and opportunities of projects requires speaking with beneficiaries and considering some core questions about the project, sector and geographic area. Following templates provided in the guide allows project managers to fully understand the environmental implications of their projects.


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1. The Environmental Assessment Template

The cross-cutting section on environment should be complete using the below Environmental Assessment Template. It should include:

• Risks: Mitigating impacts of the project and strengthen environmental resilience of beneficiaries

• Opportunities: Realising environmental opportunities that could strengthen the project’s impact

To help consider these questions, please refer to the indicative questions in Section 4.3. A project manager should be able to answer all of the “core” questions about the project.

After carful research and reflection by the project manager, the outcome of this section in the Project Plan should clearly lead to whether and how environment should be included in the Project Plan’s logframe.

Table 2 Cross-cutting issues addressed in the Environmental Assessment Template

Environmental Impacts: (refer to checklists in the Environment Guide)

Please list the key environmental issues raised by this project. This might include:

• Risks: Mitigating environmental impacts of the project

• Opportunities: Strengthen environmental resilience of project beneficiaries and realising environmental opportunities that could strengthen the project’s impact

Be sure to include any assumptions you may be making about the environment.

Please refer to the environmental guide tools in below, which are organised according to topics/sectors. These will offer further guidance, although the lists are not intended to be exhaustive.

Additional comments:

This is a space for other relevant information such as:

• comments on capacity for environmental management in country;

• comments on communicating environmental benefits and risks to project beneficiaries

• capacity of implementing institutions;

• comments on environmental trends in the country or region

• information on related environmental projects implemented by government or other funders.

2. Tips on completing the Environmental Assessment Template

• Reference the tools made available in the guide. The tools contained in this guide will help project managers consider possible environmental aspects of their project.

• Start as early as possible. Screening should go hand in hand with project concept development. This way environmental opportunities and risks can be appropriately and easily integrated into subsequent design stages, rather than being brought in at the last minute leading to both cost and time inefficiencies.

• Consider indirect effects. Some important environmental effects may be secondary or indirect – for example changes in government policy on taxation may have far-reaching but not immediately obvious environmental implications. Indirect effects can often result from business responses to a project, for example forest encroachment due to expanded agricultural land use as a result of profitable exports.

• Consider existing causes of environmental change. Underlying causes of change may include: increased environmental hazards; market failure; perverse policies; weak institutions; unclear


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property rights; and inadequate knowledge. How will the intervention contribute to or reduce these causes?

• Consider gender aspects of environmental concerns. Women living in rural areas are often more vulnerable to environmental degradation due to existing inequality in access to land, natural and productive resources, training, credit, and development programmes. Women in urban and in low-income areas can be particularly vulnerable to environmental risks at home and at work.

• Consider impacts on different social groups. Different groups in society feel positive and negative impacts of environmental issues differently. Varying socio-economic circumstances mean that there are winners and losers.

Assessment is the start of the process, not the end. Key results from all stages of environmental appraisal must be integrated into project or programme cycle management. Actions need to be included in logframes, project documents etc., and be monitored and reviewed during PAC reviews. If there is any environmental output, purpose or PIMS marker, there should be appropriate indicators and means of verification (MOVs) in the logframe. The Template cutting section may need revising if issues are addressed by design changes, or if new problems arise.

3. Indicative questions for project managers

The environmental dimensions of ITC work will vary greatly by circumstances in each individual sector, firm and county. As a result, it is not possible to create a generic approach to mainstreaming environmental concerns into ITC projects. Nevertheless, what’s most important is that project managers consider the environment from an early stage of project design.

These questions are designed to help project managers consider various aspects of environmental risks and opportunities. While not exhaustive, they may serve as a good starting point during the design and assessing of projects. Project managers should answer the relevant questions in the Environmental Assessment Template in the New Project Portal.

Risks: Mitigating impacts and strengthening resilience

The core questions for assessing the environmental risks of a project include the following:

• In what ways might the project impact the environment? See the Sector Matrix (Table 2)

• Does the firm or sector use any inputs or practices that are causing damage to natural resources? If yes, what strategies could the project use to mitigate them?

• Will project activities indirectly affect the environment? If yes, what strategies could be used to lessen the environmental impact?

• Are there opportunities for improved environmental management on the firm or sector level? If yes, what tangible benefits will need to be communicated to beneficiaries to change environmental behaviours?

• What kind of natural resources is the firm or sector reliant upon (supplies of water, arable land, mined materials)? Is there a reasonable risk of those resources becoming scarcer? What strategies could beneficiaries adopt to mitigate their exposure?

• Does the firm or sector face regulatory risks surrounding the environment? If yes, what can the beneficiaries do to prepare for environmental-related regulatory changes?


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Additional questions

• Is there a risk of asset “lock-in” dictating negative environmental business practices moving into the future?

• What are the existing causes of environmental change in the region(s) where project beneficiary operate? For example increased environmental hazards; market failure; perverse policies; weak institutions; unclear property rights; and inadequate knowledge. Could the project contribute to or reduce these causes?

• Could there be differentiated impacts on different socio-economic groups? • Are there any environmental risks that could have particular harm over longer terms? • Does the host country have a Climate Change National Action Plan? Are environmental issues

part of its other national development plans and policies? • Does the project geographical placement (island state, water scarce regions) pose any climate or

other environmental risks to beneficiaries? • How do environmental challenges affect the client’s employees and beneficiaries?

Opportunities: Leveraging environmental benefits

Core questions

• What market opportunities arise from environmental needs? Is the beneficiary in position to address new market demands?

• Are there opportunities to improve resource or process efficiency? How can these benefits be communicated to beneficiaries?

• What environmental strategies have been shown by similar firms or sectors? Can these strategies be spread through TSIs or adopted by project beneficiaries?

• What environmental certifications are available in this sector? Check the ITC Standards Map. Is there a possibility of adoption by project beneficiaries?

• How will the benefits and opportunities of action be communicated to beneficiaries and other stakeholders? For help with communicating benefits to beneficiaries, please contact the Trade and Environment Officer.

Additional questions

• Are there investments in environmentally sound technologies that could also bring a long-term return?

4. Tools to rate and asses your project

Every project, sector and national context is unique and should be evaluated on its own merits. However, there are some general areas of concern that should be flagged for closer investigation and discussion with beneficiaries. These are outlined in Table 2 on the next page. The table is a loose guide, a conduced version of the matrix found in Annex II, rather than a definitive tool. The full sector matrix of environmental concerns in the Annex II of this document, presents key environmental impacts by sectors that project managers should examine.

http://www.standardsmap.org/


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Table 3 Sector matrix of environmental concerns Note: Areas of environmental relevance are marked with an R while areas of high concern are marked with HC .

Sect

or

Subs

ecto

r

Min

imum

R

atin

g

Air

and

Clim

ate

Bio

dive

rsity

Ener

gy a

nd

Min

eral

s

Fore

sts

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

Are

as

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

Agricultural products

Aquaculture 1 R R HC R HC HC Cocoa 1 R R R HC Coffee 1 R R

HC R HC

R

Cotton 1

R

R HC HC

HC Essential oils 1

R

R R R

Fibres (natural) 1

R

R R R

Fisheries 1 R HC

HC R

Floriculture 1 R R

R HC R

HC Fruits & vegetables 1 R R

R R HC

R

Livestock 1 HC R

HC R HC

HC Medicinal plants 1

R

R R R

Tea 1 R R R R R HC R Spices 1

R

R R R

HC

All other agricultural products 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R? Manufactured products

Creative industries 1

R

Fibres (synthetic) 1 R R R R Leather 1

R HC R

HC

Machinery 1 R HC R Paper/ Packaging 1 HC R R HC R R

R

Pharmaceuticals 1

R

HC Textiles and clothing 1

R R

HC

Wood and Wood Products 1 R R HC R HC R All other manufactured goods 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?

Fair trade and environmental exports

Biodiversity-based products 2

HC

R R HC

Fair trade and environmental exports 2 HC

HC R R

R R Organic products 2

R

R R R

All other Fair trade and environmental exports 2 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?

Services

Construction Services 1 R HC R R HC Investment / Financial Services 0 R R R R R R R R IT & IT-enabled Business Services 0

R

Tourism 1 HC R R

R R

Transport, logistics, distribution 1 HC

HC

R R Waste and environmental services 1 R R R R HC R HC HC All other services 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?


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Chapter 5 Deciding on environmental ratings

In addition to the Environmental Assessment Template, every project is assigned a rating on the level of impact that the project may have on environment. This rating reflects the level of environmental risk and will inform how deeply environmental activities should be integrated into the project logframe and results chain.

1. How to rate your project

ITC’s current rating guidance is as follows:

Rating 0: Project has no addressable environmental risks and no opportunities: Cross-cutting dimensions are not relevant and/or no further action is needed. “(1) Avoids negative impacts to the environment, (2) does not take place in a sector or geographical area where beneficiaries may have risks from environmental change and (3) does not present to any market access opportunities by adopting good environmental standards or practices.

Rating 1: Project has moderate environmental risks and/or some opportunities: Cross-cutting dimensions are not the project focus, but there are one or more relevant opportunities or risks to the environment, women or youth. These will be addressed by integrating environmental concerns into existing project outputs.

Rating 2: Project has high environmental risks and/or extensive opportunities: There is a high level of environmental risk and/or opportunity in the project. These will be addressed by creating specific environmental outputs.

Ideally, the tools in this guide will expand the awareness environmental issues for ITC project manager. As a result, Environment should seldom be rated as a “0”.

2. Minimum ratings

After researching each of ITC sectors of work, TEP has assigned each sector a Minimum Rating for environment. These minimum ratings can be found above in Table 2, or through the project portal. Most ITC projects are in sectors with a minimum rating of “1”, meaning that they pose some environmental risks or opportunities. Fair trade and environmental exports and National Export Strategies have a minimum rating of 2.

The project manager feels that environment should be rated lower than the Minimum Rating justification must be given in the new project portal. These exceptions will be reviewed by PAC and TEP.

Figure 2 Minimum ratings


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Chapter 6 Planning: How environment fits into your logframe?

After the project manager has considered environmental issues in the cross-cutting section and determined the importance to the project, it is time to incorporate environment into the logical framework (logframe).

To ensure that the project’s response is aligned with needs the project manager must integrate environmental in project logframes. Projects with higher ratings will have environment more deeply embedded into their outputs, activities and indicators.

For projects with Rating 0:

Meaning: There are neither environmental risks nor opportunities associated with the project

• Environmental considerations are not required to be incorporated in the project documents.


Meaning: There are environmental risks and/ or opportunities associated with the project

• Environmental considerations must be incorporated into existing outputs.

• Incorporate environmental risk and opportunities. The logframe must contain into at least:

o 1 existing output

o 1 existing activity and corresponding indicator


Meaning: There are large environmental risks and/ or opportunities associated with the project

• Environmental considerations must be reflected in specific outputs.


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• Create specific environment outputs and activities in logframe. The logframe must contain at least:

o 1 dedicated environmental output

o 1 dedicated environmental activity, and corresponding indicator

• Project manager may consider having environment as part of the outcome statement.

The integration of environmental outputs, activities, and indicators into project logframes will be reviewed by PAC and the environment experts of the Trade and Environment Programme.

Table 4 Example of a logframe template

Objectives Indicators

including baseline and targets

Means of verification Risks/assumptions

Impact

Outcome

Projects that have a Rating 2 may incorporate environment into the project outcome.

Output 1

Projects that have Rating 1 must incorporate environment into existing outputs

Determine appropriate indicators that reflect the Project’s environmental output

Find the appropriate means of verification, reflecting the environmental indicator

Output 2.

Projects that have Rating 2 must reflect environment in specific outputs

Determine appropriate indicators that reflect the Project’s environmental output

Find the appropriate means of verification, reflecting the environmental indicator

For examples of integrated logframes across a number of sectors, please refer to Annex I.


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Chapter 7 Delivery

The environmental aspects of projects should be delivered in the same fashion as any other component of the framework. For most projects with Rating 1, the project team should be able to develop and deliver most activities with their normal resources: the core project team and non-specialized consultants.

For delivery of environmental aspects where projects have a high level of environmental risks and opportunities, generally rated at Rating 2, TEP may be consulted as a resource, or help deliver project activities. For such projects, it may also be necessary to hire consultants that specialize in environmental issues. TEP may also serve as a resource for identifying and hiring such consultants.

TEP stands ready to assist project teams that need additional help. Delivering this work will be part of TEP’s on-going Environment Mainstreaming offering.

If project managers have questions about how TEP can support their upcoming project designs, please consult with the environmental mainstreaming officer in the Trade and Environment Unit.

Environmental mainstreaming ensures that actions are taken to promote sustainable practices, for example, in the agricultural sectors.


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Annex I Examples of mainstreaming logframes by sector

Agricultural products

Example: General Agriculture

Minimum Rating 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2

Output Indicator

Market studies for demand for organic agricultural goods

Number of market studies for export

Example: Tea Farming

Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2

Output Indicator

Training the trainer for climate resilience Number of extension officers trained in ITC climate resilience

Tea factory energy efficiency Number of tea factories that receive trainings on improving energy efficiency; number of tea factories reporting improvements made in energy efficiency as a result of trainings

Capacity of tea exporters and producers is strengthened to adapt to and mitigate climate change

Number of gap analyses and cost benefit analysis to see current energy usage

Number of key managers and extension staff are trained in methodologies to mitigate emissions

Number of factory managements, lead farmers, community members, and other stakeholders trained on climate change mitigation measures.

Example: Avocado Exports


Output Indicator

Export competitiveness of the avocado sector enhanced

Number of farmer groups obtaining Global GAP

certification

Sustainable export capacity of exporting SMEs and farmer groups enhanced

Number of farmer groups trained in production, disease management, post-harvest handling and sustainable pesticide use.

Capacity of TSIs improved in providing sector development support services to SMEs, including environmental support

Number of environmental support services to SMEs updated and/or newly developed


19

Example: Mango Exports


Output Indicator

Post-harvest processing for organic mangos Number of SMEs trained in the requirements for post-harvest processing of needed for organic certification

Training for key managers and extension officers on the use of ITC’s Standards Map and Blue Numbers Initiative

Number of managers and extension officers who have been trained on ITC’s environmental products

Example: Honey Exports


Output Indicator

Monitoring of environmental health Number of environmental surveys given to producers to reflect the health of their colonies, report compiled from those surveys

Market surveys for demand Number of market surveys on organic demand held in target markets

Organic certification Number of organic certifications begun by farmers and processors

Example: Cotton Farming


Output Indicator

Learning less water intensive farming processes Number of farmers attending trainings on less intensive water practices

Example: Livestock and Animal Feed


Output Indicator

Sustainable livestock and animal feed sector analysis published and development

Baseline situation, stakeholder maps, potential environmental impacts, livestock and feed value chains analysed. Resource requirements, market options and project operating zones agreed


20

Manufactured products

Example: Leather Goods Manufacturing


Output Indicator

Better manufacturing processes Number of trainings held on best effluent management practices

Example: Ethical Fashion


Output Indicator

Environmental practices and impacts monitored a the firm level

Survey and analysis of producer solid and liquid waste through indicator survey’s to beneficiaries

Example: Wood and Wood Products


Output Indicator

Key managers and extension staff are trained in methodologies to mitigate emissions

Number of trainings held on emissions mitigation

Conduct gap analysis and cost benefit analysis to see current energy usage

Number of gap analysis held on reducing energy use

Number of factory managers who report reduced energy use

Services

Example: ITC Survey of Non-Tariff Measures

Rating: 2

Output Indicator

Analysis of non-tariff measures involving environmental considerations

Number of respondents surveyed on the importance of environmental related non-tariff measures

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

21

Ann

ex II

D

etai

led

mat

rix o

f env

ironm

enta

l con

cern

s

1. F

ood

and

agri-

busi

ness

1.1

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - A

quac

ultu

re

1.2

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s- C

ocoa

1.3

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s -C

offe

e

1.4

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - C

otto

n

1.5

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - E

ssen

tial o

ils

1.6

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - F

ibre

s (n

atur

al a

nd s

emi-s

ynth

etic

)

1.7

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - F

ishe

ries

1.8

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s- F

loric

ultu

re

1.9

Food

and

agr

i-bus

ines

s - F

ruits

& v

eget

able

s

1.10

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss- L

ives

tock

1.11

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Med

icin

al p

lant

s

1.12

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Spic

es

1.13

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Tea

2. F

air t

rade

and

env

ironm

enta

l exp

orts

2.1

Fair

trade

and

env

ironm

enta

l exp

orts

- B

iodi

vers

ity-b

ased

pro

duct

s

2.2

Fair

trade

and

env

ironm

enta

l ex

ports

- F

air

trade

and

env

ironm

enta

l ex

ports

2.3

Fair

trade

and

env

ironm

enta

l exp

orts

- Org

anic

pro

duct

s

3. M

anuf

actu

red

good

s

3.1

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Cre

ativ

e in

dust

ries

3.2

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Fib

res

(Syn

thet

ic)

3.3

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Lea

ther

3.4

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Mac

hine

ry

3.5

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Pap

er/ P

acka

ging

3.6

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Pha

rmac

eutic

als

3.7

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Tex

tiles

and

clo

thin

g

3.8

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Woo

d an

d W

ood

Prod

ucts

4. T

rade

in s

ervi

ces

4.1

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - C

onst

ruct

ion

Serv

ices

4.2

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - I

nves

tmen

t / F

inan

cial

Ser

vice

s

4.3

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - I

T &

IT-e

nabl

ed B

usin

ess

Serv

ices

4.4

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - T

ouris

m

4.5

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - T

rans

port,

logi

stic

s, d

istri

butio

n

4.6

Trad

e in

ser

vice

s - W

aste

and

env

ironm

enta

l ser

vice

s

To

sugg

est

chan

ges

or

addi

tions

to

th

is

mat

rix,

plea

se

emai

l en

viro

nmen

t@in

trac

en.o

rg

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

22

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

1.1

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Aqu

acul

ture

(HC

) Fre

sh

wat

er

reso

urce

s

- Dis

char

ge o

f sus

pend

ed s

olid

s an

d nu

trien

t and

org

anic

enr

ichm

ent

of re

cipi

ent w

ater

s ca

n re

sult

in b

uild

-up

of a

noxi

c se

dim

ents

and

the

eutro

phic

atio

n of

lake

s.

- In

tens

ive

use

of f

resh

wat

er f

or i

nlan

d fa

cilit

ies

can

caus

e th

e sa

liniz

atio

n of

drin

king

wat

er s

uppl

ies

- S

peci

al c

onsi

dera

tion

mus

t be

giv

en t

o be

tter

man

agem

ent

of

aqua

cultu

re d

evel

opm

ents

affe

ctin

g se

nsiti

ve in

land

hab

itats

, suc

h as

w

etla

nds,

man

grov

es,

spec

ific

bree

ding

and

nur

sery

gro

unds

and

rip

aria

n fa

una

and

vege

tatio

n,

(HC

) Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- Dis

char

ge o

f sus

pend

ed s

olid

s, a

nd n

utrie

nt a

nd o

rgan

ic e

nric

hmen

t of

rec

ipie

nt w

ater

s re

sulti

ng i

n bu

ild-u

p of

ano

xic

sedi

men

ts w

hich

ca

n di

stur

b ne

arby

ha

bita

ts

and

othe

r us

ers

of

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent

- S

edim

ent a

ccum

ulat

ion

can

lead

to a

ltera

tion

of s

eabe

d fa

una

and

flora

com

mun

ities

- La

rge-

scal

e sh

rimp

cultu

re h

as r

esul

ted

in p

hysi

cal d

egra

datio

n of

co

asta

l ha

bita

ts,

for

exam

ple,

th

roug

h co

nver

sion

of

m

angr

ove

fore

sts

and

dest

ruct

ion

of w

etla

nds

- S

peci

al c

onsi

dera

tion

mus

t be

giv

en t

o be

tter

man

agem

ent

of

aqua

cultu

re d

evel

opm

ents

affe

ctin

g se

nsiti

ve h

abita

ts,

for

exam

ple,

es

tuar

ies,

man

grov

es, s

peci

fic b

reed

ing

and

nurs

ery

grou

nds,

as

wel

l as

ot

her

user

s to

pr

even

t co

nflic

t an

d th

eref

ore

sust

aina

ble

prod

uctio

n.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- Dis

char

ge o

f sus

pend

ed s

olid

s, a

nd n

utrie

nt a

nd o

rgan

ic e

nric

hmen

t of

reci

pien

t wat

ers

resu

lting

in b

uild

-up

of a

noxi

c se

dim

ents

- M

isap

plic

atio

n of

hus

band

ry a

nd d

isea

se m

anag

emen

t ch

emic

als

can

impa

ct o

ther

wild

life

and

may

be

pres

ent

in h

ighe

r qu

antit

ies

in

the

food

- The

use

of m

ulti-

troph

ic s

yste

ms

can

redu

ce o

rgan

ic w

aste

as

filte

r-fe

eder

s su

ch a

s m

usse

ls fi

lter t

he w

aste

, and

pro

duce

a v

alua

ble

by-

prod

uct

- E

ffect

ive

guid

elin

es o

n th

e ap

prop

riate

and

bes

t-pra

ctis

e us

e of

ch

emic

als

can

miti

gate

im

pact

s of

che

mic

als

on t

he s

urro

undi

ng

orga

nism

s

- O

ther

fish

spe

cies

that

feed

on

fish

para

site

s ca

n be

intro

duce

d to

pr

oduc

e a

valu

able

by-

prod

uct a

nd r

educ

e di

seas

e pr

eval

ence

(su

ch

as w

rass

e fo

r sal

mon

sea

lice

)

- Dis

ease

info

rmat

ion

netw

orks

can

redu

ce th

e sp

read

of p

aras

ites

or

viru

ses

Air

and

Clim

ate

-

Ene

rgy

used

in

prod

uctio

n, t

rans

port

and

stor

age

can

rele

ase

sign

ifica

nt e

mis

sion

s -

Ene

rgy

effic

ient

sto

rage

, pa

ckag

ing

and

trans

port

can

redu

ce t

he

impa

ct o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

23

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Bio

dive

rsity

-

Col

lect

ion

of s

eed

from

the

wild

(by

-cat

ch o

f no

n-ta

rget

spe

cies

oc

curr

ing

in th

e co

llect

ion

of w

ild s

eed)

- The

use

of f

ishe

ry re

sour

ces

as fe

ed is

als

o ca

usin

g co

ncer

n.

- P

reca

utio

nary

app

roac

hes

are

advo

cate

d fo

r m

any

aqua

cultu

re

prac

tices

, pa

rticu

larly

as

rega

rds

the

intro

duct

ion

and

use

of a

lien

spec

ies.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- S

alin

izat

ion

of a

gric

ultu

ral w

ater

sup

plie

s an

d la

nd s

ubsi

denc

e du

e to

gro

undw

ater

abs

tract

ion

-

Impr

oved

coo

rdin

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t of

dev

elop

men

t in

itiat

ives

at

sec

tora

l, ec

o-re

gion

al a

nd l

ocal

lev

els

can

cont

ribut

e to

mor

e en

viro

nmen

tally

sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t of a

quac

ultu

re.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

FA

O 2

005-

2015

. W

orld

inv

ento

ry o

f fis

herie

s. I

mpa

ct o

f aq

uacu

lture

on

envi

ronm

ent.

Issu

es F

act

She

ets.

Tex

t by

Uw

e B

arg.

In:

FA

O

Fish

erie

s an

d A

quac

ultu

re D

epar

tmen

t [on

line]

. Rom

e. U

pdat

ed 2

7 M

ay 2

005.

http

://w

ww

.fao.

org/

fishe

ry/to

pic/

1489

4/en

1.2

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss-

Coc

oa

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- Th

e cl

earin

g of

for

ests

can

red

uce

the

qual

ity o

f so

il st

ruct

ure

and

resu

lt in

incr

ease

d so

il er

osio

n.

- D

roug

ht c

an s

tress

the

Cac

ao t

rees

as

a re

sult

of r

educ

ed w

ater

re

tent

ion

from

poo

r soi

l qua

lity

and

resu

lt in

low

er y

ield

s

- Fu

ll su

n- g

row

n co

coa

gene

rate

s m

ore

wee

ds a

nd c

an b

ecom

e m

ore

susc

eptib

le to

cer

tain

dis

ease

s. T

his

can

resu

lt in

an

incr

ease

d us

e of

her

bici

de a

nd p

estic

ide

whi

ch c

an l

ater

lea

d to

res

ista

nce

whi

ch w

ill re

quire

a h

ighe

r fre

quen

cy o

f fut

ure

appl

icat

ions

.

- S

uita

ble

soil

man

agem

ent,

prop

er

irrig

atio

n,

com

post

ing

and

inte

rcro

ppin

g ca

n le

ssen

env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s

- Bet

ter a

cces

s to

pes

t con

trol p

rodu

cts

such

as

bioc

ides

and

the

use

of b

ette

r pe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctis

es a

s an

alte

rnat

ive

to th

e ha

rmfu

l pe

stic

ide

use

Air

and

Clim

ate

- C

olle

ctio

n an

d tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

l and

fina

l pro

duct

con

tribu

te

sign

ifica

nt e

mis

sion

s

- Th

e us

e of

die

sel

at t

he i

ndus

trial

pro

cess

ing

stag

e co

ntrib

utes

em

its m

ore

emis

sion

s th

an n

eces

sary

- E

nerg

y ef

ficie

nt s

tora

ge,

pack

agin

g an

d tra

nspo

rt ca

n re

duce

the

im

pact

on

the

envi

ronm

ent

- U

se n

atur

al g

as in

stea

d of

die

sel o

il fo

r ro

aste

rs a

nd b

oile

rs d

ue to

its

low

er e

mis

sion

s

Fore

sts

- In

som

e co

untri

es,

coco

a fa

rmin

g co

ntrib

utes

to

rain

fore

st a

nd o

ld

grow

th fo

rest

def

ores

tatio

n.

- Coc

oa fa

rmin

g be

com

es a

des

truct

ive

circ

le a

s fa

rmer

s w

ear o

ut th

e so

ils a

nd c

ut fu

rther

into

the

fore

st to

obt

ain

fresh

land

.

- C

ocoa

far

mer

s ca

n go

bac

k to

the

orig

inal

met

hod

of f

arm

ing,

by

plan

ting

with

in

the

natu

ral

tree-

cove

r an

d w

ithou

t cu

tting

do

wn

exis

ting

trees

.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

By

clea

ring

land

in th

ese

fore

sts,

farm

ers

decr

ease

the

biod

iver

sity

an

d in

tera

ctio

ns b

etw

een

the

orga

nism

s th

at n

atur

ally

live

in th

is a

rea.

M

any

wild

life

habi

tats

are

des

troye

d an

d th

e pl

ant s

peci

es d

iver

sity

is

dras

tical

ly re

duce

d.

- If

the

shad

e tre

es a

re fr

uit-b

earin

g, th

is c

an a

lso

prov

ide

addi

tiona

l in

com

e to

farm

ers.

http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14894/en

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

24

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- N

utrie

nts

begi

n to

lea

ch o

ut o

f th

e so

il du

e to

poo

r irr

igat

ion

and

inad

equa

te s

oil p

rote

ctio

n

- E

xces

sive

pes

ticid

e an

d he

rbic

ide

appl

icat

ions

hav

e co

ntrib

uted

to

pest

resi

stan

ce a

nd

- Th

e pr

oduc

tion

of n

atur

al f

ertil

izer

fro

m o

ld,

ferm

ente

d po

ds c

an

less

en th

e ne

ed fo

r fos

sil-f

uel b

ased

ferti

lizer

s

- Th

e us

e of

inte

grat

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t an

d ad

equa

te s

oil f

ertil

ity

man

agem

ent

coul

d re

duce

lon

g-te

rm p

rodu

ctio

n in

put

cost

s an

d re

duce

the

nega

tive

impa

ct o

n w

ater

reso

urce

s an

d fu

ture

resi

stan

ce

in p

ests

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

N

tiam

oah

and

Afra

ne 2

008,

Env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s of

coc

oa p

rodu

ctio

n an

d pr

oces

sing

in

Gha

na:

life

cycl

e as

sess

men

t ap

proa

ch

http

://w

ww

.sci

ence

dire

ct.c

om/s

cien

ce/a

rticl

e/pi

i/S09

5965

2607

0024

29

1.3

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Cof

fee

Fore

sts

- Cof

fee

is ty

pica

lly c

ultiv

ated

in tr

opic

al a

nd s

ubtro

pica

l are

as a

t hig

h el

evat

ions

, ofte

n in

rugg

ed m

ount

aino

us a

reas

.

- It

prov

ides

fun

ctio

ns s

uch

as s

oil

eros

ion

cont

rol

and

nutri

ent

rete

ntio

n

- A

gro

win

g m

arke

t dem

and

for

coffe

e ha

s le

d to

cha

nges

in g

row

ing

met

hods

suc

h as

fore

st c

lear

ance

for “

sun

culti

vatio

n”, w

hich

redu

ces

the

abili

ty o

f fo

rest

s to

per

form

soi

l er

osio

n co

ntro

l an

d nu

trien

t re

tent

ion

serv

ices

- Mai

ntai

ning

div

erse

veg

etat

ion

on th

e fa

rm re

duce

s so

il er

osio

n an

d sl

ope

failu

re a

s w

ell a

s he

lps

to im

prov

e so

il qu

ality

. N

itrog

en-fi

xing

tre

es, f

alle

n le

aves

and

pru

ned

bran

ches

enr

ich

the

soil

and

prov

ide

vita

l nut

rient

s,

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Cof

fee

is ty

pica

lly c

ultiv

ated

in tr

opic

al a

nd s

ubtro

pica

l are

as a

t hig

h el

evat

ions

, ofte

n in

rugg

ed m

ount

aino

us a

reas

.

- The

trad

ition

al ‘S

hade

-gro

win

g’ te

chni

que

has

been

wid

ely

repl

aced

by

“s

un

culti

vatio

n”.

Sun

cu

ltiva

ted

coffe

e is

pr

oduc

ed

as

a m

onoc

ultu

re,

whe

re s

hade

-gro

wn

coffe

e gr

oves

are

rep

lace

d by

hy

brid

, sun

-res

ista

nt tr

ees

that

brin

g hi

gh y

ield

s.

- La

ck o

f ve

geta

tion

amon

gst

coffe

e tre

es r

educ

es t

he a

mou

nt o

f na

tura

l m

ulch

, in

crea

ses

soil

expo

sure

an

d w

eed

occu

rren

ce,

resu

lting

in

enha

nced

app

licat

ion

of h

erbi

cide

s, c

hem

ical

fer

tiliz

ers

and

pest

icid

es.

- A

n en

viro

nmen

tally

fav

oure

d al

tern

ativ

e to

sun

cul

tivat

ed c

offe

e is

sh

ade-

grow

n co

ffee.

In

this

met

hod,

cof

fee

plan

ts a

re i

nter

sper

sed

bene

ath

loca

l for

est t

rees

, mim

icki

ng th

e w

ay c

offe

e gr

ows

natu

rally

in

thes

e re

gion

s.

- S

hade

-gro

wn

coffe

e di

scou

rage

s w

eed

grow

th

and

redu

ces

path

ogen

infe

ctio

n.

- C

offe

e gr

own

in s

hade

has

a lo

nger

mat

urat

ion

perio

d w

hich

may

en

hanc

e fla

vour

rich

ness

of t

he c

rop.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652607002429

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

25

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Air

and

Clim

ate

- C

olle

ctio

n an

d tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

l and

fina

l pro

duct

con

tribu

te

sign

ifica

nt e

mis

sion

s.

- Roa

stin

g, p

acka

ging

, dis

tribu

tion,

grin

ding

and

pur

chas

ing

of c

offe

e-re

late

d pr

oduc

ts a

nd m

ater

ials

con

tribu

te s

igni

fican

t em

issi

ons.

- V

eget

atio

n ric

h fa

rms

play

a c

ruci

al r

ole

in s

tabi

lisin

g m

icro

clim

ates

an

d bu

fferin

g ag

ains

t te

mpe

ratu

re

and

hum

idity

flu

ctua

tions

as

soci

ated

with

clim

ate

chan

ge.

- E

ffici

ent r

oast

ing

stov

es, o

rgan

ic a

nd d

ecom

posa

ble

pack

agin

g, a

s w

ell a

s en

ergy

and

fuel

effi

cien

t tra

nspo

rt an

d gr

indi

ng s

yste

ms

can

less

en th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct o

f the

pro

ject

.

Bio

dive

rsity

- T

radi

tiona

l sha

d-gr

own

coffe

e pr

ovid

es a

hab

itat f

or a

wid

e ra

nge

of

anim

al a

nd p

lant

spe

cies

.

- S

un-c

ultiv

atio

n an

d as

soci

ated

fo

rest

cl

eara

nce

can

redu

ce

biod

iver

sity

.

- S

hade

cof

fee

supp

orts

bio

dive

rsity

, w

ith f

arm

s se

rvin

g as

wild

life

corr

idor

s be

twee

n pl

ots

and

natu

ral h

abita

ts.

Incr

ease

d nu

mbe

rs o

f po

llina

tors

incr

ease

s th

e fru

it se

t and

yie

ld o

f cof

fee

and

othe

r pl

ants

on

the

far

m.

Div

ersi

ty o

f pr

edat

ors

has

a po

sitiv

e im

pact

on

pest

co

ntro

l, re

duci

ng th

e ne

ed fo

r pes

ticid

e us

e.

- S

hade

far

min

g ca

n pr

ovid

e ot

her

econ

omic

ben

efits

. S

ome

trees

yi

eld

non-

coffe

e pr

oduc

ts s

uch

as f

ruits

and

fue

lwoo

d, p

rovi

ding

an

addi

tiona

l sou

rce

of in

com

e fo

r far

mer

s.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- S

un g

row

n co

ffee

with

red

uced

nut

rient

ret

entio

n le

ads

to w

ater

co

ntam

inat

ion

(due

to le

achi

ng o

f org

anic

pol

luta

nts)

.

- C

onta

min

atio

n of

wat

erw

ays

also

pos

es s

erio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

thre

ats

from

the

proc

essi

ng o

f cof

fee

bean

s. D

isch

arge

s fro

m c

offe

e pr

oces

sing

pla

nts

repr

esen

t a m

ajor

sou

rce

of ri

ver p

ollu

tion.

- E

colo

gica

l im

pact

s re

sult

from

the

dis

char

ge o

f or

gani

c po

lluta

nts

from

th

e pr

oces

sing

pl

ants

to

riv

ers

and

wat

erw

ays,

tri

gger

ing

eutro

phic

atio

n of

wat

er s

yste

ms

and

robb

ing

aqua

tic p

lant

s an

d w

ildlif

e of

ess

entia

l oxy

gen.

- Th

ere

is

also

a

larg

e am

ount

of

w

aste

pr

oduc

ed

durin

g th

e m

anuf

actu

ring

of c

offe

e. T

his

exce

ss w

aste

can

be

detri

men

tal t

o so

il an

d w

ater

sou

rces

as

coffe

e pu

lp i

s of

ten

dum

ped

into

stre

ams,

de

grad

ing

fragi

le s

yste

ms.

- S

hade

-gro

wn

coffe

e di

scou

rage

s w

eed

grow

th,

redu

ces

path

ogen

in

fect

ion,

- S

hade

cof

fee

farm

s te

nd t

o ha

ve f

ewer

wee

ds.

Nat

ural

mul

ch,

supp

lied

by f

alle

n le

aves

, co

mbi

ned

with

lim

ited

sunl

ight

, pr

even

ts

wee

d fro

m s

prea

ding

and

redu

ces

the

need

for h

erbi

cide

app

licat

ion.

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

26

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- “S

un c

ultiv

ated

cof

fee

prod

uctio

n” i

nvol

ves

an i

nten

sive

use

of

chem

ical

s w

ith

serio

us

nega

tive

impa

cts

on

hum

an

heal

th

and

ecos

yste

ms.

H

ighe

r w

eed

and

pest

oc

curr

ence

le

ads

to

furth

er

herb

icid

e an

d pe

stic

ide

appl

icat

ion.

- E

colo

gica

l im

pact

s re

sult

from

the

dis

char

ge o

f or

gani

c po

lluta

nts

from

th

e pr

oces

sing

pl

ants

to

riv

ers

and

wat

erw

ays,

tri

gger

ing

eutro

phic

atio

n of

wat

er s

yste

ms

and

robb

ing

aqua

tic p

lant

s an

d w

ildlif

e of

ess

entia

l oxy

gen.

- Th

ere

is

also

a

larg

e am

ount

of

w

aste

pr

oduc

ed

durin

g th

e m

anuf

actu

ring

of c

offe

e. T

his

exce

ss w

aste

can

be

detri

men

tal t

o so

il an

d w

ater

sou

rces

as

coffe

e pu

lp i

s of

ten

dum

ped

into

stre

ams,

de

grad

ing

fragi

le s

yste

ms.

- S

hade

-gro

wn

coffe

e di

scou

rage

s w

eed

grow

th,

redu

ces

path

ogen

in

fect

ion,

- S

hade

cof

fee

farm

s te

nd t

o ha

ve f

ewer

wee

ds.

Nat

ural

mul

ch,

supp

lied

by f

alle

n le

aves

, co

mbi

ned

with

lim

ited

sunl

ight

, pr

even

ts

wee

d fro

m s

prea

ding

and

redu

ces

the

need

for h

erbi

cide

app

licat

ion.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

V

icto

ria M

oore

, las

t acc

ess

10/1

1/20

15, h

ttp://

ww

w.s

usta

inab

lebu

sine

ssto

olki

t.com

/env

ironm

enta

l-im

pact

-cof

fee-

trade

/

1.4

- Cot

ton

(HC

) Fre

sh

wat

er

reso

urce

s

- E

xces

sive

use

of

agric

ultu

ral

chem

ical

s ha

s ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

ec

osys

tem

s th

at re

ceiv

e ru

n-of

f fro

m fa

rms.

- Mas

sive

inpu

ts o

f fre

shw

ater

are

requ

ired.

- D

owns

tream

, la

rge

quan

titie

s of

che

mic

als,

wat

er,

and

ener

gy a

re

requ

ired

to p

repa

re a

nd th

en d

ye c

otto

n fa

bric

as

wel

l.

- W

ater

irri

gatio

n pr

actis

es n

eed

to b

e ap

prop

riate

to

ensu

re a

su

stai

nabl

e su

pply

of w

ater

and

ass

ocia

ted

soil

qual

ity.

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- D

eple

tion

of w

ater

res

ourc

es c

an c

ause

sal

iniz

atio

n re

nder

ing

agric

ultu

ral l

and

unsu

itabl

e fo

r fut

ure

use.

- E

xces

sive

use

of

agric

ultu

ral

chem

ical

s ha

s ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

ec

osys

tem

s th

at re

ceiv

e ru

n-of

f fro

m fa

rms.

- Mas

sive

inpu

ts o

f fre

shw

ater

are

requ

ired.

- D

owns

tream

, la

rge

quan

titie

s of

che

mic

als,

wat

er,

and

ener

gy a

re

requ

ired

to p

repa

re a

nd th

en d

ye c

otto

n fa

bric

as

wel

l.

- E

duca

ting

farm

ers

on s

usta

inab

le g

row

ing

met

hods

and

pes

ticid

e us

e im

porta

nt to

mak

e th

e co

tton

harv

est m

ore

sust

aina

ble.

- S

usta

inab

le c

ertif

icat

ions

like

the

Bet

ter

Cot

ton

Initi

ativ

e (B

CI)

may

be

an

impo

rtant

tool

.

http://www.sustainablebusinesstoolkit.com/environmental-impact-coffee-trade/

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

27

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- U

nsaf

e us

e of

agr

icul

tura

l che

mic

als

has

seve

re h

ealth

impa

cts

on

wor

kers

in

the

field

and

on

ecos

yste

ms

that

rec

eive

exc

ess

dose

s th

at ru

n-of

f fro

m fa

rms.

- D

owns

tream

, la

rge

quan

titie

s of

che

mic

als,

wat

er,

and

ener

gy a

re

requ

ired

to p

repa

re a

nd th

en d

ye c

otto

n fa

bric

as

wel

l.

- A

ppro

pria

te h

ealth

and

saf

ety

prot

ocol

s sh

ould

min

imis

e th

e ris

k to

w

orke

rs.

- D

ispo

sal

of w

aste

by-

prod

ucts

use

d in

pro

cess

ing

shou

ld n

ot b

e de

trim

enta

l to

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd u

sers

of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t.

Bio

dive

rsity

- D

eple

tion

of a

quife

rs c

an re

duce

exi

stin

g ha

bita

ble

ecos

yste

ms

and

has

alre

ady

been

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r th

e de

stru

ctio

n of

la

rge-

scal

e ec

osys

tem

s.

- E

cosy

stem

s ar

e a

sour

ce o

f w

ater

and

pro

vide

ser

vice

s su

ch a

s w

ater

filt

ratio

n an

d w

ater

ret

entio

n w

hich

is

requ

ired

for

redu

ced

wat

er ri

sk fo

r nea

rby

plan

tatio

ns.

Fore

sts

- La

rge-

scal

e pr

oduc

tion

can

caus

e de

fore

stat

ion

and

the

resu

lting

re

duct

ions

in

so

il er

osio

n co

ntro

l, ca

rbon

st

orag

e,

and

nutri

ent

cycl

ing.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

W

WF

1999

, Th

e Im

pact

of

C

otto

n on

Fr

esh

Wat

er

Res

ourc

es

and

Eco

syst

ems

A

Pre

limin

ary

Syn

thes

is,

http

://d2

ouvy

59p0

dg6k

.clo

udfro

nt.n

et/d

ownl

oads

/impa

ct_l

ong.

pdf

WW

F C

otto

n Fa

rmin

g,

Last

ac

cess

10

/11/

2015

, ht

tp://

ww

f.pan

da.o

rg/a

bout

_our

_ear

th/a

bout

_fre

shw

ater

/fres

hwat

er_p

robl

ems/

thirs

ty_c

rops

/cot

ton/

1.5

- Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss

Esse

ntia

l oils

Bio

dive

rsity

- T

he e

ssen

tial o

ils s

ecto

r cov

ers

a di

vers

e nu

mbe

r of c

rops

and

wild

-co

llect

ed

plan

ts.

As

a re

sult

it is

di

fficu

lt to

ge

nera

lize

abou

t en

viro

nmen

tal

conc

erns

. Fo

r w

ild

colle

cted

pl

ants

, ha

bita

t an

d bi

odiv

ersi

ty lo

ss a

nd o

verh

arve

stin

g ar

e th

reat

s.

- Thr

eats

to w

ild p

lant

spe

cies

and

thei

r pop

ulat

ions

incl

ude

inte

nsiv

e an

d co

mm

erci

al c

olle

ctio

n (o

ften

conc

entra

ted

in f

ew a

reas

rat

her

than

with

in th

e w

hole

are

a of

thei

r dis

tribu

tion)

.

- O

ver-

expl

oita

tion

of w

ild r

esou

rces

can

res

ult i

n a

seve

re d

eclin

e in

ge

netic

div

ersi

ty, w

ith m

any

spec

ies

alre

ady

thre

aten

ed.

- S

usta

inab

ly h

arve

sted

cer

tific

atio

n ca

n en

sure

red

uced

impa

cts

on

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd b

iodi

vers

ity, a

nd re

tain

the

serv

ices

they

pro

vide

fo

r the

gro

wth

of c

rops

use

d to

ext

ract

ess

entia

l oils

.

- Im

plem

enta

tion

of C

ITE

S r

egul

atio

ns c

an h

elp

redu

ce p

ress

ure

on

wild

pop

ulat

ions

and

inc

reas

e ac

cess

to

inte

rnat

iona

l m

arke

ts f

or

sust

aina

bly

prod

uced

raw

mat

eria

ls.

Fore

sts

- Lar

ge-s

cale

har

vest

and

pro

duct

ion

can

caus

e de

fore

stat

ion

- D

estru

ctiv

e ha

rves

ting

tech

niqu

es a

nd l

arge

ly u

nmon

itore

d tra

de

can

redu

ce th

e ab

ility

of t

he fo

rest

to s

usta

in it

self

- Im

plem

enta

tion

of C

ITE

S r

egul

atio

ns c

an h

elp

redu

ce p

ress

ure

on

wild

pop

ulat

ions

and

inc

reas

e ac

cess

to

inte

rnat

iona

l m

arke

ts f

or

sust

aina

bly

prod

uced

raw

mat

eria

ls

http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/impact_long.pdf

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/freshwater_problems/thirsty_crops/cotton/

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

28

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- La

rge-

scal

e pr

oduc

tion

can

caus

e w

ater

res

ourc

es o

vere

xplo

itatio

n as

wel

l as

soil

and

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n du

e to

the

use

of

chem

ical

fe

rtiliz

ers

(in th

e ca

se o

f non

-org

anic

farm

s).

- C

ertif

icat

ion

of o

rgan

ic p

rodu

ce c

an e

nabl

e ac

cess

to h

ighe

r va

lue

inte

rnat

iona

l mar

kets

and

redu

ce th

e us

e of

che

mic

als.

Gui

delin

es to

pr

oduc

ers

and

proc

esso

rs c

an p

rom

ote

a co

nsis

tent

pro

duct

whi

ch

can

com

pete

with

syn

thet

ic o

ils.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- C

ultiv

atio

n is

an

al

tern

ativ

e to

w

ild

colle

ctio

n.

Yet,

grow

ing

a su

bsta

ntia

l am

ount

of

plan

t m

ater

ial

to p

rodu

ce e

ssen

tial

oil

ofte

n in

volv

es

a m

onoc

ultu

re

styl

e of

fa

rmin

g,

man

aged

by

in

tens

e m

echa

nisa

tion

and

irrig

atio

n fo

r opt

imal

pro

duct

ion.

- Con

vent

iona

l met

hods

of e

ssen

tial o

il ex

tract

ion

can

be in

effic

ient

in

term

s of

ene

rgy

and

reso

urce

s, a

nd c

an r

esul

t in

an

inco

nsis

tent

pr

oduc

t qua

lity.

- O

rgan

ic c

ertif

icat

ion

and

Sus

tain

ably

gro

wn

certi

ficat

ion

can

enab

le

prod

ucer

s to

sel

l to

inte

rnat

iona

l mar

kets

and

ben

efit

the

long

evity

of

crop

cul

tivat

ion

- Tr

acea

bilit

y of

org

anic

orig

in (

certi

ficat

ion,

con

serv

atio

n st

atus

, and

gr

een

prod

uctio

n an

d ex

tract

ion

tech

nolo

gies

) ca

n en

sure

pro

duct

s ar

e pr

oduc

ed s

usta

inab

ly a

nd h

ave

a m

inim

al i

mpa

ct o

n th

e la

nd

used

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

S

neld

er, D

enys

e J.

; Las

co, R

odel

D. (

29 S

epte

mbe

r 20

08).

Sm

allh

olde

r Tr

ee G

row

ing

for

Rur

al D

evel

opm

ent a

nd E

nviro

nmen

tal S

ervi

ces:

Le

sson

s fro

m A

sia

http

s://b

ooks

.goo

gle.

ch/b

ooks

?id=

LmA

_5zx

DS

RkC

&pg

=PA

248&

redi

r_es

c=y#

v=on

epag

e&q&

f=fa

lse

1.6

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss =

Fi

bres

(Nat

ural

an

d se

mi-

synt

hetic

)

Bio

dive

rsity

-

Cul

tivat

ion

of n

atur

al f

ibre

s ca

n re

sult

in l

oss

of h

abita

t; ho

wev

er

som

e na

tura

l fib

res

are

by-p

rodu

cts

from

the

cul

tivat

ion

of o

ther

cr

ops.

- Fi

bres

are

cho

sen

first

by

cons

ider

ing

aest

hetic

and

per

form

ance

re

quire

men

ts b

ut l

ow i

mpa

ct v

aria

nts,

suc

h as

org

anic

or

recy

cled

sh

ould

be

prom

oted

. Thi

s ca

n pr

ovid

e ac

cess

to in

tern

atio

nal m

arke

ts

and

redu

ce

the

nega

tive

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

w

ith

larg

e-sc

ale

prod

uctio

n.

Fore

sts

- La

rge-

scal

e pr

oduc

tion

can

caus

e de

fore

stat

ion

and

redu

ce t

he

abili

ty o

f the

fore

st to

sin

k an

d st

ore

atm

osph

eric

car

bon.

-

Sus

tain

able

har

vest

cer

tific

atio

n fo

r fib

re c

rops

and

the

ir fin

al

prod

ucts

can

pro

vide

acc

ess

to h

ighe

r va

lue

inte

rnat

iona

l m

arke

ts

and

redu

ce p

ress

ure

on fo

rest

s.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- La

rge-

scal

e pr

oduc

tion

can

caus

e w

ater

res

ourc

es o

vere

xplo

itatio

n as

wel

l as

soil

and

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n du

e to

the

use

of

chem

ical

fe

rtiliz

ers

(in th

e ca

se o

f non

-org

anic

farm

s).

- C

onve

ntio

nal r

ayon

, mad

e of

cel

lulo

se f

rom

tre

es,

is e

asie

r on

the

la

nd, b

ut c

hem

ical

-hea

vy in

the

fibre

-spi

nnin

g ph

ase.

- P

rom

otio

n of

the

use

of

fibre

-cro

p by

-pro

duct

s as

org

anic

fer

tilis

er

can

redu

ce th

e am

ount

of c

hem

ical

ferti

liser

nee

ded.

-The

use

of

chem

ical

s in

pro

cess

ing

stag

es s

houl

d be

tre

ated

to

inte

rnat

iona

l st

anda

rds

to r

educ

e th

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

on

the

wat

er

reso

urce

s.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- La

rge-

scal

e pr

oduc

tion

can

redu

ce t

he q

ualit

y of

the

soi

l for

fut

ure

year

s,

as

wat

er

rete

ntio

n,

eros

ion

cont

rol

and

nutri

ent

rete

ntio

n se

rvic

es a

re re

duce

d.

- Th

e us

e of

low

impa

ct v

aria

nts,

suc

h as

org

anic

, fib

re b

y-pr

oduc

ts

from

ot

her

crop

s,

or

recy

cled

fib

res

can

be

prom

oted

th

roug

h ce

rtific

atio

n.

https://books.google.ch/books?id=LmA_5zxDSRkC&pg=PA248&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

29

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

Fe

rnan

do

et

al

2014

, En

viro

nmen

tal

aspe

cts

of

fiber

cr

ops

culti

vatio

n an

d us

e.

http

://w

ww

.sci

ence

dire

ct.c

om/s

cien

ce/a

rticl

e/pi

i/S09

2666

9014

0060

86

1.7

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Fish

erie

s

(HC

) B

iodi

vers

ity

- O

verfi

shin

g—ca

tchi

ng f

ish

fast

er t

han

they

can

rep

rodu

ce—

is a

n ur

gent

and

dev

asta

ting

issu

e, a

nd i

s on

e of

the

big

gest

thr

eats

to

ocea

n ec

osys

tem

s. T

oday

, 90

per

cent

of

the

wor

ld's

fis

herie

s ar

e ei

ther

ful

ly e

xplo

ited,

ove

rexp

loite

d or

hav

e co

llaps

ed d

ue t

o ov

er

fishi

ng (

catc

hing

fis

h fa

ster

tha

n th

ey c

an r

epro

duce

). Th

e gl

obal

fis

hing

flee

t is

oper

atin

g at

2.5

tim

es th

e su

stai

nabl

e le

vel—

ther

e ar

e si

mpl

y to

o m

any

boat

s ch

asin

g a

dwin

dlin

g nu

mbe

r of f

ish.

- U

nsus

tain

able

fis

hing

re

quire

s th

at

new

pr

actic

es

are

wid

ely

adop

ted.

The

re a

re t

wo

mai

n w

ays

to d

rive

this

. Th

e fir

st is

thr

ough

go

vern

men

t in

terv

entio

n an

d en

forc

emen

t of

fis

hing

pra

ctic

es.

The

seco

nd is

thro

ugh

volu

ntar

y pr

ivat

e st

anda

rds

and

labe

ls, s

uch

as th

e M

arin

e S

usta

inab

ility

Cou

ncil,

MS

C.

(HC

) Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- H

arm

ful

prac

tises

(su

ch a

s dr

edge

s) a

re d

etrim

enta

l to

sea

bed

habi

tats

, re

duci

ng

the

habi

tat’s

cap

acity

fo

r pr

imar

y gr

owth

an

d th

eref

ore

the

use

of th

e ar

ea a

s a

spaw

ning

gro

und

to r

eple

nish

wild

st

ocks

of f

ish.

- P

rom

ote

good

fis

hing

pra

ctis

es t

hat

do n

ot d

amag

e th

e se

abed

th

roug

h th

e us

e of

vol

unta

ry s

tand

ards

whi

ch re

war

d th

e in

dust

ry w

ith

high

er p

rices

.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- The

glo

bal f

ishi

ng fl

eet e

mit

larg

e am

ount

s of

gre

enho

use

gase

s.

-Sto

rage

and

tran

spor

t of p

rodu

ce re

quire

s a

larg

e am

ount

of e

nerg

y.

- P

rovi

sion

of

guid

elin

es f

or e

nerg

y-ef

ficie

nt s

tora

ge c

an h

elp

to

redu

ce e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n.

- S

ourc

ing

fish

from

clo

ser

mar

kets

can

red

uce

trans

port

mile

s an

d as

soci

ated

em

issi

ons.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- Dur

ing

proc

essi

ng, f

ish

offa

l is

ofte

n w

aste

d.

- D

isca

rded

by

-cat

ch

can

nega

tivel

y im

pact

th

e ab

ility

of

w

ild

popu

latio

ns to

sur

vive

.

- Fi

sh m

ay b

e fo

und

to h

ave

high

lev

els

of c

hem

ical

s an

d m

icro

-pl

astic

s w

hich

can

be

harm

ful t

o hu

man

hea

lth w

hen

cons

umed

.

- Aba

ndon

ed n

ets

in th

e oc

ean

can

cont

inue

to c

atch

and

kill

fish

unt

il th

e ge

ar e

rode

s.

- Fi

shin

g w

ith

dyna

mite

an

d po

ison

s ha

s ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

su

rrou

ndin

g or

gani

sms

and

thei

r hab

itat.

- Was

te p

rodu

cts

can

be u

tilis

ed fo

r ani

mal

and

fish

feed

and

are

hig

h in

om

ega-

3 fa

tty a

cids

.

- V

olun

tary

sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

erta

in m

arke

ts r

equi

re l

ow l

evel

s of

ch

emic

als

in f

ish.

How

ever

red

ucin

g w

aste

and

che

mic

als

in t

he

ocea

n is

a g

loba

l iss

ue.

Furth

er

info

rmat

ion:

FA

O 2

005-

2015

. Wor

ld in

vent

ory

of fi

sher

ies.

Impa

cts

of fi

sher

y ac

tiviti

es. I

ssue

s Fa

ct S

heet

s. T

ext b

y P

ere

Oliv

er a

nd R

ebec

ca M

etzn

er. I

n:

FAO

Fi

sher

ies

and

Aqua

cultu

re

Dep

artm

ent

[onl

ine]

. R

ome.

U

pdat

ed

27

May

20

05.

[Cite

d 11

N

ovem

ber

2015

]. ht

tp://

ww

w.fa

o.or

g/fis

hery

/topi

c/12

273/

en


http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/12273/en

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

30

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

1.8

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss-

Flor

icul

ture

(HC

) Fre

sh

wat

er

reso

urce

s

- Fl

oric

ultu

re n

eeds

larg

er v

olum

es o

f w

ater

tha

n co

nven

tiona

l cro

p cu

ltiva

tion.

-

Wat

er r

e-us

e sy

stem

s ca

n re

duce

wat

er c

onsu

mpt

ion

and

relie

ve

pres

sure

on

wat

er re

sour

ces

as w

ell a

s in

crea

se re

silie

nce

to v

aryi

ng

reso

urce

ava

ilabi

lity

to re

duce

risk

.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- Fl

oric

ultu

re

requ

ires

inte

nsiv

e us

e of

ch

emic

al

ferti

lizer

s an

d pe

stic

ides

.

- In

adeq

uate

was

te m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s do

not

rec

over

ferti

liser

or

pest

icid

es.

- A

wid

er v

arie

ty o

f pes

t man

agem

ent p

ract

ises

and

a h

ighe

r us

e of

na

tura

l fe

rtiliz

ers

can

less

en

the

impa

ct

of

floric

ultu

re

on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

This

will

als

o re

duce

the

like

lihoo

d th

at r

esis

tanc

e w

ill

occu

r in

pest

s.

- W

aste

man

agem

ent

syst

ems

can

reco

ver

and

reus

e w

ater

and

fe

rtilis

er. W

hen

inte

grat

ed w

ith b

iolo

gica

l pes

t con

trol t

his

can

redu

ce

sign

ifica

ntly

the

con

cent

ratio

ns o

f ch

emic

als

need

ed a

nd r

elea

sed

into

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- Fl

oric

ultu

re s

ales

fro

m d

evel

opin

g co

untri

es n

early

alw

ays

use

air

freig

ht tr

ansp

ort f

or s

hipp

ing

to d

evel

oped

mar

ket,

caus

ing

sign

ifica

nt

carb

on fo

otpr

ints

.

- O

ffset

ting

the

emis

sion

s of

airf

reig

ht i

s al

so b

enef

icia

l an

d m

ay

prov

ide

flow

er p

rodu

cers

a d

iffer

entia

ting

mar

ketin

g op

portu

nity

.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

The

clea

ring

of

fore

st

for

culti

vatio

n ca

n re

duce

th

e le

vel

of

biod

iver

sity

. - I

nter

crop

ping

can

reta

in a

hig

h le

vel o

f bio

dive

rsity

and

als

o th

e so

il qu

ality

to s

usta

in h

arve

st le

vels

in th

e fu

ture

.

Fore

sts

- Th

e cl

earin

g of

for

est

for

culti

vatio

n ca

n re

duce

the

abi

lity

to s

ink

and

stor

e at

mos

pher

ic c

arbo

n -

Sus

tain

ably

har

vest

ed c

ertif

icat

ion

can

educ

ate

the

cons

umer

s of

pr

oduc

t orig

in a

nd it

s im

pact

on

loca

l for

ests

.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Fl

oric

ultu

re

requ

ires

inte

nsiv

e us

e of

ch

emic

al

ferti

lizer

s an

d pe

stic

ides

and

nee

ds l

arge

r am

ount

s of

wat

er t

han

conv

entio

nal

farm

ing.

- A

wid

er v

arie

ty o

f pes

t man

agem

ent p

ract

ises

and

a h

ighe

r us

e of

na

tura

l fe

rtiliz

ers

can

less

en

the

impa

ct

of

floric

ultu

re

on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Furth

er

info

rmat

ion:

Te

hran

i-kro

nner

20

12,

Soc

io-E

cono

mic

an

d E

nviro

nmen

tal

Impa

ct

of

Flor

icul

ture

In

dust

ry

in

Eth

iopi

a ht

tp://

lib.u

gent

.be/

fullt

xt/R

UG

01/0

01/8

94/5

50/R

UG

01-0

0189

4550

_201

2_00

01_A

C.p

df

1.9

Food

and

ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Frui

ts &

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- E

nviro

nmen

tal c

once

rns

of fr

uit a

nd v

eget

able

farm

ing

vary

by

crop

an

d su

rrou

ndin

g ec

osys

tem

. -

Sw

itchi

ng t

o or

gani

c fa

rmin

g m

etho

ds m

ay a

lso

open

up

new

m

arke

ts in

dev

elop

ed c

ount

ries

http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/894/550/RUG01-001894550_2012_0001_AC.pdf

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

31

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

vege

tabl

es

Air

and

Clim

ate

- Pro

duct

ion,

sto

rage

and

tran

spor

t res

ult i

n hi

gh le

vels

of e

mis

sion

s.

- B

est p

ract

ise

guid

elin

es c

an b

e is

sued

to p

rodu

cers

, sup

plie

rs a

nd

cons

umer

s on

how

the

y ca

n be

st c

ontri

bute

to

redu

ce e

mis

sion

s in

th

e su

pply

cha

in. F

or e

xam

ple,

con

sum

ers

coul

d ch

oose

to c

onsu

me

seas

onal

pro

duce

, an

d bu

yers

cou

ld r

educ

e ai

r m

iles,

how

ever

thi

s co

uld

nega

tivel

y im

pact

poo

rer s

uppl

iers

ove

r oth

ers.

Bio

dive

rsity

- T

he c

lear

ing

of fo

rest

for f

arm

s ca

n re

duce

bio

dive

rsity

leve

ls, w

hich

ar

e ne

eded

for t

he n

atur

al p

ollin

atio

n of

cro

ps.

- C

lear

ing

fore

sts

can

also

re

sult

in

the

redu

ctio

n of

w

ild

fruit

popu

latio

ns th

at h

ave

gene

tic tr

aits

that

cou

ld b

e se

lect

ed to

impr

ove

culti

vars

.

- In

terc

ropp

ing

can

reta

in h

abita

ts a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d bi

odiv

ersi

ty,

also

ac

ting

to b

enef

it po

llina

tion.

- S

usta

inab

ly g

row

n pr

oduc

ts c

an b

e ce

rtifie

d in

crea

sing

acc

ess

to

high

er v

alue

inte

rnat

iona

l mar

kets

.

Fore

sts

- The

cle

arin

g of

fore

st fo

r far

ms

can

redu

ce th

e ab

ility

of t

he fo

rest

to

sink

and

sto

re a

tmos

pher

ic c

arbo

n.

- Sw

itchi

ng to

org

anic

farm

ing

met

hods

may

ope

n up

new

mar

kets

in

deve

lope

d co

untri

es a

nd re

duce

pre

ssur

es o

n fo

rest

hab

itats

and

the

carb

on fo

otpr

int o

f the

fina

l pro

duct

.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Fru

its a

nd v

eget

able

s of

ten

over

-use

ferti

lizer

s an

d pe

stic

ides

whi

ch

can

be d

etrim

enta

l to

near

by w

ater

sou

rces

. - B

ette

r pra

ctic

es fo

r wat

er ir

rigat

ion

and

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ferti

liser

can

re

lieve

pre

ssur

es o

n w

ater

sou

rces

. B

iolo

gica

l pe

st

cont

rol

and

inte

rcro

ppin

g ca

n re

duce

th

e ne

ed

for

high

le

vels

of

pe

stic

ide

appl

icat

ions

.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- P

oor

post

-har

vest

sto

rage

and

inad

equa

te tr

ansp

ort o

f pro

duce

can

in

crea

se p

ost-h

arve

st lo

sses

. -

Bet

ter

prac

tices

for

pes

t co

ntro

l and

was

te m

anag

emen

t ca

n he

lp

farm

ers

min

imiz

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts

and

cut l

ong-

term

cos

ts.

Furth

er

info

rmat

ion

Sto

esse

l et

al

2012

, Li

fe C

ycle

Inv

ento

ry a

nd C

arbo

n an

d W

ater

Foo

dPrin

t of

Fru

its a

nd V

eget

able

s: A

pplic

atio

n to

a S

wis

s R

etai

ler.

http

://pu

bs.a

cs.o

rg/d

oi/a

bs/1

0.10

21/e

s203

0577

1.10

- Fo

od a

nd

agri-

busi

ness

- Li

vest

ock

(HC

) Air

and

Clim

ate

- C

attle

and

oth

er r

umin

ant

lives

tock

pro

duce

a l

arge

am

ount

of

met

hane

, a

gree

nhou

se g

as.

The

carb

on f

ootp

rint

of a

nim

al f

eed

in

addi

tion

to t

he p

roce

ssin

g an

d tra

nspo

rt of

the

fin

al p

rodu

ce i

s si

gnifi

cant

.

- S

ourc

ing

loca

l ani

mal

fee

d in

puts

can

red

uce

asso

ciat

ed t

rans

port

emis

sion

s.

- M

arke

ts m

ay p

refe

r to

pay

a s

imila

r or

hig

her

pric

e fo

r lo

cal

prod

uce.

(HC

) For

ests

-T

he c

lear

ing

of fo

rest

s fo

r pas

ture

land

is a

n is

sue

mor

e pr

omin

ent i

n de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s an

d ca

n re

duce

the

abi

lity

of f

ores

ts t

o si

nk

atm

osph

eric

car

bon

and

stor

e it.

- S

usta

inab

le g

razi

ng p

ract

ises

can

be

used

whe

reby

the

lan

d fo

r gr

azin

g is

div

ided

and

rot

ated

allo

win

g fo

r ef

fect

ive

reco

very

and

su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

a g

iven

are

a of

land

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2030577

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

32

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- Li

ve s

tock

is a

n in

tens

ive

use

of t

he la

nd,

parti

cula

rly w

ith g

razi

ng

anim

als.

Ther

e ar

e va

st d

iffer

ence

s be

twee

n pr

oduc

tion

syst

ems

and

anim

al

prod

ucts

. In

gene

ral:

- Fe

ed e

ffici

ency

is a

key

driv

er o

f pr

oduc

tivity

and

can

red

uce

the

amou

nt o

f ra

w p

lant

mat

eria

l req

uire

d fo

r th

e pr

oduc

tion

of a

giv

en

amou

nt o

f mea

t.

- Rot

atio

nal l

and

man

agem

ent p

ract

ises

can

redu

ce th

e ne

ed fo

r new

fo

rest

are

as fo

r gra

zing

ani

mal

s.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- Th

e im

prop

er t

reat

men

t of

liv

esto

ck w

aste

can

lea

d to

rel

ated

ill

ness

es d

owns

tream

and

on

the

farm

.

- O

ver-

use

of a

ntib

iotic

s ca

n re

sult

in r

esis

tant

bac

teria

whi

ch c

an b

e a

risk

to h

uman

hea

lth.

- G

uide

lines

for

the

treat

men

t of w

aste

and

use

of a

ntib

iotic

s sh

ould

be

con

side

red

due

to th

e le

vel o

f ris

k as

soci

ated

with

thes

e pr

actis

es.

- Reg

ulat

ions

for a

ntib

iotic

use

sho

uld

be a

dher

ed to

.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

The

clea

ring

of f

ores

t fo

r pa

stur

elan

d ca

n re

duce

the

lev

el o

f bi

odiv

ersi

ty.

- Rot

atio

nal l

and

man

agem

ent p

ract

ises

can

redu

ce th

e ne

ed fo

r new

fo

rest

are

as fo

r gra

zing

ani

mal

s.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Fur

ther

mor

e, li

vest

ock

was

te c

an p

ose

a th

reat

to in

land

wat

erw

ays

as

high

le

vels

of

ph

osph

orus

an

d ni

troge

n ru

n-of

f ca

n ca

use

eutro

phic

atio

n.

- Fee

d ef

ficie

ncy

can

redu

ce th

e av

aila

bilit

y of

nut

rient

s in

was

te ru

n-of

f. Th

is c

an a

lso

redu

ce ra

w m

ater

ial i

nput

s an

d th

e ca

rbon

foot

prin

t of

the

mea

t.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

H

erre

ro

et

al

2013

, B

iom

ass

use,

pr

oduc

tion,

fe

ed

effic

ienc

ies

and

gree

nhou

se

gas

emis

sion

s fro

m

glob

al

lives

tock

sy

stem

s.

http

://w

ww

.pna

s.or

g/co

nten

t/110

/52/

2088

8.ab

stra

ct

1.11

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Med

icin

al p

lant

s

Bio

dive

rsity

(G

ener

al)

Envi

ronm

enta

l co

ncer

ns o

f m

edic

inal

pla

nt f

arm

ing

and

wild

-col

lect

ion

varie

s by

cro

p an

d su

rrou

ndin

g ec

osys

tem

.

- Th

ere

are

risks

that

suc

h pr

oduc

ts w

ill b

e un

sust

aina

bly

harv

este

d or

col

lect

ed f

rom

the

wild

, re

duci

ng t

he a

bilit

y fo

r th

e po

pula

tion

to

surv

ive.

- H

abita

t lo

ss t

hrou

gh t

he c

lear

ance

of

fore

st f

or c

ultiv

atio

n ca

n re

duce

bio

dive

rsity

leve

ls.

-Res

earc

h in

to

crop

-spe

cific

ar

tific

ial

prop

agat

ion

can

allo

w

com

mun

ities

to

gr

ow

thei

r ow

n,

redu

cing

th

e pr

essu

re

on

wild

po

pula

tions

an

d se

curin

g a

mor

e co

nsta

nt

supp

ly

and

thro

ugh

certi

ficat

ion

and

adhe

renc

e to

CIT

ES

reg

ulat

ions

, ac

cess

to

high

er

valu

e in

tern

atio

nal m

arke

ts.

- In

terc

ropp

ing

can

reta

in a

hig

h le

vel

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd n

atur

al

polli

nato

rs,

and

can

allo

w d

iver

sific

atio

n of

inco

me

and

sust

aina

ble

harv

est c

ertif

icat

ion.

Fore

sts

- For

est m

ay b

e cl

eare

d fo

r the

cul

tivat

ion

of m

edic

inal

pla

nts.

- C

ertif

icat

ion

of s

usta

inab

le p

rodu

ctio

n m

etho

ds c

an c

omm

unic

ate

to

cons

umer

s th

e im

pact

of t

he p

rodu

ct o

n fo

rest

are

as.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Arti

ficia

l pro

paga

tion

of p

lant

s re

quire

s la

rge

amou

nts

of w

ater

. -W

ater

re

-use

sy

stem

s ca

n re

duce

th

e ex

tract

ion

of

fresh

wat

er

reso

urce

s.

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/52/20888.abstract

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

33

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- W

ild h

arve

st m

etho

ds c

an r

educ

e th

e ab

ility

of

the

spec

ies

to

reco

ver a

nd th

eref

ore

futu

re h

arve

sts.

-

Bet

ter p

ract

ices

for

wat

er u

se, p

est c

ontro

l and

was

te m

anag

emen

t ca

n he

lp f

arm

ers

min

imiz

e en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

cts

and

ofte

n sa

ve

mon

ey.

- S

witc

hing

to

orga

nic

farm

ing

met

hods

may

als

o op

en u

p ne

w

mar

kets

in d

evel

oped

cou

ntrie

s.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

S

chip

pman

n, L

eam

ann

and

Cun

ning

ham

200

2, F

AO

. Im

pact

of C

ultiv

atio

n an

d G

athe

ring

of M

edic

inal

Pla

nts

on B

iodi

vers

ity: G

loba

l Tre

nds

and

Issu

es. f

tp://

193.

43.3

6.93

/doc

rep/

FAO

/005

/aa0

10e/

AA

010E

00.p

df

1.12

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Spic

es

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- Th

e sp

ice

sect

or

deal

s w

ith

sust

aina

bilit

y is

sues

su

ch

as

unco

ntro

lled

use

of a

gro-

chem

ical

s.

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es

for

was

te

irrig

atio

n,

pest

co

ntro

l an

d w

aste

m

anag

emen

t ca

n he

lp f

arm

ers

min

imiz

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts

and

ofte

n sa

ve m

oney

.

- O

rgan

ic c

ertif

icat

ion

can

redu

ce c

hem

ical

use

and

pos

sibl

y pr

ovid

e ac

cess

to

hi

gher

va

lue

end-

cons

umer

m

arke

ts.

The

use

of

inte

rcro

ppin

g an

d bi

olog

ical

pes

t co

ntro

l can

red

uce

the

appl

icat

ion

leve

ls o

f pes

ticid

es.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

The

clea

ring

of

fore

st

for

culti

vatio

n ca

n re

duce

th

e le

vel

of

biod

iver

sity

. - I

nter

crop

ping

can

reta

in a

hig

h le

vel o

f bio

dive

rsity

, pol

linat

ors

and

a di

vers

ified

inco

me

stre

am.

Fore

sts

- For

est m

ay b

e cl

eare

d fo

r cul

tivat

ion

and

redu

ce th

e ab

ility

of f

ores

ts

to s

ink

and

stor

e at

mos

pher

ic c

arbo

n.

- Cer

tific

atio

n of

sus

tain

able

pro

duct

ion

met

hods

can

com

mun

icat

e to

co

nsum

ers

the

impa

ct o

f the

pro

duct

on

fore

st a

reas

.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Is

sues

suc

h as

unc

ontro

lled

pest

icid

e us

e an

d po

or w

aste

wat

er

man

agem

ent c

an h

ave

a ne

gativ

e im

pact

on

wat

er s

yste

ms.

-

Gui

delin

es f

or i

rrig

atio

n pr

actis

es c

an i

mpr

ove

the

effic

ienc

y of

w

ater

use

.

- In

tegr

ated

pe

st

man

agem

ent

or

impr

oved

pe

st

man

agem

ent

cont

rols

can

be

prom

oted

to re

duce

pes

ticid

e us

e.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Env

ironm

enta

l con

cern

s of

spi

ce fa

rmin

g an

d w

ild-c

olle

ctio

n va

ry b

y cr

op a

nd s

urro

undi

ng e

cosy

stem

. Poo

r ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es a

nd th

e la

ck o

f ad

equa

te p

roce

ssin

g fa

cilit

ies

has

been

a c

once

rn f

or s

ome

spic

e m

arke

ts.

- In

tens

ive

farm

ing

can

redu

ce s

oil f

ertil

ity a

nd in

crea

se th

e ne

ed fo

r fe

rtiliz

ers.

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es

for

was

te

irrig

atio

n,

pest

co

ntro

l an

d w

aste

m

anag

emen

t ca

n he

lp f

arm

ers

min

imiz

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts

and

ofte

n sa

ve m

oney

.

- S

witc

hing

to

orga

nic

farm

ing

met

hods

may

als

o op

en u

p ne

w

mar

kets

in

deve

lope

d co

untri

es.

This

cou

ld b

e su

pple

men

ted

with

co

nsum

er a

war

enes

s in

thes

e m

arke

ts, a

s th

e m

ajor

ity o

f spi

ce c

rops

ar

e pu

rcha

sed

by re

taile

rs a

nd p

roce

ssor

s an

d ar

e no

t vis

ible

to fi

nal

cons

umer

s.

ftp://193.43.36.93/docrep/FAO/005/aa010e/AA010E00.pdf

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

34

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

G

uillo

u P

asca

le, a

nd M

arjo

n va

n O

pijn

en, 2

010,

Cou

ld y

ou p

ass

me

the

Sus

tain

able

pep

per,

plea

se?

Tow

ards

a s

usta

inab

le s

pice

s su

pply

ch

ain,

K

eys

findi

ngs

and

sect

or

reco

mm

enda

tions

, C

RE

M

in

colla

bora

tion

with

B

oth

EN

DS

an

d C

orda

id.

http

://w

ww

.bot

hend

s.or

g/up

load

ed_f

iles/

docu

men

t/6S

usta

inab

le_S

pice

s-_B

oths

_EN

DS

_-_C

orda

id_-

_CR

EM

_-_O

ctob

er_.

pdf

1.13

Foo

d an

d ag

ri-bu

sine

ss -

Tea

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- E

nviro

nmen

tal c

once

rns

of t

ea c

ultiv

atio

n in

clud

e th

e cl

eara

nce

of

land

, the

res

ultin

g ha

bita

t los

s, o

ver-u

se o

f pes

ticid

es a

nd s

oil q

ualit

y de

grad

atio

n.

- In

terc

ropp

ing,

th

e us

e of

bi

olog

ical

pe

st

cont

rol,

and

good

m

anag

emen

t pra

ctis

es c

an in

crea

se th

e qu

ality

and

ferti

lity

of th

e so

il an

d re

duce

lon

g-te

rm c

osts

res

ultin

g fro

m t

he n

eed

for

incr

ease

d fe

rtilis

er a

nd p

estic

ide

use.

- S

witc

hing

to

orga

nic

farm

ing

met

hods

may

als

o op

en u

p ne

w

mar

kets

in d

evel

oped

cou

ntrie

s.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- Pro

duct

ion,

sto

rage

and

tran

spor

t of p

rodu

ctio

n in

puts

and

tea

resu

lt in

hig

h le

vels

of e

mis

sion

s.

- B

est p

ract

ise

guid

elin

es c

an b

e is

sued

to p

rodu

cers

, sup

plie

rs a

nd

cons

umer

s on

how

they

can

bes

t con

tribu

te to

redu

ced

emis

sion

s.

Ene

rgy

and

reso

urce

s - T

he d

ryin

g pr

oces

ses

uses

fuel

.

-Syn

thet

ic

pack

agin

g re

quire

s en

ergy

an

d ta

kes

a lo

ng

time

to

degr

ade.

- Th

e us

e of

org

anic

pac

kagi

ng a

nd e

ffici

ent

dryi

ng t

echn

ique

s ca

n re

duce

fuel

con

sum

ptio

n an

d th

e im

pact

of w

aste

on

land

fill s

ites.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

The

clea

ring

of fo

rest

for

farm

s ca

n re

duce

the

leve

l of b

iodi

vers

ity,

espe

cial

ly w

hen

repl

aced

with

larg

e ar

eas

of m

onoc

ultu

re.

- Int

ercr

oppi

ng c

an re

tain

hab

itats

and

ass

ocia

ted

biod

iver

sity

.

Fore

sts

- Th

e cl

earin

g of

for

est

for

farm

s ca

n re

duce

the

abi

lity

to s

ink

and

stor

e at

mos

pher

ic c

arbo

n, a

nd r

educ

es i

ts a

bilit

y to

con

trol

soil

eros

ion

and

reta

in w

ater

.

- Cer

tific

atio

n of

sus

tain

able

pro

duct

ion

met

hods

can

com

mun

icat

e to

co

nsum

ers

the

impa

ct o

f the

pro

duct

on

fore

st a

reas

.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Pra

ctis

es th

at o

ver-u

se fe

rtiliz

ers

can

be d

etrim

enta

l to

near

by w

ater

so

urce

s. M

onoc

ultu

res

requ

ire a

n in

crea

sed

use

of p

estic

ide

per

unit

area

and

thi

s ca

n be

det

rimen

tal t

o w

ater

sou

rces

and

the

far

mer

s w

ho a

pply

it.

- Bet

ter p

ract

ices

for w

ater

irrig

atio

n an

d ef

fect

ive

use

of fe

rtilis

er c

an

relie

ve p

ress

ures

on

wat

er s

ourc

es.

- Int

ercr

oppi

ng a

nd im

prov

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t pra

ctis

es c

an re

duce

th

e ne

ed fo

r lar

ge a

mou

nts

of p

estic

ide

appl

icat

ions

.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- Pes

ticid

e us

e ca

n ne

gativ

ely

impa

ct n

earb

y w

ater

way

s.

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es f

or p

est

cont

rol a

nd w

aste

man

agem

ent

can

help

fa

rmer

s m

inim

ize

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s an

d of

ten

save

mon

ey.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

E

thic

al

Con

sum

er,

2013

. R

epor

t on

th

e Te

a In

dust

ry

– D

ecem

ber

2013

. La

st

Acc

ess

11/1

0/20

15.

http

://w

ww

.eth

ical

cons

umer

.org

/eth

ical

repo

rts/te

a-in

dust

ry-r

epor

t.asp

x

Gro

osm

an, 2

011.

Sec

tor O

verv

iew

: Tea

. ID

H, T

he s

usta

inab

le tr

ade

initi

ativ

e. w

ww

.idhs

usta

inab

letra

de.c

om/s

ite/g

etfil

e.ph

p?id

=184

http://www.bothends.org/uploaded_files/document/6Sustainable_Spices-_Boths_ENDS_-_Cordaid_-_CREM_-_October_.pdf

http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/ethicalreports/tea-industry-report.aspx

http://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/site/getfile.php?id=184

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

35

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

2.1

Fair

trad

e an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

expo

rts

- B

iodi

vers

ity-

base

d pr

oduc

ts

(HC

) B

iodi

vers

ity

- B

iodi

vers

ity c

an b

e a

subs

tant

ial s

ourc

e of

val

ue.

Ther

e ar

e ris

ks

how

ever

, th

at

such

pr

oduc

ts

will

be

un

sust

aina

bly

harv

este

d or

co

llect

ed f

rom

the

wild

, no

t al

low

ing

viab

le r

epro

duct

ive

time

for

popu

latio

ns to

repl

enis

h.

- A

ppro

pria

te m

echa

nism

s ca

n be

put

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e su

stai

nabl

e ha

rves

t le

vels

and

red

uce

pres

sure

on

wild

pop

ulat

ions

, su

ch a

s ad

herin

g to

CIT

ES

regu

latio

ns.

Fore

sts

- C

erta

in te

chni

ques

for

harv

estin

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty-r

elat

ed p

rodu

cts

from

fo

rest

s (tr

ees,

wild

pla

nts,

ani

mal

s) c

an b

e de

trim

enta

l to

the

surv

ival

of

the

spec

ies

and

the

capa

city

of s

ervi

ces

that

fore

sts

prov

ide.

- Sw

itchi

ng to

org

anic

farm

ing

met

hods

may

ope

n up

new

mar

kets

in

deve

lope

d co

untri

es.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- For

cul

tivat

ed b

iodi

vers

ity-b

ased

pro

duct

s th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

ferti

liser

an

d pe

stic

ide

can

pollu

te fr

esh

wat

er re

sour

ces.

- P

roce

ssin

g of

oils

and

oth

er b

iodi

vers

ity r

elat

ed p

rodu

cts

requ

ires

the

use

of c

hem

ical

s an

d m

ay r

elea

se b

y-pr

oduc

ts i

nto

adjo

inin

g w

ater

way

s.

- Bet

ter p

ract

ices

for w

ater

irrig

atio

n an

d ef

fect

ive

use

of fe

rtilis

er c

an

relie

ve p

ress

ures

on

wat

er s

ourc

es

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es f

or p

est

cont

rol a

nd w

aste

man

agem

ent

can

help

fa

rmer

s m

inim

ize

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s an

d of

ten

save

mon

ey.

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es

for

was

te

irrig

atio

n,

pest

co

ntro

l an

d w

aste

m

anag

emen

t ca

n he

lp

farm

ers

and

proc

esso

rs

min

imiz

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts

and

ofte

n sa

ve m

oney

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

2.2

Fair

trad

e an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

expo

rts

- Fai

r tr

ade

and

envi

ronm

enta

l ex

port

s

(HC

) Air

and

Clim

ate

- Fa

ir tra

de a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal

expo

rts v

ary

grea

tly b

ut,

as w

ith a

ll m

anuf

actu

red

good

s, t

he e

nerg

y us

e of

pro

duct

ion

and

was

te is

an

issu

e.

- Tr

ansp

ort

of r

aw m

ater

ials

and

fin

al p

rodu

cts

incr

ease

the

car

bon

foot

prin

t of t

he g

oods

.

- In

effic

ient

ene

rgy

use

for

prod

uctio

n w

ill i

ncur

avo

idab

le c

ost

and

avoi

dabl

e em

issi

ons.

- Th

ere

are

a w

ide

rang

e of

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

such

as

the

optim

izat

ion

of m

anuf

actu

ring,

mat

eria

ls t

rans

porta

tion,

ins

talla

tion,

m

aint

enan

ce, d

ism

antle

men

t and

dis

posa

l pra

ctic

es.

- R

educ

ing

nega

tive

effe

cts

on w

ildlif

e, la

nd-u

se c

hang

e an

d w

ater

re

sour

ces

shou

ld a

lso

be o

f hig

h pr

iorit

y.

(HC

) Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Ene

rgy-

inte

nsiv

e in

frast

ruct

ure

can

redu

ce n

et e

mis

sion

red

uctio

ns

of re

new

able

tech

nolo

gies

.

- E

nerg

y-ef

ficie

nt

vehi

cles

an

d ba

ttery

-sto

rage

ap

plia

nces

pl

ace

heav

y de

man

ds o

n ra

re e

arth

ele

men

ts.

- Ine

ffici

ent e

nerg

y us

e fo

r pro

duct

ion

will

incu

r avo

idab

le c

ost.

- Th

e lif

e cy

cle

of F

air

trade

and

env

ironm

enta

l ex

ports

sho

uld

be

asse

ssed

and

com

pare

d to

alte

rnat

ives

to fi

nd th

e le

ast p

ollu

ting

and

cost

ly o

ptio

n.

- A c

lose

d-lo

op p

rodu

ctio

n cy

cle

coul

d re

use

rare

ear

th m

ater

ials

and

ot

her i

nput

s w

ith d

eple

ting

natu

ral s

tock

s.

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

36

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Fore

sts

- Th

e im

pact

of

clea

ring

fore

st f

or t

he c

ultiv

atio

n of

bio

fuel

cro

ps

shou

ld b

e ta

king

into

acc

ount

in li

fe c

ycle

ass

essm

ents

com

parin

g th

e ne

t car

bon

bene

fits

of d

iffer

ent t

echn

olog

ies.

- C

onsi

dera

tion

of t

he c

arbo

n fo

otpr

int

of b

iofu

el c

rops

will

allo

w a

m

ore

accu

rate

eva

luat

ion

of th

e lif

e te

chno

logi

es li

fe c

ycle

.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- Pro

duct

ion

proc

esse

s re

quire

larg

e am

ount

s of

wat

er.

- Wat

er u

sage

for t

he c

ultiv

atio

n of

bio

fuel

cro

ps c

an b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

- Pro

duct

ion

proc

esse

s re

quire

the

appr

opria

te h

andl

ing

and

disp

osal

of

was

te b

y-pr

oduc

ts a

nd t

he r

euse

of

wat

er in

pro

duct

ion

syst

ems

can

relie

ve p

ress

ure

on li

mite

d fre

shw

ater

sto

cks.

Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- Te

chno

logi

es

such

as

w

ind,

w

ave

and

tidal

ha

ve

unkn

own

cons

eque

nces

on

seab

ed h

abita

ts.

- P

ilot

sche

mes

sho

uld

asse

ss t

he f

easi

bilit

y of

the

se p

roje

cts

and

thei

r im

pact

on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- P

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses

can

resu

lt in

che

mic

al a

nd o

ther

was

te

prod

ucts

- P

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses

requ

ire th

e ap

prop

riate

han

dlin

g an

d di

spos

al

of b

y-pr

oduc

t was

te

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

D

G E

NTE

RP

RIS

E, 2

014.

REP

OR

T O

N C

RIT

ICA

L R

AW M

ATE

RIA

LS F

OR

TH

E E

U, R

epor

t of t

he A

d ho

c W

orki

ng G

roup

on

defin

ing

criti

cal

raw

mat

eria

ls. h

ttp://

ec.e

urop

a.eu

/gro

wth

/sec

tors

/raw

-mat

eria

ls/s

peci

fic-in

tere

st/c

ritic

al/in

dex_

en.h

tm

Frid

et a

l 201

1. T

he e

nviro

nmen

tal i

nter

actio

ns o

f tid

al a

nd w

ave

ener

gy g

ener

atio

n de

vice

s. w

ww

.vliz

.be/

imis

docs

/pub

licat

ions

/224

420.

pdf

2.3

Fair

trad

e an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

expo

rts-

Org

anic

pr

oduc

ts

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

(Gen

eral

) O

rgan

ic i

ndus

try e

ncom

pass

es a

wid

e ra

nge

of p

rodu

cts

(incl

udin

g fo

od, c

osm

etic

s an

d cl

othi

ng).

- In

gen

eral

, or

gani

c pr

actis

es p

rom

ote

soil

ferti

lity

and

stru

ctur

e by

ap

plyi

ng o

rgan

ic w

aste

mat

eria

ls to

the

soil.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

-

Pes

ticid

e us

e is

ofte

n us

ed fo

r or

gani

c pr

oduc

tion

whi

ch c

an r

un-o

ff in

to in

land

wat

er s

uppl

ies.

-

Pes

ticid

e us

e ca

n be

red

uced

thro

ugh

inte

rcro

ppin

g an

d In

tegr

ated

P

est m

anag

emen

t.

Ene

rgy

and

min

eral

s - N

egat

ive

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

is li

mite

d an

d m

ainl

y as

soci

ated

with

cu

ltiva

tion

of s

ourc

e cr

ops

and

trans

porta

tion

of p

rodu

ced

good

s.

- M

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s in

clud

e op

timis

atio

n of

bes

t pr

actic

es a

nd

impl

emen

tatio

n of

ne

w

tech

nolo

gies

to

re

duce

ne

gativ

e en

viro

nmen

tal e

ffect

s at

all

stag

es o

f pr

oduc

t lif

e cy

cle.

Con

sum

ers

may

be

will

ing

to p

ay a

pric

e pr

emiu

m fo

r loc

al p

rodu

ce.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

Tu

omis

to

et

al

2012

. D

oes

orga

nic

farm

ing

redu

ce

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s?

– A

m

eta-

anal

ysis

of

E

urop

ean

rese

arch

. ht

tp://

ww

w.s

cien

cedi

rect

.com

/sci

ence

/arti

cle/

pii/S

0301

4797

1200

4264

3.1

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Cre

ativ

e in

dust

ries

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Cre

ativ

e in

dust

ries

gene

rally

hav

e a

low

eco

nom

ic im

pact

. E

nerg

y us

e an

d th

e us

e of

air

traffi

c m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

. -

Bet

ter

prac

tices

incl

ude

appl

icat

ion

of e

nerg

y-ef

ficie

nt te

chno

logi

es

and

sust

aina

ble

sour

cing

of e

co-fr

iend

ly m

ater

ials

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

Fo

rum

fo

r th

e Fu

ture

, 20

10.

The

crea

tive

indu

strie

s:

Sus

tain

abili

ty

Bea

con

Pro

ject

Fi

nal

Rep

ort.

http

s://w

ww

.foru

mfo

rthef

utur

e.or

g/si

tes/

defa

ult/f

iles/

proj

ect/d

ownl

oads

/cre

ativ

eind

ustri

essu

stai

nabi

lityb

eaco

npro

ject

.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/specific-interest/critical/index_en.htm

http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/224420.pdf


https://www.forumforthefuture.org/sites/default/files/project/downloads/creativeindustriessustainabilitybeaconproject.pdf

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

37

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

3.2

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Fib

res

(Syn

thet

ic)

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- P

rodu

ctio

n an

d pr

oces

sing

of s

ynth

etic

fibr

e re

quire

s w

ater

as

an

inpu

t. Th

is c

an p

ut a

stra

in o

n w

ater

way

s an

d im

pact

ot

her u

sers

and

wat

erw

ay e

cosy

stem

s.

- Effi

cien

t wat

er re

cove

ry a

nd re

use

can

redu

ce th

e st

rain

on

the

envi

ronm

ent,

and

prov

ide

resi

lienc

e an

d re

duce

d ris

k w

hen

wat

er s

uppl

ies

are

runn

ing

low

.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- E

mis

sion

s as

soci

ated

w

ith

sour

cing

ra

w

mat

eria

ls,

proc

essi

ng a

nd tr

ansp

ort o

f fin

al p

rodu

cts

are

larg

e.

- A

sses

smen

t of

trans

port

and

dist

ribut

ion

optio

ns c

an a

llow

a c

ost-e

ffect

ive

and

emis

sion

-frie

ndly

opt

ion

to b

e se

lect

ed.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- D

ispo

sal

of

was

te

from

pr

oduc

tion

proc

esse

s ca

n be

de

trim

enta

l to

th

e di

spos

al

site

an

d th

e su

rrou

ndin

g ec

osys

tem

.

- Int

erna

tiona

l sta

ndar

ds fo

r was

te d

ispo

sal s

houl

d be

adh

ered

to.

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Pro

duct

ion

proc

esse

s re

quire

lar

ge a

mou

nts

of e

nerg

y.

Inef

ficie

nt

tech

nolo

gies

ca

n w

aste

en

ergy

an

d re

sult

in

avoi

dabl

e co

nsum

ptio

n.

- B

est p

ract

ise

and

ener

gy e

ffici

ent p

rodu

ctio

n te

chno

logi

es c

an re

duce

long

-te

rm c

osts

by

redu

cing

long

-term

ene

rgy

requ

irem

ents

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

S

hen

et

al

2010

. E

nviro

nmen

tal

impa

ct

asse

ssm

ent

of

man

-mad

e ce

llulo

se

fibre

s.

http

://w

ww

.sci

ence

dire

ct.c

om/s

cien

ce/a

rticl

e/pi

i/S09

2134

4910

0021

7X

3.3

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Lea

ther

(H

C) F

resh

w

ater

re

sour

ces

- The

prim

ary

envi

ronm

enta

l thr

eat i

nvol

ves

the

dum

ping

into

w

ater

way

s of

sol

id a

nd l

iqui

d w

aste

tha

t co

ntai

ns l

efto

ver

chro

miu

m a

nd o

ther

haz

ardo

us c

ompo

unds

.

- B

est

prac

tice

pollu

tion

cont

rol

syst

ems

can

be u

neco

nom

ical

for

man

y de

velo

ping

cou

ntry

tann

erie

s. H

owev

er, t

here

may

be

a nu

mbe

r of

rel

ativ

ely

inex

pens

ive

prac

tices

to re

duce

wor

ker e

xpos

ure

and

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age.

- C

ertif

icat

ion

can

requ

ire m

inim

al i

nput

s of

cer

tain

che

mic

als

and

allo

w

proc

esse

rs t

o re

ach

inte

rnat

iona

l m

arke

ts a

nd r

educ

e w

orke

r ex

posu

re t

o ch

emic

als.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- Th

e ta

nnin

g pr

oces

s m

ay

pose

m

any

dang

ers

to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

The

prim

ary

envi

ronm

enta

l thr

eat

invo

lves

the

du

mpi

ng

into

w

ater

way

s of

so

lid

and

liqui

d w

aste

th

at

cont

ains

lefto

ver c

hrom

ium

and

oth

er h

azar

dous

com

poun

ds.

This

is c

omm

onpl

ace

in re

gion

s w

ithou

t stro

ng e

nviro

nmen

tal

prot

ectio

n st

anda

rds.

Fore

sts

- C

lear

ed fo

rest

for

past

urel

and

redu

ces

soil

eros

ion

cont

rol,

habi

tat d

iver

sity

, and

car

bon

stor

age.

-

Cer

tific

atio

n of

lea

ther

req

uire

s th

e hi

de s

ourc

e, w

hich

can

be

used

to

asse

ss th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct o

f the

live

stoc

k th

e ta

nner

y so

urce

s.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Rai

sing

ani

mal

s fo

r foo

d an

d le

athe

r req

uire

s hu

ge a

mou

nts

of fe

ed, p

astu

rela

nd, w

ater

, and

foss

il fu

els.

- A

ppro

pria

te tr

eatm

ent a

nd d

ispo

sal o

f was

te p

rodu

cts

can

redu

ce th

e la

stin

g im

pact

s ch

emic

als

may

hav

e on

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd la

nd.

Furth

er

info

rmat

ion

FAO

199

6. M

anag

emen

t of W

aste

from

Ani

mal

Pro

duct

Pro

cess

ing.

http

://w

ww

.fao.

org/

wai

rdoc

s/le

ad/x

6114

e/x6

114e

00.h

tm#C

onte

nts

IFC

200

7. E

nviro

nmen

tal,

Hea

lth, a

nd S

afet

y G

uide

lines

for

Tann

ing

and

Leat

her

Fini

shin

g.

http

://w

ww

.ifc.

org/

wps

/wcm

/con

nect

/de6

c3d0

0488

556f

2bb1

4fb6

a651

5bb1

8/Fi

nal+

-+T

anni

ng+a

nd+L

eath

er+F

inis

hing

.pdf

?MO

D=A

JPE

RE

S

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092134491000217X

http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/lead/x6114e/x6114e00.htm#Contents

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/de6c3d00488556f2bb14fb6a6515bb18/Final+-+Tanning+and+Leather+Finishing.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/de6c3d00488556f2bb14fb6a6515bb18/Final+-+Tanning+and+Leather+Finishing.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

38

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

3.4

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- M

achi

nery

(HC

) Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s - I

neffi

cien

t ene

rgy

use

for p

rodu

ctio

n w

ill in

cur a

void

able

cos

t.

- R

aw m

ater

ials

mus

t be

extra

cted

from

the

grou

nd. S

tock

s of

som

e m

etal

s m

ay fa

ce v

olat

ile s

uppl

ies.

- Ene

rgy

effic

ient

mac

hine

ry s

houl

d be

pro

mot

ed w

here

pos

sibl

e

- Th

e ra

w m

ater

ials

and

mac

hine

ry o

r pr

oduc

t pa

rts s

houl

d be

pr

oces

sed

or p

rodu

ced

usin

g en

ergy

effi

cien

t pro

cess

es.

- R

euse

and

rec

ycle

sch

emes

can

red

uce

susc

eptib

ility

to d

win

dlin

g st

ocks

of

certa

in r

aw m

ater

ials

and

red

uce

nega

tive

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

with

ext

ract

ion

proc

esse

s.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- In

effic

ient

ene

rgy

use

for

prod

uctio

n w

ill i

ncur

avo

idab

le c

ost

and

avoi

dabl

e em

issi

ons.

-

Ass

essm

ent

of t

rans

port

and

dist

ribut

ion

optio

ns c

an a

llow

a c

ost-

effe

ctiv

e an

d em

issi

on-fr

iend

ly o

ptio

n to

be

sele

cted

.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- Th

e im

prop

er

hand

ling

and

disp

osal

of

in

dust

rial

was

te

can

nega

tivel

y im

pact

the

envi

ronm

ent i

t is

plac

ed in

. -

Inte

rnat

iona

l was

te m

anag

emen

t sta

ndar

ds (

such

as

ISO

) ca

n he

lp

to f

acili

tate

pro

per

was

te m

anag

emen

t an

d in

crea

se q

ualit

y an

d co

nsis

tenc

y.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

E

nviro

nmen

t Li

fe

Cyc

le,

web

page

, N

orth

ern

Illin

ois

Uni

vers

ity.

Last

ac

cess

11

/11/

2015

. ht

tp://

ww

w3.

niu.

edu/

~c90

mdk

1/em

s/en

viro

nmen

tal.h

tm#e

7

3.5

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Pap

er/

Pack

agin

g

(HC

) Air

and

Clim

ate

- A

ir po

llutio

n w

ith n

itrou

s, s

ulph

ur a

nd c

arbo

n di

oxid

es d

urin

g pa

per

prod

uctio

n is

a c

once

rn.

- H

arve

st a

nd t

rans

port

of r

aw m

ater

ial

and

the

final

pro

duct

s ca

n re

leas

e si

gnifi

cant

em

issi

ons.

- G

uide

lines

on

the

mos

t co

st-e

ffect

ive

low

em

issi

on p

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses

can

miti

gate

em

issi

ons,

re

duce

lo

ng-te

rm

cost

s an

d pr

omot

e w

orke

r hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y.

(HC

) For

ests

-

The

pape

r in

dust

ry a

ccou

nts

for

a la

rge

prop

ortio

n of

har

vest

ed

trees

. Pap

er c

omes

from

a m

ix o

f for

este

d ar

eas

and

plan

tatio

ns. A

s a

resu

lt, d

efor

esta

tion

is a

key

con

cern

.

- C

ertif

icat

ions

ca

n co

ntrib

ute

to

mor

e su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

ry

and

plan

tatio

n m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

- Th

e us

e of

rec

ycle

d m

ater

ial

for

prod

uctio

n ca

n al

so h

elp

redu

ce

defo

rest

atio

n ra

tes.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

The

clea

ranc

e of

for

est

habi

tat

can

redu

ce t

he c

onne

ctiv

ity o

f ec

osys

tem

s an

d th

e le

vel o

f bio

dive

rsity

. -

Sui

tabl

e fo

rest

m

anag

emen

t pr

actis

es

can

ensu

re

a le

vel

of

conn

ectiv

ity b

etw

een

adjo

inin

g ec

osys

tem

s to

red

uce

the

impa

ct o

n ex

istin

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty le

vels

.

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s - P

aper

pro

duct

ion

uses

a la

rge

amou

nt o

f ene

rgy.

- D

urin

g pa

ckag

ing

prod

uctio

n, t

he u

se o

f pe

trole

um-b

ased

oils

can

al

so b

e en

viro

nmen

tally

dam

agin

g.

- P

rintin

g an

d pa

ckag

ing

prod

uctio

n us

ing

vege

tabl

e ba

sed

oils

may

lo

wer

the

envi

ronm

enta

l ris

k.

- E

nerg

y ef

ficie

nt p

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses

can

redu

ce lo

ng-te

rm e

nerg

y re

quire

men

ts a

nd th

eref

ore

cost

s.

http://www3.niu.edu/~c90mdk1/ems/environmental.htm#e7

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

39

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- N

utrie

nt d

isch

arge

can

cau

se e

utro

phic

atio

n, a

nd c

onta

min

atio

n of

w

ater

fro

m p

roce

ssin

g ch

emic

als

can

have

det

rimen

tal

effe

cts

on

wat

er re

sour

ces.

-Gui

delin

es fo

r th

e m

ost a

ppro

pria

te h

andl

ing

and

disp

osal

of w

aste

ch

emic

als

from

trea

tmen

t pro

cess

es c

an b

e im

plem

ente

d.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- A

dditi

onal

ly,

the

pape

r pr

oduc

tion

proc

ess

ofte

n pr

oduc

es

haza

rdou

s w

aste

wat

er li

ke d

urin

g th

e bl

each

ing

of w

ood

pulp

. -

Inte

rnat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds f

or w

aste

man

agem

ent

shou

ld b

e ad

here

d to

.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

-The

uns

usta

inab

le h

arve

st o

f sec

onda

ry fo

rest

can

redu

ce th

e ab

ility

fo

r reg

row

th.

-Ero

sion

con

trol f

unct

ions

can

be

redu

ced

whi

ch c

an h

ave

nega

tive

impa

cts

on n

earb

y se

ttlem

ents

.

- C

ertif

icat

ions

ca

n co

ntrib

ute

to

mor

e su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

ry

and

plan

tatio

n m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

K

enne

th

Mar

sh

and

Bet

ty

Bug

usu,

20

07.

Sci

entif

ic

stat

us

sum

mar

y,

Inst

itute

of

Fo

od

Tech

nolo

gist

s.

http

://w

ww

.ift.o

rg/~

/med

ia/K

now

ledg

e%20

Cen

ter/S

cien

ce%

20R

epor

ts/S

cien

tific

%20

Sta

tus%

20S

umm

arie

s/E

dito

rial/e

dito

rial_

0407

_foo

dpac

kagi

ng.p

df

3.6

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Ph

arm

aceu

tical

s

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

(Gen

eral

) A

su

bsta

ntia

l fra

ctio

n of

th

e gl

obal

pr

oduc

tion

of

phar

mac

eutic

als

take

s pl

ace

in lo

w-c

ost p

rodu

ctio

n co

untri

es.

- B

ecau

se o

f th

e hi

gh s

olub

ility

of

mos

t ph

arm

aceu

tical

pro

duct

s,

aqua

tic o

rgan

ism

s ar

e es

peci

ally

vul

nera

ble

to th

eir e

ffect

s.

- P

rope

r m

anag

emen

t of

pha

rmac

eutic

al m

anuf

actu

ring

faci

litie

s is

im

porta

nt to

min

imiz

e th

e ch

ance

s of

env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

Pha

rmac

eutic

als

that

are

der

ived

fro

m b

iodi

vers

ity-b

ased

pro

duct

s al

so r

aise

con

cern

s ab

out

the

sust

aina

bilit

y of

pro

paga

tion

or w

ild

colle

ctio

n.

-Inte

rnat

iona

l gu

idel

ines

on

the

treat

men

t of

wat

er w

ith c

hem

ical

s sh

ould

be

impl

emen

ted

to r

educ

e ad

vers

e im

pact

s on

bio

dive

rsity

an

d hu

man

hea

lth.

Furth

er

info

rmat

ion:

B

IO I

ntel

ligen

ce S

ervi

ce (

2013

), S

tudy

on

the

envi

ronm

enta

l ris

ks o

f m

edic

inal

pro

duct

s, F

inal

Rep

ort

prep

ared

for

Exe

cutiv

e A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

and

Con

sum

ers.

http

://ec

.eur

opa.

eu/h

ealth

/file

s/en

viro

nmen

t/stu

dy_e

nviro

nmen

t.pdf

http://www.ift.org/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/Scientific%20Status%20Summaries/Editorial/editorial_0407_foodpackaging.pdf

http://www.ift.org/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/Scientific%20Status%20Summaries/Editorial/editorial_0407_foodpackaging.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/environment/study_environment.pdf

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

40

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

3.7

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Tex

tiles

an

d cl

othi

ng

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

The

exac

t en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

ct o

f te

xtile

and

clo

thin

g pr

oduc

tion

varie

s de

pend

ing

on th

e ty

pe o

f fib

re th

e ite

ms

are

mad

e fro

m.

- M

anuf

actu

ring

proc

esse

s su

ch a

s w

ashi

ng,

(wat

er h

eatin

g an

d de

terg

ents

); bl

each

ing;

and

dyi

ng o

f te

xtile

s ca

n re

leas

e ec

otox

ic

chem

ical

s.

- To

xici

ty, h

azar

dous

was

te a

nd e

fflue

nt a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith a

ll st

ages

of

prod

uctio

n (in

clud

ing

pre-

treat

men

t che

mic

als,

dye

s an

d fin

ishe

s) a

re

also

sig

nific

ant c

once

rns

that

sho

uld

be ta

ken

into

acc

ount

.

- S

ynth

etic

fibr

es a

re d

iffic

ult t

o re

cycl

e an

d th

ey a

re s

mal

l eno

ugh

to

be in

gest

ed b

y w

ildlif

e, w

orki

ng th

eir w

ay in

to fo

od c

hain

s.

- Th

e cu

ltiva

tion

of f

ibre

cro

ps in

volv

es in

tens

ive

wat

er u

se a

nd t

he

resu

lting

co

ntam

inat

ion

of

wat

er

from

fe

rtilis

er,

herb

icid

e an

d pe

stic

ides

.

- Im

plem

entin

g w

aste

re

duci

ng

desi

gn

and

clea

n pr

oduc

tion

adju

stm

ents

suc

h as

wat

erle

ss d

ying

and

reu

se, r

educ

e an

d re

cycl

e po

licie

s co

uld

help

to

im

prov

e ef

ficie

ncy

and

redu

ce

reso

urce

de

plet

ion

as w

ell a

s po

llutio

n.

- Im

plem

entin

g be

st p

ract

ices

in te

chno

logi

cal i

nnov

atio

n is

impo

rtant

fo

r im

prov

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l and

car

bon

foot

prin

ts o

f m

anuf

actu

ring

proc

esse

s.

- S

uppo

rting

in

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge

abou

t in

nova

tive

solu

tions

is

cr

ucia

l to

addr

ess

sust

aina

bilit

y ch

alle

nges

and

obj

ectiv

es.

- E

duca

ting

prod

ucer

s an

d m

anuf

actu

rers

abo

ut in

tern

atio

nal s

ocia

l an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

stan

dard

s an

d re

quire

men

ts c

an h

elp

to l

esse

n th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct o

f the

indu

stry

.

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s - P

rodu

ctio

n pr

oces

ses

enta

il in

tens

ive

ener

gy u

se.

- Hig

h en

ergy

use

in th

e pr

oces

sing

of f

ossi

l fue

ls in

to s

ynth

etic

fibr

es

(e.g

. pol

yest

er, n

ylon

)

- Im

plem

entin

g be

st p

ract

ices

in te

chno

logi

cal i

nnov

atio

n is

impo

rtant

fo

r im

prov

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l and

car

bon

foot

prin

ts o

f m

anuf

actu

ring

proc

esse

s.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- D

irect

gr

eenh

ouse

ga

s em

issi

ons

are

prod

uced

fro

m

fact

ory

proc

esse

s, a

nd in

dire

ct e

mis

sion

s ar

e re

leas

ed in

the

prod

uctio

n an

d tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

ls, a

nd tr

ansp

ort o

f fin

al p

rodu

ct.

- Fa

ctor

ies

can

utili

se b

est

prac

tise

ener

gy e

ffici

ent

proc

esse

s to

re

duce

em

issi

ons.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

-

The

culti

vatio

n of

fib

re

crop

s in

volv

es

ferti

liser

, he

rbic

ide

and

pest

icid

e us

e, w

hich

can

cau

se e

utro

phic

atio

n an

d be

har

mfu

l to

w

ildlif

e.

- Bet

ter p

ract

ices

for w

ater

irrig

atio

n an

d ef

fect

ive

use

of fe

rtilis

er c

an

relie

ve p

ress

ures

on

wat

er s

ourc

es.

- B

ette

r pr

actic

es f

or p

est

cont

rol a

nd w

aste

man

agem

ent

can

help

fa

rmer

s m

inim

ize

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s an

d of

ten

save

mon

ey.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Th

e cu

ltiva

tion

of

fibre

cr

ops

invo

lves

fe

rtilis

er,

herb

icid

e an

d pe

stic

ide

use

resu

lting

in th

e lo

ss o

f soi

l fer

tility

am

ong

othe

r im

pact

s.

- A w

ide

rang

e of

miti

gatin

g pr

actic

es c

an b

e ap

plie

d. O

ne o

f the

m is

su

stai

nabl

e so

urci

ng (

incl

udin

g so

urci

ng l

ocal

pro

duct

ion)

.of

eco-

frien

dly

raw

mat

eria

ls, f

ibre

s an

d na

tura

l dye

s

- S

ocia

l an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

resp

onsi

bilit

y ca

n be

ad

dres

sed

by

prom

otin

g fa

ir pr

oduc

tion

and

trans

pare

nt v

alue

cha

ins.

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

41

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

M

uthu

20

14.

Asse

ssin

g th

e E

nviro

nmen

tal

Impa

ct

of

Text

iles

and

the

Clo

thin

g S

uppl

y C

hain

. Li

nk

to

tabl

e of

co

nten

ts:

http

://w

ww

.sci

ence

dire

ct.c

om/s

cien

ce/b

ook/

9781

7824

2104

7

3.8

Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

- Woo

d an

d W

ood

Prod

ucts

(HC

) For

ests

- U

nlik

e pa

per,

woo

d us

ually

com

e fro

m la

rger

, old

er tr

ees,

lead

ing

to

poss

ible

old

-gro

wth

fore

st d

estru

ctio

n.

- W

orki

ng

with

w

ood

prod

uct

man

ufac

ture

rs

to

sour

ce

from

su

stai

nabl

y ce

rtifie

d so

urce

s (li

ke F

SC

) can

impr

ove

the

sust

aina

bilit

y an

d ra

ise

the

valu

e of

pro

duct

s, e

spec

ially

in e

xpor

t mar

kets

.

- Fo

rest

man

agem

ent

best

-pra

ctis

es c

an b

e im

plem

ente

d to

ens

ure

the

capa

city

for s

inki

ng a

nd s

torin

g ca

rbon

is n

ot re

duce

d.

- Tra

ceab

ility

sys

tem

s ca

n re

duce

the

trade

of i

llega

l har

vest

.

(HC

) Lan

d an

d A

gric

ultu

re

- The

uns

usta

inab

le h

arve

st o

f sec

onda

ry fo

rest

can

redu

ce th

e ab

ility

fo

r reg

row

th.

- E

rosi

on c

ontro

l fu

nctio

ns c

an b

e im

pact

soi

l an

d sl

ope

stru

ctur

e w

hich

can

resu

lt in

neg

ativ

e im

pact

s on

dow

nhill

set

tlem

ents

.

- W

orki

ng

with

w

ood

prod

uct

man

ufac

ture

rs

to

sour

ce

from

su

stai

nabl

y ce

rtifie

d so

urce

s (li

ke F

SC

) can

impr

ove

the

sust

aina

bilit

y an

d ra

ise

the

valu

e of

pro

duct

s, e

spec

ially

in e

xpor

t mar

kets

.

- Fo

rest

man

agem

ent

prac

tises

can

be

impl

emen

ted

to r

etai

n so

il st

ruct

ure

and

eros

ion

capa

city

of t

he la

nd.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- C

lear

ing

of f

ores

ts r

educ

es t

he c

arbo

n st

ored

by

trees

, w

hile

the

co

mbu

stio

n of

woo

d re

leas

es g

reen

hous

e ga

ses

into

the

atm

osph

ere.

Th

is c

ontri

bute

s to

the

redu

ctio

n of

the

earth

’s a

bilit

y to

sin

k an

d st

ore

atm

osph

eric

car

bon

as w

ell a

s in

crea

sing

atm

osph

eric

car

bon

leve

ls.

- P

ollu

tion

from

the

har

vest

and

tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

l an

d fin

al

prod

uct r

esul

ts in

car

bon

emis

sion

s.

- Fo

rest

man

agem

ent

best

-pra

ctis

es c

an b

e im

plem

ente

d to

ens

ure

the

capa

city

for s

inki

ng a

nd s

torin

g ca

rbon

is n

ot re

duce

d.

Bio

dive

rsity

- H

abita

t los

s fro

m d

efor

esta

tion

redu

ces

biod

iver

sity

leve

ls.

- Th

e st

ruct

ure

of e

stab

lishe

d w

ater

-way

s in

for

ests

can

be

alte

red,

af

fect

ing

wat

er-d

wel

ling

spec

ies.

- Fo

rest

man

agem

ent

best

-pra

ctis

es c

an b

e im

plem

ente

d to

ens

ure

the

capa

city

for s

inki

ng a

nd s

torin

g ca

rbon

is n

ot re

duce

d.

Fres

h w

ater

re

sour

ces

- The

qua

lity

of w

ater

dow

nstre

am o

f cle

ared

fore

st c

an b

e ne

gativ

ely

impa

cted

as

larg

er v

olum

es o

f w

ater

run

-off

the

surfa

ce r

athe

r th

an

filte

ring

thro

ugh

the

soil.

- Fo

rest

man

agem

ent

best

-pra

ctis

es c

an b

e im

plem

ente

d to

ens

ure

the

wat

er re

tent

ion

and

filtra

tion

func

tions

of t

he fo

rest

are

reta

ined

.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- C

hem

ical

s ar

e us

ed in

the

proc

essi

ng o

f fin

al w

ood

prod

ucts

whi

ch

can

have

a n

egat

ive

impa

ct o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t of d

ispo

sal s

ites.

- G

uide

lines

on

th

e m

inim

al

usag

e of

ch

emic

als

in

proc

essi

ng

prod

ucts

can

hel

p to

pro

mot

e re

duct

ions

in th

eir u

se.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9781782421047

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

42

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

FA

O, 2

002.

Env

ironm

ent a

nd e

nerg

y ba

lanc

es o

f woo

d pr

oduc

ts a

nd s

ubst

itute

s. h

ttp://

ww

w.fa

o.or

g/do

crep

/004

/y36

09e/

y360

9e07

.htm

4.1

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

Con

stru

ctio

n Se

rvic

es

(HC

) Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s - D

irect

ly, c

onst

ruct

ion

uses

larg

e am

ount

s of

ene

rgy

and

mat

eria

ls.

- Ind

irect

ly, t

he w

ay th

at b

uild

ings

are

con

stru

cted

has

a c

ritic

al “l

ock-

in” e

ffect

on

ener

gy u

se.

- P

rom

otio

n of

ene

rgy

effic

ient

bui

ldin

gs i

s im

porta

nt a

nd l

eads

to

high

env

ironm

enta

l be

nefit

s fo

r th

e en

viro

nmen

t an

d th

e bu

ildin

g’s

owne

rs a

nd o

ccup

ants

.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- The

dis

posa

l of c

onst

ruct

ion

was

te m

ay a

lso

be a

con

cern

. - I

nter

natio

nal g

uide

lines

on

chem

ical

s an

d w

aste

dis

posa

l sho

uld

be

impl

emen

ted

to re

duce

neg

ativ

e im

pact

s on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Air

and

Clim

ate

- E

xtra

ctio

n an

d tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

ls a

s w

ell a

s th

e pr

oduc

tion

of c

emen

t can

rele

ase

sign

ifica

nt e

mis

sion

s.

- S

ourc

ing

loca

l ra

w m

ater

ials

or

via

less

pol

lutin

g tra

nspo

rt ca

n re

duce

rela

tive

asso

ciat

ed tr

ansp

ort e

mis

sion

s.

Fore

sts

- C

onst

ruct

ion

can

also

enc

roac

h on

env

ironm

enta

lly s

ensi

tive

area

s an

d us

es w

ood-

base

d pr

oduc

ts.

- M

ater

ials

use

d in

ext

ract

ion/

prod

uctio

n sh

ould

be

sour

ced

from

fir

ms

adhe

ring

to in

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Dev

elop

men

t act

ivity

can

redu

ce la

nd a

vaila

ble

for a

gric

ultu

re.

- E

xtra

ctio

n of

raw

mat

eria

ls c

an r

equi

re la

rge

amou

nts

of w

ater

and

al

so re

nder

adj

acen

t lan

d un

suita

ble

for a

gric

ultu

re.

- G

uide

lines

on

w

ater

co

nsum

ptio

n an

d ef

ficie

nt

prac

tises

ca

n im

prov

e th

e su

stai

nabi

lity

of o

pera

tions

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

H

orva

th

2004

. C

onst

ruct

ion

Mat

eria

ls

and

the

Env

ironm

ent.

http

://is

ites.

harv

ard.

edu/

fs/d

ocs/

icb.

topi

c661

271.

files

/Hor

vath

_Con

str%

20M

at%

20an

d%20

the%

20En

viro

nmen

t.pdf

4.2

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

Inve

stm

ent /

Fi

nanc

ial

Serv

ices

All

area

s -

Dire

ctly

, fin

anci

al s

ervi

ces

have

litt

le i

mpa

ct o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t. In

dire

ctly

, ho

wev

er,

wha

t pr

ojec

ts a

re f

inan

ced

can

have

pro

foun

d an

d lo

ng-la

stin

g ef

fect

s on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

- Fi

nanc

ial

firm

s ca

n be

key

par

tner

s fo

r m

akin

g en

viro

nmen

tally

so

und

inve

stm

ent d

ecis

ions

. Man

y de

velo

ping

cou

ntry

fina

ncia

l firm

s do

not

hav

e en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

ct s

cree

ning

and

due

dilig

ence

in

plac

e. F

indi

ng w

ays

to h

elp

firm

’s a

sses

env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s or

th

eir i

nves

tmen

ts c

an le

ad to

sub

stan

tial e

cono

my-

wid

e be

nefit

s.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

In

vest

ing

for

soci

al

and

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

, a

desi

gn

for

cata

lysi

ng

an

emer

ging

in

dust

ry,

2009

. M

onito

r In

stitu

te.

http

://m

onito

rinst

itute

.com

/dow

nloa

ds/w

hat-w

e-th

ink/

impa

ct-in

vest

ing/

Impa

ct_I

nves

ting.

pdf

4.3

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

IT &

IT-

Air

and

Clim

ate

- E

xtra

ctio

n, p

rodu

ctio

n, u

sage

and

tra

nspo

rt of

raw

mat

eria

ls,

final

pr

oduc

ts a

nd w

aste

can

lead

to s

igni

fican

t em

issi

ons.

-

Ene

rgy-

effic

ient

sup

ply

chai

ns a

nd p

rodu

cts

can

redu

ce e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n an

d th

e lif

ecyc

le c

arbo

n fo

otpr

int p

oten

tial.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y3609e/y3609e07.htm

http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic661271.files/Horvath_Constr%20Mat%20and%20the%20Environment.pdf

http://monitorinstitute.com/downloads/what-we-think/impact-investing/Impact_Investing.pdf

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

43

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

enab

led

Bus

ines

s Se

rvic

es

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Key

en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

cts

of

IT

sect

or

incl

ude:

hi

gh

ener

gy

cons

umpt

ion

cont

ribut

ing

to g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons;

air,

wat

er

and

soil

pollu

tion,

ozo

ne fo

rmat

ion

and

bioa

ccum

ulat

ion

of to

xins

due

to

haz

ardo

us c

onst

ituen

ts i

n of

fice

equi

pmen

t; E-

was

te (

disc

arde

d el

ectri

cal

and

elec

troni

c de

vice

s,

inte

nsiv

e us

e of

co

nsum

able

m

ater

ials

(e.

g. p

aper

and

ink)

for

imag

ing

equi

pmen

t; us

e of

ene

rgy,

fin

ite re

sour

ces

and

harm

ful e

mis

sion

from

IT a

pplia

nces

pro

duct

ion.

- Im

plem

entin

g IT

equ

ipm

ent

recy

clin

g, l

onge

r lif

e an

d ta

ke b

ack

prog

ram

mes

cou

ld h

elp

to re

duce

E-w

aste

gen

erat

ion.

- G

reen

pro

cure

men

t fo

r el

ectro

nics

(fa

vour

ing

ener

gy-s

avin

g, h

igh-

effic

ienc

y pr

oduc

ts w

ith r

estri

cted

am

ount

of h

azar

dous

con

stitu

ents

) an

d vi

rtual

isat

ion

of s

erve

rs a

re g

ood

way

s to

low

er g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

and

cont

amin

atio

n ris

ks.

- Im

plem

entin

g re

cycl

ing

polic

ies

for

cons

umab

le

mat

eria

ls

and

impr

ovin

g ca

paci

ty p

lann

ing

to li

mit

over

-pro

visi

onin

g ar

e so

me

of th

e m

etho

ds to

redu

ce n

atur

al re

sour

ces

depl

etio

n an

d w

aste

gen

erat

ion.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- E-w

aste

pos

es a

ser

ious

thre

at to

hum

an a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal h

ealth

. -

Inte

rnat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds f

or w

aste

tre

atm

ent

shou

ld b

e ad

here

d to

. E

nfor

cem

ent o

f reg

ulat

ions

sho

uld

min

imis

e ill

egal

dis

posa

l.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

Yi

an

d Th

omas

, 20

07.

A

revi

ew

of

rese

arch

on

th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

ct

of

e-bu

sine

ss

and

ICT.

ht

tp://

ww

w.s

cien

cedi

rect

.com

/sci

ence

/arti

cle/

pii/S

0160

4120

0700

0736

4.4

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

Tour

ism

(HC

) Air

and

Clim

ate

- Th

e la

rges

t im

pact

of

tour

ism

is o

n th

e gr

eenh

ouse

gas

em

issi

ons

from

ass

ocia

ted

air t

rave

l. -

Whi

le a

ir tra

vel

is c

ritic

al t

o to

uris

m,

offs

ettin

g m

ay p

rovi

de o

ne

mea

ns o

f miti

gatin

g its

impa

ct.

Bio

dive

rsity

-D

eman

d fo

r w

ildlif

e re

late

d so

uven

irs c

an r

educ

e th

e ab

ility

of

wild

po

pula

tions

to s

usta

in.

- Add

ition

ally

, tou

rism

has

the

pote

ntia

l to

crea

te b

enef

icia

l effe

cts

on

the

envi

ronm

ent

by c

ontri

butin

g to

env

ironm

enta

l pr

otec

tion

and

cons

erva

tion.

It is

a w

ay to

rai

se a

war

enes

s of

env

ironm

enta

l val

ues

and

it ca

n se

rve

as a

tool

to fi

nanc

e pr

otec

tion

of n

atur

al a

reas

and

in

crea

se th

eir e

cono

mic

impo

rtanc

e.

Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Con

stru

ctio

n of

gen

eral

inf

rast

ruct

ure

such

as

road

s an

d ai

rpor

ts,

and

of to

uris

m fa

cilit

ies,

incl

udin

g re

sorts

, hot

els,

res

taur

ants

, sho

ps,

golf

cour

ses

and

mar

inas

.

- Wis

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g on

the

cons

truct

ion

of to

uris

m in

frast

ruct

ure

is

key.

Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- C

onst

ruct

ion

of

tour

ism

fa

cilit

ies,

in

clud

ing

reso

rts,

hote

ls,

rest

aura

nts,

sho

ps, g

olf c

ours

es a

nd m

arin

as.

- Wis

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g on

the

cons

truct

ion

of to

uris

m in

frast

ruct

ure

is

key.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- In

adeq

uate

sa

nita

ry

syst

ems

can

be

plac

ed

unde

r in

crea

sed

pres

sure

resu

lting

from

a ra

pid

incr

ease

in to

uris

m.

- S

anita

ry

syst

ems

can

be

deve

lope

d to

co

pe

with

in

crea

sing

de

man

d.


EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L M

AIN

STR

EA

MIN

G: A

GU

IDE

FO

R P

RO

JEC

T M

AN

AG

ER

S

44

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

E

nviro

nmen

tal

Impa

cts

of

Tour

ism

–

Glo

bal

Leve

l, U

NE

P,

web

page

. La

st

Acc

ess

12/1

1/20

15.

http

://w

ww

.une

p.or

g/re

sour

ceef

ficie

ncy/

Bus

ines

s/S

ecto

ralA

ctiv

ities

/Tou

rism

/Fac

tsan

dFig

ures

abou

tTou

rism

/Impa

ctso

fTou

rism

/Env

ironm

enta

lIm

pact

s/En

viro

nmen

talIm

pact

sofT

ouris

m-G

loba

lLev

el/ta

bid/

7877

7/D

efau

lt.as

px

4.5

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

Tran

spor

t, lo

gist

ics,

di

strib

utio

n

(HC

) Air

and

Clim

ate

- Th

is c

reat

es a

ir po

llutio

n, in

clud

ing

nitro

us o

xide

s an

d pa

rticu

late

s,

and

is a

sig

nific

ant c

ontri

buto

r to

glob

al w

arm

ing

thro

ugh

emis

sion

of

carb

on d

ioxi

de,

for

whi

ch t

rans

port

is t

he f

aste

st-g

row

ing

emis

sion

se

ctor

. Th

e hu

man

hea

lth i

mpa

ct o

f tra

nspo

rt em

issi

ons

is a

lso

of

conc

ern.

- The

key

way

to re

duce

the

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

is to

shi

ft th

e m

ode

of t

rans

porta

tion

to a

les

s ha

rmfu

l m

etho

d (e

.g.

airfr

eigh

t to

sea

sh

ippi

ng o

r tru

ck s

hipp

ing

to ra

il).

(HC

) Ene

rgy

and

Min

eral

s -

Tran

spor

t is

sig

nific

ant

beca

use

it is

a m

ajor

use

r of

ene

rgy,

and

bu

rns

mos

t of t

he w

orld

's p

etro

leum

. - T

he k

ey w

ay to

redu

ce th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct is

to s

hift

the

mod

e of

tra

nspo

rtatio

n to

a l

ess

harm

ful

met

hod

(e.g

. ai

rfrei

ght

to s

ea

ship

ping

or t

ruck

shi

ppin

g to

rail)

.

Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- Ine

ffect

ive

man

agem

ent o

f nav

igat

ion

can

resu

lt in

spi

lled

carg

o an

d su

bseq

uent

neg

ativ

e ef

fect

s on

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent.

- In

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

for

the

cont

ainm

ent o

f che

mic

als

shou

ld b

e ad

here

d to

, an

d ap

prop

riate

pre

caut

ions

tak

en t

o re

duce

pot

entia

l ris

ks to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Che

mic

als

and

Was

te

- S

pilla

ge a

nd I

neffe

ctiv

e di

spos

al o

f re

sidu

e fro

m c

onta

iner

s ca

n re

sult

in c

hem

ical

leac

hing

into

the

surr

ound

ing

envi

ronm

ent.

- In

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

for

the

cont

ainm

ent o

f che

mic

als

shou

ld b

e ad

here

d to

, an

d ap

prop

riate

pre

caut

ions

tak

en t

o re

duce

pot

entia

l ris

ks to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

Tr

ansp

ort

Res

earc

h K

now

ledg

e ce

ntre

, 20

09.

Tran

spor

t an

d th

e E

nviro

nmen

t. ht

tp://

ww

w.tr

ansp

ort-

rese

arch

.info

/Upl

oad/

Doc

umen

ts/2

0090

8/20

0908

18_1

2403

0_53

136_

TRK

C_T

rans

port_

and_

the_

Env

ironm

ent.p

df

4.6

Trad

e in

se

rvic

es -

Was

te

and

envi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es

(HC

) Fre

sh

wat

er

reso

urce

s

- San

itatio

n an

d se

wag

e se

rvic

es c

an h

ave

nega

tive

impa

cts

on w

ater

so

urce

s an

d th

eref

ore

be a

hum

an h

ealth

haz

ard

as w

ell a

s ha

ving

ne

gativ

e co

nseq

uenc

es fo

r the

mar

ine

ecos

yste

m.

- Was

te a

void

ance

, rec

yclin

g an

d so

und

envi

ronm

enta

l man

agem

ent

can

help

m

itiga

te

som

e en

viro

nmen

tal

impa

cts.

IS

O14

001

accr

edita

tion

may

be

one

tool

that

can

hel

p w

aste

man

agem

ent f

irms.

(HC

) Mar

ine

and

Coa

stal

A

reas

- San

itatio

n an

d se

wag

e se

rvic

es c

an h

ave

nega

tive

impa

cts

on w

ater

so

urce

s an

d th

eref

ore

be a

hum

an h

ealth

haz

ard

as w

ell a

s ha

ving

ne

gativ

e co

nseq

uenc

es fo

r the

mar

ine

ecos

yste

m.

- S

ervi

ces

can

prom

ote

ener

gy e

xtra

ctio

n fro

m s

ewag

e se

rvic

es,

appr

opria

te d

ispo

sal o

f was

te a

nd g

ener

al g

ood

prac

tise.

- W

aste

sta

ndar

ds s

houl

d be

adh

ered

to

and

min

imal

ize

the

impa

ct

on th

e m

arin

e en

viro

nmen

t.

(HC

) C

hem

ical

s an

d W

aste

- In

appr

opria

te d

ispo

sal o

f ha

rmfu

l was

te c

an h

ave

serio

us im

pact

s on

hum

an h

ealth

and

env

ironm

ent.

- Th

e tra

ceab

ility

of

was

te d

ispo

sal

shou

ld b

e en

forc

ed t

o en

sure

w

aste

dis

posa

l se

rvic

es a

re n

ot h

avin

g a

detri

men

tal

impa

ct o

n hu

man

and

eco

syst

em h

ealth

http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/EnvironmentalImpacts/EnvironmentalImpactsofTourism-GlobalLevel/tabid/78777/Default.aspx

http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/EnvironmentalImpacts/EnvironmentalImpactsofTourism-GlobalLevel/tabid/78777/Default.aspx

http://www.transport-research.info/Upload/Documents/200908/20090818_124030_53136_TRKC_Transport_and_the_Environment.pdf

http://www.transport-research.info/Upload/Documents/200908/20090818_124030_53136_TRKC_Transport_and_the_Environment.pdf

E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TAL

MA

INS

TRE

AM

ING

: A G

UID

E F

OR

PR

OJE

CT

MA

NA

GE

RS

45

Subs

ecto

r R

isk

Are

a R

isks

O

ppor

tuni

ties

Air

and

Clim

ate

- Org

anic

was

te c

an re

sult

in la

rge

amou

nts

of m

etha

ne e

mis

sion

s.

- Ext

ract

ion

of w

aste

for f

uel c

an in

crea

se e

mis

sion

s.

- In

cine

ratio

n of

w

aste

em

its

larg

e am

ount

s of

ca

rbon

in

to

the

atm

osph

ere.

- M

etha

ne e

mis

sion

s at

sel

ecte

d di

spos

al s

ites

can

be c

aptu

red

and

used

as

fuel

.

- Pre

vent

, reu

se, r

ecyc

le a

nd o

ther

goo

d w

aste

man

agem

ent p

olic

ies,

an

d in

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

for w

aste

dis

posa

l sho

uld

be a

dher

ed to

.

Bio

dive

rsity

-

Inef

ficie

nt c

onse

rvat

ion

actio

ns c

an r

educ

e th

e co

st-e

ffect

iven

ess

and

resu

lts o

f pro

gram

mes

. -

All

inte

rven

tions

sho

uld

be c

ost-b

enef

it as

sess

ed t

o ef

ficie

ntly

al

loca

te re

sour

ces.

Land

and

A

gric

ultu

re

- Th

e di

spos

al o

f w

aste

can

hav

e se

rious

env

ironm

enta

l da

mag

e,

incl

udin

g la

nd d

egra

datio

n.

- W

aste

man

agem

ent

is p

artic

ular

ly h

arm

ful i

n de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s th

at la

ck e

ffect

ive

regu

latio

ns.

- La

ndfil

ls c

an p

ollu

te t

heir

surr

ound

ing

envi

ronm

ent

and

rend

er

adjo

inin

g la

nd

and

wat

er

reso

urce

s in

capa

ble

of

supp

ortin

g ag

ricul

tura

l and

oth

er a

ctiv

ities

.

Furth

er

Info

rmat

ion:

E

nviro

nmen

t P

rote

ctio

n A

genc

y,

2002

. S

olid

W

aste

M

anag

emen

t: A

loca

l C

halle

nge

with

G

loba

l Im

pact

s.

http

://w

ww

3.ep

a.go

v/ep

awas

te/n

onha

z/m

unic

ipal

/pub

s/gh

g/f0

2026

.pdf

http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/ghg/f02026.pdf

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