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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL RESOURCES (MINAGRI)
RURAL SECTOR SUPPORT PROJECT (RSSP 3)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK FOR RSSP 3
FINAL REPORT
March 2012
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ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As the preparation of the third phase of the Rwanda Rural Sector Support is under way, the
World Bank OP 4.01 requires the government of Rwanda to prepare an Environment and Social
Management Framework (ESMF), which establishes mechanisms to determine and assess
future potential Environmental and social impacts of the planned investments/activities
proposed under RSSP.
The subproject investments that the RSSP 3 will finance, will require the consideration of
environmental and social issues. Therefore, in compliance with the Rwanda Environmental
Management Authority (REMA) and the World Bank’s Safeguards Policies, the Government of
Rwanda represented by the Ministry of Agricultural and Animal Resources, has prepared this
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). This is an instrument through which
the potential subprojects’ environmental and social impacts are identified, assessed, evaluated
and have appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures, designed and
incorporated within the subprojects themselves. This ESMF is complemented by three other
safeguards instruments. Firstly, Environmental Assessments (EAs) including Environmental
Management Plans (EMPs) which will be prepared for each marshland irrigation scheme to be
developed in RSSP 3. Secondly, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) is prepared to ensure that RSSP
3-supported investments in strengthening agricultural productivity pay adequate attention to
the need to promote integrated pest management, and to ensure that pesticides are used
appropriately. And finally, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is prepared to provide
standards and procedures for compensation for any land acquisition, loss of assets, or
restriction of access to resources that may take place as a result of RSSP 3 investments.
Small scale rural infrastructures that RSSP 3 is likely to finance will be demand-driven
investments in infrastructure such as rural markets, drying floors, processing facilities, storage
facilities, access road upgrades, bridges, and culverts. The specific design and location of these
infrastructures will be determined during project implementation, and this ESMF gives guidance
on how RSSP 3 will manage their associated environmental and social issues.
The objectives of this ESMF are:
1. To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental and social planning,
review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under RSSP 3;
iii
2. To prescribe project arrangements for the preparation and implementation of
subprojects in order to adequately address World Bank safeguard issues;
3. To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of envisaged subprojects;
4. To propose mitigation measures which will effectively address identified negative
impacts and to outline this in a simple Environmental Management Plan (EMP);
5. To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting
procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to
subprojects;
6. To define a public consultation and disclosure process;
7. To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to
successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and
8. To establish the project funding required implementing the ESMF requirements.
The proposed project is rated Category B under the World Bank Operational Policy on
Environmental Assessment (OP4.01), requiring a partial Environmental Assessment (EA). The
positive environmental impacts include catchments rehabilitation and management, flood
control, water resources conservation, birdlife habitat conservation, improvement of previously
waterlogged areas, environmental protection, food security, poverty alleviation, increased rural
income, improved access to water for domestic purposes, improved nutrition, appreciation of
the value of land, employment opportunities for community members, provision of fuel wood
and the empowerment of farmers.
Among the potential adverse impacts, which may result from the proposed project activities,
the ESMF considers the following: water quality and quantity degradation (both surface and
ground water), soil erosion and quality deterioration, loss of biodiversity, ecological imbalances,
ecosystems damage, surface water sedimentation, damage to aquatic habitats, changes in soil
salinity, sanitation and waste management problems, introduction of invasive flora species, loss
of high value plant species especially those with medicinal value like like Vernonia amygdalina,
Strychnos usambarensis,etc., borrow pit impacts, downstream flooding and potential water use
restrictions, displacement of local inhabitants, damage to property, water use conflicts, land
ownership conflicts, damage of aesthetics of the area/land, food insecurity attributed to by
displacement of subsistence farming, dam safety related impacts, camp construction related
impacts, traffic congestion, spread of water borne diseases, spread of HIV/AIDS, dust impacts,
noise impacts, etc.
iv
These impacts are considered to be localized to the specific project areas, medium to minimum
and minor in scale and in terms of magnitude and should be easily mitigated through the
preparation of adequate EIAs/EMPs and Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) whenever required.
Effective implementation of the ESMF will require that adequate capacity enhancement within
institutions and other stakeholders are undertaken. There will be training for RSSP staff, local
authorities, cooperatives, NGOs, Community Based Organizations (CBO), etc. The training will
cover implementation of the ESMF including project screening, impact identification and
analysis, Environmental Assessment procedures and requirements (EA and EMP), design and
implementation of mitigation measures at sub project level, monitoring and review of
environmental performance and reporting.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................ x
ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xi
1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Context ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Project Description .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Objective of RSSP 3 .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Project Components ................................................................................................................ 3
2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Field Visits ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Interactive Discussions .................................................................................................................. 11
2.4 Preparation of ESMF ..................................................................................................................... 12
3. BASELINE DATA ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Location and size ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Physical environment .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1 Climate ................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Relief ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Catchment and Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 14
3.2.4 Wetlands ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2.5 Soils and land uses ................................................................................................................. 17
3.3 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................. 18
vi
3.3.1 Protected areas ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Biodiversity of wetlands ......................................................................................................... 20
3.3.3 Biodiversity in agricultural systems ....................................................................................... 21
3.4Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................................................ 23
3.4.1 Population and Demographic Characteristics ........................................................................ 23
3.4.2 Human settlements ................................................................................................................ 23
3.4.3 Energy and transport ............................................................................................................. 24
3.4.4 Industry and Mining ............................................................................................................... 25
3.4.5 Agriculture.............................................................................................................................. 25
3.4.6 Animal husbandry .................................................................................................................. 26
4. ADMINISTRATIVE, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 27
4.1 National Environmental and Social Management Requirements................................................. 27
4.1.1 Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework ................................................................................... 27
4.1.1.1 Constitution of 2003 ........................................................................................................... 27
4.1.1.2 Law on Environment Protection and Management ............................................................ 27
4.1.1.3 Law on the Use and Management of Land in Rwanda ....................................................... 28
4.1.2 Policy Framework ....................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2.1 Vision 2020 .......................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2.2 Rwanda Environmental Policy ............................................................................................ 30
4.1.2.3 Health Sector Policy ............................................................................................................ 32
4.1.2.4 Agriculture Policy ................................................................................................................ 33
4.1.2.5 Land Policy .......................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.2.6 Marshlands Development Master Plan .............................................................................. 33
4.1.2.7 Water and Sanitation Policy ................................................................................................ 34
4.1.2.8 National Water Resources Management Policy ................................................................. 34
vii
4.1.2.9 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan .................................................................. 35
4.1.2.10 National Poverty Reduction Strategy ................................................................................ 35
4.1.3 Relevant Institutions .................................................................................................................. 36
4.1.3.1 Ministry of Natural Resources ............................................................................................ 36
4.1.3.2 Rwanda Environment Management Authority ................................................................... 36
4.1.3.3 Rwanda Development Board .............................................................................................. 37
4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies .......................................................... 37
4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) .............................................................................. 38
4.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) ............................................................................................... 40
4.2.3 Pest Management (OP /BP 4.09) ........................................................................................... 41
4.2.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) ................................................................................ 42
4.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) .............................................................................. 43
4.2.6 Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) .............................................................. 44
4.2.7 Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) ................................................................................................. 45
4.2.8 World Bank Policy on Access to Information ......................................................................... 46
4.2.9 World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines ....................................... 46
5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................... 47
5.1 Positive Impacts ............................................................................................................................ 47
5.2 Critical Project Activities and Anticipated Adverse Impacts ......................................................... 47
5.3 Socio-cultural and Economic Impacts ........................................................................................... 48
5.4 Health Impacts .............................................................................................................................. 49
5.5 Localized Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 49
5.6 Cumulative Impacts....................................................................................................................... 49
5.7 Strategic Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 49
5.8 Ecological Impacts and Land Degradation .................................................................................... 50
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5.9 Potential Sources of Pollution ....................................................................................................... 50
5.10 Pest Management ....................................................................................................................... 50
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS FOR RSSP3 ......................................... 52
6.1 Marshlands and Hillsides Rehabilitation and Development ................................................... 52
6.2 Community Subprojects ................................................................................................................ 53
6.3 Compliance with ESMP Implementation for Larger Projects........................................................ 55
6.4 Annual Reports .............................................................................................................................. 55
6.5 Public consultation and participatory process .............................................................................. 56
6.6 Description of Roles ...................................................................................................................... 57
7. MONITORING PLAN OF THE ESMF ............................................................................................. 59
7.1 Monitoring of Environmental and Social Indicators ..................................................................... 59
7.2 Evaluation of Results ..................................................................................................................... 60
7.3 Monitoring of ESMF Implementation ........................................................................................... 61
7.4 Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................................................... 64
8. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE – RSSP 3 ...................................... 67
8.1 Human Resource Capacity Requirements..................................................................................... 67
8.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement ................................................................................................. 68
8.3 Recommendations for Capacity Building ...................................................................................... 76
9. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET ............................................................................................. 79
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 81
ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 82
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Monitoring indicators for RSSP 3 .................................................................................. 62
Table 2: Training influencing success of ESMF ............................................................................ 69
Table 3: Training directly linked to implementation ESMF ......................................................... 69
Table 4: Agenda for Introduction and Training on ESMF ............................................................ 72
Table 5: Training Program on ESMF ............................................................................................ 73
x
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1: Suggested Format for EA Studies ............................................................................. 82
Annex 2: Suggested Format for a Simple EMP ........................................................................ 85
Annex 3: Project Report Form ................................................................................................. 86
Annex 4: Annual Report Form for the District Level or RSSP Environmental Officer ............. 91
Annex 5: Indicators to measure the ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance ........ 96
Annex 6: Screening checklist ................................................................................................... 97
Annex 7: Annual Report Form for the District Level ............................................................. 100
xi
ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS
ACTS African Centre for Technological Studies
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
APL Adaptable Program Loan
BP Bank Procedure
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBO Community Based Organization
CMS Convention on Migratory Species
DEO District Environment Officer
DEC District Environment Committee
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EO Environment Officer
ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan
EWASA Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority
GoR Government of Rwanda
IDA International Development Association
IMCE Integrated Management of Critical Ecosystem
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ISAE Institut Supérieur d’Agriculture et d’Elevage
ISAR Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda
KWAMP Kirehe Watershed Management Project
MINAGRI
MINALOC
MINICOM
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources
Ministry of Local Administration
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
MININFRA
MINIRENA
MINISANTE
Ministry of Infrastructures
Ministry of Natural Resources
Ministry of Health
LWH Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting and Hillside Irrigation
Project
xii
NBI Nile Basin Initiative
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
PMP Pest Management Plan
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSCU Project Support and Coordination Unit
PSF
RADA
Private Sector Federation
Rwanda Agriculture Development Authority
RCA
RAB
RDB
Rwanda Cooperative Agency
Rwanda Agriculture Board
Rwanda Development Board
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RBS Rwanda Bureau of Standards
REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority
RHSP Rwanda Health Sector Plan
RNRA
RPF
Rwanda Natural Resources Authority
Resettlement Policy Framework
RSSP Rural Sector Support Project
SPATR
SPIU
Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation in Rwanda
Single Project Implementation Unit
WUA Water Users Association
2
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
The Government of Rwanda (GoR) is pursuing a comprehensive Poverty Reduction Programme. In
support of this Programme, the GoR has received a grant from the International Development
Association (IDA) towards the implementation of the Third Rural Sector Support Project (RSSP3) under
the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI). The RSSP3 aims at (i) increasing the
agricultural productivity of marshlands and hillsides in the sub-watersheds targeted for development in
an environmentally sustainable manner; and (ii) strengthening the sustainable participation of women
and men beneficiaries in market-based value chains.
The subproject investments that the RSSP 3 will finance will require consideration of environmental and
social issues. Activities to be financed that could give rise to environmental risks and concerns have not
been confirmed during project preparation and the exact location of the investments has not been
finalized. Therefore, in compliance with the Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA) and
the World Bank’s Safeguards Policies, the GoR represented by the MINAGRI, has prepared this
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). This instrument will guide the project to
identify, assess and evaluate environmental and social impacts on subproject level, and develop
appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures, incorporated into the design of the subprojects.
The ESMF is complemented by three other safeguards instruments. Firstly, Environmental Assessments
(EAs) including Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) which will be prepared for each marshland
irrigation scheme to be developed in RSSP 3. Secondly, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) is prepared to
ensure that RSSP 3-supported investments in strengthening agricultural productivity pay adequate
attention to the need to promote integrated pest management, and to ensure that pesticides are used
appropriately. And finally, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is prepared to provide standards and
procedures for compensation for any land acquisition, loss of assets, or restriction of access to resources
that may take place as a result of RSSP 3 investments.
The objectives of the present ESMF are:
To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental and social planning, review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under RSSP 3;
To prescribe project arrangements for the preparation and implementation of subprojects in order to adequately address World Bank safeguard issues;
To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of envisaged subprojects;
To propose mitigation measures which will effectively address identified negative impacts, and to outline a simple Environmental Management Plan (EMP);
To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to subprojects;
To define a public consultation and disclosure process;
2
To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and
To establish the project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements.
In general, RSSP 3 investments that have associated environmental and social concerns include:
Marshlands and hillsides rehabilitation and development: Potential sites for some of these activities have not yet been identified. Once identified, an
Environmental Assessment (EA) with Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) for each scheme will be
prepared. Thus, the ESMF refers to the EIA and EMPs when addressing their environmental
management requirements. Similarly, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) and a Resettlement Policy
Framework (RPF) are used to address, respectively, concerns for pesticide use and resettlement
activities associated with these activities.
Small scale rural infrastructures Small scale rural infrastructures that RSSP 3 is likely to finance will be demand-driven investments in
infrastructure such as rural markets, drying floors, processing facilities, storage facilities, access road
upgrades, bridges and culverts.
The specific design and location of these infrastructures will be determined during project
implementation, and the ESMF focuses on how RSSP 3 will manage their associated environmental and
social concerns.
1.2 Project Description
This chapter describes the RSSP 3 objectives, proposed components activities and outcomes
expected during the duration of the project.
1.2.1 Objective of RSSP 3
In line with the overall objective and programmatic phasing of the RSSP Adaptable Program
Loan (APL), the Project Development Objectives (PDOs) for RSSP 3 are to:
(1) Increase the agricultural productivity of organized farmers in the marshlands and
hillsides of sub-watersheds targeted for development in an environmentally
sustainable manner; and;
(2) Strengthen the participation of women and men beneficiaries in market-based value
chains.
3
1.2.2 Project Components
The RSSP3 will have three components: two technical components and one implementation
support component.
Component 1: Infrastructure for Marshland, Hillside and Commodity Chain
Development
Building on the successful approaches, processes and experience of RSSP 1 and 2, the objective
of Component 1 will be (i) to expand irrigated area of cultivated marshlands through
rehabilitation and development, (ii) promote sustainable land management practices on
associated hillsides and (iii) improve economic infrastructure in support of commodity chain
development. Three subcomponents will be supported under Component 1:
Subcomponent 1.1: Marshland rehabilitation and development
The sub-component will finance rehabilitation and development of selected schemes in
marshlands totaling 6,000 ha with high potential for commercialized agricultural production. It
will finance preliminary, detailed feasibility and participatory design studies (some of which
have already been completed or are on-going), construction and construction supervision.
Investments will be demand-driven and a clear selection framework will be applied. Criteria
include (i) readiness for investment; (ii) stakeholder interest; (iii) proximity to market; (iv)
environmental and social sustainability; and (v) favorable economic rate of return. In addition
to the successful water harvesting model of previous phases, the Project will promote lower-
cost irrigation technologies in lowland areas where the shallow aquifer is appropriate for low-
cost groundwater technologies. The Project will finance rapid groundwater assessments to
identify the potential for groundwater exploitation in marshlands potentially to be covered
under the Project. Where studies demonstrate significant potential for groundwater
exploitation, the Project will finance “public good” elements of viable supply chain
development for affordable irrigation technologies, including product development, training of
local mechanical workshops in the manufacturing, repair and maintenance of affordable
irrigation technologies, and development of mass marketing approaches. The project will
recruit a consultant for the implementation of this activity.
4
Subcomponent 1.2: Sustainable land management on associated hillsides
This sub-component will build on the progression seen from simply ‘hillside protection’ in RSSP
1 to the development of economically interesting sustainable land management (SLM) on
hillsides that emerged near the end of RSSP 2. Drawing from and adapting the successful
approaches of the Land, Husbandry, Water Harvesting and Hillside irrigation Project (LWH),
RSSP 3 will finance investments in improving productivity on 17,000 ha of those hillsides
directly associated with marshland irrigation schemes developed by the Project. Lessons learnt
from RSSP1 and 2, as well as from LWH, in terms of best SLM hillside practices will be adopted
in order to ensure that RSSP 3 hillside activities provide economic incentives for SLM by
promoting an integrated hillside approach to better productivity and marketing for hillside
communities. Activities supported by the Project will include :(a) promotion of sustainable land
management on hillsides immediately adjacent to the irrigation investments, using the 3:1 area
ratio used in RSSP 2; (b) promotion of cost-effective soil moisture retaining technologies on
these hillsides for agricultural production, using the 3:1 ratio adopted in RSSP2; and (c) support
for better marketing of hillside agricultural output (Component 2). By increasing agricultural
productivity on hillsides, the Project would provide incentives to farmers to invest in
sustainable land management practices and reduce land degradation. In view of the positive
potential impacts on hillside agricultural productivity, dissemination of the technologies is
expected to be farmer-led.
Activities for promotion of rainwater harvesting technologies and sustainable land
management practices will include (i) Grass strip planting, contour bunding and improved
radical terracing, as appropriate for slope category and soil depth; (ii) Pasture improvement
through trees and grass planting; (iii) Dam and canal buffer zone protection; and (iv)
Afforestation of critical hillside ecosystems unsuitable for intensive agriculture and animal
production. Other technologies such as construction of cut-off-drains and waterways, liming
and organic materials (compost, manure, green manuring, etc.) application will be introduced;
while crop rotation, double cropping, contour cultivation and mulching will be encouraged. The
improved radical terraces and soil bunds will be stabilized using grass (such as nappier, legume,
etc.) and agro-forestry trees, including fruit trees. The specific composition of the support
financed under this sub-component will depend on specific conditions of the site (soil, climate,
slope, farmer interest, etc) and will be determined during implementation. Under LWH,
interventions on hillsides included mostly radical terracing and chemical fertilizers.
5
The agronomic performance is noticeable on the terraces cultivated, but the costs of such
works remain very high (>USD7,000 /ha). According to the above, and to ensure sustainability
of both the infrastructures and the associated gains from irrigation, the Project will develop and
propose an affordable approach to RSSP 3 hillsides that still meets the Project objectives of
making soil erosion protection on adjacent hillsides an economically interesting activity for
hillside farmers.
Subcomponent 1.3: Infrastructure for value chain development
This sub-component will support construction of economic infrastructure for developed
marshlands and hillsides to support the integration of organized farmers in value chains and/or
their diversification. Rural investment for economic infrastructure concerns all infrastructure
that supports the economic activities handled by cooperatives or small farmer groups.
Investment in infrastructure in this Component would follow a Community-Driven
Development (CDD) approach and be directly linked to business plans developed by
cooperatives with support from sub-component 2.3. Such investments would require
contributions from the participating farmer organization (either in-kind or through linkages
with rural finance providers).
While these investments will cover all marshlands developed under RSSP 3, as well as
Muvumba 8 (developed at the end of RSSP 2), selection criteria has been developed to help
prioritize the hillside cooperatives that can best benefit from similar investments (see Annex 2).
Selection criteria will include (i) the compliance with local development priorities in conformity
with the project development objectives; and (ii) women and men and districts who show their
interest either in kind or cash to contribute to the infrastructure construction; and (iii)
economic viability. As this sub-component will be implemented through a CDD approach, the
full set of specific criteria will be fully elaborated in the Project Implementation Manual. The
level of contribution to the financing of the investments will be modulated according to its
commercial nature.
The positive list of eligible investments will comprise for both marshland and hillsides sites:
collection centres, storage facilities, input facilities (seeds, organic and inorganic fertilizers),
processing (agricultural products) and other value-adding activities); agribusiness centres
6
including half-bulk markets1, drying areas, storage facilities (e.g. paddy, fertilizers). Feeder
roads which appear to be critical for linking production basins to markets, will be funded
through the upcoming World Bank Rural Roads Operation as well as projects supported by
other partners. Finally, the project could support supra-cooperative initiatives for greater value
chain integration. Detailed community-level implementation arrangements, including social
mobilization and accountability procedures will also be highlighted in the PIM.
The full list of possible demand-driven investments eligible for support, as well as a list of
investments that would not be legible for project financing, the eligibility criteria, thresholds for
funding support and cost sharing arrangements, and sanctioning procedures will be described
in detail in the CDD operating manuals contained in the Project’s Implementation Manual
(PIM).
Finally, this sub component will be explicitly linked with business planning capacity in
Component 2, reinforcing the synergies across the sub-components.
Component 2: Strengthening Capacity for Marshland and Hillside Commodity
Chain Development
The objective of Component 2 is to support the firm integration of men and women in targeted
marshland and hillside areas into markets by intensifying production, promoting diversification
into agricultural value addition or upstream markets, and expanding access to markets. The
Project will focus on strengthening commodity chains for main food staples, including rice,
potatoes, and maize, but it will remain responsive to broader proposals where tangible
marketing opportunities exist. The project approach will strengthen farmer communities to
promote an inclusive development for all including the very poor, the landed and the land less
by mainstreaming best practice community driven development (CDD) principles across all
project target areas (see Technical Annex for further details). Component 2 will include three
sub-components:
1 Half bulk market is part of an ABC and is defined as demarcated secured area designed in such a way to facilitate
cost saving wholesale transactions of the main agricultural commodities produced in the surrounding areas, and
managed by an autonomous body involving market stakeholders and district authorities through a public private
partnership.
7
Sub-component 2.1: Strengthening farmer organizations and cooperative
This sub-component will support group formation where necessary (e.g. hillsides), and will
strengthen WUAs and cooperatives to improve their governance and management capacity to
deliver quality services to their members. Activities include:
(i) For farmers groups and cooperatives: (a) mobilization and group formation (particularly on the hillsides); (b) governance and management training including book keeping and accounting for farmers’ organizations and cooperatives implemented in partnership with Local Service Providers (LSPs); the focus of capacity development will depend on the level of maturity of the farmer organizations and cooperatives. For mature cooperatives, value-chain development through business planning would be emphasized (see Sub-component 2.3) while for new cooperatives basic governance and new production technology would be promoted. Small group formation will form an integral part of the approach where appropriate, but particularly on hillsides and with women and men in Project areas involved in non-farm activities. As the project progresses and groups and cooperatives gain experience, they would increasingly qualify for capacity support in more complex value chain integration (see sub-component 2.3).
(ii) For WUAs, specific support and training in collaboration with RSSP3 engineers and district authorities to include WUA support and activities in the District development plans, (a) emergence, registration, governance of the WUAs, (b) water management and appropriate bye laws including enforcement procedures; (c) infrastructure maintenance plans based on the recommended principles:
Type of Infrastructure
Annual provisions in percentage of the price as stated on BoQ
Periodicity of maintenance works
Dam 1% 5 years: reparations…
Main canal 3%
3 years for reshaping 1 year for weed-cutting
Secondary and tertiary canals 3%
Twice a year for reshaping and weed-
cutting
Roads 3% 3 years: relining
(iii) Establishment, collection and management of water services fees: WUAs will reach all users regardless of their cooperative membership status with a 95% minimum rate of fees recovery. WUAs will be trained to develop an efficient collection system that may be inspired by lessons learnt (e.g.: open bidding for fees collectors with a performance contract remunerated through a limited commission, recovery through cooperatives); (e) to enhance and permanently monitor the progress of WUAs and with their support, a WUA “technical coordinator” could be posted in the associations by RSSP3 during 1-2 years to ensure that each WUA fully endorses all its responsibilities and enforce its established by-laws.
8
At the end of the period, such technical coordinator may be recruited as a WUA permanent member of staff if the WUA can cover the salary without affecting the irrigation scheme maintenance capacities of the WUA. In smaller size marshland, the technical coordinator trains and mentors a WUA manager with a lower profile who will run the WUAs activities under the supervision of the steering committee. The WUA technical assistant is understood as a permanent on-site person coordinating all tasks and responsibilities to be carried out by WUAs as listed above. This person is accountable to the WUAs steering committees and to the Project coordinator for the duration of the assignment.
Sub-component 2.2: Improving production technologies
RSSP3 will support activities to improve production and productivity in the marshlands and
hillsides adjacent to marshlands. In line with Government policy for extension and in
collaboration with Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB), the Project will support the up-scaling of
the Farmers Field Schools (FFS). The FFS approach builds capacity and empowers farmers to use
improved and economically viable practices for sustainable soil, water and pest management
with a view of increasing the agricultural productivity and profitability. RSSP3 will continue
supporting cooperatives to become certified seed producers. Project activities in this sub-
component would include: (i) Training-of-trainers for the up-scaling of FFS in marshlands and
hillsides for sustainable intensification; (ii) up-scaling of the FFS in the marshlands and in the
hillsides developed both by RSSP2 and RSSP3; (iii) support to interested cooperatives to
become certified seed producers in cooperation with RAB, linking to any ongoing seed projects;
(iv) LWH extension approaches to support intensification of rainfed hillside production with a
particular emphasis on the dissemination of fruit trees with the establishment of fruit tree
nurseries and adapted fruit trees management techniques (grafting, pruning, root pruning,
fertilization); and (vi) support to innovations for productivity.
Sub-component 2.3: Capacity building for value chain development
Capacity building for value chain development will be directly linked to the various levels of
organized groups discussed above as each of these are meant to play a role in the value chain—
starting with the individual producer. As a lesson learnt from RSSP2, it is crucial to allow
individual farmers to better plan and develop their farming activities through a thorough
understanding of the business. Participatory value chain approaches will be used in addition to
the successfully applied methodology of lead farmers.
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The subcomponent aims at supporting the development of market oriented farming at three
levels of intervention: the producer level, the cooperative level, the agribusiness centre level
including half bulk markets.
(i) For the first level, two core modules will be delivered: (a) development of farm budgets/business planning to lead farmers; (b) small enterprise management to lead farmers; as well as (c) study tours to well established cooperatives.
(ii) At the second level, activities will be implemented to support business oriented cooperatives through (a) the training of the Marketing Committees (cooperative leaders) on marketing of output for onward communication to farmers, (b) support to the management through a participation to the recruitment and hiring of a professional manager and (c) a permanent mentoring programme for both cooperative staff and cooperatives leaders. This programme will include training on business plans including cooperative investment plan that links directly to investments discussed in sub component 1.3. Beyond this core training, a mentoring program provided by professionally trained service providers in agribusiness and value chain development on retainer basis will focus on cooperatives leaders and marketing committees for at least the first three years of the program. The hillsides cooperatives benefitting from collective infrastructure under sub-component 1.3 will receive similar support. Building on the success stories from RSSP 2, under RSSP3 cooperatives which accessed matching grant funding from financial service providers through the Government’s (World Bank financed) Rural Investment Facility (RIF) for activities in their business plans, will be supported to seek financing for innovations through RIF. This includes clear articulation of quality innovation investment proposals and full information for risk assessment by the financial institution.
At the third level of Agribusiness Centres, three RSSP3 areas of intervention will be selected
based on the following criteria: (a) the expected volume of commodity transactions (e.g. rice,
maize, potatoes, and bananas) and (b) availability of a supra-structure of matured cooperatives
that provide specific services to their cooperatives members. For the selected areas, the project
will support development initiative dialogue with cooperatives and the District authorities to
launch an Agribusiness centre (ABC) whose infrastructure will be partly financed as stated in
sub-component 1.3. The ABC will comprise facilities to increase trade of agricultural
commodities in half bulk – safe storage, lorry access, handling facilities, weighing bridge - and a
more equitable share of added value – price information system, auction market services,
negotiated local tax payment- amongst the value chain stakeholders.
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In the case of rice, cooperatives and their unions, registered traders, government approved
millers will be included. Such initiative would rely initially on funding from the project to be
complemented by other private source of financing through public private partnerships.
Study tours comprising all main stakeholders (union leaders, private traders, district officials)
will be organized to places (within and outside the country) where rural half bulk markets
managed by PPP associating farmers’ organization and district authorities have been
developed.
Component 3: Project Support and Coordination
In keeping with the commitment of Development Partners (DPs) in the agricultural sector of
Rwanda, the experienced and competent implementation team of RSSP 2 will be merged with
the LWH implementation team to form one implementation unit embedded in the Ministry’s
structure. The implementation capacity of LWH recently received a thorough assessment as
part of the preparation for an LWH scale up under the Global Agricultural Food Security
Program (GAFSP) in 2010 and again in 2011. A similar assessment took place during the
preparation of RSSP 3 and the proposed combined implementation team was found to ensure
sufficient implementation capacity for the two activities. The proposed merger entails
economies of scale and this will ensure cost-effective management of projects, in line with
MINAGRI’s strategy to create a single PIU for each program under PSTA. The bank fully
endorses this as a mechanism under which RSSP 3 will be implemented.
The objective of this component is to ensure: (i) efficient execution of administrative, financial
management, and procurement functions; (ii) coordination of Project activities among the
various stakeholders; (iii) timely implementation and monitoring of environmental and land-use
management frameworks mandated by World Bank safeguards policies; and (iv) establishment
and operation of an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system.
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2 METHODOLOGY
The present study is an update of RSSP 2 ESMF report and was conducted by the Project
Environmental Officer using the following approach and methodology.
2.1 Literature review
Review on the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken to gain a
further and deeper understanding of the project. Among the documents that were reviewed
included:
RSSP 2 ESMF and LWH ESMF Reports
RSSP 2 World Bank Project Concept Note and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet
Project Appraisal Documents I and II
RSSP 3 Project Concept Note
Government documents (studies)
MINAGRI documents
The Environment Officer (EO) of the project also undertook detailed review and analysis of the
current national relevant legislations, policies and guidelines including the World Bank
Safeguards Policies, international conventions related to this project and other relevant
documents.
2.2 Field Visits The EO carried out visits to three (3) potential project sites (Rwinkwavu, Karangazi - Rwangingo
and Gacaca marshlands) in order to be familiar with the issues on the ground and appreciate
the possible environmental issues of concern.
2.3 Interactive Discussions Various discussions were held with the RSSP technical staff at the national level and provincial
levels as well as other relevant staff of the key implementing partners of the RSSP 3 including
among others REMA, RDB, IMCE and MINAGRI projects (PAIGELAC, KWAMP- PAPSTA).
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2.4 Preparation of ESMF
The preparation of ESMF for RSSP 3 involved
Collection of baseline data on the environmental conditions of the project area;
Identification of positive and negative environmental and social impacts;
Identification of environmental and social mitigation measures;
Preparation of screening procedures to be used while screening subproject activities;
And formulation of environmental and social monitoring plans.
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3. BASELINE DATA
This section describes the overall baseline condition of Rwanda in terms of biophysical
environment, the socio-economic and cultural attributes.
3.1 Location and size
Rwanda is a small, mountainous and landlocked country covering 26,338 Km2 of which the total
land area is 24, 948 Km2 (94.7 %) and 1,390 Km2 (5.3 %) is water. It is located in Central Africa
and bordered by Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
The country is described as the “Land of a Thousand hills’’ because of its numerous highly
dissected hills, often with flat peaks and convex slopes, separated by relatively narrow valleys
covered with alluvium materials, with the lowest altitude of 950 m at Rusizi River and the
highest altitude of 4,507 m at Mount Kalisimbi. The average altitude is 1,250 m above sea level.
3.2 Physical environment
3.2.1 Climate
Rwanda enjoys a tropical temperate climate due to its high altitude. The average annual
temperature ranges between 16°C and 22°C, without significant variations. Rainfall is abundant
although it has some irregularities. Winds are generally around 1-3 m/s. In the high regions of
the Congo - Nile ridge, the average temperatures ranges between 15 and 17°C and the rainfall
is abundant. The volcanic region has much lower temperatures that can go below 0°C in some
places. In areas with intermediary altitude, average temperatures vary between 19 and 21°C
and the average rainfall is around 1000 mm/year. Rainfall is less irregular, and sometimes
causes periods of drought, especially in the Eastern Rwanda. In the lowlands (East and
Southeast), temperatures are higher and at times can go beyond 30°C in February and July-
August. Rainfall is less abundant in that region (700 to 970 mm/year).
Weather in Rwanda is determined by the rainfall patterns. Thus, the climate of the country is
characterized by an alternation of four seasons of which two are wet and the other two are dry.
However, rainfall is generally well distributed throughout the year, despite some irregularities.
Eastern and South-Eastern regions (Eastern Province and Mayaga in Southern Province) are
more affected by prolonged droughts while the Northern and Western regions experience
abundant rainfall that may cause catastrophic landslides and flooding.
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The quantity of total annual rainfall varies between 800 mm in the Northeast of Rwanda
(Eastern Umutara) and 1600 mm in the natural forest of Nyungwe (Wisumo) and in the
highlands of the Northwest. A decrease in rainfall is generally observed from West to East.
3.2.2 Relief
The Rwandan relief is hilly and mountainous with an altitude varying between 900 m and 4,507
m. The components of that relief are:
Congo-Nil Ridge over laying Lake Kivu with an altitude between 2500 m and 3000 m. It is
dominated in the Northwest by the volcanic ranges consisting of five volcanic massifs of
which the highest is Karisimbi with 4507 m.
The central plateau presents a relief of hills with an altitude ranging between 1500 m
and 2000 m.
The lowlands of the East are dominated by a depression characterized by hills with more
or less round top and 1000 to 1500 m in altitude. The lowlands of the South-West in
Bugarama plain with an altitude of 900 m are part of the tectonic depression of the
African Rift Valley.
3.2.3 Catchment and Hydrology
Rwanda has abundant water resources estimated at 417,000 ha, including 101 lakes covering
almost 128,000 hectares, water courses (7,260 ha) with 6,400 km of rivers and 860 marshlands
spanning an estimated 278,000 hectares.
Surface water
The sources of surface water of Rwanda include water courses and runoff. Rwanda has a dense
hydrographical network of ± 2 km/km² (length of the superficial flow network by km² of
surface). The country is divided into two hydrographical basins with a separating line called
Congo-Nile Ridge, moving from the North to the South and approximately perpendicular to the
volcanic chain, making natural obstacles exchange between the catchments basins of the
Northern Kivu and the Southwest of Uganda and those of Rwanda.
In the West of that line there is the Congolese basin (33 % of the surface of the national
territory) that drains 10 % of water resources of the country. It comprises rivers of Sebeya,
Koko, Rusizi, Rubyiro, as affluents of Lake Kivu (102,800 ha on the Rwandan side, 473 m of
maximum depth), Ruhwa and many other small streams.
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In the East of the Congo Nile Ridge there is the Nile basin which covers 67 % of the National
territory and drains 90 % of Rwandan waters by two main rivers namely Nyabarongo and
Akagera. The latter is the main affluent of Lake Victoria with an average outflow of 256 m3/s at
Rusumo station and thus considered as the source of Nile.
The Nile basin in Rwanda comprises of many small lakes (e.g. Bulera, Ruhondo, Cyohoha South,
Mugesera, Muhazi, Rwampanga, Mihindi, Mirayi and others). Those lakes are not very deep (5
to 7 m), except Lake Bulera and Ruhondo, which are 50 to 90 m deep respectively.
Most rivers originate from the slopes of the Congo-Nile ridge. The two main rivers, namely
Nyabarongo and Akanyaru, together with their numerous tributaries, form, downstream from
Lake Rweru, the river Akagera which drains the most part of Rwanda’s waters towards the Nile,
forming the border with Burundi in the South and Tanzania in the East. Nyabarongo and
Akagera rivers are closely associated with vast marshes and numerous shallow lakes found
along these rivers. The ecology of these ecosystems is very dynamic and complex. Marshland
vegetation and the size of the lakes change continuously with the rainfall and the flow rate of
the rivers.
Underground water
The Rwandan underground water is dominated by the water of wetlands covering some
278,000 ha. The catchment/watershed of these wetlands are the many hills that catch
rainwater and drain slowly to the lower areas where the marshlands modify the movement of
water in the channel network by lowering the peak flow and volume of flood discharges.
Groundwater in most of these marshlands areas is found at a depth of 8 m. The marshlands
provide recharge of the ground water through percolation during water retention time in the
area. The outflow of the underground renewable water resource is estimated at 66 m³/s. Out
of this, the 22,000 known sources contribute an output of 9m³/s.
In general, little information is available on underground resources. The total area of
marshlands of Rwanda is estimated at about 278,000 ha which are partially exploited
depending on their degree of flooding.
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Lakes
Rwanda has some 28 lakes of significant size and 73 lakes of small size. Six largest are located
entirely within the national territory: Ruhondo, Burera, Muhazi, Mugesera, Ihema and
Rwanyakizinga. Three others, Rweru, Cyohoha and Kivu, are shared with neighboring countries.
The largest and most spectacular is Lake Kivu. It lies at 1,460 m above sea level and is 90 km
long (North-South) and 49 km wide (East-West). From an average depth of 220 m, it plunges to
a maximum depth of 475 m.
Lake Kivu has a rough, jagged coast and contains numerous islands of which Idjwi is the largest.
Lake Kivu lies on the border with Congo in Western Rwanda at the foot of the volcanoes.
Although there is a species of small edible fish in the lake, it is poor in fauna, but rich in volcanic
substances. Great volumes of dissolved methane gases exist in its deep waters, which have
begun to be developed as an energy source. Lake Kivu drains to the south into Lake Tanganyika
by the swiftly descending Rusizi River.
Quality of water
In Rwanda, the quality of water is generally good with a pH ranging between 6 and 7.5. Surface
water often carries a lot of soil sediments and, in mining and volcanic regions, the water can
contain traces of arsenic, lead, mercury, fluoride, iodide and other toxic metalloids and heavy
metals, leading to water resources degradation.
The physico-chemical pollution of water is not frequent due to the low level of industrialization
and use of agricultural chemical inputs. The microbiological pollution is often observed and it
comes from various domestic wastes and debris carried by rain water. The pollution of
watercourses and lakes by the water hyacinth and other invasive species is a very recent and
alarming phenomenon in Rwanda.2
3.2.4 Wetlands
Wetlands cover a total area of 278,000 ha or about 10.6 % of the national territory. They
include a variety of ecosystems, ranging from large, permanently flooded swampy peat-lands to
smaller, seasonally flooded wetlands with a more mineral soil.
An MoU was signed establishing a partnership between RSSP 2/MINAGRI and National University of Rwanda
(NUR) for Water Quality Assessment from the marshlands developed by RSSP 2 in a bid to implement the
mitigation measures proposed in the sub-projects Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). This partnership may
be extended for RSSP 3 sub-projects.
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The wetlands are composed of marshes, lakes, rivers and streams representing around 10.6 %
of the national territory. In the highlands of the Northwest, there are lakes Bulera and Ruhondo
as well as the marshland of Rugezi. In the Central and the East of the country, wide marshes are
those of Nyabarongo, Akanyaru and Akagera rivers. Many lakes connect with rivers and most of
them are located in the Akagera National Park. The main swamps are Akanyaru (30,000 ha) on
the border with Burundi, Mugesera-Rweru in the Southeast, Akagera swamp along the Tanzania
border in the East, Nyabarongo (10,000 ha) and the Rugezi wetlands (5,000 ha) in the North.
The wetlands serve as troughs for sediment particles and play an important role in the national
water balance by acting as a buffer, thus reducing the maximal flow rates during the rainy
season and maintaining a relatively high flow rate during the dry season. Currently, an
estimated 94,000 ha have been brought under agriculture, the large majority of this being
spontaneous agriculture with maize, sweet potatoes and beans. In addition, the wetlands are
used for a variety of traditional activities including the collection of leaves to make handicrafts,
extensive grazing and making of bricks. Wetlands also provide a spawning habitat for fish, and
are of great significance for biodiversity conservation. They play a role of alleviating the erosive
force of water and thus facilitate the deposit of sediments in suspension that could block
watercourses downstream.
Given the importance that the Government of Rwanda attaches to wetlands, in 2003, Rwanda
ratified the RAMSAR Convention (or convention on wetlands) and has already registered on the
RAMSAR list the site of Rugezi and identified other potential sites that will be registered in the
future, like the complex of Mugesera-Rweru, Kamiranzovu marshes and the wet zones of the
Akagera National Park. In addition, an action plan for the implementation of the RAMSAR
Convention was developed in June 2004.
3.2.5 Soils and land uses
Pedology
The Rwandan pedology is characterized by six types of soils namely:
Soils derived from schistose, sandstones and quartzite formations (50%);
Soils derived from granite and gneissic formations (20%);
Soils derived from basic intrusive rocks (10%);
Soils derived from recent volcanic materials (10 %);
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Soils derived from old volcanic materials (4 %);
Alluvial and colluvial soils (6 %).
Rwanda’s soils contain many of the metal compounds found in laterite soils, but are generally
lighter, more fertile, more workable, and less problematic to farmers than true laterite soils.
There are two sub zones, with vastly different soils.
To the northwest and the lower portions of the larger river valleys are very fertile volcanic soils
covering approximately 10 % of the country. Elsewhere, the largely metamorphic bedrock has
produced generally poor quality with fertility varying and depending on extent of erosion and
leaching.
Land uses
About 30 % of Rwanda’s land is suitable for agricultural farming, and another 30% for grazing.
Except where the land is seriously eroded or leached by heavy farming, the soils have good
humus content and fertility. Intensive food crop production, often on steep slopes, has led to
serious soil erosion. Pastureland has also been overgrazed in many areas. Population pressure
on the richer lands is sufficiently intense that soil damage, which is due to leaching, erosion,
and intensive farming without adequate fertilizer, is an increasingly serious problem.
The resulting depletion of nutrients from the soils has caused crop production to stagnate or
decline, with a significant adverse impact on Rwanda’s food security situation.
The exploitation of land employs 88 % of the active population. The number of agricultural
households is about 1.4 million with an average surface area of 0.60 ha. Land resources are
thus limited, resulting in the overexploitation and inappropriate use of lands with potentially
disastrous consequences on land resources and on environment in general.
3.3 Biological Environment
Rwanda contains a wide variety of different habitats and species, due to its varied
geomorphology and its diverse climatic conditions. It is covered with diverse ecosystems that
include mountains, ombrophile forests, gallery forests, savannahs, wet and aquatic zones,
wood and agro ecosystems. All these ecosystems have rich flora and fauna.
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3.3.1 Protected areas
The fauna and the flora can be better preserved and protected through the establishment of
protected areas like national parks and forest reserves to which the best management is
applied. However, through time and due to human activities, these conservation areas have
been reduced considerably.
Rwanda possesses three national parks (Nyungwe, Akagera and Volcanoes national Parks) and
forest reserves (Gishwati, Mukura, forest gallery). Rwanda’s remaining natural forests
(Nyungwe National Park, the Gishwati Forest, the Mukura Forest and Volcano National Park)
etc.) are highland forests with a high degree of biological diversity and rare animal species, such
as mountain gorillas, Ruwenzori colobus monkeys and golden chimpanzees.
It is estimated that about 2,150 plant species are found in Rwanda, of which 700 species have
medicinal value. Rwanda as a whole is known for its rich variety of flora is accompanied by an
equal variety of fauna, including several species of birds and primates. The country has more
than 275 species of birds, 24 of which are endemic to Albert Rift. Towards the east of the
country lies the Akagera National Park, the forests galleries and wooded savannahs.
Population pressures have already drastically reduced the land area of natural forests of
Rwanda from about 30 % to presently fewer than 10 % in less than a century for agricultural,
pastoral and settlement purposes.
The production of export crops (pyrethrum plantations around Volcanoes National Park, tea
plantation around Nyungwe), food crops in Gishwati, etc. contributed to loss of natural forests.
The deforestation of Rwanda’s remaining forests is also a result of high fuel wood consumption.
Heavily populated and cultivated areas adjacent to the natural forest have caused significant
loss of genetic diversity within Rwanda’s natural forest.
In general, for a period of about 40 years, the surface area of the natural forests of Rwanda
underwent a decrease of about 65 % between 1960 and 2002. The search for arable lands,
extensive farming, illegal felling of forests for firewood, production of charcoal and poles for
construction in urban areas, as well as improper land use have drastically contributed to the
reduction of the surface area of forests. This led to biodiversity loss.
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The dense high altitude forests of Volcanoes National Park is home to about half (320) of the
world’s remaining population (650) of Mountain Gorillas. Mountain gorillas consume large
amounts of vegetation from more than 70 different plant species and spend about 30% of each
day foraging for food. They consume roots, leaves, stems of herbs, vines from trees, shrub-sized
plants, wild celery, gallium, vines, berries, barks and bamboo shoots.
In the Nyungwe National Park serves as habitat for 12 species of primates, among which there
are the black and white Colobus monkeys that wonder around in huge troupes, some are as
many as 300 agile individuals. There are also known to be 275 species of birds in the Nyungwe.
In the Akagera National Park, there is the largest variety of wildlife species that include
buffaloes, zebras, antelopes, warthogs, baboons, Giraffes, elephants, hippopotamus and
crocodiles. The main threats remaining for these species are the destruction of their habitats
and poaching.
3.3.2 Biodiversity of wetlands
The ecosystems of the Rwandan wetlands inhabits a rich biological diversity of animal and
vegetation (more than 104 plant species have been identified), except for Lake Kivu, Bulera and
Ruhondo, due to their liminological characteristics.
The Lake Kivu contains very poor aquatic flora and the density of the phytoplankton is relatively
low due to the lack of mixture of layers (the nutrients are found at the bottom of the lake).
Aquatic fauna in the lake is also poor due to its physical isolation.
In the Akagera National Park , the flora is dominated by the Cyperus, Phragmithes, Phinix. An
invasive species the Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is present and has recently started
spreading, thus posing a threat to biological diversity of the lakes. Some lakes like Cyambwe,
Rwampanga and Rweru are particularly rich in hippopotamuses and crocodiles.
Flora of many other lakes, such as Nasho, the lakes of Gisaka and Bugesera, is mainly
dominated by papyrus with Cyperus papyrus mixed with Miscandium violaceum and Nymphea
nouchallii. All these lakes are associated with gallery forests onshore or on small islands.
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In contrast, the aquatic flora and fauna of the Northern lakes (Bulera and Ruhondo), are poor
due to the physico-chemical situation unfavourable to their development and the isolation of
these two lakes. The concentration of the plankton is less important in Lake Bulera than in
Ruhondo due to its high depth which limits light penetration, thus reducing plankton growth in
Bulera lake. This lake is about 90 m deep while Ruhondo lake does not exceed 50 m of depth.
Lake Muhazi is landlocked, isolated, and located at 40 km from Kigali city. Its ichthyologic fauna
is very limited. Three endemic species and other nine introduced species are found within the
lake. The lake is very rich in phytoplankton. The macroflora of the marshes is mostly composed
of wide spaces of papyrus with some zones of Miscanthidium. The low layer is covered with
Cyclosorus stratus.
3.3.3 Biodiversity in agricultural systems
a) Croplands
The natural ecosystems that covered the country before the colonial period have been
modified by the demographic pressure on more than 85 % of the national territory. Human
settlement, diversified agropastoral practices, consumption of forest products, bush fires and
urbanization has caused the disappearance of natural ecosystem. Those changes caused
secondary formations consisting essentially of graminaceous plants, numerous seasonal or
perennial species alternating with crops.
Agricultural land presently covers around 55.8 % of the total surface area of the country and is
continuously cultivated. The time between two growing seasons is the only period of respite.
These areas have various crops that play an essential role in the national economy. These crops
are usually grouped in two categories: subsistence and cash crops. Some of the food crops
include sorghum, beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), eleusine (Eleusine corocana), Colocases (Colocasia
antignorum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum sp), barley (Hordeum
vulgare), peas (Pisum sativum), soja bean (Soja hispada), peanut (Arachis hypogea), sweet
potato (Ipomea durcis), potato, cassava (Manihot esculanta) and banana (Musa spp).
The importance of each crop varies according to regions. Some crops, like bananas, potatoes,
different varieties of wheat, sorghums and beans are subject to high commercial trade.
Potatoes, beans, cassava and bananas are present everywhere for the daily diet of the people.
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The cash crops are very few and limited to coffee, tea and pyrethrum.
b) Pastoral zones
In Rwanda, the essential part of animal husbandry is comprised of one family ownership with a
small number of animals per household. As agriculture occupies the biggest portion of land, the
cows graze in paddocks, on road sides, and in some parts of marginal lands. This obliges farmers
to adopt the zero grazing or semi-permanent farming and grow fodder crops such as Tripsacum
laxum, Setaria spp, Desmodeum spp, Pennisetum purpureum, Mucuna pruriensis, Cajanus cajan,
Calliandra calothyrsis, Leucaena diverifolia, Sesbania sesban, etc. However, one can notice the
development of ranching in Umutara and Gishwati. Other pastoral land is very limited across
the country. These areas are prone to bush fires, trampling and sometimes overgrazing. The
latter is the main cause of reduction of the biological diversity as it exterminates the threatened
species along with pyrophile species with small bromatological value, such as Eragrostis spp,
Sporobalus spp and Digitaria spp.
c) Forestry and tree cultivation
Tree planting in Rwanda was limited to some plants around households such as Ficus thoningii,
Euphorbia tirucalli, Erythrina abyssinica, Vernonia amygdalena, Dracaena afromontana, etc.,
but cultivation of woody perennials for timber, energy uses or other services was not
customary.
The first forest plantations were created in 1920 and 1948 and only consisted of Eucalyptus.
Later on other tree species were introduced. These included Pinus spp, Callistris spp, Grevillea
robusta, Cedrella spp, Cupressus spp. The Arboretum of Ruhande (ISAR Station) has 206 species
among which 146 feuillus, 56 resinous and a species of bamboo.
Those species proved to be dangerous for the biological patrimony because they drain and
further acidify soils that already are acidic, which in turn causes reduction or even
extermination of the undergrowth. Thus planting those species eventually leads to erosion.
The tree-covered surface area was estimated at 256,300 hectares in 1998. Despite efforts of
diversifying tree species, it was estimated that 99 % of planted trees consisted of Eucalyptus
spp. A replacement of those trees by agroforestry species, such as Grevillea, Cedrella,
Maesopsis, Calliandra, Leucena proves to be of urgent need, including developing agroforestry
in agricultural zones.
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3.4Socio-Economic Environment
3.4.1 Population and Demographic Characteristics
Rwanda is classified among the poorest and densely populated countries of the world. In
August 2002, Rwanda counted 8,128,553 inhabitants with a surface area of 26,338 km2, i.e. a
physical density of 321 inhabitants/km2. The 2010 estimates place Rwanda's population at
11,055,976 and density at 408 inhabitants/km2.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per inhabitant in 2011 is estimated to 1,284 $ US compared
with 1,100 $ US in 2010. Historically, from 2000 until 2010, Rwanda's average quarterly GDP
Growth was 8.48 % reaching an historical high of 13.80 % in June of 2008 and a record low of
2.20 % in December of 2003.
The Rwandan economy is based mostly on subsistence farming. An estimated 80 % of the
population occupied in agriculture. Agriculture comprised an estimated 42.1 % of GDP in 2010
while industrial sector contributed 14.3 % of GDP in 2010. The service sector rebounded in
2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6 % of the
country's GDP. Key contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels
and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services
and public administration including education and health.
3.4.2 Human settlements
The Rwandan settlement pattern has historically been scattered. It has for long been
characterized by the traditional use of land associated with the ancestral lifestyle, which is not
sustainable, given the present environmental and economic challenges. It is in that perspective
that the present policy of the Government of Rwanda regarding settlement encourages
clustered habitat, which has become commonly known as «Umudugudu».
In urban areas, GoR has not yet completed developing city master plans. Only several cities,
including Kigali, have such plans. Urban centres have been developing spontaneously without
taking environmental aspects into consideration. Sanitary facilities are insufficient and
sometimes inadequate in city centres.
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However, government policy measures to improve sanitation have recently been put in place
and investments to improve this domain have increased.
3.4.3 Energy and transport
In Rwanda, the biomass serves as the main source of energy as it covers 94% of national needs,
against only 5% for the contribution of petrol products and 1% for electric power. Woody fuels
and biomass wastes are the sources of energy used in households, industries and handicrafts.
However, the country has alternative sources of energy, which have not been developed, such
as peat, methane gas of Lake Kivu representing 57 billion m3, solar energy and biogas.
Combined with anthropic factors (agriculture, drainage of marshes, deforestation and
overexploitation of river basins), the hydrous deficit is considered to be the main factor of
vulnerability of the hydropower sector. It is evident that the pluviometric deficit leads to the
reduction of offer in water resource and, consequently, in hydroelectricity. That was the case
for the power plants of Ntaruka and Mukungwa on lakes Bulera and Ruhondo, two main
interior sources of electric energy of Rwanda.
Moreover, the hydropower-related infrastructure is still weak with present production not
exceeding 27 MW, while the demand is estimated to be more than 40MW. Diesel-powered
plants are producing electricity at Jabana and Gatsata, and the mobilization of funds and
investors is underway for other hydro-electric projects including:
28 MW on Nyabarongo River in Bulinga;
60 MW (three countries) on Akagera at Rusumo;
Rusizi II, Mukungwa III, Rukarara and various other micro hydropower plants.
The transport sector is generally dominated by road transport that includes 14,000 Km of roads
and tracks. In air transportation, the country has two international airports (Kigali and
Kamembe) and aerodromes (Huye, Rubavu and Musanze) used for internal air transport. Water
transport is used mainly on Lake Kivu for connecting districts of the Western Province. As of
2011, the country has no railways, although funding has been secured for a feasibility study into
extending the Tanzanian Central Line into Rwanda.
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3.4.4 Industry and Mining
Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor to the national economy, generating
US$93 million in 2008. The underground resources contain deposits of minerals (e.g. tin,
wolfram, Colombo tantalite and gold). In addition, there are large number of quarries
producing clay, sand, building stones, limestone, peat, etc. Rehabilitation of old and abandoned
quarries is one of the problems of the mining sector as this has never been a focus for the
industry. The exploitation of mines and quarries is often a source of water pollution due to
contamination linked to the absence of waste water purification, modern practices of
exploitation and soil erosion.
The industrial sector of Rwanda is relatively new with 78 % of enterprises created between
1964 and 1987. In 2010, the contribution of the industry sector to the GDP was 14.3 % of which
the major part was from the agro-industry and the rest from small and medium enterprises
which produce consumption goods in replacement of importation by using simple technologies.
Products manufactured include cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap,
furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.
One of the growing problems is related to the location of industrial units as some of them are
installed near residence houses, others in valleys (wetlands). These industrial units are sources
of pollution due to their wastes including noise pollution.
3.4.5 Agriculture
Agriculture is the most important sector of the Rwandan economy with a contribution of 42.1%
to the GDP (12 % for livestock) and contributes 71% of export revenue. Coffee and tea are the
main export crops, with about 62 million US$ of export revenue in 2005, of which 38 million
US$ were from coffee and 24 million US$ from tea.
The agriculture production system is based on small family subsistence farms whose production
is consumed by the owners at more than 80 %. The systems of crops are complex, based on the
product diversification and the association of crops. Seven main crops, namely banana, bean,
sweet potato, cassava, sorghum and potatoes, of which the first five are present in 90% of
production units and constitute the common basis for all the regions of Rwanda.
26
The little use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the low level of equipment and the very
limited use of research based technologies result in small yields which are also very vulnerable
to climatic changes. Research and popularization are expected to contribute to growth by the
promotion of modern inputs and new technologies. The agricultural intensification at the
projects level was often realized without taking into account environmental drawbacks accrued
from excessive inputs like mineral fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
3.4.6 Animal husbandry
In addition to agricultural activities, most farmers in Rwanda raise livestock. The national
average milk production is 1litre / cow/ day for 180 days of lactation (MINAGRI, 2001). The
pastures consist mainly of family fallows and marginal lands considered as inappropriate to
agriculture, such as the undergrowth. The demographic pressure progressively leads to the
semi-intensification and intensification of fodder resources used to feed animals.
MINAGRI (2006) showed that the number of cows nationally increased by 60 % between 2000
and 2005. The number of goats increased by 67 %, sheeps by 195 %, pigs by 93 %, poultry by 44
% and rabbits by 67 %. The limited subsisting pastoral areas are used inefficiently, because
farmers do not master the rotative management of pastures, resulting in overgrazing and
overexploitation caused by trampling, degradation and reduction of vegetation cover. The
permanent stabulation, the semi-stabulation and extensive farming constitute the three main
types of animal husbandry. It should be noted that there is a program managed by MINAGRI
called «One Cow per Every Poor Family in Rwanda (Girinka Program)» that will cover all the
districts of the country in order to contribute to poverty reduction and food security.
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4. ADMINISTRATIVE, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
This section of the ESMF outlines and reviews the existing legislations, policies and institutions
and identifies requirements as well as gaps and conflicts of the relevant legal and institutional
arrangements that would hinder or guide the development of the project in line with the
national and international laws applicable to RSSP III. Rwanda being a signatory to various
international conventions and laws, it is important that national projects are in line with these
laws and as such some of the relevant international conventions are reviewed in this chapter.
4.1 National Environmental and Social Management Requirements
This part describes the institutional, legal and policy framework for environmental and social
requirements in Rwanda, the relevant World Bank safeguard operational policies applicable to
the project as well as the international laws and conventions that bear relevance to the
implementation of this project.
4.1.1 Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework
4.1.1.1 Constitution of 2003
As the supreme law of the country, the constitution of the Republic of Rwanda stipulates that
the state shall protect important natural resources including land, water, wetlands, minerals,
oil, fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Rwanda.
This constitution entrusts the Government with the duty of ensuring that Rwandese enjoy a
clean and healthy environment. Article 49 states that every citizen is entitled to a healthy and
satisfying environment. Every person has the duty to protect, safeguard and promote the
environment. The state shall protect the environment. The law determines the modalities for
protecting, safeguarding and promoting the environment.
4.1.1.2 Law on Environment Protection and Management
The most relevant legislation for this study is the Organic Law on Environmental Protection,
Conservation and Management. The legislation sets out the general legal framework for
Environment protection and management in Rwanda.
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The law centers on avoiding and reducing disastrous consequences on Environment. The
Ministry of Natural Resources, the ministry responsible for the Environment, puts in place the
organic law regarding environment conservation. Initially until very recently, REMA was
responsible for the approval of EIA reports; a responsibility that has now been transferred to
Rwanda Development Board (RDB) where there is a department for EIA headed by a Director
and responsible for review and approval of all EIA reports.
4.1.1.3 Law on the Use and Management of Land in Rwanda
The law on the land use and management determines how land should be used in Rwanda. It
also institutes the principles that are respected on land legal rights accepted on any land in the
country as well as all other appendages whether natural or artificial. The Chapter II of the law
categorizes land according to its uses. Article 12 of the law gives the state ownership over land
which makes up the public domain including lakes and rivers as listed by an order of the
Minister having water in his or her attributions, shores of lakes and rivers up to the length
determined land occupied by springs and wells determined in accordance with an order of the
Minister having water in land reserved for Environmental conservation composed of natural
forests, national parks, reserved swamps, public gardens and touristic sites among others.
Article 29 gives the state control over swamps. The state is the only authority over their use.
The law calls for inventory of the all swamps and their boundaries, the structure of the swamps,
their use, how they can be organized. According to article 29 of the Land Organic Law, swampy
land belongs to the state and no person can use.
In order for the swampy land to be efficiently managed and exploited, a Ministerial order by the
Minister having Environment in his or her attributions shall determine a list of swamps and
their boundaries. The law further requires that such a list shall clearly indicate the structure of
the swamps, their use, how they can be organized so that they can be beneficial to Rwandan
nationals on a sustainable basis. The ministerial order must also certify the modalities of how
swamp land shall be managed, organized and exploited. RSSP 3 will follow the recommendation
stipulated in articles of this law.
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4.1.2 Policy Framework
4.1.2.1 Vision 2020
The environment protection and management rank among the main pillars of vision 2020. By
2020, the Government intends to have built a nation where pressure on natural resources
mainly lands, water, biodiversity will have reasonably been decreased and the pollution process
and environmental degradation reversed. The management and protection of these resources
and environment are more rational and strictly under control in order to preserve and conserve
for the future generations a basic heritage which is likely to ensure sustainable development.
Therefore, with regard to natural resources and environment protection and management, the
Government of the Republic of Rwanda has set on a mission of decreasing the percentage of
households involved in direct exploitation of primary agriculture from 90 % to 50 %; setting up
efficient and updated regulations which are appropriate for sustainable protection and
management of natural resources and environment; decreasing within the national energy
assessment rates of diseases related to environmental degradation and firewood from 60 %
and 94 % to 50 % respectively.
To achieve these objectives, Rwanda will ensure that (1) the environment issue is integrated
into all education, sensitization, and development policies and programmes as well as in all
decision-making processes, (2) the promotion of grassroots’ communities participation with
more involvement of women and the youth in environment protection and management; (3)
that the precaution principle is set up to alleviate negative effects of socio-economic activities
to our environment; (4) a diversification of energy sources that will be made available to the
population to decrease pressure on biomass; (5) that the “polluter-pays” principle as well as
preventive and penal measures are set up to safeguard the environment; (6) that a study on
environmental impact be conducted for any development project and programme; (7) the
planning of industrial sites establishment and control of their effects on environment and the
population; (8) the promotion of more environment friendly transport, stocking and industrial
products and waste elimination technologies; (9) regulations relating to mine exploitation and
mine discharge treatment are applied; (10) rehabilitation of former quarry sites; (11) that the
Bureau of Standards for local and imported products is strengthened; (12) a statistic database
on natural resources and environment and a quick alert system to mitigate anticipate natural
disasters are set up and that a scheme for victims of a natural calamity is created; (13) that
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Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is set up and supported, (14) the
cooperation with other countries and international institutions in the area of environment
protection and management.
Public institutions should sensitize and urge the private sector, civil society, donors and
grassroots’ communities to efficiently contribute to natural resources management and
environment protection. The implementation of laws and regulations, adoption and
dissemination of environment friendly technologies will constitute a big priority for both central
and local Governments.
Finally, regional and international cooperation will be promoted and strengthened to efficiently
contribute to environment protection and management. Public institutions in charge of
environment protection and management will be strengthened and the role of the private
sector and civil society will be clearly defined and enhanced for a more coordinated and
harmonized environmental action.
4.1.2.2 Rwanda Environmental Policy
The overall objective of the Environmental Policy is the improvement of man’s wellbeing, the
judicious utilization of natural resources and the protection and rational management of
ecosystems for a sustainable and fair development. The policy seeks to achieve this through
improved health and quality of life for every citizen and promotion of sustainable socio-
economic development through a rational management and utilization of resources and
Environment, integrating Environmental aspects into all the development policies, planning and
in all activities carried out at the national, provincial and local level, with the full participation of
the population, conservation, preserve and restoration of ecosystems and maintenance of
ecological and systems functions.
With reference to the National Policy on Environment (NPE) in Rwanda, as of November 2003,
to ensure a sustainable environment protection and management, the following principles
mention among others that:
1. It is every person’s right to live in a safe and stable environment, but on the other hand,
they must keep it salubrious,
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2. The national economic growth must be based on rational use of resources and take into
account environmental dimensions,
3. Active and effective participation of the whole population for environment protection
and management,
4. A special emphasis must be laid on environmental education and sensitization
programme at all levels with more involvement of women and the youth,
5. Environmental impact is to be analysed while conducting studies of development
projects.
In addition, some political options and strategic actions have been envisaged. With regard to
population and land development, the NPE proposes the elaboration or updating of master
plans and special planning in urban areas.
As regards natural resources management (lands and water), the NPE proposes among others:
Ensure the preservation and protection of soils against any form of degradation,
Ensure that a prior study of environmental impact which underlines costs and benefits
from slopes and underlying ecosystems protection is conducted for any development
projects
Encourage programmes of rainwater collection, stocking and use.
Regarding wetlands management, forests and other reserves and biodiversity, the NPE
proposes among others:
Set up protection measures for slopes to avoid degradation of swamps,
Promote the rehabilitation of ecosystems under degradation and restoring endangered
species;
As regards environmental education, information and research, the NPE proposes among
others to reinforce the human and institutional capacity building with regard to environment
and to sensitize the population to protect environment.
With regard to health and sanitation, the NPE proposes among others:
Set up a system of waste collection, transport, disposal and elimination,
Establish norms of zone protection between dumps, human buildings and water
sources,
32
Set up an appropriate canal and evacuation system for waste waters and rainwater in
towns and resettlement sites “Umudugudu”.
Concerning the environment decentralized management, the Central Government will be
concerned with conservation and protection policies while tourism and environmental
management will be transferred to government decentralized services at the District and Kigali
City levels. At this level, the implementation capacity of this environmental policy is very low.
The strategy and the national action plan on biodiversity were approved in June 2000, and
objectives and priorities for sustainable biodiversity conservation and management were
defined. Biodiversity includes slopes and wetlands but also the government strategy on
protected areas. According to strategies in the area of environment, environmental concerns
rank as follows:
(i) Political and legal frameworks relating to environment unknown by the population
and/or decentralised entities;
(ii) low level of awareness among people with regard to environment;
(iii) inadequate exploitation of forests;
(iv) erosion;
(v) exploiting quarry sites without restoring exploited parts;
(vi) insufficient knowledge on environment status;
(vii) weakness of decentralised structures in environment management;
(viii) absence of appropriate environment-friendly technologies.
In general, the national environmental policy is in direct relation with other policies in the area,
especially policy on agriculture, land, water and sanitation, forests, energy, industry, gender,
etc.
4.1.2.3 Health Sector Policy
One of the objectives of Rwanda Heath Sector Policy is to improve the quality of life and
demand for services in the control of disease. The policy identifies the most common illnesses
in Rwanda and puts priority to addressing these diseases. Irrigation projects have a role to play
in malaria incidences.
33
The policy in these subproject areas should emphasize on Environmental control of the disease
vector especially in marshland areas.
4.1.2.4 Agriculture Policy
The main objective of Rwanda agricultural policy is to intensify and the transform subsistence
agriculture into a market oriented agriculture. This requires the modern inputs, notably
improved seeds and fertilizers. The policy puts emphasis on marshland development for
increased food production because the land on hills is degraded by erosion and not sufficient.
The policy promotes small scale irrigation infrastructure development in the country’s selected
marshlands while preventing Environmental degradation. To achieve sustainable agricultural
development, the policy emphasizes the need to adopt Integrated Pest Management practices.
RSSP has conducted the study on IPM to guide on the best use of pesticides under Phase 1 and
2 and is preparing the Pest Management Plans for the Phase 3.
4.1.2.5 Land Policy
The Rwanda land policy calls for rational use and sound management of national land resources
and be based on master plans. The policy also provides development of land use plans based on
suitability of the areas/lands thus distinguishing the different categories of land and their
purpose.
The policy promotes irrigating areas that are more or less flat and semi-arid to support
agricultural production while discouraging overgrazing and pasture burning. On the use and
management of hillsides and marshlands, the policy stipulates that marshlands meant for
agriculture should be cultivated after adequate planning and Environmental Impact
Assessment.
4.1.2.6 Marshlands Development Master Plan
Rwanda has formulated a master plan for marshlands development which among other things
provides for the protection of water catchments and soil conservation based on hydrology,
pedology, environmental, agro economic and sociological studies. It will target to develop
40,000 ha of marshlands by 2020.
34
RSSP is using these criteria to identify areas for subprojects. The criteria combine those
established by the marshland master plan and those developed by RSSP. According to the
strategy, before any development of marshland, feasibility studies and Environmental impact
Assessment are an obligatory requirement.
The plan also calls for development of a marshland to go hand in hand with the management of
the hillsides associated with them. The master plan recognizes the role of Environmental
assessment in planning for economic development especially in the agricultural sector.
4.1.2.7 Water and Sanitation Policy
The sectoral policy on water and sanitation is based on vision 2020, millennium development
goals and poverty reduction strategy. The policy provides for decentralization in line with the
national decentralization policy, institutional aspects, integrated watershed management,
monitoring and assessment and participatory approach to water and sanitation among other
sectoral reforms in Rwanda.
The policy identifies the sub-sector constraints and proposes measures to achieve policy
objectives of improving the living conditions of the population through optimal use of water
resources and access of all to water and sanitation services. One of the programs of this policy
is on water supply and sanitation program in rural area In order to achieve the millennium goals
and the 2020 Vision, the Government of Rwanda launched 15 years water and sanitation
program in rural area. This program aims to improve the population rate with access to water,
presently at 44 %, and increase the sanitation rate, presently at 8 %, to 66 % in 2010, to 80 % in
2015 and 100 % in 2020.
4.1.2.8 National Water Resources Management Policy
The water policy aims at fair and sustainable access to water, improvement of the management
of water resources, etc. through reforestation on hillsides and water catchments areas. This
policy would seem in conflict with other sector policies including agriculture and marshland
development.
35
The policy also needs to adopt a holistic approach to the management of water resources and
integrate other polices related to it including the forest, wetlands, agriculture and land.
This policy is relevant to RSSP 3 subprojects as some of the project activities will be undertaken
in areas with water resources and one of the key project input is water which is governed by
the policy.
4.1.2.9 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
This strategy defines the objectives and priorities for the conservation and sustainable
management of biodiversity. The plan includes hillsides and wetlands and protected areas as
some of the areas that need to be conservation.
The strategy focuses on five major areas i.e. improved conservation of protected areas and
wetlands; sustainable use of biodiversity in natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems; rational
use of biotechnology; development and strengthening of policy, institutional, legal and human
resources frameworks; and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the use of biological
resources. The Action Plan consists of urgent and priority actions which are attainable in a
period of five years.
The strategy focuses on five major aims: improved conservation of protected areas and
wetlands; sustainable use of biodiversity in natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems; rational
use of biotechnology; development and strengthening of policy, institutional, legal and human
resources frameworks; and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the use of biological
resources. The Action Plan consists of urgent and priority actions which are attainable in a
period of five years. However the plan is not based on the actual status quality of wetlands
which is one of the most important ecosystems in Rwanda. There is need to undertake
inventory of wetlands in the country which will allow planning of these ecosystems.
4.1.2.10 National Poverty Reduction Strategy
The National Poverty Reduction Strategy identifies the transformation of the subsistence
agriculture, into a modernized agriculture, which is market oriented as one of the priority
sectors. Other priority areas include human development which covers the actions of improving
living conditions of the poor, economic infrastructure, governance, development of the private
sector and the institutional reinforcement.
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4.1.3 Relevant Institutions
4.1.3.1 Ministry of Natural Resources
The Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) is government lead ministry for environmental
management in Rwanda. The mission statement of (MINIRENA) consists of insuring a rational
management of lands, taking care of the conservation and protection of the environment in
view of a sustainable human development. The Ministry was established to provide services to
the population of Rwanda, the public and private sector, and to the different development
partners. It is responsible for the formulation of policies and laws aimed at the protection and
rational use of environment.
4.1.3.2 Rwanda Environment Management Authority
With regards to the management of the bio-physical environment throughout Rwanda, the
overall responsibility now lies with the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA). In
November 2005, the Government of Rwanda approved the law establishing the Rwanda
Environment Management Authority (REMA).
The functions of REMA are:
To implement Government environmental policy and decisions of the Board of
Directors.
To advise the Government on legislative and other measures for the management of the
environment or the implementation of relevant international conventions, treaties and
agreements in the field of environment, as the case may deem necessary.
To take stock and conduct comprehensive environmental audits and investigations, to
prepare and publish biannual reports on the state of natural resources in Rwanda.
To undertake research, investigations, surveys and such other relevant studies in the
field of environment and disseminate the findings.
To ensure monitoring and evaluation of development programs in order to control
observance of proper safeguards in the planning and execution of all development
projects, including those already in existence, that have or are likely to have significant
impact on the environment.
To participate in the set up of procedures and safeguards for the prevention of
accidents and phenomena which may cause environmental degradation and propose
37
remedial measures where accidents and those phenomena occur.
To render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural
resource management and environmental protection.
To provide awards and grants aimed at facilitating research and capacity-building in
matters of environmental protection.
To publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental
management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation.
4.1.3.3 Rwanda Development Board
This is a one stop institution bringing together several government bodies in Rwanda focused at
promoting investment in Rwanda. RDB has created a department of EIA responsible for
reviewing all projects EIA before approval a duty that was previously undertaken by REMA.
Rwanda also adheres to several international agreements, treaties and conventions, though
management legal tools are not yet well developed. Among other conventions ratified by the
Republic of Rwanda, the most important ones which have influenced or influence the national
policy with regard to environment are:
i) Convention on Biological Diversity of June 10th
, 1992 ratified on March 18th
, 1995.
ii) United Nations Convention on Desertification Control of June 17th
, 1991 and ratified
on October 22nd
, 1998.
iii) RAMSAR Convention on February 2nd, 1971 on wetlands
4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies
This ESMF has been designed so that all activities financed by RSSP III will comply with the
relevant laws in Rwanda and the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World
Bank. The World Bank Safeguard Policies are:
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01)
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Forests (OP/BP 4.36)
Pest Management (OP /BP4.09)
Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)
38
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
Projects on International Waters (OP/BP 7.50)
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)
World Bank Policy on Access to Information
World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines
<http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EHSGuidelines>
In preparing this ESMF, a consideration of the type of future activities /investments planned vis-
à-vis the baseline data presented in Chapter 3 and the requirements of the Bank Safeguard
policies, has led to the determination that only the following Bank policies are triggered:
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01)
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Pest Management (OP/BP 4.09)
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)
Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
World Bank Policy on Access to Information
World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines
This notwithstanding, since the exact location of all investments was not known at the time of
preparation of the RSSP3, other Bank policies may apply and not all policies selected above may
apply simultaneously. Therefore, a complete description of the Bank safeguards and their
triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank’s official web site www.worldbank.org
and summarized in this chapter, to be used as part of the Environmental and Social
Management process presented in Chapter 6 of this ESMF.
4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to
help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision
making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature,
scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed investments under the RSSP 3.
39
The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health
and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property)
and transboundary and global environmental aspects.
As part of the ESMF process, proposed subprojects under the RSSP 3 are to be designed at the
local level to ensure that they are screened for potential impacts and that they comply with the
requirements set out under World Bank safeguard policies.
The World Bank system assigns a project to one of three project categories, as defined below:
Category “A” Projects
An EIA is always required for projects that are in this category. Impacts are expected to be
adverse, sensitive, irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant discharges large
enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large scale physical disturbance of the site or
surroundings; extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of forests and
other natural resources; measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of hazardous
materials in more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and other
significant social disturbances.
Category “B” Projects
Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant, not as sensitive, numerous, major or
diverse. Few, if any, impacts are irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily
designed. Typical projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new
construction. Although a full EIA is not always required, some environmental analysis is
necessary.
Category “C” Projects
Category C projects result in negligible or minimal direct disturbance of the physical
Environment. Typical projects include education, family planning, health, and human resource
development. No EIA or other analysis is required.
The RSSP 3 has been screened and assigned an EA Category B. This category of projects is
defined as follows: ‘’Category B projects are likely to have potential adverse environmental
impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetlands,
forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats – and are less adverse than those of category A
40
projects’’. These impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases
mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects.
The EA process for category B projects examines the potential negative and positive
environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate,
or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance.
Therefore, this ESMF sets out to establish the EIA process to be undertaken for implementation
of project activities in the proposed RSSP 3 when they are being identified and implemented.
This process requires that RSSP 3 and its implementing partners screen their activities to
identify their potential adverse impacts and thereby determine the corresponding mitigation
measures to incorporate into their planned activities. EAs/EMPs will be prepared for all RSSP 3
sub-projects.
4.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the
environment, is essential for long term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports
the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats.
Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems biological communities are
formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially
modified the areas primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological,
social, economic, and existence value. Important habitats may occur in tropical humid, dry, and
cloud forest; temperate and boreal forest; Mediterranean type shrub lands; natural arid and
semiarid lands, mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries, sea grass
beds, coral reefs, freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine Environments, including
herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperate grasslands.
Therefore, the natural habitats policy may be triggered in certain cases because the
investments proposed under this project may have potential adverse impacts on Rwanda’s
many marshlands, water sources, rivers, and forests.
41
The natural ecosystems of the rivers, wetlands and forests are known to support varying
degrees of natural complexities of flora and fauna. Therefore, this policy requires that any
activities funded under the RSSP 3 that adversely impacts these ecosystems are successfully
mitigated so that the balance of the ecosystems are enhanced or maintained.
This would require RSSP 3 to design appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to
remove or reduce adverse impacts on these ecosystems or their functions, keeping such
impacts within socially defined limits of acceptable change. Specific measures may depend on
the ecological characteristics of the affected ecosystem. Such measures must include provision
for monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide
guidance for developing or refining appropriate corrective actions.
4.2.3 Pest Management (OP /BP 4.09)
This policy aims at assisting borrowers to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public
health. The Bank supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental
control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Rural development and
health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. A preferred solution is to use
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use in the whole of the
sectors concerned.
In appraising a project that will involve pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the
country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and
Environmentally sound pest management. As necessary, the Bank and the borrower
incorporate in the project components to strengthen such capacity.
The Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrated
pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides: economic and sector work,
sectoral or project specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and
investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of
IPM. For World Bank funded agriculture projects, pest populations are normally controlled
through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development
and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the
purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach.
42
The policy supports use of environmental methods for public health projects in controlling
pests. Where environmental methods alone are not effective, the Bank may finance the use of
pesticides for control of disease vectors.
The policy calls for assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account
the proposed use and the intended users for procurement of any pesticide in Bank financed
projects. The IPM study and trainings have been carried out in RSSP I and II and the Pest
Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared for RSSP II and is underway for RSSP 3.
The policy requires that any pesticides it finances be manufactured, packaged, labeled,
handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the Bank. The
Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations
of products in Class II7, if the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; are likely
to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training,
equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.
4.2.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
The objective of this policy to avoid where feasible, or minimize, exploring all viable alternative
project designs, to avoid resettlement. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary
taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected
areas.
The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and
mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. This policy covers direct economic and social
impacts that both result from Bank assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the
involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access
to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected
persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally
designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the
displaced persons. For project activities that impact people and livelihoods in this way, RSSP 2
will have to comply with the requirements of the disclosed RPF and RAPs to comply with this
policy.
43
A separate Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) that establishes standards and procedures for
the preparation of Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) will be prepared. The RAPs will be
prepared by RSSP and its implementing partners.
This policy would be triggered when a project activity, in the cases mentioned above, for
example, causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in:
Relocation or loss of shelter,
Loss of assets or temporary or permanent access to assets
Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons
must move to another location,
Loss of land,
4.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
This policy addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable
objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have
archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural
significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be
above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or
national level, or within the international community.
As this policy is triggered for RSSP3, chance finds procedures should be incorporated into the
EMPs and civil works contracts. The following wording is proposed:
If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including
graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall:
- Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find;
- Delineate the discovered site or area;
- Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of
removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until
the responsible local authorities or the administration of the Institute of National
Museums of Rwanda (INMR) take over;
- Notify the supervisory Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who in
turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the [Culture Department of
Province] immediately (within 24 hours or less);
44
Responsible local authorities and Institute of National Museums of Rwanda (INMR) would then
be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate
procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the
archaeologists of the [National Culture Administration]. The significance and importance of the
findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage,
namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values.
Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the
[Culture Department of Province]. This could include changes in the layout (such as when
finding irremovable remains of cultural or archeological importance) conservation,
preservation, restoration and salvage.
Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be
communicated in writing by relevant local authorities.
Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local
authorities or INMR administration concerning safeguard of the heritage.
4.2.6 Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)
This policy applies to the following types of international waterways:
(i) any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between or any river or
body of surface water that flows through, two or more states, whether bank members or not;
(ii) any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described in (i) above and; (iii) any bay, gulf, strait or channel bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states and any river flowing into such waters. This policy applies to the following types of projects: (i) hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways as described in paragraphe 1 above, and
45
(ii) detailed design and engineering studies of projects under paragraph 2 (i) above, including those to be carried out by the Bank as executing agency or in any other capacity. The Project ascertains whether riparian agreements are in place, and ensures that riparian states are informed of and do not object to project interventions. Such notification has been issued to the concerned riparian states.
4.2.7 Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
Following the Bank policy for dam’s safety, RSSP 3 will follow the Small Dam Safety Guidelines for
Rwanda, adopted in November 2009. The document on small dam safety guidelines for Rwanda has
been disclosed in Bank InfoShop - these guidelines are based on the September 2005 guidelines
originally developed for small dams in Uganda, with support from the World Bank.
The Project's adherence to the World Bank’s Operational Policy OP/BP 4.37 means that the Government
of Rwanda (GoR) shall:
(a) furnish to the Bank for review, prior to the issuance of a request for proposals relating to a contract
for the provision of technical services relating to the investigation, design, or construction or the
commencement of operations of a dam, terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank for such contract,
and appoint for the provision of such services professionals with qualifications and experience
satisfactory to the Bank;
(b) furnish to the Bank for review, no later than 15 days after the completion or receipt of each such
report, all reports relating to dam safety prepared by the GoR, any independent specialists assessing a
dam under construction or targeted under the Project, or professionals appointed by the GoR to design,
construct, fill, and start up a dam; and
(c) furnish to the Bank for review, as soon as available, all information relevant to dam safety, including
cost estimates, construction schedules, procurement procedures, technical assistance arrangements,
environmental and social assessments, along with the dam proposal, technical aspects, inspection
reports, and any actions plans relating to dam safety prepared by the GoR.
The GoR shall furnish to the Bank for review, no later than three (3) months prior to the Project’s Closing
Date, operational procedures with respect to dams constructed or targeted under the Project, including
retention of written instructions for flood operations and emergency preparedness at such dams at all
times, incorporation of necessary modifications to technical criteria for the evaluation of dam safety
further to the advent of new technology or information, and application of such revised criteria to such
dams and other dams under the Government’s jurisdiction as necessary.
46
4.2.8 World Bank Policy on Access to Information
The World Bank Policy on Access to Information sets out the policy of the World Bank on public
access to information in its possession. This Policy supersedes the World Bank Policy on
Disclosure of Information, and took effect on July 1, 2010. This Policy is based on five principles:
Maximizing access to information.
Setting out a clear list of expectations
Safeguarding the deliberative process
Providing clear procedures for making information available
Recognizing requester’s right to an appeals process.
In disclosing information related to member countries / borrowers in the case of documents
prepared or commissioned by a member country / borrower the Bank takes the approach that
the Country / Borrower provides such documents to the Bank with the understanding that the
Bank will make them available to the public.
4.2.9 World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines
The World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (known as the "EHS’’
Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of
Good International Industry Practice (GIIP), as defined in the IFC's Performance Standard 3 on
Pollution Prevention and Abatement. The General EHS Guidelines contain information on cross-
cutting environmental, health, and safety issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors. It
is designed and should be used together with the relevant industry sector guideline(s), in this
instance the Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety. All contracts should include a
clause requiring the provision of Protective Personal Equipment to all workers.
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5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
5.1 Positive Impacts
a) Catchment Rehabilitation and Management
c) Flood Control
d) Water Resources Conservation
e) Birdlife Habitat conservation
g) Improvement of previously waterlogged areas
h) Environmental Protection
i) Food Security
j) Poverty Alleviation
k) Raise Rural Income
l) Improved access to water for domestic purposes
m) Improved nutrition
n) Appreciation of the value of land
o) Employment creation for community members
p) Provision of fuel wood
q) Empowerment of farmers
Highlighted in summary below are the potential adverse impacts that could occur when the
RSSP subprojects are implemented. An EMP has been prepared and details the potential
adverse impacts for each of the proposed activities.
5.2 Critical Project Activities and Anticipated Adverse Impacts
The critical project activities that could potentially lead to adverse impacts mentioned below
include;
(i) The excavation works for the construction of dam and reservoir area will involve
excavating the proposed sites for construction of the dam wall to block the water
and create a reservoir;
(ii) The retention of water in the reservoir area for irrigation will be undertaken once
the wall is completed in order to store the water in the reservoir area for irrigation;
(iii) Clearing of the proposed project sites for construction activities will be undertake
and will involve clearing and cutting down of crops, vegetation and structures that
could be in the dam or reservoir areas;
48
(iv) Introduction or application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to boost overall
productivity in the irrigation areas;
(v) Establishment of construction camps for the dam construction activities.
The Potential Adverse Impacts include the following:
a) Water quality and quantity degradation (both surface and ground water)
b) Soil erosion and quality deterioration
c) Loss of biodiversity
d) Ecological imbalances
e) Ecosystems damage
f) Surface water sedimentation
g) Damage to aquatic habitats
h) Soil salinity
i) Sanitation and waste management problems
j) Pathogen breeding ground
k) Introduction of invasive flora species
l) Loss of high value trees especially those with medicinal value
m) Borrow pit impacts
n) Downstream flooding and water use denial
5.3 Socio-cultural and Economic Impacts
These include:
a) Displacement of local inhabitants
b) Damage to property
c) Water use conflicts
d) Land ownership conflicts
e) Damage of aesthetics of the area/land
f) Food insecurity attributed to by displacement of subsistence farming
g) Dam safety related impacts
h) Camp construction related impacts
i) Traffic congestion
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5.4 Health Impacts
These include:
a) Spread of water borne diseases
b) Spread of HIV/AIDS
c) Dust impacts
d) Noise impacts
5.5 Localized Impacts
Most of the developments or subprojects planned under the RSSP 3 will vary from medium to
small in scale. Consequently the significance of the direct negative environmental and social
impacts is likely to be moderately significant except where they accumulate in single
watersheds.
5.6 Cumulative Impacts
Many of the subprojects may result in cumulative impacts on natural resources. Cumulative
impacts are those that may result from individually small-scale activities with minimal impacts
but which over time can combine to have a significant impact. Cumulative impacts can also be
defined as impacts that potentially develop from the combined impacts of more than one
subproject. Examples include:
Increased use of chemical fertilizer which may have downstream impacts; and
Attraction of immigrant populations to communities that have improved production
systems and social infrastructure.
Reduced water to downstream users due to the dams
Increased sedimentation of the natural water bodies and valley
The stakeholders will be provided with an opportunity to learn how to avoid or mitigate
localized impacts from initial subprojects so that measures can be integrated in
subsequent activities.
5.7 Strategic Impacts
The main objective of RSSP 3 is to promote diversification of economic activities in rural areas
as a way of increasing and stabilizing rural incomes in an environmentally sustainable manner.
This will be achieved by assisting rural households to expand and intensify sustainable crop
production systems and to increase their participation in agricultural markets.
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5.8 Ecological Impacts and Land Degradation
A number of the proposed activities in the subprojects can lead to both localized and
cumulative impacts on biodiversity, wetlands, soils and water quality. Land degradation may
arise due to subprojects that involve intensification of agriculture.
The environmental and social screening tools in Chapter 8 will be used to identify and mitigate
the potential impacts as they relate to certain types of community investments.
5.9 Potential Sources of Pollution
The use of agro-chemicals such as inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, and organic manure can
lead to pollution, especially due to surface runoff into adjacent water courses, including
infiltration into groundwater.
This will be carefully monitored through annual reporting tools described in Chapter 8. Training
will be provided to communities in proper handling and application of these materials as part of
local capacity building component.
5.10 Pest Management
Successful Integrated Pest Management/Integrated Crop Management (IPM) is based on sound
farmer knowledge of the on-going agro-ecological processes of the farming environment. Such
farmers are, therefore, technically empowered to make informed decisions on the most
appropriate management strategies to apply a specific period of crop development and
production cycle. Furthermore, integrated crop/pest management is a farmer-centred
management approach that addresses issues beyond pest management. It offers the entry
point to improvement of the entire agricultural production system. It can be successfully
adopted in the presence of a national Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy framework and
institutional support.
In all instances where high input-dependent crop/pest practices are adopted, pesticide misuse
is known to be common and can result in the following impacts:
Destruction of crop pollinators leading to poor crop yields;
Elimination of the natural enemies of crop pests and consequent loss of natural pest
control that keeps the populations of crop pests very low;
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Development of pest resistance to pesticides, encouraging further increases in the use
of chemical pesticides;
Contamination of the soil and water bodies;
Toxicity to fish and birds;
Proliferation of aquatic weeds;
Pesticide poisoning of farmers and deleterious effects on human health;
Unacceptable levels of pesticide residues in harvested produce and in the food chain;
and
Loss of biodiversity in the environment, particularly of the aquatic non-target species.
Considerable attention must, therefore, be paid to the environmental consequences of current
pest management practices in Rwanda.
52
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS FOR RSSP3
This section of the ESMF describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social
concerns are adequately addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures
used by the project for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation
of subprojects. It sets out the reporting systems and responsibilities of the institutions in
implementing the ESMF including the details to be addressed by the ESMF and the specific
steps to be undertaken to ensure adherence to the ESMF.
Based on the project implementation approach adopted by the project, the project and
subproject preparation and reporting will be through the RSSP 3 PSCU as the focal point for
environmental approvals. Due to the multiple implementation approach to be adopted for
project execution, different project preparation and application methods will be used
depending on the project component.
6.1 Marshlands and Hillsides Rehabilitation and Development
The screening and review process for subproject identification presented below will help
determine which World Bank safeguard policies are triggered for each subproject, what similar
requirements REMA and RDB may have, and what measures will need to be taken to address
the potential adverse impacts. Subprojects and activities that fall under Component 1.1 and 1.2
will each need to be reviewed for potential environmental and social impacts.
Environmental Impact Assessments/Environmental Management Plans (EIA/ EMPs) will be
prepared for all subprojects anticipated by RSSP 3. These preliminary EMPs provide substantial
guidance on how each subproject should be planned, designed and implemented to avoid or
minimize adverse environmental impacts.
As subproject planning is finalized, RSSP 3 will undertake additional environmental studies as
needed to ensure that it avoids creating significant adverse impacts, and that the EMPs are
updated to accurately document how subproject implementation will incorporate adequate
impact mitigation, monitoring and management measures.
53
Similarly, the PSCU will ensure that subproject plans incorporate any measures required under
the RSSP 3 Pest Management Plan (PMP) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). The RSSP 3
PSCU will be responsible for completing the screening checklist (Annex 6) and ensuring that the
final EIA and RAP reports are approved by RDB before subprojects receive final approval by
World Bank for implementation.
6.2 Community Subprojects
In the case of community driven subprojects under Components 2, RSSP 3 PSCU will encourage
cooperatives to carry out the screening task themselves, possibly by the more literate members
of the community. The same screening checklist will be used for projects that are proposed by
other implementing parties.
Communities will identify the subprojects with the assistance of the RSSP 3. The proposed
subprojects will subsequently be checked against the screening checklist. It will be encouraged
that communities carry out this task themselves. The checklist is a simple yes/no form
culminating in whether a specific advice to the community on environmental mitigation is
required. The screening forms will be reviewed quarterly.
There will be numerous community subprojects financed by the RSSP 3 that will each need to
be reviewed for potential environmental and social impacts, while there is only one District
Environmental Officer per District. Therefore, a system that is streamlined is required, and as
far as is feasible, communities must be responsible for completion of this screening process. As
part of the identification of subprojects, the screening checklist (Annex 6) will be completed by
the relevant community group, provincial staff or District Environmental Officer. As needed, the
PSCU Environmental Officer will facilitate this work.
Based on this application, the subproject proposal will be reviewed and selection for the next
stage of evaluation undertaken. At this selection stage, a first level of environmental screening
takes place on the basis of the screening checklist completed by the proponent.
In the eventuality that a subproject cannot be approved by RDB on the basis of a Project
Report, the proponent will be advised to undertake a simple environmental assessment and
prepare an EMP.
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Figure 1 illustrates the Flow chart for Advice and Reporting on Smaller Scale Projects:
55
6.3 Compliance with ESMP Implementation for Larger Projects
Monitoring of the compliance of subproject implementation with the mitigation measures set
out in its EMP and/or RAP will be required. This is particularly important for some of the
irrigation subprojects, as their environmental and social impacts, if not mitigated, could be
highly significant.
The EO and DEO will have responsibility for carrying out this monitoring by regularly visiting the
subprojects, and pursuing the following corrective measures as required.
(i) If a violation of the EMP or RAP is detected during a site visit, the project proponent
will be notified of the violation, and the means of rectification, verbally. The EO and
DEO will discuss with the proponent a realistic deadline for rectifying the violation. It
will be the proponent’s duty to convey these discussions to any other parties
involved, for example the construction contractor.
(ii) If a violation is reported to the EO and DEO by some other entity, they will conduct a
site visit and, similarly, issue the verbal warning and deadline.
(iii) The verbal warning will be confirmed in writing to the proponent within five working
days.
(iv) The EO and DEO will return to the site on the deadline, and if the violation is still
occurring, he will notify the contractor / operator in writing of the continuing
violation, informing them of the disciplinary action to be taken. The PSCU EO will
inform REMA in writing of the situation.
(v) If after two months the violation has not been rectified, REMA will instigate
disciplinary procedures.
6.4 Annual Reports
Forms proposed for completion on an annual basis are set out in Annex 7 below. These will
comply with Rwanda EIA regulations and will provide:
(i) A means of communication between Districts and PSCU team at national level (i.e.
through the PSCU Environmental Officer), and between the PSCU and the relevant government
departments;
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(ii) A paper trail of experience and issues running from year to year throughout the project;
(iii) Practical information from which the Environmental Officer can assess strategic
effectiveness of the proposed plans in achieving project objectives; and
(iv) Practical information from which the Environmental Officer in the PSCU and the
consultant used to carry out the annual performance audit can draw upon.
The District level annual report will be completed with input in the appropriate sections by the
District Environment Officer. The objective of the report is to feedback on activities and
observations from subprojects implemented over the review period in the district. The form will
be submitted to the District Authority and the PSCU.
This national level annual report is to be completed by the PSCU principally by the
Environmental Officer. The objective of the report is to consolidate and summarize the
feedback from the districts, and assess the overall progress of the RSSP 3 projects against
objectives.
6.5 Public consultation and participatory process
The objective of the public consultations with stakeholders is to gather information on their
Concerns, perceptions and fears of the livelihood changes to be brought about as aresult or
consequence of RSSP 3.
Public consultations will be organized as a way to collect first-hand accounts of benefits and
grievances from interested/and affected parties by RSSP project. They will involve organized
group discussions with purposively selected individuals/stakeholders (between 6 and 10) to
gain information on their concerns, perceptions, reactions and experiences of livelihood
changes brought as a result/consequence of RSSP project. Group discussions will provide
multiple views within a group context and will be particularly useful in exploring the level of
consensus on a given felt impact.
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6.6 Description of Roles
The roles for implementing this ESMF will be:
Community Based Representatives
(i) The Community Based Representatives (Cooperative leaders and group leaders) will
be the key liaisons with the communities to support and facilitate them in targeting
and identifying community driven projects that meet the objectives of the RSSP3
subprojects;
(ii) Sensitization and capacity building will be a key part of their role in interacting with
the communities, in particular to ensure that they are equipped to make informed
and representative choices for the benefit of the whole community;
(iii) The Cooperatives will communicate regularly with the District Officers and the PSCU
Environmental officer in order to facilitate two-way flow of feedback, information
and advice.
District Environmental Officers
(i) District Environment Officers will be responsible for ensuring that the Environmental
screening and review system set out in this chapter is integrated into the subproject
cycle, and is used;
(ii) Sensitization of Cooperatives to Environmental issues will be a significant part of
ensuring this, as will partnerships with government (such as the DEO, DO, DFO) and
non-governmental officers ;
(iii) The District Environmental Officer may need to draw on the technical advice of their
governmental colleagues in other departments, or indeed upon traditional technical
knowledge etc;
(iv) Backstopping technical advice will also be available from the Environmental Officer
in the RSSP 3 PSCU;
(v) Each District Environmental Officer will compile with the District Development
Officer, a brief annual report for subprojects, for delivery to the Project Officers in
PSCU.
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District Officers Supporting the DEO
The District Agronomist and District Forest Officer will also be required to provide support to
the DEO as necessary to ensure effective execution of RSSP 3 activities.
PSCU Environmental Officer
(i) The PSCU Environmental Officer will provide guidance to the District Officers and the
Cooperatives and provide the key link between districts and REMA.
(ii) An annual environment and social performance audit will be prepared for the PSCU,
REMA and the World Bank.
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7. MONITORING PLAN OF THE ESMF
The objective of monitoring is twofold:
(1) To alert project authorities by providing timely information about the success or otherwise
of the environmental management process outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes
can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to RSSP 2 environmental
management; and
(2) To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures
incorporated in the technical designs and the EMP have been successful in such a way that the
pre-project environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or is worst
than before and to determine what further mitigation measures may be required.
This section sets out requirements for the monitoring of the environmental and social impacts
of the RSSP 3 subprojects. Monitoring of environmental and social indicators will be
mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation system for the project. In addition,
monitoring of the implementation of this ESMF will be carried out by REMA and the key
implementing institutions of RSSP 3.
7.1 Monitoring of Environmental and Social Indicators
Two opportunities will be taken to build a simple system for the monitoring and evaluation of
environmental and social impacts:
1) The Environmental Officer should consider the environmental and social criteria that require
measurement (i.e. groundwater levels, levels of income etc); a list of initial proposals is given
below;
2) Using this list of criteria, a set of indicators can be integrated into the screening forms used in
the project approval process in each district. This will ensure flexibility at the subproject design
stage, integration of monitoring considerations throughout the subproject cycle, as well as a
participatory approach to environmental and social monitoring.
Initial proposals
The key issues to be considered in the RSSP 3 subprojects include monitoring of water quality,
agricultural production, income generation, health and population influx.
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The goals of monitoring are to measure the success rate of the project, determine whether
interventions have resulted in dealing with negative impacts, whether further interventions are
needed or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Monitoring indicators will be very much
dependent on specific project contexts.
Monitoring and surveillance of subprojects will take place on a “spot check” basis at it would be
impossible to monitor all the subprojects to be financed under the project. The spot checks
consist of controlling the establishment of mitigation measures. It is not recommended to
collect large amounts of data, but rather to base monitoring on observations by project
technicians and stakeholders to determine the trends in indicators.
Monitoring of Participation Process
The following are indicators for monitoring of the participation process involved in the project
activities. Number and percentage of affected households consulted during the planning stage:
Level of decision making of affected people;
Level of understanding of project impacts and mitigation;
Effectiveness of local authorities to make decisions;
Frequency and quality of public meetings;
Degree of involvement of women or disadvantaged groups in discussions.
7.2 Evaluation of Results
The evaluation of results of environmental and social mitigation can be carried out by
comparing baseline data collected in the planning phases with targets and post-project
situations. A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of affected
people and their environment (land being used compared to before, how many clean water
sources than before, etc).
In order to assess whether these goals are met, the RSSP Environmental Specialist with
technical support of the Advisor will indicate in the EMP, parameters to be monitored, institute
monitoring milestones and provide resources necessary to carry out the monitoring activities.
The indicators for evaluating the ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance are
presented in Annex 5.
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7.3 Monitoring of ESMF Implementation
In addition to the Project Reports and EMPs required by the World Bank and under the Organic
Law on Environment, an Annual Audit on ESMF implementation will be prepared by the PSCU,
and delivered to REMA and the World Bank. In addition, each subproject that has been subject
to an EMP (or RAP) will also be required to produce an annual audit report, for delivery to
REMA.
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Table 1: Monitoring indicators for RSSP 3
Project Activities Negative Impacts Indicators Methods of
Monitoring
Responsibility Frequency
Promoting use and
access the required
inputs (chemicals and
high quality seed)
Ground and surface
water pollution by
chemicals
Water and soil quality Soil and water
Sampling and
analyses
RSSP, REMA Annually
Development/
Rehabilitation of the
irrigation works in the
area
- Soil degradation;
- Change in flow
regimes attributing to
flooding or dryness or
rivers
- Erosion &
sedimentation of the
system
- Water quality
degradation
-Ecosystem damage
- Water borne diseases
- Soil quality
- Water quantity (flow
rate per second)
- Sediment load, on
site rills/gullies
- Nutrient load (N, P,
K, etc.)
- Change in ecosystem
composition
- Water borne disease
prevalence
- Soil sampling and
analysis
- Stream gauging
- Sediment
analysis
- water sampling
& analyses
- Site observation
-MINISANTE
records
RSSP
RSSP/RNRA
RSSP/-RAB
RSSP/MINIRENA,
RSSP, REMA
MINISANTE, RSSP
Annually
Annually
Annually
Seasonally
Seasonally
Seasonally
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- Inefficient use of the
scarce water/ land
resources
- Change in
exploitation levels of
water/land
- Yield
measurements
MINAGRI
Safety Hazard Safety of livestock and humans
Reported cases of incidences and accidents Seepages and leakages reported or observed on the dam Color, turbidity and change in seepage chemical content
Review and evaluation of incidents and accidents Register Instrumentation equipment including; acceleograph, theodolite Direct observation of seepage water
RSSP Regularly
Improvement of value addition of infrastructures activities (markets, rural roads, etc)
- Soil erosion - Loss of vegetation -Degradation of water quality - Destruction of scenic beauty
- Sediment load, -Deforestation, -Water quality, Change in landscape
- Sediment sampling and analysis
- Determination of vegetation cover
- Sample analysis
- Visual observation
- Field reports
RSSP, REMA/RDB & MININFRA
Annually
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7.4 Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities
A) Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA)
REMA will play the leading oversight role of monitoring the activities of this project. The REMA
will carry out this role by ensuring that the environmental management plans (EMPs) contained
in the cleared design package is being implemented as specified therein. REMA will monitor the
reports on a regular basis, perhaps quarterly. They will rely on a bottom up feedback system
from the ground by going through the monitoring reports and making regular site visits to
inspect and verify for themselves the nature and extent of the impacts and the success or lack
off, of the mitigation measures.
B) Project support and coordination Unit (PSCU)
The RSSP 3 Monitoring and Evaluation Officer will be primarily responsible for ensuring
compliance to the monitoring framework. Jointly with the Environmental Officer, they will
undertake review of the monitoring reports emanating from the implementing agencies and
will then upon approval submit these monitoring reports to REMA and the World Bank. The
RSSP 3 PSCU will also provide overall coordination in monitoring including training coordinating
of training in collection and analysis of monitoring data for data collectors.
Critical role of the RSSP 3 PSCU will include data analysis, as well as maintenance of
management information systems and all baseline data. Lately other than preparation of
periodic reports, the PSCU will implement all the necessary modifications in the monitoring
framework.
C) RSSP 3 Implementing Partner Institutions
All the RSSP 3 implementing institutions identified under this project, will monitor the specific
components of the RSSP 3 project that they are targeted to execute. They include MINIRENA
and its Agencies (REMA and RNRA), MINISANTE, MINALOC, MINICOM and its Agencies (RCA),
MININFRA and PSF. The Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) and its Agencies will support
the project in water quality and ecosystem monitoring while the Ministry of health
(MINISANTE) will be responsible for campaigning and fighting against water born diseases and
monitoring their prevalence. The Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) will assist in improving
infrastructures (roads, market, etc).
65
The Ministry of local administration (MINALOC) will assist in mobilizing local communities in the
project intervention areas for the adoption and maintenance of RSSP activities. With regard to
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MINICOM) and its agencies, especially Rwanda
Cooperative Agency (RCA) will play a role in the formation, organization and capacity building of
Cooperatives assisted by RSSP. The Private Sector Federation (PSF) will be involved in providing
services, supplying agricultural inputs and transformation of agricultural produces. All
implementing partners will be required to prepare periodic monitoring reports for submission
to the RSSP 3 PSCU and specifically to the Environment Officer and the M&E Officer.
D) Local Communities
Local communities will be useful agents in collection of data that will be vital in monitoring and
as such they will play a role in the monitoring framework. Local communities in the project
intervention areas will receive training and capacity building skills in data collection to be done
by the implementing agencies so as to equip them with the ability to collect data.
E) Specific Community Groups
Water Users Association (WUA)
In each project site, there will be one Water Users Association (WUA) which will oversee the
water usage. This will have its by-laws and legal registration. Its membership will comprise of
farmers who will be utilizing irrigation water in their farms i.e. those within the command area.
The Water Users Association will have a coordination committee that will be responsible for the
operation and maintenance of the irrigation infrastructures. In the initial project
implementation stages, the operation and management will be jointly conducted by the project
staff and the farmers (who will comprise of the coordination committee of the WUA) but
eventually when the project exits, the farmers’ coordination committee members will manage
the water use.
One of the areas to be addressed through the WUA coordination committee is how to manage
the siltation of the reservoir and the irrigation canals, which would otherwise reduce the water
reaching the entire command area thus affecting the yields. This will be done by having
irrigation user fee per season depending on the area of land owned by an individual.
66
The WUA coordination committee will be responsible for collection of these funds for its
operation and de-silt the canals and the water reservoir when need arises. They should have a
strict procedure for collecting user fees with set deadlines. Since the WUA will have its by-laws,
they should include penalties for defaulters. However, the nature of the irrigation system may
not provide a means of blocking supply of water to the individual defaulters; hence the penalty
could include withdrawal of plots in the next season and rented out to willing farmers. It is the
responsibility of the WUA coordination committee to ensure that the farmers are fully aware of
the bye-laws and that they are strongly enforced.
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8. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE – RSSP 3
Effective implementation of this ESMF will require technical capacity in the human resource
base of implementing institutions as well as logistical facilitation. Implementers need to
understand inherent social and environmental issues and values and be able to clearly identify
indicators of these.
Even with existence of policies and laws such as the Organic Law on Environment Protection,
evidence on the ground still indicates that there is significant shortcoming in the abilities of
local and district level stakeholders to correctly monitor, mitigate and manage environmental
performance of development projects. This is critical as the bulk of RSSP 3 projects are to be
implemented at the community level. While undertaking this study, a capacity need assessment
was inbuilt to identify strengthening needs on social and environmental evaluation, screening,
mitigation and monitoring. Capacity enhancement was consolidated into two key areas; human
and institutional resources capacity. These are discussed in detail below.
8.1 Human Resource Capacity Requirements
Human capacity requirements for stakeholders of the ESMF are of two types i.e. low technical
capacity and inadequate staffing.
While adequacy in staffing requirements varied between different stakeholders, there was very
limited presence of directly trained and dedicated staff for environmental management
purposes within these institutions. In some institutions, staff have been retained for core
activities leaving little, if any, human resources to directly oversee environmental management
activities. As a result, this portfolio which, in many cases, is given little attention is handled by
staff members not adequately conversant with it. Therefore, sufficient knowledge on
environmental management principles, project screening, impact mitigation, monitoring and
follow up action was limited within most institutions.
In some other cases, environment personnel are present but level of training and technical
capacity on environmental principles and tools of management is not sufficient.
Training and awareness creation will be undertaken at different levels of implementation.
These levels will entail the local authorities, private sector, NGOs, and grassroots stakeholders.
The exercise will be customized according to each level’s needs to ensure adequacy in
implementation of the ESMF.
68
8.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement
Awareness creation, training and sensitization will be required for personnel of the following
institutions.
1. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA),
2. RSSP Environmental and Social Specialists,
3. Local Government Authorities,
4. District Environment, Agriculture and Sector Agriculture Officers,
5. RSSP Staff (mainly -District Coordinator, Watershed officer, Agronomist, Engineer and
Monitoring & Evaluation officer),
6. Local Engineering Contractors who will be contracted or sub contracted to undertake
the construction works,
7. Cooperatives and Associations,
8. NGOs,
9. CBOs and Cooperatives members.
The Training will concern:
Integrated wetland management;
Integrated pest management (IPM) and organic agricultural practices
Relevant environmental policies;
Relevant social laws and policies (e.g. those related to poverty alleviation, etc.)
Soil and water management strategies
Cooperative organization and management;
The ESMF.
In order to reduce costs, minimize duplication of efforts and integrate existing technical
expertise, officers with relevant knowledge and experience in particular fields will be used to
train the others. As an example, the District Environment, Cooperative Agronomists and Sector
Agriculture and Forest Officers will be trained and used to train farmers from their respective
zones on the above training topics.
69
Table 2: Training influencing success of ESMF
Training Aspect Target group
Integrated Wetland Management Cooperatives, District and Sector Officers, RSSP
Provincial Staff Extension staff
Integrated Pest Management and
Organic Agricultural Practices
Cooperatives, District and Sector Officers, RSSP
Provincial Staff Extension staff
Relevant Environment policies and
World Bank Safeguard Policy and
guidelines
RSSP Provincial staff, Government agency
representatives including district level officials, NGOs,
CBOs, Extension staff, Cooperative members.
Relevant social laws and policies
e.g. those related to poverty
alleviation such ERS
RSSP Provincial staff, Government agency
representatives including district level officials, Local
Government, Private Sector, NGOs, CBOs, Extension
staff, and community members.
Soil and Water management
strategies
Cooperatives, District and Sector Officers, RSSP
District Staff, Extension staff
Cooperative organization and
management Cooperative members
Table 3: Training directly linked to implementation ESMF
PSCU and
Central
Government
Agencies
Local
Authorities
NGO
and
CBO
Community
Role of ESMF in RSSP 3 S S S S
Identification of Indicators and
data collection
T TS TS TS
Identification of Environmental
and social Impacts
T T T T
Determination of negative and
positive projects and sub
projects
T T T S
70
Development of mitigation
measures and Environmental
Management Plan including
Institutional Responsibility
Framework and Budget.
T T T T
EIA procedures, Environmental
Management policies &
guidelines, WB safeguards,
implementation and
enforcement
T S S S
Use and application of ESMF
tools (Screening checklists, EIA,
EA)
T T T T
Review of ESMF tools,
implementation and
enforcement
T T T S
Reporting, monitoring and
follow up of ESMF
S T T S
Note: S= Sensitization, T= Training, TS =Training strengthened
* Training of community members at the grassroots level will be undertaken by Extension
officers on site.
The training and capacity building exercises will take into consideration during their
development, the integration and fulfillment of the requirements of World Bank social and
environmental policies and guidelines, as well as those of the Organic Law on Environmental
Protection (including relevant policies, regulations and guidelines). Where institutional capacity
in terms of availability of human resource is inadequate, the project will engrain support for
this through hiring of qualified staff to provide necessary expertise. Inadequacy in institutional
infrastructure, facility resources and equipment will be addressed through an initial need
assessment or the identified implementing institutions and a gap analysis generated.
71
The project will develop a priority list and thereafter provide financial support to purchase
necessary equipment and facility strengthening items. The priority list will ensure that key
necessities to successful implementation of the ESMF are addressed in order of their strategic
importance.
Training directly linked to the implementation of the ESMF should be undertaken first and
subsequently followed with regular interval training on aspects influencing success of ESMF.
The training program/agenda below provides a sample training outline and course content. The
training programmes have been clustered into appropriate groups to facilitate for various
target groups.
The target groups for training, awareness and sensitization will be as follows.
1. RSSP staff
2. DEOs, Sector Agriculture and Forest Officers
3. NGO & CBO Project Team Leaders
4. Community Implementing Units e.g. Self Help Groups, women’s groups, youth groups, etc.
5. Community Implementing Units coordinating teams
6. Contractors managers and personnel
7. Private Sector Environmental Compliance personnel
72
Table 4: Agenda for Introduction and Training on ESMF
Target Group Course content Duration Frequency
Sustainable Land Management
District
Environment,
Extension staff
•Integrated Wetland
Management
•Integrated Pest Management
and Organic Agricultural
Practices
•Soil and Water conservation
strategies
•Development of
microcatchment strategies;
2day workshop Once per year
Community Engagement
PSCU, Extension
staff,
•Community Engagement and
Mobilization
•Stakeholder engagement,
consultation and partnerships
1day workshop Continuous
throughout
program
Policy and Regulatory Frameworks for ESMF
PSCU, Central
Government
Representatives,
NGOs, Private
Sector
•Relevant Environmental policies
and World Bank Safeguard Policy
and guidelines
•Relevant social laws and
policies e.g. those related to
poverty alleviation such ERS
1 day workshop
For the 1st
year of the
project
73
Table 5: Training Program on ESMF
Target group Course Content Duration Frequency
National Level
(PSCU)
The training will entail
introduction and understanding
the role of ESMF in RSSP 3 as a
decision making tool. It will in
addition expose them to
concepts of impact
identification, mitigation and
Environmental Management
Plans. Significant emphasis will
be placed on understanding
Environmental Management
policies & guidelines, WB
safeguards, implementation and
enforcement
The group will also be trained on
use and application of ESMF
tools (Screening checklists, EIA,
EA)
1day workshop Once in early
project
implementation
stage
74
District level
(District
Environment
Officers)
This training component will
focus on understanding the
ESMF and its use. Detail will
consist on methods of
identifying indicators and data
collection
The program will also focus on
identification and analysis of
Environmental and social
impacts as well as determination
of negative and positive
projects and sub projects
Other components will entail
development of mitigation
measures and Environmental
Management Plans including
Institutional Responsibility
Framework and Budget.
Thorough review of Country EIA
procedures, Environmental
Management policies &
guidelines and WB safeguards as
well as their implementation
and enforcement will be carried
out.
The group will also be trained on
use and application of ESMF
tools (Screening checklists, EIA,
EA), their review,
implementation and
enforcement.
2 day workshop Once year with 2
refresher
workshops after 6
months
and one year.
75
Participants will be trained on
Environmental reporting,
monitoring and follow up of
ESMF
Community
Level
Members will be introduced to
the principles of ESMF and its
necessity and application in the
overall program as well as their
subprojects.
The programme will also entail
‘hands on’ training in
undertaking Environmental
screening, use of micro project
screening checklists
and development of mitigation
measures
1day workshop
Continuous
exercises
undertaken by
extension
officers and
grassroots
level
operating
agencies and
institutions.
This calendar can be flexible according to the project action plan
76
Community members at the grassroots level undertaking micro projects will be trained on a
continuous basis by the higher cadre institution personnel working at this level. These
personnel will include government officials and extension workers, NGOs, trained district staff.
Additional training will be undertaken by representatives who have attended the project
training sessions.
8.3 Recommendations for Capacity Building
The significant handicaps in capacity encountered during this study are as follows:
(i) For success of the ESMF, there is need to establish a clear method of reporting and
consolidating information pertaining to environmental performance and management of the
project. This report proposes use of Provincial RSSP, District Environment offices and
Cooperative Agronomists as central points of consolidating and disseminating such information
so that it is synchronized both within the project and within the country database.
(ii) Many of the institutions operating within the region and project in particular do not
have personnel with expertise in environmental management.
The training programmes highlighted prior should be able to enhance such capacity. However,
it is important to support capacity in the large entities (public and private) with significant
ecological footprints in establishment and staffing of environmental portfolios so as to ensure
sufficient technical capacity for environmental management at significantly potential point
sources of impacts.
(iii) Different institutions in Rwanda (EWASA, National University of Rwanda, ISAR, ISAE and
RBS) have facilities to undertake water quality monitoring. Therefore, a partnership with one of
those institutions should be established;
(iv) The RSSP 3 project will need to support institutions with financial resource to aid
operations as well as equipment to undertake critical monitoring tasks.
77
The estimated capacity building budget is presented in Table 6.
Table 6: Estimated Capacity Building Budget
Component subcomponent Activity Budget ($ US)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total
Implementation
of ESMF
Community
mobilization and
sensitization of
ESMF
Community Mobilization,
Sensitization workshops
for community groups
10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 35,000
District level
Training (District
Local Authorities
Officers
Detailed training on use
implementation and
management of ESMF and
associated tools (SEA, EIA,
EA, Screening checklists)
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50,000
National Level
(PSCU)
Training on fundamentals
of ESMF, application and
use
10,000 10,000
Subtotal 1 95,000
Technical capacity
building for RSSP
3
Sustainable land
management and
IPM
Capacity building in
sustainable land
management for district
level officials
5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000
78
Policy and
Regulatory
Frameworks for
ESMF to be
undertaken for
PSCU, Local Gov.
representatives,
NGOs, Private Sector
Trainings and workshops 10,000 10,000
Community
engagement in RSSP
Training workshops once a
year for RSSP Extension
staff, Local NGOs, private
sector, District Officers,
Cooperative technicians
5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 25,000
Subtotal 2 50,000
TOTAL 145,000
NB: This estimated budget can be changed according to the RSSP decision and priorities.
79
9. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET
The breakdown of estimated costs for capacity building to support implementing the ESMF is provided in Table 7. The estimated
total cost for ESMF implementation is indicated in Table 7 below.
Table 7: ESMF Monitoring Budget for RSSP 3
Component Broad Activities
Activities Costs
(US$)
Notes
Hillside
Protection &
Environmental
Safeguards
Dam
construction
and Irrigation
Infrastructure
development
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
620,000
About 14 EIA studies for the construction
of dams, irrigation
infrastructures at a cost of 50,000 $ US
per study for projects including dams (10 projects) and 30,000 $
US for projects without dams (4 projects). It is envisaged that
consultant will work with RSSP environmental officer to
undertake those 14 EIAs.
Environmental
monitoring
200,000
10 environmental audits at a
cost of US$ 20,000 per audit
will be undertaken throughout
the project life
80
Component Broad Activities
Activities Costs
(US$)
Notes
Sustainable
Land
Management
and Integrated
Pest
Management
Training in IPM,
Development of
IPM Strategy,
Soil and water
management
strategies
Project Reports
95,000
Table 6
Total
915,000
81
REFERENCES
Bikwemu, G., 2006. Environmental Review of Rural Sector Support Project. MINAGRI, Republic
of Rwanda.
FAO, 2001. Smallholder Irrigation Technology: Prospects for SubSaharan Africa International
Programme For Technology And Research in Irrigation and Drainage
Knowledge Synthesis Report No. 3 Food and Agriculture Organization of The
United Nations Rome.
FAO, Rwanda country paper. The agricultural characterization and the classification of wetlands
of Eastern and Southern Africa, in Wetland Characterization and
Classification for Sustainable Agricultural.
GoR, 2002. The Government of Rwanda: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. National Poverty
Reduction Programme: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
GoR, 2002. Third Census of Population and Housing of Rwanda, Ministry of Finance and
Economic Planning, National Census Service.
GoR, 2003. National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Rwanda.
Ministry of Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines.
GoR, 2004. National Land Policy. Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests, Water and Mines.
GoR, 2004. Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation in Rwanda, Ministry Of Agriculture
and Animal Resources.
GoR, 2005. Rwanda Health Sector Policy. Ministry Health.
GoR, 2007. Rwanda Agricultural Survey. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, Ministry of
Finance and Economic Planning and Unit of Planning, Policy and Capacity
Building Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources.
Green and Clean Solutions Limited. 2009. ESMF for LWH project
World Bank, 1998. Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation for Biodiversity Projects.
Environment Department, the World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W, Washington,
D.C.
World Bank, 2001. Rural Sector Support Project: Project Appraisal Document. World Bank Africa
Regional Office.
World Bank, 1999. Manual of Environmental Assessment: Policies, Procedures and Questions
Sectoral
World Bank, 2005. ESMF for World Bank Projects with Multiple Small scale subprojects. Africa.
82
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Suggested Format for EA Studies
The Environmental impact assessment study report will incorporate, but not be limited to, the
following information:
The following format is suggested for the EIA:
Executive summary
This concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions.
Introduction :
a. Background to the project
b. Objectives of the study
c. Methodology
Policy, legal, and administrative framework
This part discusses the policy, legal, and administrative framework within which the EA is carried
out. This should include both national and international legislations.
Baseline data
This section assesses the dimensions of the study area and describes relevant physical, biological, and
socioeconomic conditions, including any changes anticipated before the project commences. It also
takes into account current and proposed development activities within the project area but not directly
connected to the project. Data should be relevant to decisions about project location, design,
operation, or mitigatory measures. The section indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of the
data.
Project description.
This part concisely describes the proposed project activities and its geographic, ecological, social, and
temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be required (e.g., dedicated pipelines,
access roads, power plants, water supply, housing, and raw material and product storage facilities). It
indicates the need for any resettlement plan with a map showing the project site and the project's area
of influence. It provides detailed information on the following:
1. Location of the study area and description of the current use of the
location, project objectives and size;
2. Detailed description of the project, extent in time and space;
83
3. Description of activities related to all implementation stages from the
inception, staffing and employment related to different stages of the
project;
4. Description of all activities and farming techniques to be used during all
farming seasons of the year;
5. Description of all activities which will follow from the execution of the
project (construction of road, ware house etc);
6. Description of prevention and security measures, water and energy
supply, wastes treatment and evacuation.
Analysis of alternatives
This section systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology,
design, and operation--including the "without project" situation--in terms of their potential
environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their
suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For
each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attaches
economic values where feasible. It states the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed
and justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement.
Environmental impacts
This part predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative impacts, in quantitative terms to
the extent possible.
It explores opportunities for environmental enhancement, identifies and estimates the extent and
quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specifies
topics that do not require further attention.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP):
This section includes two components: mitigation plan and monitoring plan. The EMP should be
presented in the form of a table.
(i) Mitigation plan:
Significant adverse impacts of the subproject;
Detailed description of mitigation and compensation measures proposed,
Implementation schedule;
Responsibility of people and institution involved
Estimate of the costs required
84
(ii) Monitoring plan:
Monitoring activities
Significant adverse impacts of the subproject;
Parameters to be measured
Method used to measure the parameter
Frequency of measurements
Responsibility of people and institution involved
Estimate of the costs required
Conclusions and Recommendations of the author/Consultant or Developer
The report should also include all information necessary to the project review such as lists of data
sources, project background reports and studies, and any other relevant information to which the
developer/consultant’s attention should be directed. It should provide also detailed designs/plans of
construction, the water canalization and waste water treatment systems, etc.
References
These are written materials both published and unpublished used in the study preparation.
Appendices
List of EIA report preparers –individuals and organizations
Record of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining
the informed views of the affected people and local non governmental organizations
(NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (eg. Surveys) that were
used to obtain the views of the affected groups and local NGOs.
Tables, maps presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text
85
Annex 2: Suggested Format for a Simple EMP
The ESMF emphasizes that an Environmental management plan (EMP) should fit the needs of a
subproject and be easy to use. The basic elements of an EMP are:
(i) A description of the subproject activity;
(ii) A description of potential Environmental impacts;
(iii) A description of planned mitigation measures;
(iv) An indication of institutional/individual responsibility for implementing mitigation
measures (including enforcement and coordination);
(v) A program for monitoring the Environmental effects of the subproject both positive
and negative (including supervision);
(vi) A time frame or schedule; and
(vii) A cost estimate and source of funds.
Subproject
Activity
Potential
Environmental
adverse impacts
Proposed
Mitigation
Measures
Responsibility
(including
enforcement and
coordination)
Monitoring
Requirements
(including
supervision)
Time
Frame or
Schedule
Cost
Estimate
[type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type
here] [type here]
[type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type
here] [type here]
[type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type
here]
[type here]
The above matrix should be filled out for each subproject that will have the need for a separate
EMP (the screening process using the screening checklist should determine this).
86
Annex 3: Project Report Form
RSSP 3 Select relevant project
Subproject name [type here]
Estimated cost (US $) [type here]
What are the project objectives and Activities [type here]
Reason for field appraisal, based on Issues in screening checklist [type here]
[type here]
Approximate size of the project in land area [type here]
Approximately size of the project in terms [type here]
of affected individuals
How was the site of the subproject [type here]
chosen?
Does the project comply with the most [type here]
Relevant planning document, for example
The district Development Plan or the
Microcatchment Plan?
Will the Project:
Yes No
Adversely affect natural habitats nearby, including forests, rivers or wetlands?
If “Yes”, give details: [type here]
87
Is the project sited within a strict protected area, national park, nature reserve, natural/historical monument or area of cultural heritage? If ‘Yes,’ give details: *type here+
Require large volumes of construction
materials e.g. grave, stones, water, timber,
firewood)?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Use water during construction, which will reduce
the local availability of ground water
and surface water?
If ‘Yes’, give details: [type here]
Lead to soil degradation, soil erosion or soil salinity
in the area?
If ‘Yes’ give details: *type here+
Create waste that could adversely affect local soils,
vegetation, rivers and streams or groundwater?
If ‘Yes’, give details: [type here]
Create pools of water that provide breeding grounds
for diseases vectors (for example malaria or bilharzias)?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Involve significant excavations, demolition,
movement of earth, flooding, or
other Environmental changes?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Affect historically important or culturally important site
88
nearby?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Require land for its development, and therefore displace individuals,
families or businesses from land that is currently occupied, or restrict
people’s access to crops, pasture, fisheries, forests or cultural resources,
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here]
whether on a permanent or temporary basis?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Result in human health or safety risks during
construction or later?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Involve inward migration of people from outside
the area for employment or other purposes?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Result in conflict or disputes among communities?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Affect indigenous people, or be located in an area
occupied by indigenous people?
If ‘Yes’, *type here+
Involve the construction of a dam or weir,
depend on water supplied from an existing dam?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Result in a significant change/loss in
89
livelihood of individuals?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
Adversely affect the livelihoods and /or the
rights of women?
If ‘Yes’, give details: *type here+
MITIGATION MEASURES
If you have answered Yes to any of the above, please propose adequate mitigation measures.
[type here]
ALTERNATIVES
Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way, with fewer Environmental and
social impacts? If yes, describe these alternatives, and state why they have been rejected.
[type here]
OTHER OBSERVATIONS
Please describe any other observations, especially any related to the reason for the field
appraisal.
type here
CONCLUSION
Approval:
There are no Environmental or social risks
Community to be given responsibility to mitigate Environmental and social risks, based
on screening checklist and proposed mitigation measures described in this field
appraisal form
90
Cooperatives to provide detailed guidance on mitigation of risks to the community
based on screening checklist and proposed mitigation measures described in this field
appraisal form
Independent preparation of a Detailed Plan is required:
ESMP
RAP
PMP
If a RAP is required, will the project displace or restrict access for less than 200 individuals, or if
over 200, are losses for all individuals less than 10% of their assets?
If Yes, prepare an abbreviated RAP :
If No, prepare a full RAP :
Full details of resettlement requirements are provided in the accompanying Resettlement
Policy Framework.
Reject
Review form completed by [type here names of all contributors to the appraisal]
Name: [type here]
Position/ community: [type here]
Date: [type here]
91
Annex 4: Annual Report Form for the District Level or RSSP Environmental Officer
RSSP 3 project: Select relevant project
District/ RSSP: [type here]
Reporting year: [type here]
Date of report: [type here]
PROJECT SUMMARY
Please enter numbers of subprojects in the following table:
Ap
pro
ved
th
is
year
Application
included a
screening
Community
carried out
mitigation
MET
provided
advice on
mitigation
Field
Appraisal ESMF RAP PMP
CATEGORY B
Farm forestry or
agro forestry
,small scale
woodlots and
tree nurseries
Small scale
irrigation
scheme
Aquaculture
Participatory
forest
management or
reforestation
Rehabilitation of
wetlands
River bank
stabilization
92
Terracing of
farmland
Agricultural
interventions
Support to
income
generating
initiative
Other
Total
Please describe the key Environmental and social issues that have been identified from
screening of community microprojects
[type here]
Were there any unforeseen Environmental and / or social problems associated with any
Subproject?
MANAGEMENT ISSUES
Have you or your predecessor been involved in the targeting or identification of subprojects?
□ Yes □ No
If `Yes`, please describe:
[type here]
Have communities been involved in the targeting or identification of subprojects?
□ Yes □ No
If `Yes`, please describe: [type here]
Please explain any participatory issues that have impacted ability of communities to identify
subprojects : [type here]
93
Please describe the activity of the following actors on Environmental and social issues in your
District this year
Activity
Government line agencies working with RSSP 3
on Environmental and/ or social issues [type here]
NGOs in partnership with RSSP 3 to examine
Environmental and/or social issues [type here]
DSG [type here]
DEC [type here]
Summarise any gaps /non –compliance in Environmental and /or social activities:
STRATEGIC IMPACT
Is the project contributing to improved watershed sustainability in this district?
Yes, is contributing to an overall improvement
No, it is worsening watershed degradation / it is having a negative impact on the
Environment
Too early to say
Please explain:
[Type here]
Is the project contributing to increased welfare in this district?
Yes, it’s contributing to an overall improvement
No, it is reducing income generating opportunities / having a negative impact on
94
socio development
Too early to say
Please explain
[type here]
Has there been any analysis of cumulative Environmental impacts in your district? If `yes`
please describe. If No,` tick here □
Activity, review or study Summary of key conclusions Was the work successful? Eg.
Were its recommendations
carried out? If not, why?
[type here] [type here] [type here]
Have there been any other Environmental or social analyses that have been carried out in the
district?
Examples of Activity, review
or studies
Summary of key conclusions Levels of success in achieving
objectives. If not successful,
why not?
[type here] [type here] [type here]
Has there been any analysis of catchment management plans in your district? If `Yes, please
describe. If No` tick here □
Activity ,review or study Summary of key conclusions Was the work successful? Eg.
Were its recommendations
carried out? If not, why?
95
[type here] [type here] [type here]
POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL
Please describe the activity of the projects in addressing policy constraints that affect
Environmental and social sustainability.
Are there any policy issues that limit Environmental and /or social sustainability that require
addressing at a national level?
Policy issue Reforms required
[type here] [Type here]
TRAINING
Please list the training you have received
under RSSP 3 projects or otherwise
List Two key areas of training you need in
order to carry out your role in managing
Environmental and social issues in the RSSP 3
projects
[type here] 1) [type here]
2) [type here]
Completed by: [type here the names of all those who have contributed to completion of
the form e.g. DEO and DDO]
Position: [type here position of all contributors to the report]
Date: [type here]
96
Annex 5: Indicators to measure the ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance
The following are some pertinent parameters and verifiable indicators/questions for the
evaluation of ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance results:
(1) Has the Environment and social consultants trained a specialists at the local level?
(2) Have the EMPs and Final Designs been cleared by the RDB and the World Bank?
(3) Do Civil Works Contracts include sufficient fiduciary obligations to facilitate
implementation of EMP?
(4) At what rate are the civil works been monitored by RSSP and by the REMA?
(5) How many violations of the contractors/transporters have been recorded and at what
rate are they occurring.
(6) How many recorded grievance cases have been settled within one year?
97
Annex 6: Screening checklist
RSSP 3 Project: Select relevant project
Subproject name : [type here]
Location : [type here] Estimated cost ($ US) : [type here]
TYPE OF PROJECT OR ACTIVITY
Farm forestry or agroforestry, smallscale woodlots and tree nurseries
Smallscale irrigation scheme
Smallscale water storage facility
Spring capping or rural water supply scheme
Smallscale dam (less than 15 m in height)
Checkdam
Participatory forest management or reforestation
Riverbank stabilization
Terracing of farmland
Agricultural interventions
Please give more details: [type here]
Support to Income generating initiatives
Please give more details:[type here]
Other
Please give more details: [type here]
Please describe how the project complies with the most relevant [type here]
planning document, for example the District Development
Plan or the Microcatchment Plan
Will the Project: Yes No
Adversely affect natural habitats nearby, including forests, rivers or
wetlands?
Require large volumes of construction materials (e.g. gravel, stone,
water, timber, firewood)?
Use water during or after construction, which will reduce the local
98
availability of groundwater and surface water
Lead to soil degradation, soil erosion & salinity in the area?
Create waste that could adversely affect local soils, vegetation, rivers
and streams or groundwater
Create pools of water that provide breeding grounds for disease
vectors (for example malaria or bilharzias)?
Involve significant excavations, demolition, movement of earth,
flooding, or other environmental changes?
Affect historicallyimportant or culturallyimportant site nearby?
Require land for its development, and therefore displace individuals,
families of business from land that is currently occupied, or restrict
people’s access to crops, pasture, fisheries, forests or cultural
resources, whether on a permanent or temporary basis?
Result in human health or safety risks during construction or later?
Involve inward migration of people from outside the area for
employment or other purposes?
Result in conflict or disputes among communities?
Affect indigenous people, or be located in an area occupied by
indigenous people?
Involve the construction of a dam or weir, depend on water supplied
from an existing dam?
Result in a significant change/loss in livelihood of individuals?
Adversely affect the livelihoods and /or the rights of women?
If you have answered Yes to any of the [type here]
above, please describe the measures
that the project will take to avoid or mitigate
Environmental and social impacts
What measures will the project take to [type here]
Ensure that it is technically and financially sustainable?
99
CONCLUSION
Which course of action do you recommend?
There are no Environmental or social risks
Community to be given full responsibility to mitigate Environmental risks
Cooperatives to provide detailed guidance on mitigation of risks to the community
Specific advice is required from District Officer in the following area (s):
Type here
If a RAP is required, will the project displace or restrict access for less than 200
individuals, or if over 200, are losses for all individuals less than 10 % of their assets?
If yes, prepare an abbreviation RAP
If No, prepare a full RAP
Full details of resettlement requirements are provided in the accompanying resettlement
policy Framework.
Completed by: [type here]
Name: [type here]
Position/ Community: [type here]
Date: [type here]
100
Annex 7: Annual Report Form for the District Level
RSSP II project: Select relevant project
District: [type here]
Reporting year: [type here]
Date of report: [type here]
PROJECT SUMMARY
Please enter numbers of subprojects in the following table:
Ap
pro
ved
th
is
year
Application
included a
screening
Community
carried out
mitigation
MET
provided
advice on
mitigation
Field
Appraisal ESMP RAP PMP
Farm forestry or
agro forestry
,small scale
woodlots and
tree nurseries
Small scale
irrigation
scheme
Construction of
hotels and
restaurants
Spring capping
or rural water
supply scheme
Aquaculture
Participatory
forest
management or
101
reforestation
Rehabilitation of
wetlands
River bank
stabilization
Terracing of
farmland
Agricultural
interventions
Support to
income
generating
initiative
Other
Total
Please describe the key Environmental and social issues that have been identified from
screening of community microprojects
[type here]
Were there any unforeseen Environmental and / or social problems associated with any
Subproject?
MANAGEMENT ISSUES
Have you or your predecessor been involved in the targeting or identification of subprojects?
□ Yes □ No
If `Yes`, please describe:
[type here]
102
Have communities been involved in the targeting or identification of subprojects?
□ Yes □ No
If `Yes`, please describe : [type here]
Please explain any participatory issues that have impacted ability of communities to identify
subprojects : [type here]
Please describe the activity of the following actors on Environmental and social issues in your
District this year
Activity
Government line agencies working with RSSP 3
on Environmental and/ or social issues [type here]
NGOs in partnership with RSSP 3 to examine
Environmental and/or social issues [type here]
DSG [type here]
DEC [type here]
Summarise any gaps /non –compliance in Environmental and /or social activities:
STRATEGIC IMPACT
Is the project contributing to improved watershed sustainability in this district?
Yes, is contributing to an overall improvement
No, it is worsening watershed degradation / it’s having a negative impact on the
Environment
Too early to say
Please explain:
[Type here]
103
Is the project contributing to increased welfare in this district?
Yes, it’s contributing to an overall improvement
No, its reducing income generating opportunities / having a negative impact on
socio development
Too early to say
Please explain
[type here]
Has there been any analysis of cumulative Environmental impacts in your district? If `yes`
please describe. If No` tick here □
Activity ,review or study Summary of key conclusions Was the work successful? Eg.
Were its recommendations
carried out? If not, why?
[type here] [type here] [type here]
Have there been any other Environmental or social analyses that have been carried out in the
district?
Examples of Activity ,review
or studies
Summary of key conclusions Levels of success in achieving
objectives. If not successful,
why not?
[type here] [type here] [type here]
Has there been any analysis of catchment management plans in your district? If `Yes, please
describe. If No` tick here □
Activity ,review or study Summary of key conclusions Was the work successful? Eg.
104
Were its recommendations
carried out? If not, why?
[type here] [type here] [type here]
POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL
Please describe the activity of the projects in addressing policy constraints that affect
Environmental and social sustainability.
Are there any policy issues that limit Environmental and /or social sustainability that require
addressing at a national level?
Policy issue Reforms required
[type here] [Type here]
TRAINING
Please list the training you have received
under RSSP 3 projects or otherwise
List Two key areas of training you need in
order to carry out your role in managing
Environmental and social issues in the RSSP 3
projects
[type here] 3) [type here]
4) [type here]
Completed by: [type here the names of all those who have contributed to completion of
the form e.g. DEO]
Position: [type here position of all contributors to the report]
Date: [type here]
105
