Enhancing China’s Sustainable Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to Cleaner Coal

Enhancing China’s Sustainable Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to Cleaner CoalHengwei LIU, PhDEnergy, Climate, and Innovation (ECI) ProgramThe Fletcher School, Tufts University

Presentation to the China Environment Forum @ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 12 January 2011

Agenda

• Explore major CCS opportunities

• Identify key technologies enabling CCS development

• Propose a US-China partnership on CCS

HengweiLiu, Kelly Sims Gallagher. Catalyzing strategic transformation to a low-carbon economy: A CCS roadmap for China. Energy Policy38(2010)59–74.

CO2 emissions by sector in China

Total： 5100 Mt

49%

7% 9% 7%

6%

4%

10%

8%

Industry28%

2005

Total: 11448 Mt (Reference Scenario)

54%

21%

11%

6%8%

2030Power generation Transport Residential and servicesOther* Iron and steel Non-metallic mineralsChemicals and petrochemicals Other**

Data source: WEO2007

Power generation and industry account for more than 70% of China’s total energy-related CO2 emissions

Power

Power

Industry

Iron & steel

(Cement)(Ammonia &Methanol)

Prime candidates for CCS in China

Ammonia & Methanol

Iron and steel

Cement

Power Today: more than 80% coal electricity

Data source: NBS

CCS and its enabling technologies: a twin-pronged approach to promote the CCS

deployment

Manufacturing process & energy conversion process CCS+

CCS enabling technologies

Summary of CCS enabling technologies

Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction

Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction

Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace

Polygeneration (IGCC)

Power

Iron&Steel Coal gasification

SC/USC

Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement

Coal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol







Polygeneration (IGCC)Polygeneration (IGCC)

Power

Iron&Steel Coal gasificationCoal gasification

SC/USCSC/USC

Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln


Coal gasificationCoal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol

Leading technologyIGCC/Co-production

Coal power generation: IGCC &SC/USC•IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle•SC / USC: Supercritical / Ultra-supercritical

Gasification & advanced combustion: roads to higher efficiency

Coal

High temperature/pressure

System

integ

ration

Synga

s (Gas

ificati

on)

Pulverized coal (Combustion)

Large capacity

IGCC

SC/USC

Oxy-fuel combustion

Post-combustion

Pre-combustion

Coal

High temperature/pressure

System

integ

ration

Synga

s (Gas

ificati

on)

Pulverized coal (Combustion)

Large capacityLarge capacity

IGCC

SC/USC

Oxy-fuel combustion

Post-combustion

Pre-combustionIGCC

SC/USC

Oxy-fuel combustion

Post-combustion

Oxy-fuel combustionOxy-fuel combustion

Post-combustionPost-combustion

Pre-combustionPre-combustion

Co-production: an important approach to promote IGCC development in China

ASUAir

O2

N2Combined

Cycle

Chemical plant

GasifierCoal

Syngas (CO+H2)

Electricity

methanol

CO2Separator

H2

Power generationOther Fuel cell Seque-s

trationEOR/ECBMOcean storage Others

Shift reactor

Steam

CO2+H2

IGCC

(2) CCS enabling technologies: Iron & Steel





Power


SC/USC










Power


SC/USCSC/USC





Iron making: development trend

• Blast furnace iron-making

• Non-blast furnace iron-making

• Dominant technology• Severe pollution

Direct reduction

Smelting reduction

Breakthrough CCS enabling technologies are needed to achieve large-scale CO2 reduction

Iron ore

Blast furnace Converter

Rolling

Iron ore pelletizing

Washed coal Coking

Lime stone Sintering

Iron oreIron ore

Blast furnaceBlast furnace ConverterConverter

RollingRolling

Iron ore pelletizingIron oreIron ore pelletizingpelletizing

Washed coal CokingWashed coalWashed coal CokingCoking

Lime stone SinteringLime stoneLime stone SinteringSintering

Steel making

Capture from the main emitter (blast furnace) brings only about 30% reduction in CO2 emissions

Bao Steel

Data source: ZHANG Shourong

Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast Furnace

The off gas with medium heating value from OBF is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gasSteel

unitsunits

Off Gas

Co-production

ElectricityMethanol

Oxygen Blast Furnace

Converter

(CO+H2)

Picture from internet

Polygeneration Based on Direct Reduction

By coupling IGCC/co-production with a DR process, it shares one gasifier to produce syngas

Steel

unitsunits

Co-production

ElectricityMethanol

Direct Reduction Unit

Electric Arc Furnace

SyngasCO+H2

Gasifier



The off gas from SR is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gas

Steel

unitsunits

Off Gas

Co-production

ElectricityMethanol

Smelting Reduction Unit

Converter

(CO+H2)


(3) CCS enabling technologies: Ammonia & Methanol





Power


SC/USC










Power


SC/USCSC/USC





Ammonia & Methanol

coalGasification

Ammonia

Methanol

Syngas

• Ammonia industry is the largest consumer of gasification technology in China. Coal-based synthetic ammonia accounts for about 75% of total output– Consume 50 Mt coal per year

• coal-based methanol accounted for about 80% of total output.– consume about 12 Mt coal

Pathway to a low-carbon future

•Coal gasification

• Polygeneration(power-chemicals &

power-steel)

•Polygeneration(power-chemicals-steel)

Integration & Optimization

CCS

Today~2020 2020~2030 2030~

•Coal gasification

• Polygeneration(power-chemicals &

power-steel)

•Polygeneration(power-chemicals-steel)

Integration & Optimization

CCS

Today~2020 2020~2030 2030~

Cleaner coal & water

Water consumption (Kg/MWh)Subcritical: 300MW; USC: 1000MW; IGCC: Gasifier: ShellEstimated by Hengwei Liu

01234567

Subcr i t i cal USC I GCC

Wi thout captureWi th capture

How to use coal in a carbon-constrained future?

+CCS

+CCS

GasifierCoalSyngas

Syngas to liquids(Gasoline, diesel)

Syngas to chemicals(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)

Syngas to power(IGCC/polygeneration)

Syngas for iron-making(Direct reduction)

GasifierGasifierCoalCoalCoalSyngas









Advanced combustion

USC/SC + CCS

+CCS

+CCS

Gasification

+CCS

+CCS

GasifierCoalSyngas














Advanced combustion

USC/SC + CCS

+CCS

+CCS

GasificationGasifierCoalSyngas














Advanced combustion

USC/SC + CCS

+CCS

+CCS

Gasification

Energy & water efficient approaches to a cleaner coal: advanced combustion &

gasification

Who owns our low-carbon future?

Source: Bernice Lee, Ilian Iliev and Felix Preston. Chatham House Report 2009

Geographical location of the parent companies of patent owners

International cooperation is critical for CCS diffusion

Accelerating technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS through a U.S.-China

partnership• US has a more advanced S&T innovative system and has a well

established regime for bringing technologies to market.

• China has vibrant market, and the ability to commercialize new technologies more quickly and cheaply.

Total : 3303.7 Mtoe

Chi na43%

USA17%

I ndi a7%

Other33%

Coal Consumption by Country (2008)

Chi na22%

ROW59%

USA19%

CO2 emission: China+USA=41%

Total : 3303.7 Mtoe

Chi na43%

USA17%

I ndi a7%

Other33%

Coal Consumption by Country (2008)

Chi na22%

ROW59%

USA19%

CO2 emission: China+USA=41%

Data source: IEA&NBS

Conclusions

• A twin-pronged strategy for CCS and its enabling technologies should be developed.

• Coal gasification & advanced combustion are energy & water efficient ways to a cleaner coal, and they should be given top priority to enable CCS development in China.

• A U.S.-China partnership has the potential to accelerate technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS.

Thank you!Hengwei Liu ( 刘恒伟 )

http://hengweiliu.weebly.com/Email ： [email protected]

[email protected]

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Enhancing China’s Sustainable Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to Cleaner Coal