English students book-Opportunities Upper Intermediate Student

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Russian Edition



TONTENTSr**n':ki ltsar:d ask in the lessons re higi' t l iEhtedn btue

Grammarocus

Warm-upp.5)Listening:matching)Vocabulary:ersonaLity

1 Autobiography p.o1

ReadingStrategies:Revision

Vocabulary:WordbuiLding

2 WhoAreYou? p.s-r;

Revis ionf a l l enses gap i t l inq,

ru l t i r le-choice,ta l :chiq)

3 Nationaldentity (p.10'11)

ListeningStrategies:Revision

Listening: T/F,qap ittine)

Vocabutary:vlulti-part erbs

Function:Preferences

LanguageAwareness Determinersp.14)

Warm-up p. i5)

L is tening:matching)

Vocabu[ary:aughter

5 A ComicNovel p.lo' lz;

Fi*ai!ng S rat*gier;:

A.lsLoicringt- i quesilcrs

Vocabulary:CoLLocations

6 CrazyBut True p.t8-1e)

Past enses,PastPerfect ontinuous

(matching, ap i l l inq)

7 What's So Funny? (p.20-21)

Vocabutary:ulti-part erbsListeningtrategies:nsrleringl- cquesrioirsListening:n- cqueslions)Function:elLingokes

LanguageAwareness ContinuousndSimple ensesp.25)

ReviewModuLesand (p.26-27) ulture Corner1 TheHistory f EngLishp'28)

Warm-up p.29)

Listening:matching)

Reading:

Vocabutary: pinion adjectives

9 StreetAr t

1p.so-st1i ' : , iai ; t, j 5xlia{.49i*5:

: ' ' t . t i-:_ll I +. . : tq,: a rCp; i: g .tp t:

Vocabutary: moke, get, hove i)r' .)

10 BodyLanguagep.32-33)

Retative nd particip[e lauses

11 Branded (p. ja-35)

Listening:matching,ap iL l ing, /F)

Vocabulary:MuLti-part erbs

! - i ; teni*5 i# i : * t i r :E:4nt"s: . lng , /F

quesr ions

Funct ion:l tsc i ib ing ecl le

Warm-upp.39)Listening:matching,ategorising)Vocabulary: escriing beautY

13 Poetry@.<o-al)Reading trategies: eading oetryii ' ;/F,natclring)Vocabutary:diomaticanguae

14 Wrapped p1p.<z-ts1

The Passive

(matching, entence

tr ansformaiion)

15 [email protected])Listen*g Strategiesi ',1atchig

people ndopi ; r ions

Listening: matching)

Vocabulary:MuLti-partVerbs

Function:Aqreeing nd Disaqrceing

LanguageAwareness Pronounsp.49) ReviewModuLesand (p.50'51)

CultureCorner PeoplesftheRuss'anederationp.52)

Warm-upp.53)Listening:matching)Vocabulary:cience

17 Eureka! (p.5a-5s)

ill*fr i iff Stsat*gi*s: trin:;weri:g T/ F

t$eSlrcns

Vocabu[ary: ompound ords

18 Futurology (p.56-s7)

The uture,Future erfect,Future ontinuous(matching,ap itting)

19 Artifi ciat Intelligence 1p.la-14

Listening: answeringuestions,ap ilting

Listeningstrategies:Multiplemaichlng

Vocabulary:Mutti-parlVerbs

Funct ion: lar i f i / i .g ncl s l , ' rg uer l iors

Warm-up p.63)

Listening: matching)Reading: :

Vocabulary: he body

21 Life Savers 1p.ot'-os1

ii,**ri!ng st,'at* -er*s: ai.is \,'rlih

ta ia.Jra i t r i li i ts

Vocabulary: ynonyms

22 SuperAthletes (p.66-67)

ConditionaLs,ixedConditionaLs

23 Brain Power p.68-6e)

! - is teningStEategies:crnple i ing

text

L is tening: gap i t l ing, matching)Vocabulary:Mu t i -par t erbs

Funct ion:Giv ingl nd asking or advice

LanguageAwareness ModaLityp./3) ReviewModuLesand (p.74-75)

CultureCorner3 EngLishroundhe WorLdp./6)

Watm-up p.77)

Listening: matching)

Vocabutary: escribig pLaces

25 0n the Road 1p.ts-to1'. : lr i ' r;r l i l ; r: : i* i i i*: ; : A:rs,,r, tr;i i

' i , ' i

'Vocabutary:ordbuiLding

26 Migrating (p.80-81)

Verbpatterns; ing form, nfinitive

2 7 Trans-conti entalP.az-s.t;ListeningStrategies: denr i 'y i rg

s i tua t ions nd p e o p l e

Listening:nr-c, ap iLLing)

Vocabulary:MuLt i -par t erbs

SpeakingStrategies:BeingPol i teFunct ion:PoL: teequesi -s



Communication orkhops Languageowerbook

4 Communication orkhops(p.12-1)

Writing:A forma/informaI etterSpeaking: shortpresentation

Speaking trategies:Revision

Vocabulary: ersona[ity,ordbuildingRemember:ModaLerbs Grammar:Revisjon f tensesFunction:ExpressingreferencesMutti-partVerbs Writing: A letter Word Power Language wareness

ExamPract ice : Use f Engl ish; eading; r i t ing

(p. -15)

8 Communicationorkhops\p.22-24)Writing:A book revjelv

Listening:A sketch matching,m/c)

Speaking: topicpresentat ion

Spea ing Strategies: Preparat'io

Vocabulary: aughterRemember:Past enses Grammar:PastPerfect ontinuousFunction:Tetling ok eMulti-part verbs writing: A book review word power LanguageAwareness checkyour Grammar

Exam one Modutes-2) : Speaking;is tening; eading; se f Fngl ish;Writ ing

(p.1 -31)

12 Communication orkhops1p.36-38)Writing:A description f a ptaceListening: song gap i t l ing)Speaking: iscussingtopic p ic turedescr ipt ion)

Speaking trategies: a in ingime

Vocabulary: pinionadjectivesRemembenComparisonf adjectivesGrammar:Relative nd participle lauses (p3z-a5)Function:Describing eople Mutti-partverbs writing: A description f a place word power

ExamPract ice : Use f Engl ish; eading; r i t ing

[email protected])Writing: A fiLmreviewIistening:A conversationmatching)Speaking: Lanningn eventSpeaking tntegies: Takingurns ngroup iscussions

vocabulary:Opinion djectivesRemember: ctive,passivean dcausatjveGrammar: he passive

Function:Agreeing, isagreeing,sking or opinions Mutti-partVerbs Writing: A fiLm evjer,vWordpower

Language wareness CheckYourGrammar

Exam one Modules-4) : Speaking;is tening; eading; se f Engl ish;1/ r i t inq

(p.46-63)

20Communicationbrkhops(p.60-62)

Writing:A description f an eventListening:A song matching)

Speaking: presentation

Speaking trategies:Givi gpresentations

24Communicationorkhops(p.70-72)

Writing:A discursive ssay 1)

Listening:A TVprogrammecompleting

sentences)

Speahng: discussion

Speaking trategies:AvoidingprobLems

Vocabulary:Compound ords Remember:wilt,going o Grammar3 uturePerfect, utureContinuousFunction:ClarifuingMulti-part Verbs Writing: A description f an event Wordpower

ExamPract ice : Use f I lg l ish; Reading;l . / r i t ing

(p.64-75)

Vocabulary: arts fthe body Remember:Conditiona[sGrammar:MixedConditiona[s unction:Giving dvice (p.26-91)Multi-part Verbs Writing: A discursive ssayWord Power LanguageAwareness Check ou r Gnmmar

Exam one ModuLes 6) : Speaking;is tening; eading; se f Engt ish; r i t ing

28Communicationorkshops(p.84-86)

Writing:A formalLetterListening:A songSpeaking: topicpresentat ion

Vocabutary:WordbuiLding emember: ing form, nfinitive Grammar:VerbpatternsFunction:Asking or permission utti-partVerbs Writing: A fornrai etter Wordpower

lxam Pract ice : Us e f Enql ish; eadinq;'Vr i t ing

\p.92-105)



CONTENTS

Warm-upp.87)Listening:matching)

Vocabularv:lobaIssues

29 UnnaturalDisastersp.88-8e)ReadingStrategies:

Completingextswith

sentenceapsVocabulary:Prefixes

30 GtobatWarming(p.e0-et)Reporting, eporting

Verbs(matching,entence

transformation)

31 Rich ndPoor 1p.ez-os1Listening

Strategies:Taking

Lecture otesListening: (T/F)

Vocabulary:MuLti-

pa t Verbs

Funct ion:

Just i fy ing

a guments

3 [email protected])Listening:A radio

interview gap itlinq)Writing: A Letterof

appLicatio

Speaking:Discussing

photosan d exts

SpeakingStrategies:

Usingphotosand exts

in d iscussions

Vocabulary: ordbuitdingp.106-l

Remember:eporting

Grammar: eportingerbs

Function: iving pinions,ustifuing

arguments ulti-part erbs

Writing:A Letter f appLication

WordPowerLanguage wareness

Check ourGrammar

LanguageAwareness Impersonaleport tructuresp.88-89)

ReviewModules and (p.98-99) uttureCorner4 Environmentaljssuesn Russiap.100)

33 Golden ges(p.102-1a3)

Reading trategies:

SummarisinqVocabutary: ich[a g age

34 ConsumerSociety$.10a-L05)

Complex entences:

35 Utopia(p.106-107)

Listening

Strategies:Understadi gculturaI eferences

Listening:(answerigquestions,atching)

Vocabulary:Mutti-part erbsFunction: akingsuggestions

39 ConftictResolution(p.116-117)

Vocabulary: utti-

ListeningStrategies:IdentifyingmoodListening: T/F,

m-c)Function: rguing

3 6CommunicationWorkhops(p.108-110)

Writ ing: A discurs ive

e s s a y2 )Listening:A song

( matchi g

SpeakingStrategies:

Prepar ingor problem

solving

Speaking:Probtem

solving

40CommunicationWorkshops(p.118-120)

Writing: A letter of

compla in t

Listening: A

f i lmscr ipt matching)

Speaking: A formaI

te[epho e

conversatio

Vocabulary:SociaL (p.112-1.

proDLems

Remember:Expressr 'g regret

Grammar:PersuasionFunct ion:Suggest ions

Mul t i -par t Verbs

Wri t ing: A d iscurs ive ssay

Word Power

ExamPractice5: Us eof EngLish;

Reading; r i t ing

Vocabulary: @.132-1Conf l ic twords

Remember:PresentPerfect

Grammar:Emphasis

Funct ion:ArguingMul t i -par t Verbs

Wri t ing: Wr i t ingunderpressure

Word Power LanguageAware

CheckYour Grammar

Exam on e ModuLes-10) :

L is tening; eading; se f EngLish;

Writing

Mini -Grammarp.148-19)

Warm-up p.101)

Listeningl matching,tabtecompletion)Vocabutary:SociaIprobLems

Warm-upp.111)

Listening:matching)

Vocabulary:onftict

37 WarMemories(p.112-11i )

Reading Strategies:

Questions it h more

ihan one ype of

examinationaskVocabulary:Word

famiLies

LanguagewarenessReviewModulesand 0

38 Neiqhboursfrom H-ett(pJ1a- l15)

Complex entences:

emphasissentence

complet ion,

sentence

tr ansfo nratio )

Perfectiveer b orms p.J21)

(p.122-123)

Literature pots -5

Grammarummary

(p.124-133)Writing Help (p.1.37-145)

ftJa6-150) exicon (p.151-176)



. talk about different kinds of identity and give

a short presentation about yourself.. l isten to mono[ogues, radioprogramme, n

'interviewand a presentation.

. read extracts rom an autobiography, diary

and etters;use l isteningand reading

strategies.. write a formaI or informal letter,. revise he main enses n Enql"ish.

KEY 0RDS: erso*at i ty

ambitious, aretess, hatty,cheerfut, hil.dish,competit ive,onsiderate.onventionat, asy-going, ard-working,dea[ is t ic ,mpatient,

individualistic,ind, . ikeabte, oody, utgoing,popular, eckless,eUable,eserved,omantic,

setfish, ensibte, ensitive, entimentat, hy ,

sociab[e,ympathetic



I Aulobiogrophy

Beforeouslart

1 rn in l about an important scene n your i fethat you remembervery clearly.Tetl he class.

Example A scene remember erywelLs when

won a competit ion t primaryschool ..

h l .

Ke0orng

2 neaa he Strategies.

ReadingStrategies:Revis ion

.Before eading,ookat the t i t le , p icturesand he f i rs t coupte f [ inesof the text.

Look or c lues o helpyou predictwhat k ind

of text t i s and what t is about.o R o a d t h e t e v t t o n e t t h p n p n p r : l i d c :

Ignorewords ou don'tknow.. Read he text again.Try o workout the

meanjng f mport antnewwords.Usea

dict ionaryf you can't .. Read nycomprehensionuest ions nd ry

to th ink of possibte nswers. hen ind

answerso the quest ionsn the text.

Use he Strategies o answer hese questions

about the texts.

Text1 What ime of yeardo you hink it is? Why?

2 Whodo you hink Peters? Howdo you hink

the diarywr i te r eelsabouth im?

3 Howold do you hink the wri ter s?Give our

rea50ns.

4 Wha tdoyou h ink s unusua Ibou t he

wr i te r 's i tua t ion?

Text1 Howwas he gir [ d i f ferent rom other

chi ldren?

Whywas her eacher o mportant or her?

Howdid she earnnewwords?

Whydid she eeI happywhensheunderstood

the meaning f the wordwater '?

Whatdoyou hink happenedater o thewritersof the texts?Check ouranswers npage 35.

Text 1

&

stge@{s'@@8*rte"t?:vtetr??4,lt,e*t4".::tt':'

he weather'sbeen wonderful since yesterdavand I,veperked up quite a bit. My writing, the best thing I have,is coming along well. I go to the attic almost every

morning to get the stale air out of my lungs. This morningwhen I went there, Peterwas busy cleaning up. He finishedquickly and came over to where I was sitting on my favouritespot on the floor. The two of us looked out at the blue skv, hebare chestnut tree glistening with dew, the seagullsand otherbirds glinting with silver as they swooped through the air, andwe were so moved and entranced that we couldn,t speak.Hestood with his head against a thick beam, while I sat.We

breathed in the air, looked outside and both felt that the soellshouldn't be broken with words. We remained like this for along while, and by the time he had to go to the loft to chopwood, I knew he was a good, decent boy. He climbed the lladder to the loft and I followed: during the fifteen minutes hewas chopping wood, we didn,t say a word either. I watchedhim from where I was standing and could seehe wasobviously doing his best to chop the right way and show offhis strength. But I also looked out of the open window letting 2my eyesroam over a large part of Amsterdam, over therooftops and on to the horizon, a strip of blue so pale it wasalmost invisible. As long as this exists,' thought, ,this

sunshine and this cloudlesssky,and as ong as Ican enjoy it ,ho w can I be sad?' )

Unless you write yourself, you can,tknow how wonderful it is;I always used to bemoan the fact that I couldn,t draw, butnow I'm overjoyed that at least I can write. And if I don't havethe talent to write books or newspaper articles, I can alwayswrite for myself. But I want to achievemore than that. I can'timagine having to live like Mother, Mrs van Daan and al l thewomen who go about their work and are then forgotten. Ineed to have something besidesa husband and children todevote myself to! I don't want to have lived in vain like

most people, even those I've never met. I wanr to go onliving even after my deathl And that,s why I,m so gratefulto God for having given me this gift, which I can use rodevelop myself and to expressal l that's inside mel

.::

:,4

,3

'l&

'&

, /

234

%

&

Cry



ldenttfu

Texl2

THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY I remember in all

my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne

Sullivan, came to me. It was three months before

I was seven years old.

On the afternoon of that day, I knew that 5

something was happening. I went outside and

waited on the steps of the house. I could feel the

sun on my face and I could touch the leaves of

the plants. Then I felt someone walking towards

me. I thought it was my mother and she picked l0me up and held me close. This was my teacher

who had come to teach all things to me and,

above all, to love me.

The next morning, the teacher took me into her

room and gave me a doll. When I was playing ls

with it, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled the word'd-o-l-f

into my hand. I was interested and I

imitated the movements with my fingers. I learned

a lot of words like this, but only after my teacher

had been with me for several weeks did I 20

understand that everything has a name.

One day, I didn't understand the difference

between'mug' and'water'. I became angry and

threw the doll on the floor. In my quiet. dark

world I didn't feel sorry for doing it. Then my 25

teacher took me out into the warm sunshine. We

walked down to the well where someone was

drawing water. My teacher put my hand under

the water and spelled the word'w-a-t-e-r'

at the same time in my other hand. Suddenly, I 30

felt an understanding. The mystery of language

was revealed to me. I knew then that'w-a-t-e-r '

was the wonderful cool something flowing over

my hand. That living word awakened my soul,

gave t light, hope,joy, set it free! 3b

a

b

c

d

e

f

Vo

@'

cobulury:WordbuildingRevision)

Lexicon,page 157.

3 Us" he endings elow o makeadjectivesrom hegroupof words a-k). Some roups anhavemore han

oneending.

-y, ed, ing, fuL, ( i)ous,ish, ( i /a)bl"e,tess,at, ( t ) ic,- ist ic, (e/a)nt, ive

mood, tuf f , happiness,loud

hope,care,hetppract.ice.ature, ogic

ideat, ea[, ndiv iduaI

decision. reate, magination i Like, ely,sense

importance,olerate,djfference interest. ire, bore

k set f .ch i td

Make dverbsrom he adjectivesn a, b and c.Then ryto add moreadjectives nd adverbso eachgroup.Check petlings.

4 took at the words n Exercise. In whichof them stherea changen wordstress?

Exampleidgal- ideallstic,Science scienlific

Q listen and check ouranswers.

5 put the underlined ords n the correctorm.

I havesome ery1 pteasememories f my 2 chiLd.We

Ljvedn a 3 romance ottage n the countrywi th 4 love

v iewsof LakeWindermere. ehada 5 wonder ardenwi th

lots of animats. However, 611_g1uo_ryne year 7 extreme

wel"l". was eight and one of my 8f1v,o11nimalswasa

goose al ledMabel. f tercoming ack romschoo[. used

to 9 food Mabel" . i th me,shewas10 usual eryquietand11 fr iend.Witheverybody lse hough,Mabelwasvery

nastyand 12 aqqression.hatwinterwasverycotdand he

snowwasnearly metre 3 depth.0n Christmas ay,we

hada 14 tradit ion unch goose nd Christmasudding.

was15 cheer nt i I real isedhat the qoosewas . . Mabet l

My 16 h-immediateLy disappeared-andspent he restof the meaI n tears.

6 Choosea memory rom your tife. Write notes about

these hings:

your age,placeand ime,whoyou werewi th ,

what happened, owyou e[t , what happenedn the end

7 Wort in pairs. Tetl your partner about your memory.

guoTn,....?wuoTn'% loveon.s"lf s thebe{innin{of a ifelon{

g mystery, mbition,

danger

h romance. ympathy,

science

fofhanCe. OscarVild.



i,t,

.

,

' 77,'n,: rrf,iT#Hf*i8ffi $|;jr,LK# :::"ffi;+}i :;,:, .,?^",sand'i:tr4#' ::'i' ;:fi :''::$,#ff r:ii:::r: .r,"::ff Ii, j,n';;i;" ::;: ;tYi'7:"'J^;I!"'i"ir;':;tr" '' : . r:,î,"i,22',' vouwa^tPd'llrtf#f-^'-'i"^ (''n) eYtLb45-

Beforeoustarl

1 took at the pictures.Which of the th ings

can el l us about ourselves?Wri te your

opin ionson a pieceof paper.

Example

I think that astrologys interesting ut I don't

believe n horoscopes.

Tel[ he class.

2 toot<at the three styles of handwrit ing

(1-3). Try o match hem with thepersonal i ty escr ipt ions a-c).

a Thjspersons indiv idual js t ic someonewhoUkes o ing h ings n the i rownway .

He/Shes a soa perfect ionist hoaLways

makes ure hat everyth ings ust r ight.

b Thispersons ambit ious nd deaLis t ic

someone ho hasstrongprinciptes ndh e l i e f q H e l S h e i s a l c n r r e r r i o n i c a l

c Th is e rsons qu i teconven t ionaL

someone ho doesn' t ike o be di f ferent.

He/Shes atso ather hybut is a good

observer f peopte.

Check our answers n page135.

2Who re ou?

${'FgolFds$f

€B,#ffi '*{'$M*qa6' 6m+s*ud'-"''"'

Tsu,ppt*-T vn4w;n ^ 5W p-usonO Xpb|toal)4aurd aalmi,ntonutu, a {rt. Cil T'mal.+ou,rffi,1uno,fhnl/qhT'motrlAno+a14 nd at tt Un{fuwra;m.Tha,wh'+d uuhtimljo'pnhoe aq G) Tvu bui vuab1,4-.wfilt ugeya.n46.MIrat4,wlun @ I-[@ZA"ri(s) T'vq,4@ {o do ay1iltpxth,ue Lwturustntlxrp,hantlw4're ry ^ttu4g t ntg oul cl,tfu.

O*4 tha .r-errs* eNnh--^,

(/7) y\n ^ o \Ep t ^ ae-xpctto,nre-6

ttl4.* r/) naa Qxer*

mt ( r4nn 'a

QNer h/ .Ana^^ r - ruLaJ

\.a-6l 1111n. T ,.-t<Y+#4-ro

m-z uJa4T \ta6-riA:

'v tt.z- t-tJQ-

l*r*;;#ffiW^y..k^:t)-|;;:13w,Xff*:,^y y ;s.h|&k*.*;___:_-". wr uttz ntfi.t* beot2_6,T a gr-aJr\d uJa,4LDe.r'pn;^^ ,J

, verA UJet. (/9) W,

W"U; i - iunrhen-"ii# i wtP pa*h\4v/,L t>(r,t^)a rurce- 3na_ua-

,,. +4, -ddr j

Revision:enses

4 tooLat the undertinederbs n the three exts.What ime (past/present/future )o they refer o?

5 Match he examples n{q{ iqqd in the text (1-20)

with these ensesand verb forms (a- i) .

r l l idi i - ti+--

3 Wort n pairs.Give ourpartner he piece f paperwith yourhandwrit ingn t from Exercise. Use heinformation n page 35 o'analyse'your artner 'shandwrit ing.et l ourpartner ouranalysis. oes our

partner greewith it? Letyourpartner elt the ctass.

ExamplePeter ays'm veryambitious. don't think hqt's rue!

ia

tuiLo,,e€m,- ,a i {

a Present impLe

b Present ont inuous

c Present erfectd Present erfect ont inuous

e PastSimpte

f Pas t on t inuous

g

h

I

Past Perfect

qoinq toi"

wttL



,t ,*"t .1,

6 u"t.tt the tensesandverb ormEiromExercise with the uses 1-9).

7

2345

activit iesgoingon at the time of speaking/perso nal

arrangementsor the future/temporaryoutines r habits

activiti es hat are repeated egutarty/futureuctsintentions or the future

act ' ionshat happened t a specif ic ime n the past

ac t iv i t ieshat fo rma backqroundo eventsn thepast

6 events hat happened eforeother pastevents7 ac t iv i t iesn the pastwhere he t ime s not mportant/

states hat started n the pastandares t i [ [ rue

8 ac t iv i t ieshat started n the pastand cont inue p to

n 0 w

9 predict ionsased n opin ion,bet ief r knowtedge/

decis ionsbout he future akenat the moment f

spea ing

E4 GrammarSummary 1, poge 146.

Proct ice

7 Undertine he contractio ns n these sentences.

What auxil iary verbs do they stand for?

a He'sbeenstudyinga [ot recently.

b Wedidn' tdo t on purpose.

c I 've hadprobtems ith my computer atety.

d We're oingout tonight.

e I ' l " i eL t ou as soonas f ind out.

f She's tanningo studyphysics.g We'dseen he fitm before.

8 pronunciationisten o the sen tences nd writedown he contractionsouhear.

Exampte --'s (has)

9 Uatctt he sentences 1-7) with the s i tuat ions

(a-s).

1 Have ou beenpLayingootbal l n the ra inagain?

2 I ptay ootbatleveryday.

3 I 'm playing footba[[ ameon the computer.4 I 'm ptayingn a footbat lmatch t 10 o'ctock.

5 I 've atready tayed ndwon 20 games.

6 I was playing ootba[[when fel.tbadLy.

7 I hadpiayed 0 gameswhen was njured or

the f i rs t t ime.

a a professionaIootba[[eratk ingabouth is ob

b a pat ient atk ing o the doctor

c someone iv ingan excuse hy hey can' t he[p

someoneow

d someone aying owgood hey are

e someone xptain ing hy hey can' tgo shoppinghe

nextdayf a ret ired ootbatterooking ackon his career

g a mother o a boy whose tothes re muddy

,";ffffHffi5tffiffTiffithe verbs n brackets.

I supposehat, in manyways, t hwebe*n (be)Lucky

since he day wasborn. wasborn wo monthspremature nd wasvery [ [ but somehow2 - (surv ive). hen,when was hree,3 - ( fuLt)nto a pondon a farm 4(stay) at. My mum5 - (go) nto hospital or an

operat ion nd some r iends - (tookaf te r )me

at the time. Luckity, man7 (work)near hepondand he 8 - (putt)meout!

Now 'm in my astyearat schooI nd at[ my r iends9 - (think) I 'm very ucky.Fo rexampte,10 - (win) moneyon the lottery our or five

t imesand usuat ly 1 - (beat)everybodytca os.

I can' tsay 'm veryhard-workingut I 12

(do) wel.L t exams the r ightquest ions [ways omeup.I 'm also ucky n loveand 13

- (go out) with

an amazing i r [ for the lasts ix months. hopemy uckt4 - (cont inue)n th e future.

I15

- (take) my universityentrance xamsnthe summer ndas soonas 16 - ( f in i sh )

them, 17 - (traveL)or a coupte f months.

Then,hopefutLy, 18 (study)architecture t

unive sity.

I 1 loot a t the quest ions. n what s i tuat ionscould

they be asked?Who coutdbe tatk ing?

Example 1.peoplewho meet or the irst tine

1 Whatdo you do?

2 Whathave ou beendoing ecent ly?

3 Whatareyou doing onight?

4 Whatareyou going o do whenyou in ishschoo[?

5 Whatwere ou doingon Sunday vening?

6 Whathave ou done oday?

In pairs, ask and answer he questions.

t2 Tat<eurns to say he sentencesabout your tife

using the time expressions elow.

Exampte

I usuallyplay bosketballon Tuesday ight.

usuatty, ever,now, his weekend,as tyear,since,

in the future,nextyear, n 1.999,or th reeweeks,at ten o'c[ock, wice a week,when,white, ecenttv,

fo r a vearnow



3Nolionoldenti

youstort

1 pu t the wordsbelow nt o the correct

categories n th e Key Wordsbox.

anima[ overs. dvanced,emocrat ic ,

emotiona[. r iendty, iberat,modern,noisy,

nature overs,outgoing,powerfut, iolent

K E YW0RDS: ix * i * r :a l 5 * *n t i t y

{*e.:13try: evetoped,eve[oping, is to r ic ,

innovative,multicultura[,wealthy,wet[-organised

*s*+l* : c tass-conscious,ommunicat ive,

conservative. xcitabte,umily-oriented,

[aw-abiding, atjona[istjc, o[ite, proud,

retigious, eserved, erious, raditiona[.

toterant,suspicious f foreigners

2 loot<at the photos of Britain. Choose

eight adjectivesor expressions rom

Exercise that reflect your view of Britain

and the Brit ish. Te[l he class.

Example

Tome the British seem o be auite traditionql.

[ is lening

3 neaOhe Strategies.

Listening Strategies: Revision

. Before istening, ook at the task. Try o guessanswerso the

ouestio s.. The irst t imeyou t is ten ,answer s many uest ions s you can.. Thesecondime,answerhe quest ionsou missed.. Do not worry f yo u don't understand veryword.

Q t-isten o a radiophone-in rogramme. se he Strategiesodecidef thesestatements re rue (T ) or fatse F) .Then isten

againandcheck ouranswers.

1 I Great r i tains made p of fourdif ferent at ions: nqtand,Northernre[and. cot landndWa[es.

2 Z

3 I

in a pot t ,Br i t ishpeopte escr ibedhemsetvess animal

lovers nd o[erant ut suspic iousf fore ignersnd reserved.

Eighty-sevenercent f Br i t ishpeop[e hought hat the

Br i t ishwerecLass-conscious.

The irst cat ler h inksBri ta jn s an' innovat ive [ace.

Shedescr ibeserse[f s Eng[ ishather han Bri t jsh.

Thesecond a[ [er eetsEuropean.

The hird cat ler s of Indianor ig in .

She hinksBri ta in s mult icutturaIut there s an nto lerantminority.

The astcat ler h inksBr i ta in s a modern ountry.

He s a Scott ish at ionat is t nd doesn' t eeI Br i t ish.fi,

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

TTIT

TTT



ldentrftl

Speok

7 Uat<e tist of good and bad things about t iving inyour country, own or region.

ExampleGood hings: rockclimbing,sailing,skiing

Now n pairs,ask and answer he quest ions

below. Use he expressions rom the Function File.

Example 1, I'm really nto clubbing.

1 Whatk jndof th ingsdo you [ ikeabout

t i v i n gn . . . ?

2 Whatsort of th ingsdo you d is t ike bout

l " i v i n gn . . . ?

3 Where lsewouldyou [ ike o [ ive?Why?

Te[[ he class.

Vocobulory:ult i -porterbs

EF Lexicon, ages170-176.

8 Comptetehe descript ion ith these erbsn thecorrect orm.

ge tat, ringup .ge t o, takeoff, ge tby ,pu t up with,geton with, ook orwardo, checkn

When am abroad, atways /.oobforwaroLto etting backhome. start ee[ inghomesicks soonas he ptane2 -- --= -. when I 3 - a newplace. hefirst thing I do after I have4 at the hotet, s

to 5 - my amiLy nd havea chat wi th them.

Unfortunately,have o traveIa lot on business nd

often go to the States. 6 the Americansery

we[[ they arealways ery r iend[y. speak oodEngl ish

too , so I can7 in the Stateswi thoutanyprob[ems.'m not very keenon Americanood but I can8 -- - i t . Theprobtems that I 'm a stay-at-home.

Mysisteralways - me shesays 'm boring

and unadventurous.ut ,as he saying oes.homesweet

home'.

honpwtugn(truesHowwouldyoudescribe ou rcountryor regionand he people rom t?

puoTn... NBuoTEAn Dn4lishn'ans never appyrnless e s

rnisertle; a 9cotsyr,ans never t horne ut whenhe sabroad.' Anonynous, Sthcentury

4 li rt"n to an nterviewwith Ctaire.Whatdoesshelikeand distikeaboutBritain?Wherewouldshe iketo live or some ime?

5 I-isten gainandcompletehe Function ilewiththesewords:

'd rather,woutdn'tmind.can't stand,d prefer. ove,

hate,don't think I 'd want, reatty nto, reatly ike,

don'tLike. eatty ee non, us t [ove,no t keenon myself,[ove,prefer

Prefeences:Co l l oqu iaExpress ions

I 'm1 - ctubbing,ou now.12 -do ing tha t , oo .

I m e a n , I 3 - t h e v a r i e t y .

I 'm 4 - l is teningo house ndgarage.

I 5 - r o c k c t i m b i n g .

I6

- atl the traff ic we'vegot.I7 - s i t t ing n t ra f f ic ams!

Another hing I 'm 8 - is footbal.l.

I 9 - a[[ he v iotence round t .

I 10 - watching ennis myself.

I 11 - tiving n Australia, or a while at

least.

I t2 -to go out there.

to live there for ever.

to go ust for a few months.

A nd l s go n theirsummer.

What s the diffe rence n meaning between I love ... '

and'I'd love to ... ' , ' I prefer... 'and 'I 'd prefer to ... '?

Makea tist of the expressions hat ar e foltowed by the'- ing ' form.

6 Wtite your answers o these questions.

1 Whatareyou nto doingat weekends?

2 Whatwoutd ou t ike o do th is weekend?

3 Whatsports reyou keenon watching?

4 What ports tarwou ldyou love o meet?

5 Whatare he th ingsyou can't standdoing?

6 What h ing woutd ou prefernot to do tomorrow?

Work n pairs. Ask and answer he questions above.

l

lll

lll

!l

B u t 1 3

1 7 4



Writ ing

Beforeou tsrt1 Readhe two lettersand heemail.Choosehe correct inkingwords ndertinedn the letters.

2 Wtrlctrof the texts (1-3) is format?

Find formal and informa[ examplesof

these hings:

greeting requests punctuation. grammar vocabulary l ink ingwords. ending he letter . signingof f

Check our answersn Writ ing Help 1,page137 .

idi@Wsffi

Hi there Anna,

D o n ' t k n o w f y o u g o t m y f i r s t m e s s a g e . ' v e b e e n

having prob lemswj th my computerso am sending i t

a g a i .

Look forward to hear ing a l l about you. What k ind

of music are you in to? l^Jhat or t o f th ings do you

d o i n y o u r f r e e t i m e ? W h a ta b o u t s p o r t ? I ' m a

fo o tb a l I f a n a t i c m y s e l f !

Ge t i n t o u c h s o o n !

A l l t h e b e s t ,

Mark

A Letter

Write a reply to one of the letters. Fotlow he

stages below.

H. Writing lletp x, page 137.

StageWrite notes about what information yo u need to

include.

Example FamiLy Mum, Dad,Annaand me

StageOrganiseour etter andptanparagraphs.

Stage

Useyourplan o write the letter.

StogeCheck our etter.

\

3

DearMsNovak,

Thankou oryourenquiry bout ursummeroursest ExmoorEnglish ollege.enclose brochure ith nformationbouthecourses eoffer 6)pluslakoheaccommodationeprovide,

It lists he ripsandactivities eorganise,7)aswell slsuchscanoeingndhorse iding.

Exmoor nglishs a small chool.81Alt[touqhlHowever,ehave nexcellenteachingtaffandgood acilities(9)Becausellnasefthesmall umbersf students,here s a friendly tmospherettheschool.(10)lnadditionlAnUwaU,enclose brochure ith ocal ouristinformation.ll l BecauselAlthoughulvertonsa small own,hereareplenty f thingso do here.12)Despitel|sel l sbeing

situatedn henationalarkof Exmoor,he own snearabeautiful, ildpartof thecoast.

(13)lffl,lhenouarestill nterestedn hecourse,would egratefulf youcouldwriteusa etter bout ourself14) ecauselt f ta t ecan udge our eve lo f Engl ish.

I look orwardo hearinqrom ou.

Y ou r s j nc e r e l y ,

Anne ut ton

TalkbockWork n pairs.Read ourpartner'setter andmake uggest ionsor mprovingt.

. - ' - ' - ' \ ,' l,, '* ,,

t 'r

--":-'i."

.'v'

F '

il

l!1i

4Com nicolionWotsfropsDearv HawT

Lef rrae \tyo/urce r "yselP' }ny vratuae s Patfvick MqYPhy attA l've jtasf

€oqnt/ oqf l'w, ^ cot^sih oQ Yours!

r,wrkinA oQ y\fevestea irn the hisfovy os oqrpatwrily (l)

so/\>eca^se

l've sfawte/ ioirtg sorâe eseawch' l've *oqhA ouf fhatf uay

qvar\A€4fhe v, fiAa'm, c^v e oveY o flmericat iv\ the lf30s

|z;;A14** leatvurg lvelarrr'A' He wats fhe brofhev oP yorav

gvavrAaA (sarwr)'. ', - --- :.'-D^^'\ârrt-ue- I live i,1 Des l'loites'

66666)Jell/However, vle'e's sov're i\€o atborat rTe' I live irr Des l"toilres'

lowar, wifh ray wi€e fCi"'y9 aurA two kill. {Part 18 ar\A giua 19' aVeve

arve atbora! €iQ+^7oe * ii"g"tn e' he'et'Hsve's at gictq"e oQ sowre oQ

us atf at vece\! weAAirrg' ti" tlne o\e o\-the €aw vighf'

6Q tnradaiHo'r/A\yw;"tot^sin.(caurl5arll yora thart?)' caruryor^ Ao Ae

at Patvov?Catt yora '"ni 'n"ar thoto oP yor"v Patr"rily? lt'A be gveatf i*

vora cor^lA 6 Asad '"'^^^" atrry inlo yor'r harve atbor'rf you" lolLs

batck irr the'ol/ cor'uttvY"

I hoPe to hearv €vowrYol^ soo\'

Yoi YS/

Parf*ick MuvghY

N



..t-rI

'ffi

d** ghat'rnnSpeoking

Beforeoustart

1 Listen o Richard'sresentation nd answerhesequestions:

1 What reRichard'snterestsndhobbies?2 Why oes e ememberhesinging ompetit ion

sowet[?3 What indof ob would e ike o do?

Washe presentationormaIor informat?

Vague anguage

O 2 lirr"n again.Completehe sentences iththese words.

some ind, ortyishor so, that sort of,

what 's ts name? omethingike,sort of , about

Sometimes get up at 1

NextSaturday, e'replayingat a club2 at Echoes,hat's t.

Thecompeti t ion ashetd n 3

sportscentre.

Shewas4 and had a very k ind

wooo . .t was madeof 5

I fett 6 retaxed ut excitedat the

same ime.

I th ink I 'd L ike o

of a sportscentre.

6.30.

of

face.

;.+€:="*

,:i=;-CF

*':ti€!l:;-

ldentffil

Linking

3 Classify he sentencesbelow (1-7) into the

following categories:

a starting he tatk b introducing opics

c adding nformation d ending he talk

1 I'm also a keenbasketbat[ tayer.

2 So, to finish off, my ambitionsan d plans or

the future.

3 0K, no w something else about me.

4 l've been asked o te[[ you at[ about mysetf.

5 Another thing I'm realty nterested n is

music.

6 Wett, hat's it. Thanks or l istening o me.

7 First, something about my nterestsand

[ifestyte.

A ShortPresenlation

Givea short presentation about yourself.

Foltow h e stages below.

StageMakenotesabout hese hings:

. famity

. your tifestyl"einterests, obbies tc.)

. one of the most mportantexperiencesn your i feo lour ambit ions, tans or the future

Think of one or two false things to add.

StageReadhe Strategies.

Speaking trategies:Revision

. When oudon't now word r expression,rynot o stopcomptetely.

. Usevague[anguage'toxptain ore r esswhatyouwant o say, .g. t' sa sortof ...

. Describehings, .g. t' sa thing ou use o ...

Work n groups.Use ou rnotesand he Strategiesto givea shortpresentation boutyourself.

Talkhack

Try o guess he false nformation n thepresentation.

ExampleI don't hink t's true hat ..

b e 7 - t h e m a n a g e r



,

==k

1 ReaUhe first part of a Shertock otmes tory.Whatdo you hink happens ext?

'Wher-rI called on Sherlock Holmes on thc st'conclnrorninq after Christmas, he was lying

on t he sofa next to sol-nene\vspapers.On a chair, there -uvasa very dirry old hat and a

niaenifiring glass.'l

suppose,' said,'th:rt herc is a story about that hat which wil l help you solve :rnorhcr

i n l \ \ tcr i ( )usc ' r ' in rc . ''There's

no crinre,' said Sherlock Flolmes laughing.'J ust a stran€le ittle incident.

Peterson, he door attendant, ound the hat.At about four o'clock in the morning,

he was coming back from a parry when he saw a tall rnan carrying a goosc.

Sr-rddenl_v,wo thugs appeared. One pushed the rnan and thc orhcl thus rried to

10 take the goose. Peterson went to protect the m:rn but seeing someone in uniform,

he dropped the goose and ran away.Al l the attackers disappeared so Peterson was leftrc uroPPcLr Lrrc goose:rrl0 ran away.ml lne attacKers clsappearecl so l-eterson was IeIt

with both th e goose and the ol d hat.There was a card with the goose saying'For Mrs Henr:y Baker'and the

initials'H.l l . ' inside the hat, but there are a 1ot of Henry Bakers in London. Peterson did not know what to dorvi th either the hat or the goose so he broueht both to n1e o1r Christm:rs mornins. I kept the hat an d Peterson

l5 ha d the goose for his Christnras dinner.''So

can you find any clues abor-rt hc r-nan iom this old hat?''What

c:rn you see,Watson?''Well,

i t is atr orditrary black hat.The l ining is made of recl si lk and there is no elastic.There s some dr,rst n it

and sevcralspots.Someonc has tried to cover all of the spots with ink. But I can't sec any c1ues.'20 'Well,Watson,

the hat tel1sus a lot about the hat'.sowner. He used to be quite rich br-rtson'rctl-ringmusr have

hrppcncd ro hinr, 1'robirbly problems r,vith drink. His wife no longer loves hint. He is rniddle-aged rvith grey

hair - rvhich he has had cut receutly.He doesn't do much exerciseand hc hasn't go t ga s n his house.''You

nrust be joking Hohlcs. How do you knorv all tlrat information?''Elementarl',

r'r'ry ear'Watson...'

Findout what happens ext n the s toryan d checkyour guesses o Exercise onpage134 .

Referencel ) : Determiners

tr 6rsffintsrSurnrnurtrt,aEe 4g.

2 Transtatehe expressionsn red n thetext nto your anguage.

3 tqatchhe determiners1-3) with thesituat ionsa-c).

7 thesecond a there s a choice fonty wopeop[e rthinq

2 snother

3 the other

b i t doesn' tmatterhow

many eop te r h ings

thereare

c the h ings r peop [e

areclearty rdered

4 Ansret thesequest ions.

1 Whydoes he text say he sofa buta chair n the descriptionof Holmes'soom? [ ine2)

2 Coul"d e useo instead f the in th is context?Howwoutd hemean ing hange?

3 The ext first mentions mqn ando goose(tine 8) and aterthe msn (L ine ) and he goose [ ine10) . Can ou exptainwhy?

5 Cross ut the examptesn the table which are n correct.

Use he examples n the text to hetp you.

Srneumn oUNTABLElrcouHtnsLr

N O U N S N O U N S

Ptunnl ouHs

a/ a, k^qt M ffi+&ttr

toule sow*. hnt sotuo dttxt torr4.&u.enl

aly any hat ory dôt aNyc/ue,s

ftD no hat nôe/a,stic r,tD 4-e,n,

se*,era/, seue*a./,pot se.uen/, u.ut seuera.L pots

u&"clt mar./o spot tuuh oxercae, wtzlu spats

a, bt of a, ot of spat a,/"ot of oxe*u,re, o /"ot of spots

Â (rf) ^lL (tf) ilz rpot alL (of) that ^/L (tf) thôspatscnforwntiott,

@. Morepract ice,Language owerbook age 12.



readextracts ro m Lr'teraturend newspaper

articLes;se reading trategiesor answering

mu tip e-choiceuestions.

ta lk about humour nd e [ [ jokesand anecdotes

l is ten o a TVprogramme,okes, unnystor ies

anda sketch; se is ten ing t ra teg iesor

answer ing uLt ipLe-cho iceuest ions.

revisepast ensesand earn about the Past

Perfect ontinuous.

write a book review.

Worm-up

1 tookat the photos A-D)andquotes(1-3).Whichs the funniest? el t he class.

2 f-ootat the KeyWords. istenand dentifythe ypesof taughter. ay n what situationyoumightheareach ne.

KEYWORDS:

burs t u tLaughing,ack le ,huck le ,faLLbout aughing,iggLe

Example1" Someone ight burstout laughing

when hey understand oke,

3 cnect you understand he wordsand

expressionsa-d). Then is ten to four

extracts. n which is someone:

a te l t ing oke?

b pult ing omeone'seg?

c being arcast ic?

d descr ib ingn ironicsi tuat jon?

4 work n pairs.Askand answer he

questionsbetow.

Exampte1 I remember iggling n a maths

exqm. was hinking about ...

1 Have ou evergiggtedwheneverybody lse

was e r ious? hen?

2 Doany of your r iendsmake ou augha [o t?

whv?3 Hasanyone verput led our [eg?What

happened? owdid you ee[?4 Doyou knowanyonewho s of tensarcast ic?

=jiil

F"i=:, . -l : lr1' lJ ., . . ir:



Belore oustort

I Wtrlctr of the Key Words are related tothese hings?

having roblems, eingcomforted,fee t ing isappointed

KEYWORDS

:: , to be prone o something,

to bucksomeone p. to do someone ooo,

to feel bad aboutsomething,

to givesomeone hard ime,(someone's)earts inks, o tatk sense,to takesomeone's indoff th ings,to wa[kout on someone

setf-pity. itent misery,terr ib[e rony

2 Wort in pairs. Look at the photo of Rob.Use he KeyWords o ta lk about he youngman n the photos.What sort of persondoyou th ink he s? Howdo you hink he'sfeet ing?

Reodingnd istening

O S Readan d listen to the extract from HighFidelity by Nick Hornby.Checkyour guesses

from Exercise .

4 Read he Strategies.

Reading Strategies:

Answeringmutt ipte-choice uest ions

. Readhe text to ge t the generaIdea.Then ead he quest ions nd opt ions.

. Findpartsof the text that are relevant othe questions nd read he m carefutly.Look or synonyms f words n thequestio s.

Becarefu[ the answerma yno t bestatedexpticit lyn the text.

. Choosen opt ionand make ure ou cane[ iminatehe others.

Rob is 35 years old. He used to uork as a DJ; noube ouns a record shop. But business is bad ancl ltis long-timepartneli Laura, bas just walked out on bim.

AII my life I've hated Sundays... but this Sunday is a corker. I getback to the flat at one; by two, things have got so bad that Idecide to go home - bome home, Mum and Dad home. It was'waking up in the middle of the night and wondering where Ibelonged that did ir: I don't belong at home, and I don't want tobelong at home, but at least home is a somewhere I know.

. My parents are OK, if you like that sort of thing, which I don't.My dad is a bit dim but something of a know-all,which is a prettyfatal combination;you can tell from his silly, ussy beard that he'sgoing to be the sort who doesn't talk much sense and won,tlisten to any reason. My mum is iust a mum, which is anunforgivable thing to say in any circumstances except this one.She worries, she gives me a hard time about the shop, she givesme a hard time about my childlessness. I wish I wanted to seethem more but I don't,and when I've got nothing else to feel badabout, I feel bad about that. They'll be pleased to see me,although my heart sinks when I see that Geneuieue is onTV thisafternoon.

... V{hen I get there, the joke's on me: they're not in. I,ve come amillion stops on the Metropolitan Line on a Sunday afternoon,I've waited eight years for a bus, Geneuieue is on the televisionand theyte not here.They didn't even call to let me know theywouldn't be here, not that I called to let them know I wascoming. If I was at all prone to self-pity,which I am, I would feelbad about the terrible irony of finding your parenrs our when,finally,you need them.

But just as I'm abour to head back to the bus stop, my mumopens the window of the house opposite and yells at me.'Rob! Robert! Come in!'

l )

20

)\

30l

I've never met the people over the road, but it soon becomesobvious that I'm in a minority of one: the house is packed.'What's

the occasion?' ......,,..,.+r,r+:i-;i;ill+:=i*es:dij



Dad's home-made?'

wine.This afternoon it'sAustralian.W"eall chip in

a man comes and explains it all.'

know you were interested in wine.'yes.And your dad loves it.'

room is full of people I don't recognise.

expecting this. I came for an afternoon of silent misery,partying; the one thing I wanted from the afternoon

proof that my life may be grim and empty,grim and empty as life in Watford. Wrong

Watford is grim, yes;but grim and full.!7'hat rightparents have to go to parties on Sunday afternoons for no

t all?

is on the tellv this afternoon. Mum.'

it.'

did you get a video?'

ago.'

never told me.'

never asked.'

that what I'm supposed to do every week?Ask you whether

bought any consumer durables?'

o home and watch the rest of Geneuieue.

back maybe an hour later.

all going to the pictures,'he says.

don't approve of the pictures, Dad.'

you go to watch. I approve of

well-made films. British films.'

on?'my mum asks him.

End.lt's the follow-up to A Room uitb a Viewl

lovely, my mum says.'Is anyone else going from across the

and Brian. But get a move on. It starts in half an

better be going back,'I say. have exchanged hardly a word

either of them all afternoon.

going nowhere,'my dad says.'You're coming with us. My

not the money, Dad. It's the time. I'm working tomorrow.'

be so feeble,man.You'll still be in bed by eleven. t'll do

Sood.Buck you up. Take your mind off things.'

s the first reference to the fact that I have things off which

ymind needs aking.

ary-way,he's wrong. Going to the pictures aged thirty-fiveyour mum and dad and their insane friends does not take

minO off things, I discover. lt uery much puts your mind

rom Higtt Fictetity y Nick Hornby

/aryhter

5 Use he Strategies o ch oose he best answer,

a , b , c o r d .

1 Robdecideso v is i t h is parents ecause

a he enjoys pending undayshere.

b he hasn ' t o t any th ing lse o do .

che

wants ogo

backand ive with them.d everyth ings fam jl iar n thejr home.

2 Which entence boutRob 's arentss NOTrue?

a Something bouthis ather 's ooks uggests

what k indof person e s.

b His mother s rather rd inary.

c Heworr ies ecause is parentsmisshim.

d Hisparentsike o watch heir frvourite itmson TV.

3 HowdoesRob eel whenhe indsout h is oarents

are not at home?

a fur ious b amused c let down d verysad

4 Rob's eaI ntent ion n cominq o h i s parents ' as

to make ure hat

a he wasmoremiserab[ehan hem.b their sociaLi fe wasnot as wi[d as h is.

c they wereas sociabLes before.

d the i r l i fe wasevenworse han his.

5 Whichof these tatementsboutRob'sDarentss

NOTrue?

a Theyenjoy hemselvesn Sunday f ternoons.

b Theyno [onger areabout heir uvouri te i tms.

c Theyhaveboughta v ideoplayer.

d They ave hangedhe i rop in ion bou tgo ing o

the c inema.

l r I I r l l

Vocobulory :o l locot ions

a t im e b sense c back d t i fe e bad

Ctassify he collocationsabove nt o the following

categories:

4>

E- Lexicon,oges160-161.

6 Uatctt he words rom he text that go ogether.

1 tatk 2 head 3 emptv 4 hard 5 feel

60

a verb+ adverb

b adject ive noun

c verb + adjective

d ve rb+ noun

75

7 W.it" six sentencesusing these coltocation s.

get back.hi t back,move n. ctean ut, hrowout.

expresshanks, xpress n opin ion.express orror,

ra in heavity, Leep eavity, mptyspace,

emptystreets, mptygesture, ard ime

t l .

)pe0Krng

8 Wort in pairs.Ask and answer hesequest ions.

. Have ou everbeen n a situat jon ike Robwhenyou expected ne hing o happen, ut instead.

somethi g comptetetyj f ferent appened?. Wha thappenednd howd idyou eeL?



6 CrozyulTrue!

Beforeoustort

I match he headtines it hthe pictures1-3) and henewspaperxtracts A-C).

rica Glendale at 2Oyears old, is one of the oldestcows n

Britain. Erica has delivered 238,000 pints of milk in her

life and used to be a champion dairy cow.She

won prizes

every year when she was in her prime and we would always

celebrate ogether,' said farmer Bob Maxwell. Erica has retired

from competitions but last week, after he had finished work,

Bob took Erica for a birthday treat to the Red Lion Inn for a slice

of cake and a dr ink.'I f you work with an animal for 20 years,

you get pretty attached to it,' said Bob.'All

the regulars love

Erica,' said one customer.But

I think the Red Lion ought to

think about getting a new carpet.'

2 Headtines n B ritish newspapers ften 'ptay'with

words. Match he headtineswith these references

(a-c).

a an expression eaningo be n a dangerousos i t ion

b saying ou aresorryor wrong

c an expression eaning o be retired

Which of the stories did you like most? Why?

Revision:ostenses3 ReaU entences1- 5 from extractsA an d B.

Match he tenses and verb forms with their uses (a-e).

1 Wewoutd atways elebrate ogether.

2 Sheused o be a champ ion .

3 He ook Erica or a birthday reat.

4 Peop[e ere waving at her.

5 Shehad aken a wrong urn.

a a s i tua t ionhat cont inuedor some ime n the nast

but s no [onger rue

b a regulartyepeated ct ion n the pastc an event hat occurred eforeother past events

d a s ingte vent n the past

e a longer ct iv i tyaround n event n the past

Eating lrrnrblePie--,-., -'''" ""'iii#-Sf'

"

ffi# w,g',ili*ifhiti$H,r ii{ fir lt {:,{i yji

Mrs Janet Williams' of Wrexham' had

;;;Y shock last weekend' she was

;ili; rt". "u' in chester'whenshe

;;;t;"; peoPle were waving at heras

;;;;;JJiv' she. tarted to set the

i""iirrg that somethingwas ***^l'^

*^"iirt" had taken a wrong turn anct

*l; ;;;con a frozen canal! she

-.".g"a tJ get out of the car ust

f"f"t" lt ,"t'k thtoogh the ice'

Mrs Merrick, 70, had just come back from Bodmin,where she had been shopping, when she wasattacked by Billy, a runaway bull. When MrsMerrick bravely tried to defend herself, Billylcrocked her over and started eating the contents ofher shopping bag. The pensioner was finallyrescued

by a man who had been working in anearby garage. 'The farmer sent her a lovely steakand kidney pie,' said one neighbour. ,But

he didn'tsay whether Billy was in it.'

4 pu t theseeventsrom extractB n the order nwhich hey actuallyhappened. ome ventsmayhavehappenedt the same ime.

Janetgot out of the car.

People aved t Janet.

Janet ook a wrong urn.

Janetnot iced he peopLe.The a rsank .

Janetdrove n a frozen ana[.

Janet el t something aswrong.

a

b

c

de

f

g

Out to Grass



Presentol ion:ost erfectont inuous

5 ReaUhe sentencebelow rom extract C.

MrsMerrick, 0, had ust come back rom Bodmin,where hehSd h99!L!9ppi!5, whenshe was attacked

by BilLy.

Doeshe underlinedverb form describe:

a an eventbeforeother events n the past?

b a [onger c t iv i ty hat happened eforehemain vent?

6 Match he sentences r-2) wi th the t imetines(A -B ) .

Past

B Past

1 Afterhe had in ished work,Bob ook Er icafor a birthday reat.

2 Thepensioner as rescued y a manwhohadbeenworking n a nearby arage.

EU GrammorSummary 2, page 146.

Proctice7 Use he cues n brackets nd he PastPerfectContinuouso explainhe situations.

Exampte " Hisarmswere unburnt ecausehehadbeen itting n thesunaLL ay.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Hjsarmswere unburnt. s i t n the su n attday)Shewasvery ired. work or hourswi thoutabrea )

Theirclotheswere muddy. ptay ootbatl")

Shewas ired. not come o work on t ime)

Shewasvery angry. wait for her boyfriend or

ha t fan hou r )Hjsearached. ta l "k n the phone or hours)

Hewascoveredn o i t . ( repairh is caratt day)

Shewas scared tiff. (watcha thri[[er on TV)

8 Write two explanat ions or each situation

(1-5), one n the PastPerfect, nd one n thePastPerfectContinuous.

Example Sheha d beeneating oo manysweets.Shehad droppedher keep-fitcLqsses.

1 Sharon ut on f ive pounds.

2 Stevewa s eetingdown.3 Jack's h ir twas orn.

4 Ann aitedher inaIexam.

5 EmiLy nd Tessa er every excjted.

[aryhtu

9 pu t the verbs n brackets n the PastPerfector the past

PerfectContinuous.

1 Wecouldn' t pen he doorbecauset _-- (snow)heavilyal.L ight.

2 She ooked hocked nd shesa idshe (see) UFO.

3 B i l " ty ada blackeyeandJoe's ip wascut - they(fisht).

J o h n d e c j d e d t o c o m p [ a i n a s h i s n e i g h b o u r s - ( h a v e )

partieseveryday or two weeks.

JiLl. ooked reat sh e__ _ (l.ose) few poundsan d(put on) a smartevening ress.

S h e i [ a ' s e y e s W e r e r e d a n d s w o [ [ e n a s i f s h e - ( c r y )

aL t iqh t .

10 Completehe text with appropriatepast ensesof the verbs n brackets.

KenCoates waseniovinq enjoy) hi s 52nd birthdayat theKing's rms n Aston.He2 ___ (ptay) n a [oca[ ool

championshipn a roomat the backof the pub.Ken3 --- (ptay)we l . t fo r a t fan hourand4

( w i n ) t h r e e o f t h e f i r s t f i v e g a m e s . H e 5 - ( p u t ) d o w n

the glasshe 6 _ (dr ink) rom and 7_ (Set)

readyo pot the black o win the f ina[gamewhenhjs ulseteeth 8 (dropout). Unfortunately,nsteadof

potting he bat[ , he 9 ---- (pot) hi s own atse eeth!Ken'swjfe, ALice, ho 10 _ (watch) he gameat ln ight, mmediatety1 (rush) o hetpher husband.She12 (put) her hand n the pocket o f ish out thef a [ s e t e e t h w h e n d i s a s t e r 1 3 - ( s t r i k e ) . A [ i c e , s h a n d

g o t s t u c k i n t h e p o c k e t a n d s h e | 4 - ( c a n n o t ) g e t i t

out again.Finatty, f te r Ken15 _ (make) ne m e r g e n c y p h o n e c a t [ . t h e f i r e o f f i c e r s 1 6 - ( a r r i v e )

on the scene.With he hel"p f a power awandsomewashing-up Liquid.hey 17 (free)AL ice 'sand. 'Poor en,he18 -- - - ( t ry ) o win he championshipor yearsi a idafriend. In

the reptay,Ken19 (pLay)erribl.y. thinkhe 20 -_-- (worry)about his eeth again.'

1 1 Wort in pairs. Use he cues and the past tenses o writeabout a disastrousda y trip.

. Mr and MrsSmithnever be) abroad o (decide)o go on a'no

passport' ay rip to France. they (go) hrough he ChanneI unnel nd (arr ive) n Boulogne

f i rs t (go) shoppinghen s ightseeing in the afternoonhey(decide)o v is i t some r iends n L i t te they (go) o the s ta t ion

. (not earn)French t schooI o (not understand)heannouncementst the stat ion (Set)on the wrong ra in

. whi[e hey (have)a napon the t ra in , t (cross)he borderwi thGermany

. German ot ice ask) or the i r passports they (say) hey (teave)

them at home the po l ice put) themon a tra j n back oBoutoqne



7 Whott oFunny?

Beforeoustart

Vocohulury:Mult i -porterbs

ff i Lexicon,pages17T-tr76.

1 look at the quiz. Try o

work out the meaningof

the underl ine{verbs.Then

answer he quiz.

Work n pa i rsand compare

your answers.

#&,:

[ i s len ing

2 Reaahe Strategies.

ListeningStrategies:

Answerig mult iple-choiceuest ions

. Before ou l is ten, ead he quest ions nd

options .. Use ourown knowledgeo predict he most

l ikeLy nswers.. Look t the op t ions nd h ink o f poss ib [e

synonyms,.g. oud= noisy; n work

sjtuat jons at work whenworking.. The irst imeyou l is ten , ry to get he generaI

ideaand c ircLe ossib le pt ions.

. Thesecondimeyou isten, ry to answer [ [f h p n r r p c t i n n c

. Even f you don'tknowan answer, lways uessl

4;"e-goes in for imitating famous people?

+! puts on different voices?

',fiif gets into trouble and then gets out of it?

t t makes out that he/she is not very bright?

:!# dresses up as different people?l+.'-.{makes up good original sketches

and okes?',,fi.F

has got on becausehe/she s so witty?''F-e

really cracks you up?

.! really turns you aff?!,F-you used to like but you?vegoneoff him/her?

Og Listen to a TVprogramme.Use he Strategies o choosethe correct answersaccording o the presenter:a, b or c.

1 Howdo many oreignerseeBr i t ishpeopte?

a loud b quiet c bad[ybehaved2 Foreigners ight ind t strangehat Br i t ishpeopLe

u s en u m o u r

a in siL l ,yi tuat ions. jn worksituat jons.

c in in fo rma l i tua t ions .

Many jokesn EngL ishreha rd o unde rs tandecause

a they contain ulturaI eferences.

b they arepol i t ica[. c the y areabouthistory.

Jokesn EngL ishf tendepend n

a knowledgef grammar. beingdif f icutt or fore igners.

c wo rdswi th doub temean ings .

PeopLei ke ha r t ie hap t in ndMr Bean ave eensuccessfuInternat jonaLtyecause

a theyhave unnyexp ress ions .

b the j rhumours v jsua l .c theya re amous .

ffanyou tk'inkof a-camsd'ia,nh{)

{ , t l

I i t , r :

t l : _ i i\ #

,#



4 Wort in pairs. Look at the drawingsabovean ddecide hat the joke is about. Te[[another pa i r .

Example

We hink heparents o away or the weekend nd ...

) Listen o th e joke and compare t with your version.

6 l i t t "n to the joke aga inand complete he Funct ionFitewith these words.

And hen, guesswhat, thereare, ust can' t ,just before. Have ou heard he one about. LuckiLy,right, or somewhere ike hat, So, eventualtv,Wett

When hey get backhome t 's about ive n them o r n i n g . - . . .When hey get up, they go to the garage, nd8

Pronunciot ion

O Z Listen to the sentences.Write down the wordswhich are emphasised o make he story moreinteresting. Then isten again and repeat hesentences.

Example1, promise/ not

a l .

)pe0Ktng

8 Wort in pairs.StudentA turns to page134 andStudentB to page136. Pract isee[[ ing the joke toyourself.Add words (e.9. articles an d pronouns) an d

expressions rom the FunctionFile. Youca n ad dmore nformation to make t more nteresting.

9 farc turns to te[[ your ok e to your partner. Listento your partner's oke actively.

Example

A ThisoLdcouplego into a cafe, rightT Theysit downnear the windowand quesswho wall<sn.

B Who?

honpurngntnresWork n pairs. Discuss hese questions.

1 Do Russianokessometimesptaywi th words'? an

you hink of an exampte?

In what s i tuat ions o peopte sehumourn your

country? re hey he same s n Br i ta in?

Doyo u havesimitarexpress'ionsor tetting okes?

Whatdo people et l jokesabout?

Dopeoptewhere ou ive e l t jokesaboutothernationatit ies r regions?Why? s it fair?

5 l re l t ing okesl 1 - the wo brothers nd heirdad's ar?

l Wett, these wobrothers.

El 0ne'sjust assedisdrivingestand he other'sJl 2l b i t vounqer, ?r

i l Andoneweekend.heir parents ecide o go awayto London,5 , the parents o of f to the airport . .6

-, they meetsome riendsand go outto a ctub.

9

garage.

He1o

1 l. ;--

r t z

one of their r iendsworks n a

comes nd does he car,

the i rparents omebackhome.

believe t!

What ensesdo we use o tet l jokes? What s thedifferencebetween he meaning of us t in numbers

and 2?

3

4

5

t 7



I Communicolionorkshops

Reuieu)fl witt itr the genre of the 1 -, the

storyline often 2 a young person in

search of his or her identity and place in

the adult world. One of the best examplesof this is the novel Billy Liar by Keith

Waterhouse.Having been first 3 - in

1959, the book has been recently 4

This raises the question if a text written

almost half a century ago still has

something to 5 - today's reader.

[l rne 6 - of the book, Billy Fisher, is also tt'e 7 - of the story.

He's a rebellious youth who lives with his parents in Stradhoughton, a small

town in Yorkshire, and works in a funeral parlour. However, Billy lives much of

his life through his imagination: he invents identities and experiences for

himself in order to make up for the monotony of his real life. Billy is engaged o

two girls at the same time and wants to escape. After meeting another girl,

calted Liz, he decides o go to London with her and become a scriptwriter.

However, having got on the London train, he changes his mind and gets off

again. He slowly walks back home - he is happier in his dreams.

[l fftu book's greatest 8 - are its humour and the personality of its

narrator. Billy's adventures and mishaps are hilarious. And although he rebels

against the England of the late 1950s, the reasons or his rebellion are relevant

today.The book has a strong 9 -message: Billy lies and misleadspeoplebut his lies are exposed and in the end, he learns to respect the values of his

community. To a contemporary reader, this might be the book's10 -, as nowadays many readers don't enjoy novels with such strong

moral' lessons'.

I aU in all, Bitly Liar is certainly still 11 I believe Billy Fisher gains

today's readers' sympathy and understanding, and the book's 12

it one of my favourite comic novels.

&,'-@&,9tc?-,r...,.s,,$ry "'u' ..-,.,,,rr,,,, ,,"t'*..' *..;e&'. .*,,&/,{' -...aEYt', *91&zlt*,*t* -

4 Read he sentences 1-2). Then ind examplesn

the text with these structures.

1 After getting off the train I bought a

2 Havinggot off the train, newspaper'

Use he structures o l ink these sentences.

1 f in ish my Engtish omework watk o the postoff ice

to post a letter

2 post he letter - meeta fr iend n the street and go for

a coffee

3 havecoffee go to the cinema ogether4 watcha reat ly ad i tm - go o our c lub o play able

tennis

5 lose hreegames I go backhome gain

Writing

Belore ouslarl

1 Read he text and match the

headings 1-8) wi th the

paragraphs A-D). Thereare two

headings or each paragraph.

1 summary f the pl"ot

2 recommendationf the book

3 reasonwhy he reviewswritten

4 presentat ionf the main

character(s)

5 answero the reasonwhy he

reviews written6 presentation f the book's

disa va tage s

7 basic nformation bout he

boo

8 discussionf the book's

strongpoints

2 Comptete he text with the words below.

narrator, trengths, omicnove[,worth reading,humour,

pub[ished,mora[, e-issued, ffer, eatures, ero,weakness

3 finA words and expressionsn the text which mean

the sameas the words below.

Paragraph : looking or, an understanding f whoyo u ar e

Paragraph : makes p, so hat t 's possib[eo,

comoensateor

ParagraphC: untucky vents,modern

ParagraphD: definitely,gets

makes



/atghtu

ABook eview

Writea book review. Followthe stages.

S Writinghelp2, page 138

StogeDecide ha t book you ar e going towriteabout. Hereare somesuggestions.

1 a bookorig inalty r j t ten n your[anguagehat you woutdLike orecommendo an Engt isheader

2 a book ha t young eop [e hou tdrea0

3 a book hat has nf luenc ed our i fe4 a book hat can each he reader

importantnformation

Thinkabout the book's strong an d weak

points. s i t educational,entertaining,motivating? s it sometimesslow ordiff icutt to understand?

StageUsehe headingsn Exercise onpage 2 o makenotesabout he book.

StogeWrite ou r eviewn four paragraphs,tike he text aboutBilly Liar,

Stoge

Checkour eview or mistakes.

lolkhockIn groups,eadeachothers'reviews.Choosehe most nteresting neandte[[ he class.

[ islening

Beforeoustort

1

723456

Match he words (1-6) with their meanings (a-f).

sheLLtick

manua l

screwdriver

coin

wire

a a bookof instruct ionsb a bombor exptosivec a tool used o put n or takeout screwsd metalcableused or electricaI onnectionse to make noise ikea watchor ctockf a pieceof moneymadeof metal

2 Wtri.ttwordcanatsomean the hardcovering f a seaanimal, thesort of thing you ind on the beach?

An Americanonedisn

Listen o a comedy ketch ndanswerhe questions.

f) ltsten andchoosehe bestansweror the questions, , b or c.

a makes nexcuse ot o leavehe office.b offerso bring he manual own.

l=c asksWitlardo bring he bomb o the office l=lWiLl.ardpens he bombwitha a screwdriver. a p[ate. c a coin.

WhenWi[ [a rdurns he wheel, he bomba ticks morestowly. b stops icking.c ticks faster.

The ieutenant an' tspeak o the smattboy because

a the bombexptodes. the boy runsaway.c it 's too noisy.

The ieutenants ret ievedn the endbecausehe bomba wasonly a toy.

b exptoded ithoutcausing amage.c is the coastguard'sesponsibil. i ty.

whenpotice f f icerwi t ta rd etephoneso say hat he has ounda bomo,the lieutenant

a is fr ightened.b misunderstandsim. c ignores im.

When he lieutenant etl"sWitl"ardhe bomb s ,[ive,.WiLtard

a hangs p. b panics.c laughs.

WhenWi l ta rd sks he l ieutenanto comedown, he l ieutenant



Communiculionorkshops

Speoking

Beforeoustort

1 Wort n pairsand atk about hephotos.Whatdo youknowabout he actors/characters/ilms?

O 2 l irt"n to the presentation boutcomedyilmsandchoosehe right answer, , b or c.

Doyouagreewith the speake/s pinions?

1 Thespeakerhinksanalysing hat makes f i [m funny s r iskybecause

a peoptehink t is veryboring. b eachcomedys di f ferent.

c i t mayno longer e funny.

Th espeaker etievesha t

a audienceshese daysdon't enjoy slapstick omedy.b stapstick omedy as neverbeenpopular.

c stapstick omedys funnier han situationa I omedy.

Accordingo the speaker, hat makes ootsfedifferent rom a slapstick

comedy?

a the type of humour b a logicalp lot c a happyending

Which eatureof comedyi[m characterss NOTmentioned y the speaker?

a having compticatedoveL i fe b showing umanweakness

c havingunexpected dventures

,ffiffi *rt.afwtnMakinga formal presentation nd givingopinions

3 Comptetehe sentences elowwith theseexpressionsrom hepresentationn Exercise .

the sames true or,based n, he irst s,on heonehand,persona[ty,o mymind, ependsn,both n.. . and n, thesecond,n heother and, s n, I wonder

1 TV oaps re the experiencesf typical umity ife butdon't f ind them nterestinq o watch.

Let's irst considerhi s paradox. viewers omptain bout

the lack of quaLityelevisionprogrammes; viewing igures

for'reatity

shows' ike Big Brother re he higheston TV!

Stapstick omedy as a [ot of fans,and situational omedy;

but - funny n a s impleway,and hasa more

sophisticated tructu e.

Doyou reaLtyhink that a sense f humours inborn? 'm sure t

developsn our l ifetimebecauset -_- the abiLity o laugh at

yoursetf.

Yevgeny eonov s, -, a greatcomicactor.He s funtastic

Gentlemenof Fortune Ta Kill the Dragon.

if crit icsbetieveDustinHoffman's erformanceshesedays

are as mpressive fiLms ikeTootsie.

SngeReadhe Strategies.

Speaking trategies:Preparation

Before speaking ctivity, hinkaboutwhatyou aregoing o say.

Writenotesbut do not write out

whatyou aregoing o say n futt .

Use he KeyWords rom the

modute nd h e Lexicono hetoyou .

Lookat the FunctionFitean d

Chatroom ecti ons rom the modute

for usefuIexpressions.

Practise ayingusefuIexpressions

on you rown .

StageDecideon your favourite comedy

actor or actress.Think of 3-4 reasons

why yo u like him/her.

Exampte

RobinWitl. iams. appearedn manydifferent i[ms, not

ontycomedies. usualty tayswarm, ens i t ive eopte. i s handsome

StogePrepareour presentation. ecidehowyou're oing o beginand end t.Use he expressionsrom heChatroom.

StageWork n pairs.Give our presentationto eachother.

TolkhackWhichpresentation id you ind mostconvincing?el t he ctass nd giveyour easons.



nfrf#4warft###'r=+a;'rl'

I Reaa he stor y and answer

thesequest ions.

1 Whatkjnd of probLemshad he manbeenhav ing?

2 H ow adhe been

feeti g?

3 Whatphysicat roblems

did he manhave?

4 Whywas he

suggestionot .i,ir,*$,,.\'Well,I'veleen havingabit.ofa crisis..You now, ots of problems,'eplied

u. iu 1., . . totr l l / ; r" ' ! i - \ lhe rnan. l-henranagerasn' l een ayingme.'

/'il6l::v' ."'-\

'Mmm, you're ooking very pale.'Thedoctor started o examinehim. 'Well,

eveq4hing is working OK,' she announced afterwards.You

have slightly

high bloodpressure

andyou

are breathingquite

heavily, but other-wise. '@', - R everyrhing'st ine. '#l

Yff#, :il#:'JiliTol'u.t"a theman.I'mgoing na ripsoon.'mworking

, ,\]or.s'*-*-

.rt\ * "

Y,$li'5owhatcan doi' asked he man. I'm goln{J n a trlp soon. 'm worklng

b I in the States or three months.This time next week, 'll be arriving n'/

Ncw York.'

fff -'fhe

doctor hought or a while. I think whatyou need s a good

/ F.***t>, laugh.That woulddo you a lot of good.A circus s per-formingn

tl:':@)','town this week. 44-ry._don'tyouo along o it? _hear here'san

.iA ,*-\j:' "F-' - ff,rg"u amazing clown, who'll really make you laugh. His name's' ';;1r^ u -\

r7,W- Grock..' ' . ' '1,

, , , , , , , : \' ' r"-

' l) ' l arn irot 'k, ' repl iedheman adly.' \ " r

[onl inuOuSndSimple enseS 5 wtr ict ' entencen each ai r e low escr ibespro tongedrrepeatedactivity and which describesa sing te event?

# $rrrmn"r+rnrzurrru:r"5,ir-:mgritdff, a The man next o hjm was looking at hi s watchnervously.

b Themannext o h im tookedat h is watchnervously.

2 f ina att the examples f cont inuous enses a Themanager asn' t beenpayingme.

in the text. Ident i fy the tenses. b Themanager asn' t paid me.

3 Wtt ic t t entence n eachpair betow 6 Uut . t t the ac t iv i t ies a-f) with the correct ense yp e:

descr ibes f in ished act ion and which cont inuous C) or s imple (S).

descr ibes n unf in ishedact ion?a temporary c t iv i ty d unf in ished ct iv i ty

a Thedoctorwas wri t ing a noteat herdesk. b permanentc t iv i ty e s ingle ventb Thedoctorwrote a noteat her desk. c f in ished ct iv i ty f repeated r prolonged vent

a I 've been havinga bi t of a cr is js .

b I ,ve had a b i t of a cr js js . 7 nead he two sentences. anyou change he verbs n botd

in to cont inuous orms?

4 Wn icn en tencen eachpa i r be tow I th ink wha tyou need s a good augh .

suggests omethingpermanent nd which I hear here 's n amazing town n town.

suggests omethi g temporary?

a you are breathingquite heaviLy.B wtr ic t ro f the verbsbelowcannotbe used n cont inuous

b you breathequ i teheaviLyensesand which can' but wi th a d i f ferentmeaning?

a Evervthings workins K.

[T.:",::*]1?"f

'"., see. nderstand,hinr<,erons,esembre,

b Everyth ing orks0K.

;L-," ' or e practice,LanguagePowerbook, ag e 26 .

docto's

-fhisstory is about a middle-aged man who was feeling very down. trverything

had been going wrong for him. He had had problems at work and his wife had left

him to go off with a lion tamer. He had been feeling depressed for over a month,

so he decided to go to the doctor.He had to wait for what seemed ages n the doctor's surgery. The man next to

him was looking at his walch nervously, a woman was coughing badly and a baby

was screaming. Finally, after he had been waiting for about half an hour, he was

called in.

The doctor was writing a note at her desk when he came in. Just a moment,

I'm just finishing something. I'm afraid we've been very busy this morning.'

She then turned to the man.'So

what's the problern?'



ReviewGrommor

1 Comptetehe pro f i teof RowanAtkinsonwi th the verbs n bracketsn thecorrectpast tense.

*arv@

2 Choosehe correct orm of the verbs:s imple orcont inuous.

7 I have ead/have een eadinga Lot ecentty. haveread/beeneadingen books n the [astweek.

2 A lorry wentpast/was oingpast an dspLashed ewhen stood/was tanding n the sjdeof the road.

3 I have/am aving lot of prob[ems ith mycomputerbecausef a p rog rammeins ta t ledecen t l y .th jnk t

has/ ishaving ome jndof computer irus.4 HiscLothesot /were ett ing eryd i r ty because e had

worked/had eenworking n the garden.

5 The birdssang/were ingingan d the sun shone/wasshining. t wasa LoveLyay.

6 I had worked/had ee nworkingor a few mjnuteswhenI Looked/wasooking ut of the window nd saw hetwo men.Theybroke/were reakingnto my carl

7 I stay/an stayingwith my brotherbecausemy ftat

6 -r.

KOWan t u.redtoe(be)hi,rithrubbery face, ust like the one he has now' sayshis former

headmaster.'The

other boy-t 2- (make) him pull

funny faces. I'm sure tirey 3 -_.---*.- (be) lmitations of me

and my colleagues,'adds headmaster Grove.

Rowan was born in 1955, the youngest of three sons. By the time

he was thirteen, h" 4- (win) a scholarship to a

pr iva teschoo1.Af terhe5-(study) there forawhi ie ,

he got involved in acting. By tire time he was seventeen, heu-(a i readyact) inap1ayat theEdinburghFest iva i .

His teachers (predict) a furure in acting, but

despite this, Rowan still 8 - (not plan) a career nentertainment.

He eventually 9-- (go) to oxford ro do a science

degree. H" 10**- (previously study) electronic

engineering at Newcastle University and 11

(believe) that that was where his future lay. But while he72

- (study) at oxford, he met a group of friends

who are his partners to this day.

i

A happy accident finally unlocked Rowan's talents while he13

- (practise)a scripr n 1976.He74

(p1ay) around pulling faces or ren minures in front of a mirror

when he realised what he 15

_(do).'I discovered my

face,'he said later.John Lloyd, a BBC producer, says, Ir was one of

those things which happen very rarely in your life, when you

rea l ise ou are n the presence fgen iur . I 16

(convince) he wouid be more famous than Chaplin

3 Rewrite he sentencesusing the wor..; in brackets.

Example 1.After leaving he ffice, I boughta newspaper.

1 I tef t the off ice, nd hen boughta newspaper.after)

2 Janstartedwr i t inga diary n 2000,and shest j t l wr j tesi t . (s ince)

3 Ween joyed u r hoL idayL thought ra jned t l he ime .(despite)

4 Mybest r jend an and a[ways ent o the cjnematogether o ce[ebrateur bir thdays.woutd)

5 Wehada cup of coff ee ndwent o the theatre. having)

6 Hewas unn ing o he wasou t o f b rea th . because )

{

q\,.+re ', .\

il]8w tr\

*.at'ji t

-"W 1

is painted/isbeingpainted.



Vocohulury \

4 Comptetehe storywith a suitabteword neach ap.

Exampte ,nasty terrible

I hada 1 - shock he otherday. was

r id ingmy 2 - newmotorbike nd was

in a very3 - mood.Thenight before

there ad been4 rain,so he roads

were l ippery nd was athern r r c t i c p T t n o k e 6

down verysteep oad.

6 Comptete he sentenceswith mutti-part verbsusing the

verbs n brackets n the correct orm.

1 I don' t (get) one of the peopten my

ctass. he 's tways eing arcast ic nd (get) me.

2 I am reatly -_ ([ook) he end of term party.

It 's going o be greatan d just love ----- (dress) n

my best clothes.

3 She (take)her mother. otonly do they both

lookverys imi la rbut they both - -- (So) he same

kind of ctothes.

4 He_ (make) hat he didn' tunderstand hat

they weresaying o him, but I knowhespeaks rench e[[ .

5 A bomb (go) n the shopping entre ut l"uckiLy

no onewas hurt .

6 I don' t knowhowyou can (put) t . I coutdn' t

s tand iv ingon sucha busy oad.

Pronunriot ion

7 Say he wordsbetow o yourself. hen lassify hemaccordingo the wordstress, s shownn the table.

1s t syttable 2nd syttabte

scient ist pedestr ian

3rdsyttabte penutt imate

from he end syttabte

responsibit i tvent ' imental

.,1 Veryneany

turn and went

into a parked aranda tree. Luckjty, was9

but mybikewasbadty10

Unfortunatety,[eft my bike n the middl ,e f the

road. van camedown he road. r ied o avoid

the bjkeand nearlywent11

controt. heva n driver,who was ortyish or7 2 . - ^ ^ , r 1 3. wasveryangry. 1

ter r ib [e .n the end. he dr iver 4

sorry or meand ook meand my bikebackhome.

5 N.k" adjectives rom these words.Exampte affectionate

affection, ympathy, ense, etf, un, nerve,

reserve.onvent jon. ract ice, ecis ion. ent iment,

chiLd, mbi t ion

Now use the words o write sentencesabout

somebody ou know.

Example

Mycousin s veryaffectionate she'sgot a worm

institutio , temperatue, ma inative, nformatio . conservative,

practica[, cientif ic, biLity. pectator, ationatistic.

communicative,em arrassment,etiberate, tic[e,enthusiastic,comfortabte,emocracy,nterest i g, organisat ion,at io a[ ,

affectionate. usiness,estaurant. ationa[ity. emocratic,

e ectricity

In which four words are some etters'silent'?

Example vegetableof

Q titt"n and checkyour answers.

Tronslul ion

7 Transtatehe fottowing entencesnto English.

1 C orslmquBblMl4.{rryrrfl4Ml4ilrl,ttbMl4CeI'ra itet'Ko.,lalll41'l).

2 fl o6sr,ruo l:rx) I(aK)'6r4rbll{ oc.lre oro. I(aKc,itillt )K:la,\lell.

3 3,ropcno, Ko'na po.u4TeJl..{o}ltl\4ax)TTBot4rrpo5. evnrn coqyBc'l'IJynre6e.

4 Mr,r e. e ,{},nuilru.r,ro'roMy rro ilpo6exa. u4uorhtt{Kr4.OMcrp.

S Nion M.lnI[Il4r.1 lraT correv o'l' pyK or6l4ilufl:ol l

cra-r laKol4 rcanplr.rHltu4ul)erHuqaer6e; IJCIKoRI l)t{rt14ilt,l.

personality.



r.r':Sffiffii

.,=:;

'{rl{

The Histpryo{.English

I

a

b

c

d

e

tg

' i ' r ' s & i " _ r l ' :'

Laxton t ,in t roduces ' i {

the printi

press

Try o pu t theseeventsn orden

Caxton ntroduceshe printing press.

Normannvasion f Engtand.

SamueI oh son's ict ionary.

Germanicnvasions f Roman r i ta in .

Vik ing a ids nd Danishnvasions.

Engt ishs usedat courtagain.

St Augustinentroduces h istia ity.

\ JZ Listen

to the lecture and checkyour answers.Write down the dates.

Example Germanicnvasions around449 AD

\ / 5 Listen again and choose he best answer.

1 Whyare here so few Cetticwords n Eng [ish?

a the Saxonnvasion ook a long ime

b the Cetts ndSaxons id not mixc the two [anguagesere oo s imi la r

2 What mpactd id Chr is t ian i ty aveon Engt ish?a i t changedhe grammar

b i t in troduced ewwords

c i t in f luenced ronunciat ion3 Why s i t diff icul,t o understand td Anglo-Saxon?

a most of the wordsweredifferentb the speltingwa sdifferent

c the g rammar asunusua I

4 Howdid the Danishnvasionsnf luenceEnq[ ishgrammar?

a Danish rammar asdif ferent romAngto-Saxonb the two [anguages eres imj la r o hey mixed nd

simolif ied

c newDanish ndings ppeared n somewords

5 Whathappened f te r he Norman onquest?a Engt ish isappearedor a long ime

b French ecamehe most mportant anguagec Eng l ish as he [anguage f cu l tu re

Samuel

Johnson

ngtishbecome he officia[ anguageagain n the 15th century?

a because f greatwriters ikeChaucerb because f the pr int ingpress

c becauset wasusedby the rut ing lasses

Whatchangedn the 16th and 17th centur ies?a Engl ish ronunciat ion

b EngLishrammar

c Eng[ ish ocabu[ary

In which way s English ifferent rom otherEuropeananguages?

a it was standardised lot later

b it hasa lot of scientif icwords

c i t doesnot havean off ic ia l cademy

9 Whathasbeen he most mportant nf luence nEngl.ishn the [ast ew years?

a the otd empire e.9. ndia/Austrat ia)

b the UnitedStates

c Europee.9.France)

h / r l Listen to eight people atking. Try o identify

their accents.Use he clues n the text to helpyou.

Accents:Standard ngLish,cott ish,Wetsh,r ish ,London cockney), anchester,i rmingham,WestCountry SWEngtand)

5 Wort in pairs. Answer hese questions.

1 Howhasyour anguagehangedn the lastfew years?

2 Whatdifferences re here between hedialectsof differentcit jesand regions?

3 Howdo you hink your [anguage i t [ changen

the future?

Discuss ou r answerswith the class.



KEYW0RDS:&pininnAdj*ctivescheap, hic,ctassy, ontemporary,ated, eticate,elegant, xquisite,ashionab[e,td-fushioned,smart, ophisticated,tylish, acky, astetess.trendy, nfushionabte,p-to-date



Beforeoustarl

1 Read he KeyWords.sort of street art do youTetl he class.

KE YWORDS

Which'.lprefer?'

ia

Until elativelyecently, raffitiwas onsideredo bean example f anti-

social behaviour,he work of vandals.Nowadays,many of those'vandals'aretreatedas respected rtists, ndsomeof themhavemade

it in the worldof business. ueClarkeeports.

NewYorkerssedo seehegraffiti n hewalls f poor eighbourhoodsndsubway rainsas somethingmenacing nd an exampleof urbandecay.Th e

scrawlednamesand sloganswere seen as unsightlyand aggressive,he work of

vandals eeking o expressheir dentit ies r even makea polit ical oint. Up to

the 197Os,most New Yorkershated graffiti, considering t as an eyesore hat was

il legal nd punishable y fines.

Since hosedays,graffit iha schangeda lot and it is no longer ound only in

the subway and the poor ghetto areasof the city. Nowadays, t has he statusof'street

art' and you get graffiti in placeswhere you wouldn't expect o-

inadvertisements, n clothes,on toys, and even on the Wall StreetJournal's fficial

website! In the early 1980s, here was a realcraze or graffiti art and the

sophisticatedManhattan art world had displaysof street art in its galleries. he

trendwas shori- l ived until he arrivalof hip-hopmusic n the late 80s.

ln her book, Subway Art, Martha Coopersays"Craffiti came back with hip-

hop musican d peopleare now appreciatingt for its style,which they couldn't

back hen, becausehey couldn'tge t beyond he vandalism hing." Hip-hopwas

originally lackghetto music, ung by young AfricanAmericansrom the poor,

run-down districts f American it ies.When it suddenly ot to the top of the

Americanmusiccharts,hip-hopculturewas spread, ringinggraffit iwith it.

Today,companiesare starting o realise he appeal of graffiti in advertising.

Ke l Rodriguez,who used o spray New York subway trains, was the artistchosen

to design he Wall Street ournal's ebsitean d it is obviously one n graffit i-style. "Some of that graffiti feeling, hat energy,sort of got in there," Rodriguez

expla ined.

Many of this new wave of artistsgive lectureson developments n their ad.

LeeQuinones s havinga lot of successn Europe nd feels ha t European

galleries nd museums re more open o hi sar t form. "They want to supportan

artistas he develops," ommentsQuinones,who ca n ge t up to $10,O00 or his

paintings.ndeed, he CroningerMuseum n Holland sone of the few museums

in the world that displaysand recognises raffiti as an art form.

Another artist,Blade, as his own web sitedevotedonly to the world of

graffit i .Thiswebsiteha sa 'merchandisepage'where Blade ells hingswith

his own originaldesigns ll over he world - everything ro m baseball aps o

yoyos! LeonardMcCurr, a street artist for 25 years,went from paintingsubwaytrains o designing nd marketinggraffit i- inspiredlothes or young people." Grafliti has been a story of survival, he says.

"There'sa way to benefit from

your work without spoil ingpublicproperty."

&fuz/"4r!.l l

.{ ",i

. 9 '

; t. ,

'rliliti' 3

d

4:4

.{E

{},: ' "q ; 4

:ilrV

O 2 Listeno themusic.

advertising ittboards,uskers,ctowns, rama roups,ireworks,gra f f i t i , ' l i vetatues' , us ic ians,open-air oncerts, avement

artjsts, cutptures,tatues

What style s it?

. rockand roll" jazz

. hip-hop/rap folk

Whichof these hings do youassociate ith the music?

. young r middte-agedpeopte?

. Europer he USA?

. btack r whiteculture?

. ruraI r urban utture?

Reoding

3 neaUhe articteand checkyour answerso Exercise .



5 finU qfnonymsn the text for thesewords ndexpressions.aragraphumbers re n brackets.

6 from a depressedrea 3)

7 receptive5)

8 acknowledges5)

9 products 6)

10 advertising nd setting 6)

a pu t on

b f ind

succeed

enter

see urther han

demonstrate

receive

reach

--{' t-:e.

jtl ' tr[i,,

";::i.1- ,

.4

,jtFo'',1

.:"€.:,4

"#

,'iffi+{i,.r.!r.1.,

@i'kii*d^,kk*"'"

1 threatening1)

2 usty1)

3 fad 2)4 cl.assy2)5 damageo property3)

. , ' : . ' " i

3-#

4 ReaOhe Strategies.

ReadingStrategies:

Matching eadings nd paragraphs

. Read achparagraph arefu[[y. ndertine

3-5 of the most mportantwords.. Becareful the first sentencen a

paragraphften ntroduceshe main dea

- but not atwaysl. Readhe headings nd match hem wi th

the paragraphs. he yoften containa

wordor a synonym f a word r om theparagraph.

. Checkhat the ext ra headingdoesno t

matchany of the paragraphs.

Use he Strate gies o match the headings (a-g)

with paragraphs -6. There s one extra

heading.

a SpoiledCities

b Transatlantic uccess

c Wa[[StreetArt!

d GhettoCulture

e Tasteless omics

f Graffiti Productsg Big Change

6 Answer hese questions about the text. Usewords romExercise5.

1 Whydid NewYorkers onsider raffit i the work of vandats?2 Whydid graffit i artists suddenty ecome espectabten

NewYork?

3 What nfluencedid musichaveon the popu[arityof graffit i

artists?

4 In what way doesEuropeak egraffit i art moreseriouslythan the USA ?

5 How do somegraffit i artists makemoney?

Vocabulotyioke,ef, ove

@, Lexicon,page 162.

7 finU heseexpressions1-8) in the text. Thenmatch heundertined artsof the expressionsith their meaningsa-h).

7 make t in businesst ine3)2 makea point (8)

3 qq! graffiti (13) c

4 havea dispLay16) d

5 ge t bevond omething 20 ) e

6 qet to the top (22) f

7 qet n somewhere27) g

I gq up o $10,000 32) h

8 U"t.t the verbsmake,get andhavewith the wordsbelow.Addyourown examples.

a dream, neffect, ed up,an nftuence,n touch, [ook, ost,

a mess/ mistake, oney, phone a[t,promotion

9 Use he words n Exercise to write as many entencessyoucan n five minutes.

Example madea lot of mistakesn my Last nglish ssay.

Work n groups. akeurns o readou t yoursentences.

honpurryn(tnresWhat'street r t 'do you seeor hear n your own

or area?Giveexamptes.

.,1,;*"l

i"ti*

fr. . , ! l

:--.



I0Bodyunguoge

Beforeoustort

I Wtrat anpeopte avedone o theirbody?Match he KeyWords ith thesepartsof the body.

arm, ars. yebrows,air, ajts, ave[,nose,ongue

KEYWORDSdy.d.p*r*d. shaved,attooed, arnjshed

Woutdyo u consider having any of thesethings done?Tett he ctass.

ExampleI night have my hair dyed one day. But I

wouLd everhave my eyebrows ierced.

2 ReaU he text and answer hesequest ions.

1 Whydo somebodypiercers ive

the profession 'badname'?

2 Howcan bodypierc inggowrong'?

3 Is bodypierc ing xpensive?

Presentql ion:elof ivendn , . ' I a l

r0r i lcrptet0uSes

3 ReaOhese sentences ro m the text.

a MickShannon,who s a quolif ied

bodypiercer, ook me o his sa[on.

b I 've alsoknownpeoptewhohavegot diseases.

What word(s) n the sentences bovedo

the ctauses in ifa{ics) refer to?

Which clause n italics,a or b, gives:

. in formationhat we need o

ident i fy he person/object e ' re

ta tk ingabout? def in ing lause). extra nformation hich s not

necessaryo identify heperson/object e ' re atk ingabout

and can be left out?(non-def in inglause)

Which ype of c lauseusescommas?



4 ReaOhese sentencesand comptete he

tabtewith the retative pronouns:who,

whose,which, that and where.

1 You anseepeopte hat havegot r ings.

2 Mickpointedout his certif icate,which was

on the wat[ .3 I 've a lsoknownpeoplewho havegot

diseases.

4 I ontypierce oungpeoplewhoseparent rguardians wjth them.

5 Hemarked he areawhere he had

dis infectedhe skin.

6 lt ' l . tbe a [ittte secret hat I won't share

with anyone.

Rrurrvr PRoNouNs

people

th ingp aces

possessive

5 Read he sentences 1-2). Whichparticipteclause n italics tetLsus :

a what he person/thinggndq(inggl s doing?

b what s done o the person/thingq!_d_ef,trne!?

1 I was Lookingat the yuqll.Soveredwithphotosof cLients.

2 Youcan see rinqshanging rom ears.

Whatverb form is used for a and b?

6 ReaU entences1 and 2 from the text.

What s the funct ion of the c lauses n

italics,a, b or c?

a help o ident i fy person r th ing

b giveextra nformationabout a personor

th ing

c comment n the s i tuat ion escr ibedn the

first part of the sentence, efore he comma

1 Theydon't clean heir equipment,which

shows hey don't knaw what they'redoing.

2 He in ished y giv ing he g i r l . dv ice n how

to help he skin ge t better,whichwasq nice

professionalouch.

T.

tr Grammar ummary, page146"

tftk

Pructire

7 Undertine he relative clauses n these sentencesand decide fthey are defining (D) or non-defining (N-D). Add commaswherenecessary.

Example1. Barbara,who s a hairdresser, as her own beautysaLon. N-D)

1 Barbara ho s a hairdresserasherown beauty a lon.

2 Bodypierc ing hichhasbecome erypoputars not a very

expensiveashion.

3 Mostpeople ikewearing hings hat mak e hem ook sUm.

4 Peoplewho havea degreen architecture avenumerous areer

opportu it ies.

5 Westayed n a hoteI whosewindows verlookedhe sea.

6 St Petersburg hich s sometimes alted he'Paris

of the north'

ha sbeenextensivetyenovated.

7 I needa suntan ot ion hat wi t [ protectme rom he tropicaI un.

8 loin the sentencesusing a suitable relative pronoun o form

defining and non-defining clauses.

Example

L He put the ring, which wasmade of gold, throughher nose.

1 Heput the r ing hroughher nose. t wasmade f gol.d.

2 I knowsomebody. er utherhasgot a tattoo on his back.

3 I reada [eaf[et. t said bodypiercingwas dangerous.

4 I went o a salon.Theydid bodypierc inghere.

5 My sister dyed her hai r pink. I f ind it an attractivecolour.

6 I sawa gir [ . Shehad eachpart of her acepierced.

7 Theyopened beauty alon n St George'square. here sedto be a perfume hop here.

9 fxpand the sentencesby adding participtectausesafter the

nouns n italics.

Example 1. Thecsr tp_egdi7-S-d9WJ!99!n ron over o bike Left

in the middle of the rqgS!.

7 Thecar ran over o bike.

2 Theportrait showsmy grandmother.

3 Thecommitteeaccepted he solution.

4 Thesinger has already ecorded ix CDs.

5 Theshark had attacked wo surfers.

1 0 nO Oa comment to each of these statements.Then ett the

ctass.

Example Somemen wouldprefer o wear skirts,which s

understo dable especi ly i n summer.

1 A to t o f youngpeoplehave attooson their bodies, h ich . . .

2 Young eop[e ikewearing xpensiveesigner tothes. h ich . .

3 Some eople pend lot of money n cosmetics, h ich . .

4 Thecomputers becoming n essent ia l ar t of everyhousehotd,

wh ich . .

5 Some chootsns is ton their s tudents earing niforms, h ich . .6 Theres moreand more io lence n TV.which . .



l l

Before oustort

Work n pairs and answerhe

questions.

What s the connect ion etween hotosA and B and het i t le of th is lesson?

Howmanydesignerabels r brands e.9.Nike)canyou

think of?

Whydo somepeopte hink designerabels reimportant? re hey mpor tant or you?

2 Workn pairs.Takeurns o describehe man nphotoA.

[ istening

Q 3 litt"n to a conversation.Find differencesbetweenthe photo and he g i r t 'sdescr ipt ionof the man.

O 4 Urt"n to the description again. Complete heFunction Fitewith these words.

ancient,attractive,dark, different,good (x2), nice,quick,scatty, eriousty, hy, att, thin, usetess,ounger

Preferences:Descr ib ing People

Wett, e's ery1

- .He's bit too 2 - maybe! ndhe'sa bit on he 3 side.But he's ota rather4

Andhe's uite 5

George tooney?e's bsolutely -t0f course, en'smuch7 - .Hecomes cross sstightly8 - andserious t first.He akeshi sstudiesairty 9

He's ompletety o

He's ot a reatly11 - sense f humour.He's ot pretty72 --- tas te in clothes,oo .

No,he'sust extremety 3- andwitty.He'sotatty74 -when it comesorememberingimesanddates.And he'sa b i t 15 an d ends o losethinqsa[ [ he t ime!

Pronunrial ion

5 St.essand intonation can change he meaning of asentence.

ExampteAlice s quitenice= she s nicebut not veryniceAlice s quitenice= she s verynice

Q Now isten o the description f a girt. Undertinehewords n italics hat arestressed.

Alice is (1) quite nice. She's 2) rather fall and she'sgot(3) fairly long hair. She'sgot a (4) rather nice smile and she's

(5) quite ftiendiy. She's 6) pretty good at telling jokes and

she's 7) quite witty. She's 8)/afrly bright and the school she

goes o is (9) quite good. But she's 10) pretty scatty and

absent-mindedl

In the description,which modifiers quite,rather, airly,pretty) couldyou replacewith very?

6 toot at the modifying xpressionsn botd n theFunction Fite.Which of them makea comment:

Bronded

I7

trl

l!

zo

z

lr

. : . ' t

1 stronger?2 weaker?3



a zn q* J -

E:

7 Imagine ou haveus t met someone.Writenotesabouthim/her. se he expressionsrom he Function ite.Thinkabouthese hings:

e

Lisf ning

1 2 neaA he Strategies .

Listening Strategies:

Answering rue/false questions

. Read he statements. se our knowtedge

of the world o quessf thev are rue or

fa se.. Look or mportantwords n the

statements, .g . 1 = protest,

multinationals. ry o thjnk of their

synonyms, .g.protest compLaint,

muLtinationaLbi g gLobaLompany.. L isten he f i rs t ime o qet he o€n€rdL

idea .. L isten he secondjme for the mportant

words n the statements r svnonvmsorthem.. Decide hichstatements re rue and

whichare atse.. After L istening. ake uesses bout he

statementsou arest j | " [ ot sureabout.

O 13 Now isten to the radio programme

about a book by Naomi Kle in. Use he

Strategies o decide f these stateme nts are

true (T) or fa lse (F). Youwi l t hear he

recording wice.

f I tne book s a sort of protest gainst

mu t i natio a s.

2 E'Logos'

arewords n a new nternat ional"

[ang age.

3 E MostpeopLen the wortdcan ecognise

the most amousogos.

4 !r- Therewi t [ never e advert isementsn

spa e.

S ! f n eworkers, howork n brandname

fac tor ies . avegoodworking ondit jons.

6 - A company ncepaidonesports tar

more han a[[ ts workers ' atar iesut

together.Z E ttre number f protests gainst he

pot ic ies f g|-obaIompaniess faL t ing .g L fhe author h inkswe shou[dworry

aboutwho we oreand not aboutwhat

we have ot.

Do yo u agreewith Naomi Ktein's deas?

Why/Why not?

appearance personal i ty . interests . ab i l i t ies

Lexican, ages 15 1 and X52.

8 Wort n pairs. Havea conversationabout the people yo u

havemet.

Example

A Sowhat s she Like?

B WelL,he's eryoutgoingand ...

Vocobulory:ult i -porterbsEr Lexicon, agesvo*176.

9 mrtctrhe sentencesr-S) with the replies a-h).

TelL s about h is newguyyou'regoingout with.

He's ettingon a bit.

I ' vegoneof f h im.

Wege t on reatlywett.

Hecomes cross s st ightLy hy.

I don' tgo for guyswi th earr ings .

Hegoes n for tet l ing ots of jokes.

He akes f te rhis mum.

Yes, e mustbe n his f ift ies.

We t [ . ou have lo t n common .

I do. think they're eattyattractive.

He's uiteshy, eaL[y.

Yes,hey'reboth a bit scatty!

Me oo. I don' t " ike im anymore.

Butapparent ly e 's eatty unnywhenyou get o knowhim.

Yes, nd he'satways ul"tingmy leg!

10 write sentences boutyoursetf nd peopte ouknow.

Usehe multi-partverbsn Exercise.Examp[eI'd ike o go out withJennifer opez!

11 Wort<n pairs.Say oursentences ndrepLyo them.

ExampleA I reallygo or guyswith short hair.

, but not guyswith shavedheads.



ffi

ry" #

hct ,t's or'abab/v for lne persok. But tt suitsI ' I / I I

Pame a'spe s ona/tty an /tfes y e.

B

fhe horses on the edge f o vtllay' lt is Tutteo/c{ 'd has11ot

threespaclous e'{roo''ns'/l wtth4 - r'ews t'f the

counttyst/e. t's a real/y elaxtnqplace o be' There 's lsoan

ek0r,710Lts|tcher,whrch s 5 _ for a bg old'

fashnner/sto,te.The ivtnll room s ako hu-1e'wtth wooden

'

1on*onrl on optt' f"pLu'

Pamela s outqotnld'd soctable

fortunatelfit |s 6

- house hat shehas otsof room

fortntertatninl'

H Reaa he text againand match he paragraphs

(A-D) wi th these headings.

. focus n one mpor tan t oomo i n i r n d r r r t i n n t n t h o r- - , . - r l e r s o n n o p L a c e

. n e n e r a l e s c r i n t i o n f t h e h o u s e

. c o m m e n fo n L h eD e r s o n

C

Fa,uela writes fi,r ksh,r,n maadztnes7

,oour.I I - /

-- /

'

an/ *or/rs m anothrr fatr-stzed room u,htchshecal/sher'oJffce'.

/t/tns

lot arery

re/axcdatmosp/tere,ht,^y/t '.s not

B t/re otlter n,t,,us.Sl.tewarksat a masstv,eesk

near the wrrr{ou, f she tashk of /ght, anl ttls

"s"a/f c/"tteredwtt/t a// sorts of th,rgs /t/<eapersa"d o[/

coffee ups,wth ltoo/<sterT*here as s/re otes ea/tn.q. /er

r r / O4e5K t5 //r,t/ she ,JQrno','/lno{ /tcr r.,mpulcr

mouse/ t'.sa coy r00n4, rd Ptt*e/a often tstens ,, wnsrc

here,sihn.q ,,, hcr/anorrrtecotaft'rfab/r, orch.

D/ thtnk all thefeelures

of Pd'ueai huuse efect her

Versaral,t1dnd tlnterests, 'd thtls 'swhat makes t an

idea/pkce forcoêbod1l<eher to worl<an'/ relax'

ffiffiffi. i , i{*"-Y:

t--j {ffi

@I

ffitr-,

12 ommunicqlionorkshops

I . . '' i . . : : ' ' ' i ' l ' t : ; i f l i ' . ]

Read he text and complete he gaps (1-10) with

the fottowing:

suchLovety,uchas, oo big, so hat. a lot b igger,

s o u n t i d y . s b i ga s ,b i g g e s l ,u c h b i g ,b i ge n o u g h

A

My cuustnPawela salaurnaLst. Ore of her /

tnterest-s c qardentnj, u,/ttc/t ts one reason why she *oved

house.S/tehasiust mored mto

a /arle/torse m the ct,untrT wth

i / , , ' 2tr nulc

. lardch.lr s t/tan her prevtous hottse. n



3 finU six synonyms f the wordbig ' in

the text.

4 Comptetehe second entence o that i t has a s imitar

meaningo the f i rs t sentence, s ing he wordgiven.

Examle

Shes so hard-workinghat sheevenworksat weekends.such

She s sqchq laftlwq$ing pery9n hqt she even worksqt

weeKen0s.

1 I t 's sucha big house hat shehas ots of room or part ies.

so

Thehouses _ that shehas ots of room or

pa ties.

2 Herdesk s so unt idy hat sheof tencan't ind hercomputer

mouse :

such

I t 's_ desk hat sheof tencan't ind hercomputer

m0u5e .3 ThewalLpapers so astetesshat shewants o changet .

su h

I t js ______ wattpaperhat shewants o changet.

4 She istenso Romantic om0osersikeChooin.

such

She istenso Romanticomposers Chopin.

5 Sheworksnear he window o get a to t o f l igh t .

so hat

Sheworksnear he window a lot of l iqht.

A Descriptionf o Place

Writea description of a place hat would match your

personatity nd interests. Follow he stages.

E= Writing tlelp 3 (useful vocabulnry), puge 1i9.

StageThinkof your personatityan d interests. Write down

adjectiveshat describeyour characterand examplesof your

behaviourhat show t. In the next column,add a feature of

the place hat would suit you.

Exa pl e

Pgnsonnuw ND NTERESTS

. 0utgoing [ ikepart ies nd enterta in ing

. Musica[ p lay he guitarand v io l inandenjoy is tening o

mus ic. Keen n healthy iv ing [ ike o growvegetablesnd

fru'it

FrrrunrsoFTHE LAcE

. A big sitt ing room

. B igstorage oom or nstruments nd CDs

. A hugegarden

like a

2 wticn of the fottowingwords ndexpressions outdyouuse o describeheman n the song?

convent jonat,ashionabte.ard-working,pteasure-seekig, eserved,ai

3 Cr nyou maginewhere his person outdtive?Whatwoutdhis placebe [ike?

1

2

3

4

5

6

Hisclothes re

bu t never

Eagerly ursuing t[ he latest

and rends.

He hinks he s a _**- to

be lookedat .

There 's ne hing hat he oves

and hat is --- .

Hiswor ld s bu i t t round

a n o _ .

He t i ts rom shop o shop ust

|tqk

Stage

Write notes or four paragraphs.

StogeUseyournotes o writeyourcomposition.

Try o include:. wordsrom heFunct ioni len Lesson1.

e n n h i f nt r i fp rnfher

. examples f retat ive tausesseeLesson 0),

e.g. She work in a room whichshe caLIs er

office.. structures singso or such se eExercise )

StageCheck our work.

TqlkbockWork n groups.Read he description s.Apart

from the place you described,which ptace

woutd yo u tike to t ive in? Why?

Listening:Song

DediceLed ollc,werf Fashion

f) 1 listen to a songabouta

man n Lo ndonn the 1960sand comptetehese ines.



'

Hr-- : %.r*,,i

t.-. ' '-It:r+:_:

|'" . '' i -i ',-

-- -;:- .--:a-"- :

lii::.:ji. 'j

-:nff"

o

Comm

il$.""ffi"*;;?3,1;

Speok

Before

lristen*"4'ffffiiiffi

room n Photo A in the Writ ing

Workhop.Whatsort of person o theythink lives here?Doest match hedescription f Pamela?

lffiffi thatrwwCotloquial Expressions

2 f;na words n P aragraph of the text in

the Writ ing Workshopo match hese

cottoquiaI ords rom the conversation.

Exampte

reloxed= laid-back

1 mustbe a big reader

2 books [ [ over he ptace

3 reatly aid-back

4 a bit too messy or me5 loadsof t ight

6 that couch ooks eallycomfy

DkcussingTopic

Discusshe changing ttitudes o homesuggested y he prompts.Fottowhestages.

StageLook t Photos (page 6) an d B (above)andquicklywrite downnounsandadjectives ou coutduse o describehesetwo rooms.Whatmakeshem different?

s"i ! h

s-fi

"i"1"

StageRead he prompts (headtinesan d intervibw

relate to rooms A an d B? What do the interview

aboutpeople's ttitudes o their homes?Whatareyour

"Whatdoesmy homemean o me?Wet[, t 's a refuge rom cotlege.I Like o k eep t cleanand clutter free."

"My own home s my irst step owardsndependence."

"I 've worked rom home or a year. t kind of changes ou r viewof homebut you get used o i t ."

Moderndesign eavesmanycold "l Christmascalls forcosv and traditional

Feng Shui brings calrn to city living

StageReadhe Strategies.

SpeakingStrategies:Gaining ime

When ou're peaking,ou need ime o th ink:

. Try not to leave on gpauseswithout sayinganything.

. Us ehesitationwords,e.g. r ight, weLL,ou know.

. Use'vague' anguage, .g. kind of, sort of .

. Use ixed expressions,.g. et me think or a second,

I know whatyou meon, that's very rue.

Work n pairs and discussyour ideas from Stage 2. Use heStrategies above.

TolkhsckTett he class boutwhatyoudecided.Did he othershave imilarideas.



K E Y W O R D S : : , , . , : : , : i : : . : , : : '

attractive, eautifu[,breathtaking, ri lt iant.

ef fort less.tegant, [amorous.ood-tooking,gorgeous.racefut, andsome,mpressive,love[y.magnificent, reaI masterpiece.perfect, icturesque,owerfut,pretty,scenic.

s t r ik ing , tunning, th ing of greatbeauty



r3Poetr

Beforeouslsrt

I took at the pictures of different wa[[s.Use he Key Words o describe hem an d

discuss heir different uses. Decidewhich

of the walts s most/least usefu[.

KEYWORDS

adjacento, admirab[e,i l "apidated,

huge, nsignif icant. agnjf icent,o t id , ot i tary,

t iny, ypicaL, nique, nremarkab[e

to decorate,o defend, o give shetter,

to give shade, o mark erritory, o protectprivacy,

to surround

Reoding

2 nead he poem.What are he usesof the watl

men t ionedn the poem?

3 Reaa he Strategies

ReadingStrategies: Reading oetry

. Read poem irs t o get the general

fee[ ing.Don'tworry f you on[yunderstand

a tittte.. Read he poemagainmore l"owty.h ink

about he subject nd he feet ings voked

by the descr ipt ion.. Ident i fypar tso f the poem ou st i [ [don' t

understand. ead hemagainus inga

dict ionaryo hetp ou. Remember ord

order andsentence atterns re o f ten

different n poems.e.g. n a ield in the

Countyof Glamorgan.t Iies..-. Th ink bou t he magesn the poem .g .

butterflies n their obstacle ace o the

winningposf = butterfl. iesLyingherean d

there,as f they are ry ing o win a race.

4 Use he Strategies. ec ide f these

statementsabout he poemare rue (T) or

fa tse (F).

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

ThewaLis a poputarour istdest inat ion.

I t js on the top of the h j t t .

I t js less han two metres igh.

I t is part of a [arger tructure.

I t is bu i t t o f d 'i f fe ren t indsof stone.

I t doesn ' t f fe ranyshade.

I t is covered i th f lowers.

I t i s used y an ima ts .

in a f ie ld i

You won't

I t l ies ,p lo

forty-fourit begins

No otherSeemingly

stonesof d

le

S ,

Don't say this wall is useless,hat the grass

on the shadowside s much l ike the other.

It exists or golden lichens to settle,

for butterfl ies in their obstacle ac e

chasingeachother to the winning post,

for huddl ing sheep n a s lant ing a in fa l l ,

fo r yo u to say, This wall is beautiful.

sv DaNNIT ssr

ffiilE



S;* '''c -s* .- ; ] . - ' { l " - -ri.. i -

i:--tkat these ways of describing he same hing.

M g n r n o R , , i :

butterfties chase each other in their obstacle race.

The att grasssingswith sadness-

SIttI lr

Thebutterftjes moveas if they are in an obstacle ace.The atLgrassmakesa sound

-likesad inging.

Matchhe sentence eginnings 1-6) wi th thendings a-f) to comptete he images.Are the images

etaphorsM) or s imi tes (S)?

Example

he hild turned and lew into her mother'sarms. (ltl)

Thechitd urnedand tew

Theseawas

TheoLdman's andshook

Steep uiLds

The og s

voice ounded

a dry leaf on a bent tree.

a l ion n h ' is wn house.

a bridgeof dreams cross he river of night.

in to her mother 's rms

as f he was n pa in .a smooth tue ewe[ n the sun.

Matctt he s i tuat ions (1-5) with the images a-e) .

oyou hink they are good mages?

a fireworkdispLay

an astronaut n a spacewatk

a youngmanon a motorbike

an otd manwatking

a crowd nter ing stadium

a buzzing ee

a multi-co[ouredpider'sweb

a dot lon a str ingmarchingnto their nest

a tortoise

in pairs. Write suitable images or these

ship n a storm = a leaf in the wind

. a sh ip n a s to rm

. a baby ry ing o watk

. a fashion arade

. trees n winter. peopte t a party

he c lassyour mages.Choosehe best ones.

Eeant'q

Vocohulory:diomoticonguoge

8 matct'the expressionsith the pictures. ry oworkout the meaning f each. hen o mpletehesentences elowwith the expressions.

bee n he rbonne t ,f ish out of water,

let the cat out of the bag,

b [ack heep ,

f ly on the wat[ ,

bookworm, .

ral race e'-:..-..-7|

She's lways ot her head n

a novel she's real

I can' tget used o th is

s i tuat ion. feel t ikea

3 I'd love o be a -- when

those wo havean argumentl

4 We ried to keep he partya secret.

But hen someone

5 Modern ife is sucha__

-

it 's socompetit ivean d stressfut.

6 She's ot a ____ about itter -

she's bsessedv t .

7 Atl"he brothers ere espectable,xcept ameshewas he_ of the famity.

9 Write ive of yourownsentencessing heexpressions.

honpurngn(fnresWork n pairs.Discusshesequestions.

. Who re he most umousoetsn your anguage?Who s your avourite?

. Are here ny imitardiomaticxpressionsn your[anguageikeheonesn Exercise?

BUoTn....NBUOTT,'Most

people4nor€hostpoetry .crrrs.rnostpoetry {noresnostpeople.'

Adrian Mitch.ll, british poet

1);,



Beforeou

1 toot at the photos.What

is your reaction o these

works of art?

2Guess he

answers o

thesequest ions bout he

photos.

1 How ongdoy ou h ink t

took o makehem?

2 Whatmater iats re hey

madeof?

3 Howpoputarwere hey?

4 Whydo you h ink hey

were made?

3 ReaOhe art ic le and check

your guessesn Exerc ise .

Revision:he ossive

4 Comptetehe tabtewithexamptes f passivesrom

the text.

People, bridges, buildings, llvers, vafleys' even entire

coastfines and islands, hAYe all been wrapped uP by the

Bulgarian artist, Christo, lris French wife, Jeanne'Claude,

and their teem of hefpers. Stephen lleasule lePorts.

5 aL ne of their most spectacular roiectswas calledSurrounded

1I lslands. levenslands n the coastnearMiamiwere surrounded y

- over six thousandsquaremetresof pink plastic!Another projectwas wrappingup the GermanParliament uildingwhich couldnt havebeen

done before he fall of the BerlinWall.Manypeople hought that permission

t0 wouldnt be given, nd some hought the project shouldnever havebeen

allowed.However,when the wrappingof the Reichstagn silver abric had

finallybeencompleted,he glowingbuilding eceivednternational cclaim, nd

Christo loved beingappreciated.Theirmost recentprojectwas called'The

Gates'.n 2005,7,503gateswere put up in CentralPark,NewYork.Thegates

l5 were madeof saffron-coloured ylon and were nearly ive metres high.

Two or three new prolectsare currently beingdeveloped y Christo and his

team.One of them is in Colorado in the USA where the ArkansasRiverwill

be coveredby l0 lcilometres f luminous,ranslucentabric.The abric s

going o be suspended bove he river so that the work of ar t canbe seen

?o from both aboveand below.Thousandsf peoplewill be needed o complete

this feat of engineering. hristo manageso do all his without beinggivenany

money his projectsare financed ompletelyby the saleof hisdrawings

throughgalleries nd over the Internet.

Christo'sworks of art are dismantled fter only two or three weeksbut

2s hundredsof visitors manageo see hem.When the Reichstag as being

displayedt attractedhugenumbersof visitors rom around he world.

However, is work still tends o be criticised."What! the point of it all?Why

bother when it takesso long?"Christo replies hat their work is a kind of

architectureand hey use space,ight and exture to make beautiful hings.

.i:..+!::

Presentqt ion

5 mat.h the underl ined erb forms n the

sentences 1-3) betowwi th the names

(a-c).

1 Theproject houldnever avebeenal lo,wed.

2 Christoovedbeinqappreciated.

3 Hisworks t i [ [ ends o be cr i t ic ised.

a passive erund

b passivenf in i t ive

c passive erfect n f in i t ive

Find one more exampleof eachverb form in

the text.

' i

d

#t

f

""r4

"q

Present impl"e Worb of a.rt aro dixvumtbd'

Present onti uous

PastContinuous

PastPerfect

begoing o+

infinit ivemoda[ inf in i t ive

moda[ oerfect n f in i t ive



THrPnsslvEt. ,,,-

6 M.t.lt the reasons or using th e passive a-c) with

the sentences f-3) from the text.

a to focus n the act ion ather han the doer

b to put speciaI mphasis n the doer

c to avoidhaving longsubject n an act jve entence

1 Peop[e,r idges, ui td ings, ivers ndvalteys, aveat [

beenwrapped p by he Bulgar ian r t is t ,Chr is to .

2 The abrjc s going o be suspendedbove he r iver.

3 Hisprojects re inanced omplete[y y he sa[eof his

drawingshroughgalter ies nd over he Internet.

7 Wherear e yo u more tikety to see or hear passive

sentences?

. newsDaDers informa[ etters . scientif ic rt icles

. conversat ions

GrommarSummary4, page 147.

Prsclice

8 Rewrite he diatogue and the newspaper tory

below o that they sound naturat.Change he passive

into active n the di alogue and the act ive nt o passive

in the newspaper tory.

A Howwasyour weekend?

B 0K. Footbat l asptayed y meand he gamewas ost

byou r eam.Wha t bou t ou?

A I wasmet by a fr iend n the streetand a f i lm was

seenby us at the c inema.

B Wast enjoyed y you?

A Yes. he endingwas eal ly ovedby meand my r iend.

The police arrested three men today. Thepolicechased them for twenty minutes andthe police caught them when a lorry hit

their car. The police took the men toScotlandYard for questioning.

Eeatfq

9 Ch"ng" he sentencesnto passive.Use'by . . ' onlyif necessary.

1 GustavEiffetdesignedhe EiffeL owelin Paris.

2 Athenswit [ organisehe nextEuropeanearof

cu tu e.

3 People xpected edHugheso w in the NobelPr izefor l iterature.

4 Thepol icewere ransport ing VanGoghpaint ing

from Amsterdamo Londonwhen he ra indamagedt .

5 Someone asstotena Picassorom he Louvre.

6 UnitedArtistsare makinga new HarryPotter itm.

7 An art is t s going o cover he Kremtinn red abric.

8 Someonehouldhave upportedMozart inanciat ly o

that he cou[dwri te moremusic.

1 0 Cnange he verb n bracketsn to the passive

infinit ive, passiveperfect nfinit ive or passivegerund.

ExampleL I hate being treated ike a child.

1 I hate (treat) t ike a chitd.

2 lt 's nice (give)something ou'veatways

wanted o have.

3 J.F.Kennedy ay__ (assassinate)y a

madman .

4 lt 's hard o play ootbatlwjthout (kick)by

otherplayers.

5 Everybodyants ( t ike)and(respect) .

Seatbelts must_ (fasten)during ake-offan d

[a d i g.(praise)n publ ic anbe quite embarrassing.

The res a susp ic ionha t he 'Mona jsa 'mayno t(pa in t )by Leonardoa Vinci.

I I Rewritehi s newspapereportusingpassivestructures hen hey aremoresuitable.

7

8

6

#'d

$&,d

YT"II:-*edtobe*u-manca,JedrankGehrvIanddustyplaces.Thenalong ame

311cattea.rlankGehry

ilT:::*:11.,{i:n**e archjtectf he rroo",h-;*y.:i:1;"'Ji.:;""1:Hlr,:dy'il:T:ifril,?lyi#il,eek.eople;;ilili't

uoro \4edalorArchitecrurelasrrr ue 2tsrcenturv.is ","1i.llj!

ce.ntTyarogue..rrii..tf the2 stcen

';"d'j:::ifil;;::il::,ltiinssJ'ffi

iJJ'^l[:Lnatomeoneadmelr"a*Jl::j :J:" ljktanLlectricguitarhatsomeonera"t.r,.iloil; 1t o 39t<lkeanelectricuitar

rhebuirdins,,;;onl','# :: :itjlT'",tltwh nh y6.,.dhebuirdins,,o,'.on.-r-uii;il'jT:ltlJ,1T,*_J#",;:,,



.jl

i

l5 M[sic

Befareaustafi .-

Q 1 I-isten o the extracts rom fitm turi. ,ni

match hem o the photos.Whichmusicdoyou tike most?Why?

O 2 listen again. Whichof the KeyWordswoutdyouuse o describehe music?

K E YW 0 R D S :: , , ,. - : : : , . ; , . . ; :

catchy, ramatic,xciting,aunting,ivel.y,monotonous,oving,omantic.ad. cary,sentimentat,inister,oothing,oppy.ear-jerking.tedious,errifying,houg tfuL

[ islening

3 ReaA he Strategies.


Matchingpeopleand opin ions

. Undert inehetopic 'wordin eachopin ionand

important pin ionwords usuaty adject ives).. Decidef the opinionsare positiveor negative.. Asyo u listen, dentify he

'topic'wordsan d

write downany opinion wordsyo u hear.. Decidef the opin ionwords resynonyms r

opposites f the words ou undert ined.. Payattention o the intonation usedwhen

agreeing nd disagreeing.

( y' 4 tisten to two people atkingaboutmusic Use heStrategieso decidewhohad heseopinions write

M (man),W (woman) r B (both).

topic opinion topic. t . . t . tY Y T

1 tr FranzFerdinand re a very goodband.

Franz erdinandre ike manyothergroups.

Rapmusics boringand he words ren' tverynice.

Rap s strongstuff.

Technomusics quite good.

Some f the new ockbands re not bad.

CoLdpLayut on exciting[ive'

shows.

Someof the oLd oc kbandsare not bad at al"[.

Le dZeppetinwerea greatheavymetaIgroup.Th e Beatleswerebetter han the RoltinqStones.

2 l l3 T4 a )s f l

6 f l

7 , 4

8 f l

9 T1 0 !

Doyouagree r disagree ith the opinions bove?



5 took at the Function File. Which expressions reused:

. to introduce n opin ion?

. to ask or agreement?

. to showdisagreement?

. to askanother erson's pin ion?

. to showagreement?

G i v i n g 0 p i n i o n s : A g r e e i n g a n d

D i s a g r e e i n g

I th ink i t 's reat ly reat.don' t you?

Persona[[y,'m not that keen on that sort

of music.

It 's not realty my thing. Don't yo u think theycopya lot of otherbands?

I don' t th ink that 's a ir l

WeLl",f yo u ask me. rap'shorrible.And, o be honest, he music 's just or ing.

I t 's nearly twayshe same,sn ' t i t?

7 That's not the point.

8 Do you l ike technomusjc?

9 Me too. I [ike he fasterstuff.

10 So do I .

11 That 's rue. Co[dptayreprettygood.And heir

concerts resupposedo be [oudand ive[y.

Do you think they're ood?

72 l 'm not sure.

13 But don't yo u tike the Rol.l, ingtones?

14 I have o admit they'regood.

15 But wouldn' tyou agree hat the Beat les

werebetter?

16 No, wouldn' t !

O 6 litt"n to the conversationagain and checkyour

answers.

7 tutatchhese questions (1-4) with their meanings(a-d).

1 Don't ou [ ike he Stones?

2 Doyou hink their concerts re good?3 Doyo u l" ikehe Stones?

4 Don't ou hink their concerts regood?

a Are he Stones ne of your avouri te roups?

b I t jke he Stones, on ' tyou?

c Are heir concerts ny good?

d Their oncerts regreat,aren' t hey?

a

b

c

I

| I l

z

z i- l

| r I

1

2

45

t f

" : , " ' - . . , . 1

LF+: s* *:F

Eeanfil

Ptonunciofon

O A Listen o the sounds, ords, xpressionsnd heintonation.Whichof thesedo they express?henlistenagainand epeat he expressions.

strong greement

agreemenr

hesitant greement

d indecis ion

e hesitantd isagreement

f strongdisagreement

a l .

)pe0Krng

9 Wort n pairs.Tetlyourpartner boutyour astes nmusic.Agree r disagree ith yourpartner.

ExampteA I th ink U2are eally reot!B Doyou? f you askme, hey're ncient. Likeap

groups.A I'm not keen n rapmusic.B Don't ou ikeEminem?A No,not really.

O f O Work n groups. isten o somemusical xtracts.After eachpieceof music, ake urns o giveyouropinions bout t .

Vocqbulory:ulti-porterbsithurn

f f i Lexicsn,ages 70-176

1 1 Comptetehe sentences ith the particles own,up, off, or on.

He urned an hour ate or the meeting!

Thedogsuddentyurned me andb i t me onthe leg.

She urned the ob of fe rbecausehewantedmoremoney.

He urned hiscot lar o keephis neckwarm.

Just after he t ights, urn _ the main oad nto

our street.

I qu i te t ikedhim, but I w as urned_ by her ing hroughhis nose.

?uoTE... N?uoTn'Xusic

cannarhehe rtnnartatle nJ cortrnrunicatethe unLnovatle.'

Leonard ernslein,Arr.rericanothposer



I6Communicqlionorkshops

Wtiting

Beforeoustart

1 Readhe fitm reviewandmatchparagraphsA-D with the fo[lowingdescriptions.

goodand bad points

basic nformation

about he f i [m

conctusionnd

recommendationbr iefsummary f

the pl.ot

2 l inlr ing. Comptete hegaps n the text with

these words.

at[ h ingsconsidered,

atthough, owever,

in the end ,a tso , ecause ,

one day, uchas,which,

who

Amdlie zoor)& Amdliewasdirected yJean-Pauleunet.t had ts irstshowing n z5thAprilzoor

and t starsAudrev autou.

# Am6ties a youngwomanwho ives n Paris. shecomes cross box ullof hings -belonged to herapartment 'sreviousenant. m6tie ecidesof ind heman3- owns heboxandgive t back o him.Throughouthe ilm,shespends ot of ime rying o make ther eople appy ut,4 _ ,discovershatshehas o take are f herownhappinessirst which he indsat hesideof Nino).

{ The itmdealswithproblems - lonelinessn a cityand heconf l ict etweendreams nd he ealworld. t 6 - raises moralssue: owmuchwecan

inf luencether eople'sives.Most mportant ly,_, i t sa f i tmabouthumankindnessndbeing ood o other eople. he i lm sneither romanticomedy ora fairy ate. t isa modern torywitha happy nding,itmednstrong, arm olourswithbri l t iant usic vYann iersen. the itmhas ot tscrit ics, felt hatonlyoneor woscenes ereweak.

& 9 -, Amdlie sa veryspecialitm hat either ouches oudeepty r at least

makes ou hink. o Amdlies nota bigHoltywoodroduction,believetcanspeakmore nt imatelyo each f usabout ruthandbeauty.would ecommendit to anyonewho enjoys rtistic ilms.



3 lool at these examples rom the textfor tatking about two alternatives.

. . . . neither a romantic omedy or a fu iryta e

. . . . e i ther ouches ou deepty r at least

makes ou hink

Nowus e he cues o write sentencesusingeither .. . or and neither .. . nor.

Example

1 TheiLm wasset in either the 1920sor the1930s.

1 f iLn/ set n i .920s ?) / r930s (?)2 directed/ StevenSpieLberg?) / George

Lucas?)

3 fitm / romantic X) / funny (X)4 star Ju t iaRoberts ?)

/ Sandra uttock(?)

5 fitn / goodspecialeffects X) / goodmusic X)

AFilmReview

4 Writea film review boutone of yourfavouriteilms. Fottowhe stages.

Writing Help 4, page 139.

StogeUse he headings n Exercise to makenotesabout the fitm.

StogeWrite our eviewn four paragraphs.

StageCheckourwriting.

TalkhsckWorkn groups.Read achother,s itmreviews. hich ounds ike he best itm?

Beatft1

[ istening

',:.:a:a/.att..,r,aattaaa1f..raaat:7,alrt:t:.:a,:.,,..a\.gta::r,tt:.e:?.::,|.ta,tria1t:a,ayL..,aa1,aat::

Beforeoustart

I took at the photo.Whatdo you hink they,reatkingabout?whichof the peopte oyou hink s doingmostof thelatking?

A Conversotion

O 2 lirt"n and ind out the subject f the conversation. hointerruptsotherpeoplemost:Richard, ueor Kate?

O S.Listen gain.Answerhe questions ywriting R (Richard),

S (Sue)or K (Kate) n the boxes.

1 f l Who uggestsaving disco?2 l l Who oesn'tike he dea f a disco?3 I Who ikeshesuggest ionf having foLk roup?4 a Who eluctanttycceptshesuggestionf a foLk roup?5 I Whosedea or heart exhibit ions accepted?6 fl Whowou[d ike o havewo itmsabout hesame ubject?7 aa Who an'tstand py i[ms?S tr Who eattyoves ld black ndwhitesitent itms?9 I Whos n charge f Lookingor itms?

10 tr Who uggestsndingheconversat ion?

,,t.,::

ll,,f:,:.

{

iitr:i..:

i:i ,i.l.

t::

i't



o

CommuniculionorkshorSpeoking

Beforeoustort

I tisten to extracts from theconversation n the Listening Workshop.Ctassify he way n which the peopteinterrupt eachother.

a a po l i te nterrupt ion

b a rude/abrupt nterruption

c a failed nterruotion

ireFffiftNrwrwC o l l oqu ia I x p r es s i ons

2 u"tctt thesecottoquiat xpressions(1-8) with their meaningsa-h).

1 I'm sickand ired of discos.2 We're I bored o deathwith

schooI iscos.We'veha d oads an d loadsof them.I won ' t make songand dance

about t .Hangon a second.No, hey're eatly corny.They're ight up your street.Just a few bits an d pieces.

a greatdeal

wait a moment

fed up

exacttywhat yo u [ikeold-fu hionedand unjnterestinqextremety ored

smat [ tems

a fuss

'ir"n,,]

Plonningn Event

Planan ArtsWeek'foryourschooI r university.Fo[[owhe stages.

StageIndividuatly,decide what sort of eventsyo u would [ike to have.Choose rom this list or think of others.

. a ptaV . a poetry reading . a classical oncert

. a photocompetit ion . ol d'si[ent'

f i lms

StageWork n pairs.Discussour deas.Try o us eexpressionsrom heFunct ion i le n Lesson 5 and he Chatroom.

ExampleA Don't ou thinkweshould ave ..B No, don't. They'reeallycorny!

StogeRead he Strategies.

Speaking Strategies:

Taking urns in group discussions

. Don'tdominate discussion. ive ouropin ions ndask heotherswhat hey hink.

. Show nterest n what th e othersar esaying.Us ewords ike'i gh ',' abso utey' and'exa tly' and sounds Like,mm' .

. If you reattyneed o interrupt, nterrupt poLiteLylWait or theotherperson o pause i rs t .

StageWork n groups f threeor four.Decidehe events or yourArtsWeek nd inatty

choose cetebrityo open t.

TdlkhockTett he classwhatyourgroupdecided.

34

5

6

7

8

a

b

c

d

e

f

sh



, llil

. : ;

1 fnint of a ptace n yourcountry hat youknow

think s beautiful.Saywhy.

2 ReaUhe nformation boutan areaof Engtand.tike o visit it? Why/Why ot?What hingswoutddo here?

ooking for somewhere10go away for a long weekend?Atthis time oI year, here is nowhere better than the unspoilt

countrysideof South Shropshire.On the bordersofEngland and Wales, it is full of beauty, with high hills, wooded

countryside an d picturesque towns and villages, all of which

means that it is an ideal place to visit.

It is probably sensible to base yourselves in Ludklw, which is the

biggest town in the district. As the well-known iocal historian,

David Lloyd, has said,'there

are few towns like ours in Britain

with such fine architecture.' It has a breathtaking castle and a

church tower that one can see from miles and miles away. Cross

the medieval bridge over the River Teme and enter the town

through a gate in the old town walis. You will find yourself in

Broad Street with its impressive lSth cenlury houses.

Architectr-rrally, his is one of the most famous streets in England.

Other places worth a visit are the castle, which delcnded the town

against the Welsh, and St Laurence's, a spectacular medieval

church. These arc just some of the things that make Ludlow a

very special town.

As well as seeing these sights, there are plenty ol others to visit in

the area such as the historic towns ol Cleobury Mortimer and

Bishops Castle. If yo u likc castles, t's a good idea to visit

picturesque Stokesay Caslle or the ruins of Wigmore Castle, the

seat of th e powerful M<trtimer Iamily. They are amongst th e

scoresof castles n the area.

There are also plenty of things to do fo r those who lil<e the

outdoor life. Go canoeing on the river Tcme or hang gliding from

Clee Hill. South Shropshire is also a walkers' paradise, with

Mortimer's Trail that goes from Ludlow through Monimer's F(xest

to thc Welsh border. II yor-rhave children, drop in to The Secret

Hills Discovery Centre in Craven Arms where they can learn al l

abor.rt he area and enjoy themselves at the same time.

There are plenty of good hotels and restaurants in Ludlow andtheir food has an excellent reputation. Three restaurants hold the

{anous Michelin star, which is really quite surprising when yo u

think that there are only several of them in the whole country. In

addition, Ludlow is only 150 milcs lrom London, which makes it a

great p lace lo r a wcckcnd.

t ' t, . , , . 1

5

a

b

c

de

f

g

F{8##

wetland

Would ouyou ike to

Reference2):Pronouns

Grammsr ummary,age149.

3 toot at the words n red andqnllellne thepartsof the text that they refer o.

4 Undertine he parts of the sentences ha twhich refers to in each case.

1 . . . i t is fu tLof beauty, i th h ighh i t ls .woodedcountrys'idend picturesqueownsan dvi[ [ages, l [ o f wh ich makest an deaIp[ace

to visit.

2 . . . base ourselfn Ludtow. hich s thebiggest own n the area.

3 0ther ptacesworth a visit are he castle,

which defendedhe town against he Welsh.

4 Ludlows on[y L50 mites rom London,which makest a greatptace or a weekend.

Among he words n botd n the tex t f ind :

two personat ronounssubject ndobject)two reflexive ronouns

two indef in i teDronouns

a possessiveronouna possessivedjective

three relativepronouns

a demonstrativeronoun

6 Wtrictrof these wordsdo not express hesamemeaningas one n the sentence etow?

a you b everyone c anyone d this person

Ludlow haso church ower that onecan seerommtLes no mtLes wqy.

@ Morepractice,LanguagePowerbook, age56.



Reviewmffimffi*mu mru#

showl;:;:;b,y"i:,:lX{oreisn'""Tifl:l::*t"IJ:"""*:,Among the VlPs " ---:iY: "",:

^-^-i^ ir better,"European editor ot viity futr'

"l t could

ffi"til:n delays and the pushing' howrever'served only to

heiqhtentrte otama anl !*tn"*"nt72 --the biggest

Lon-Oon ashionWeek'

1 a) expressing2 a ) who

3 a) showing

4 a) beinghurt

5 a) trying

6 a) Left

7 a) recognised

8 a) attow

9 a) trapped

10 a) Left

11 a) havebeenorganised

12 a) to surround

Grommor

1 Comptete achgapwith the bestanswer: , b, cor d .

LoNDON Fashion Week clo:e1]a:::isht with concernr-vr\sv''oti'

"'o*o control and safetyn^ ' rnn i l ' over crowd conrrol i' r re osrvl'-

""il..o i fi " ;i.i; ;;;;" 9 ll L' r-":3::';:;

Yesterdaythet ' r l r rsr r f4r " 'v" - - - a .secur i ty

i;;;i, appearedormorel1T:::^: --. "ont;ol*""

-'the event, apPeateu '"'";

*; ; struggled to controlguards faced

*- +^ âr into the show iuards Tace:-::5 io o"iinto the show free'

hundreds of PeoPteunoreo!; ur vEvl"'-,==oon tf," famous hairdresser,

At one Point Vidal Sein *ra r:rowd.i'j:jrui'."'"!'i""1""n'=:::l'^:

;;T:*"f#l"**",lt#'?n"l'5u

:''"*Il *;'f. *'""fl=.::1?:Eventuallyne ' - uv * "' - 8 to see the:;;*; n"ards that

'the top man' ousht

b) being expressedb ) wha t

b) beingshown

b) hurting

b) tr ied

b) was eaving

b) be recognised

b) to al,tow

b) was rapped

b) was Left

b) be organised

b) being urrounded

c) was expressedc) wh ich

c) to be shown

c) hurt

c) to try

c) was eft

c) was ecognis ing

c) be at lowed

c) were rapped

c) leaving

c) organise

c) surrounding

d) to expressd) that

d) shown

d) to be hurt

d) to have ried

d) Leaving

d) was ecognised

d) to be allowed

d) to be rapped

d) was eaving

d) wasorganised

d) havebeensurrounded

2 :o in thesesentences singdefiningand non-definingelative lauses.

ExampleL Street rtists,whoare espected oren Europe,anget thousandsf dollarsor theirpointings.

1 Streetartistsar e respectedmore n Europe. hey

canget housands f dot larsor their paint ings.

2 Mysister s s ixteen.Shehad hereyebrows ierced

yesterday.

3 Peop[epray ainton wa[[s. heyarespoit ing he

envi onment.

4 Merchandises sotdon the Internet. t hasan

enormous arket.

5 Pameta oughta b ig desk.Sheput i t near he

window.

I went o an art gat lery. herewasan avant-garde

exhib i t ion here.

Jeans sed o be consideredorking tothes. hey

becameashionablemong oungpeopte.

Tom's atherplays he ce[[o.Tomwants o be a

music ian.

Some raf f i t ia r t is tshavemoved nto designingproducts. hey an make [ot of money.

He markedhe areanearher navet.Hehad

dis infected er here.

1 0



3 fxpandhe sentencesyaddingparticiple lausesafter he lltdeflircd nouns.

Exampte7 'Blade'designs -shirts,sing peciaLomputeroftware.

I

23456

'Btade'designs -shirts.

'SurroundedIstands' asa workof art .The aquar tared tra ight head.I th jnk qra f f i t i s an eyesore.Themusicwasvery moving.

IXepqq$ totd Beautyhe loved her.

4 Comptetehe text with the verbs n bracketsn asuitableorm,activeor passive.

VirtualRealityArt

Examplesf thenew virtualrealityar1'1

Ghow)at the nterCommunicationentren Tokyo."The

Cave" _ (build) ^t a costof over

$t million.Theviewer _ (puton) specialglassesnd4 - (confront)bya woodenpuppet.f thepuppet - (move),he hree

dimensionalorld 6 (tu'ist)and7- (turn).Thismovingworld8- (accompany)ymusicandsounds.

Asimilar xhibite - (build) n the USA.

Computerraphics 0- (combine)with

3-Dmages

hich11 (project)

on thewallsand eiling, nd heviewer12 (take)on atourof whatseemsike another imension.soneexpert13- (pointout) recently,he iseof the'Nintendogeneration'4-(cause) artand

gameultures 5_ (merge).

5 Rewritehe sentences sing he words iven nbrackets.

1 In theend. hey old me o wait oranother atfanhour.I)

In thz,eni,, utat o//,to unttfor arutherhnlf an h"our.

2 Theseaysmany eopte ave ot attoos.you)

Mysister ives n Spainnowand she's oming o v i s i tme n Warsaw.who)

I t worr iesme hat there s moreand more io lencenthe med ja . wh ich )

Youdidn' tdo the r ight h i ng n missing he c lassyesterday!shouLd)

They ad o ctose own he museum hor t lya f te r tsopen ing .be )

Eeantq

Vocobulory

6 Comptete he text with the correct orm of get,haveor moke.

Yesterday, e 1- a meetingan d 2

a lookat the f igures. aLly a goodpoint.Shethought hat the Internet4 _ a big effectonsales. he houghtwe were5 _ a big mistakefwe didn' t6 - - our ownwebsite. he hinks hati f you want o 7 ___ i t in businessno8

- to t he top thesedays, ou needone.Mindyou, she's n ly nterestedn 9 money no

promotion.

Complete he sentenceswith down, rom, off, or up .

Youcan't ge t away graffit i nowadays.She urned [a te .as usuai lHe urned the offerof a ob abroad.He urned the majn oad ust before he stat ion.Foreign layersmake ____ abouthalf he team.

Pronuncial ion

8 pu t these verbs nto tw o groups according o howyou pronouncehe let ter 's ' -

/s / or /z/ .

advertise, dvise, ompose. esign,discover. isptay.escape,nspire, ract ise,ecognise,uspend, is i t

Group1 /s/ discover,... Group2 /z/ advertise, ..

Q listen an d checkyour answers.Repeat he words.

O 9 r-lrt"n an d repeat hese sentences.

1 She trode tong he catwa[kn a stunning ress.2 Modern ifestytes an be stressfu[.3 Thats t r ik ingdesignwas nspired y gra f f i t i .

4 I th jnk stogans prayed n wat ts rean eyesore.5 Westared t the breathtakinqunset.

Tronslotion

I 0 translate he following entencesnto Engtish.

Ilaaoe-roMHec.lyua'rl .)ry 3ayHbrBHyo y3bu(y.Mrreyxacro HpaBr4T'cloBpeMeHHar{torr-My3bil(4.

Xealnr MeHl lla:tbrfpbrBa'lblr, l ue uorr{apr4coBarblT.yr(aprr.lHycaM.K'r'o-]'oQle-ta.].lro 3a rc6fl.

OaraHu.; \4or4x lll4flTe.rleuorue.l u orrta. OHorleHb ecTorrxt6henrneJloBet(4BCet'rIa OqeT6urr urrepenr4Cex.

Erl Haaoera ee crapoN4ollHarrlpr4qecKa,.{orraperril4na rocTpl4ril,cfl4noKpacr4Tbo.ltocbr.

OH ucer,'laqyBclBoBance6fl He rj cBoet 'fapeJu(e

rJ r(o\lflalll4r.r tt],reil,6opnruurcl :la rcllJtoeMECTEIIKO IOrl CO.,IUCM.

1 0

7

t2345



effiWfupwwW

145.2 million people living "r': r r'i'

in the Russian Federation.rT1L^ - , - -^ ^ ^ -+ ^ { - } " , -rrley dle IJdr .or d rrugfe

community of more than 160

nationalities and ethrric crroups.Although the official language spoken across the

territory is Russian, local langnrages are very important

too. Lingnristshave named about i50 different

Ianguages spoken in Russia.

Each nation or ethnlc group observes its oum

traditions and customs, and the five main religrons are

Orthodoxy Catholiclsm, Islam, Judaism or Buddtsm.

Peoples speal<ng Fimo-Ugorian languages (e.g

Karelians, Mordovians, Maris, Komis, ICtanty and

Mansi) live mostly rn the European part of Russia and

are mainly Orthodox believers.

1 Read he article and say what these figures

stand for.

5, 70, 78, 40, 80, 750,760,2002,300,000,

745,200,000

Exampte

5 - the number of main religions in the Russian

Federation

O Z Listen o five peopteatking.Match he speakers(1-5) with the pictures (A-D). There s on e extra

speaker.

3 uatctr these words and phraseswith their

definit ions.

merry-making,o observe rituat, etiquette,

housewarmjng,uisine, o propose toast

1 to askpeopte o dr inksomethingn order o thank

someone

2 fun and enjoyment

3 a particutar tyleof cooking

4 a party ha t you give o celebratemoving nto a new

home5 to performa ceremonyn order o markan important

religious r sociaIevent

6 the format ules or polite behaviourn society

tr#

PeoDlesf the

RusbmnueneRArIoNA ccording to the

A census

L l-conducted in

2002, Russianpeoplennmnriqa Rno/^ ^f fho

Thrkic and Mongolian peoples inhabit huge territories

Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Though the physical

features of these neoples are verv dilferent, their

Ianguages are a-Like.Within tlus group, Tatars and

are mainly Muslim, and TUvimals and Buryats are

Buddhist. TheYakuts, who live the largest republic in the

Federation, were converted to Orthodox Christiality in

l Bth century but strong elements of their animist beliefs

survived.

The Caucasian neooles who live rr the republics of

Adygeya, hrgnrshetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan are

Muslims, whereas most Ossetians are Orthodox. They

speak about forty different languages and have their

traditions and customs, which are sometimes very si

Slightly fewer than one third of a million people live in

North East and Far East, but they represent aroi:nd ten

langmage groups, Though they were converted to

Christianity long ago, their traditional religdon survived,

The Koryaks and Chukchis of this region have much in

common with the inhabitants of Alaska.

Q +1

Listen again and comptete he sentences.

Exchanging is a very mportant i tualof'Saba

ntui'.

Wetcominguests ith bread ymbotisesThesepeoples f Siberiahave heir ow n way of

4 These aucasianeopte ave engthy, duringwhich heysingand etl stories.

5 The rowing symbotiseslucky ousewarming.

5 Work n pairs.Talkabout raditionswith your

partner.. What ld raditions oes ou r umil.y eep?. Doyouhave ourown amity raditions? hat re

they?

23



KEYWORDS: cience

antibiotics, rt if iciaI nte[[igence, tom,

bacteria, lack ho[e,dataprocessing,ee pspace,

DNAmolecute, lectriccurrent,energy, quation,galaxy, ene,gravity,humangenome, ight year,

mass,microchip,microscope, ntine,

ndioactivit y, adio elescope, earchengine,sotarsystem



17Eureku!

-1t,']

" l l l il*ntu jl

Beforeoustsrt

1 try to match the discoveries

(1-5) wi th how hey were

discovered a-e).

1 the equat ion = mc'

2 the maser

3 penic i lL in

4 the f i rs t computer

5 the mode l f DNA

a scjent is ts orked ogether s a

ream

b therewasa luckyaccident

c scjent is ts ere nspired y

another c ient is t 'sdead a scient is t ad a moment f

i ns i atio

e scient is ts erecompetingom : k p e d i c r n v p r r i

h l o

Ke00rng

2 Read he text and checkyour

guesses rom Exercise .


ReadingStra teg ies :

Answering rue/False uest ions

. First, ead he text to ge t the

generaIdea.. Then ead he quest ions/

statements nd dent i fy

importantwords.. Fjnd he relevant ar t of the

text and dent i fy he

importantwords.

. Decidef the mportantwordsin the quest ion/statementndtext exnresshe same deas.

L n n d m n r k sf

%,ffi-?ff i f fg t r thm tth

In the summer f 1905,a youngma nwassitt ing t homeaftera day'swork.

While ocking isone-year-oldaby, e houghtsomething ver.Suddenly,t

came o him!Th eequatione = mC'was born,an equationwhichwould

change ur understandingf the universe ut wouldhelp o createhe nuclear omb.

AlbertEinstein as awareof recentdevelopments,uchas MarieCurie's esearchnto

radioactivity,ut he ha dbeenworkingon hi sown. Hisground-breakingquation

showed ow a smallpiece f mass ouldproduce n unbelievablemountof energy.Einsteinhen demonstratedn his theoryof relativity 'hat not even ime,mass r

lengthare constant they vary accordingo our perspectivef them. For example,f

we couldse epeoplemovingat the speed f l ight, hey wouldappearmuchheavier

and arger nd wouldseem o move n slowmotion.

By he time he firstatom bombsha dexploded

during he SecondWorldWar, wo young

Russiancientistser edeveloping n applicatio n

based n Einstein' sdeaof a stimulated mission.

Alexander rokhorov nd NikolayBasov sed heir

l<nowledgef opticsand radioengineering o

develop he maser MicrowaveAmplification

Stimulated y Emissionsf Radiation)n the early1950s. hissoon ed o the nvention f the aser,

, whichha ssince ecome key nstrumentn many

industries.asers reveryvaluablen medical

surgery ecausehe ystop he bleeding s he ycut.

Lasers realsoused o cut and weld metaland o

measureon gdistances. any of usus e asers aily

whenwe playCDs.Masers ti l lplaya very m portant ole n

astronomy nd space esearch

Another ar-reachingindwhichchangedhe worldof

medicine asmadeby the sonof a Scottishhepherd.

Before oingon holiday ne day n 1928,he eft a petri

dishwith bacteria ear he windowof his aboratory.

When he cameback,he was ust about o throw he dish

awaywhen he noticed omething ut of the ordinary. e

double-checl<ednd sawa bluemould n the disharound

which he bacteria ad beendestroyed. hi sbluemould

was n fact he natural orm of penicil l in hichFleming

realised as an effectiveway of killingbacteria. few years

later, enicil l in as beingmass-producednd helping o

save he lives f mill ions. espitehe outcome f hisdiscovery,leming emained

modest nd unassuming.Naturemakes enicil l in, ' esaid, l just ound t.

During he SecondWorldWar whenpenicil l in as irstbeingused, he USNavywere

looking or waysof improvinghe accuracy f theirarti l lery hells, ut this nvolved

incrediblyomplex alculations.he navy u rned o Ec l<ert,n engineer, nd Mauchly,a

physicist,o produce machineo do the ob. Although hey and heir eamdid not



f inishhe machine ntilafter he war,in February946, t did not matter.They ad producedhe world's irstcomputer. niacElectronicumerical

Integratornd Computer) as huge,

measuringOOeet ongby ove r 1O

feethighand weighing ve r30tons. t contained 8,000 ubesan dha dmore han 5,OOOwitches.tconsumedo muchenergy hat when t was urnedon, the ightsin he ocal own went dim. However,t workedand t was hef rst rogrammableomputer.

Thecomputerarrived oo late o helpin the nextbreakthrough.rom he

mid 1940s, iologistsnewaboutamoleculehai hadan mportant ole npassing n geneticnformationor al l

l iving hings.However,hey did notknow how it workedand the race o

find hisout hadbegun.Then, woyoungscientistst Cambridge

Universityaw he results f some

studies y Rosalind ranklin. he astpiece f the igsawpuzzle ad allen nt o place.

ln 1953,Watson nd Crickpublishedheirmodelof the DNA moleculeAsa result,n 2OOO,fteryears f time-consumingnd expensiveresearchsingcomputerisedata processingnd despitemanysetbacks,he so-calledgenome'for humanbeingswasdiscovered.Th e our chemicalsn our DNA combine o produce code hat would

fi l lover500,000pages f a telephone irectory nd hat containsinformationboutour 1OO,OO0enes. lready,hisha shelped octorsto cure om ehereditaryllnessesnd he outlook or the futureseemspromising.

4 Are hese statements 1-12) t rue (T) or fa lse (F)accordingo the text? Use he Strategies o he lp you.

1 I E ins te in asa t wo rkwhenhe houqh t f t h e fo rmu [a'e = mc'.

2 Einste in as he f i rs t man o th ink of the nuclear omb.

3 E ins te in bse rvedhangesn t jme ,s izeand mass .

4 - Prokhorovnd Basov eve[opedhe maser e fore

WorLdWar I .

5 i l Masers nd asers ere ar-reachingiscoveries.

6 ! - t F leming ad beenstudying acter ian h is [aboratory

when he d iscove ryappened .

7 The re asa bLuemouLd roundhe bac te r ian the d ish .

8 Fteming eveLopedhe processor manufactur ing

oenici Lig Ll fne Eniac roject a i l"edo meet ts or jo inal b ject jve.

f O L l f f r eEn iac as oo b ig o p rog ramme.

11-

Thecode o r he DNAmo lecu le asove rhaL f m i t l i o n

le t te rs n i t .

12 Thep rocessf decod inghe human enome asLong

and costtv.

Vocobulary:

Compoundords

a

b

6 0 cd

e

1

345

7 5

EffiiLexicon,page 159.

5 Uatctt he categories a-e) withthe examplesrom the text (1-5).

Thenadd examptes f your own.

compound oun noun+ noun)

compound oun verb+ preposit ion)

compound oun adject ive noun)r n m n n r r n d r r o r h

compound dject ive

one-year-old; round-breaing; t i me -consuming;ar-reaching;igh-powered

tetephone irectory; uman eing;dataprocessig; igsawpuzzle;CDplayer

slowmotion;nuclear omb

breakthrough;etback; utcome; ut lookmass-produce;oubte-check

6 M"k" he ptural f the compoundounsin Exercise (e.g.humon eings).Whichtwo nouns anyounot make turat?Whynot?

Speuking7 Work n pairs.Discusshesequest ions

with your partner.

1 Whichof the d iscoveries ent ionedn the

text hasbeen he most mportant o fa r?whv?

2 Whjch iscovery i [ [ have he mostimportant onsequencesn the future?

whv?3 Whichof the scjent js tsn the text do you

admjremost?Why?

4 Whichof the d iscoveriess the mostdiff icul"to understand?

8 A ScienceQuiz.Work n pairs. Student Aturns to page134 and StudentB to page

136. Askand answer he quest ions.

PUoTn...UNBiioTn'CreativitT-in scienceor-,ldeJescribeJs heactof prrttin{ two rn.l two tc,{ethero rr.aLeive.'

Arthrrr Kciestlerraor-

ra8 ), britishauthor



II Fufuro

Beforeoustart

1 loot at the headLines etow.What do youth ink they mean?

. FromAstro[ogyo Futuro[ogy

. TheFu tu re us iness

. Tomorrow'sWorld

. A Per fec t uture?

Read he ar t ic leand choose he best i t te fo ri t .

2 Wnicnof the predict ionswouldyou Likeornot Like o come rue? Why?

Revis ion:he u lure

3 l l " t .h the sentencesrom the text(1 -8 ) w i t h the uses a -S ) .

7 I mightget a pleasant urpr ise neday.2 Thisweekend undreds f futuroLogistsre

meet ing t Newcastte nivers i ty .3 Theconferencetar tson Thursday.4 ALL f us aregoing o useour voiceso give

jns t ruc t jonsto compu te rs .5 Tiny robotsmaybesentaround ur bodies.

6 I 'm sure ou' lL gree.7 I 'm going o giveup astrotogy.8 I 'LL e here n Newcast leh is weekend.

a an arrangementor the futureb a future fact

c a f i rm predict ion ased n speaker 's /wri t er 'so p i n i o n

d a weak red ic t ionx2 )e an n ten t ion

f a sponLaneousec js jong a p red ic t ionased n obse rvabLev idence

4 Wnlcnof the predict ions xpressedn thetext:

a a rede f in j te ty o ing o happen wecanseeevidence ow)?

b w i t t p robabLyappen th is s you rop in ion )?c may happenn you rL i fe t imethe res a

chanceheywiL l appen )?d migh t happenn you rL j fe t imethe res a

smaLLhanceha t theyw i t l " appen )?

t]tiiiI--fl;-

Hannah fones gajzes nto the

future of futurology.

one.Over he centuries,peoplehaveused he stars,cards,crystalballs and even ea-leaveso look into the future. I stiil

readmy horoscopeeveryday: \\lhen you gethome on Friday,you will receivesomevery good news.'or At the weekend,afteryou'vedone the shopping,you will havea pleasantsurprise.,neverdo havea pleasantsurprise n the supermarketcarpark,but who knows?One day I mightl

This weekend,however,we will geta surprisebecausehunclredsof futurologistsare meeting at NewcastleUniversity.Theconferencestartson Thursdayand the expertswill be discussingthe impact of technologyon the future.The future is now bigbusiness. loggedon to the websitesof some professionalfuturologistsand fbund thesepredictions:

. The technologyalreadyexists, o very soon all of us are goingto useour voices o give nstructions o computers.

. In the next few years,we will be communicatingwith ourfriendsaround the world using ife-sizedvideo imageson largescreensn

our living rooms.. By the year 2020, omputerswill alreadyhavebecomemoreefficientand powerful than the human brain, both in terms ofintelligenceand the amount of information they can store.

. By the year 2030,geneticengineeringand nanotechnologywillenableus to live for at least150years.Usingnanotechnology,tiny, nsect-like obotsmay be sentaround our bodies o carryout repairsand keep us healthy.

. By the middle of the century,computers,millions of timessmarter han us, will havebeen developed.By this time, we r,r,illbe linking our brainswith'ultra-stnart' computers.A newspeciesmight have developed 'Homo Cyberneticus,.

. By the end of the century,we will havecolonisedour solar

systemand will be looking for ways o colonisedeep space.

Much more interesting han horoscopes, am sureyou will agreelI've decided 'm goingto giveup astrologyand takeup futurology- I'll be there n Newcastle his weekend.At nine o'clockonSaturdaymorning, I'll be sitting n the front row ancl istening othe greatDukeWillard talking about the future of my brain.If you can'tbeat the future, oin it l

I

F



a

U Comptete hese predictionsabout the world in 2020 by putting

the verbs n bracketseither in the Future Perfector the Future

Continuous.

1 peop[e use)sotarenergyextensive[y

2 peopte use)up a[[ natural esourcesf o i I

3 peopte travel" )nto space n a regutar asis

4 peopte eat) onl"y eneticatly ngineeredoo d5 tradit ionaIarms disappear)

6 manynewgalaxiesdiscover)

7 Mars nd Venus invest igate) nd (descr ibe)n detait

8 scient is tsstudy) hances f people et t t ing own n other

ga axies

9 look at the programmeof the futurologists' conference nd the

cues (1-7)betow . Write fu[[ sentencesusing the Future Perfector

the FutureContinuous.

Exampte7 p.m. on Fr iday the part ic ipants t tenda paneI iscussion

At 7 p.n. on Fridoy he participantswiLlbe attending o panel discussion.

Friday

't

"- Y

4 - 530 p.m. Prof Howard Green:AlternativeSources f Energy

Futureerfect,utureonfinuous

5 In whi ch of these sentencesdo we

emphasisehat t he underlined activity

mustbe f in ished before he other onehappens?

1 When ou qet homeon Friday,ou ' [ [

receive oo d news.

2 Af te r ou'vedone he shoppinq. ou' t l

have pleasant urpr ise.

6 Whicttof the tenses below refers o:

a somethinghat wi t l . in ishbefore

certa in ime n the future?

b somethinghat wit l . e n progress

at a certain ime in the future?Future Perfect

By he end of the century,we witl have

cotonised ur so[ar ystem.

FutureContinuous

At n ineo'c lock n Saturday orning,

I ' tt be sitt ing jn the front row an d

listening o the great DukeWiltard.

Findmore examplesof the tenses n

the text.

tr Grammarummary, poge147.

Proct ice

7 Comptetehe sentencessing hePresent erfect.

I 'LL e l .p ou as soonas

She an' tbuy a computer nt i I she

3 Youcan eave he exam oomon[v

after ou

4 I '1.1.honeyou when5 We'tLet you knowas soonas

Your e lephoneinewi t [ be act ivated

onlyafter

New perspectivesil ,.

6 - 7.30p.m. Panel iscussion:oveand Fr iendshipnthepldt '

century j;,,5: p.m.

Saturday

9 - 1 1 . 3 0 a . m .

1 2 1 . 3 0 . m .

2 - 3.00p.m.

4-

5.30p.m.6 - 7.30p.m.

8 p.m.

Sunday

9 - 1 ' 1 . 3 0 a . m .

12 .00 .m.

Reception':,- ' : r,

t" 't

Prof Duke Willard; The Futureof the HumanBrain

Dr B. A. Lorry:Vehicles f the Future

Lunch

Prof StellaSpacek:Explorationof Mars and VenusDr D.N.A.Gene:Genetics Hope or Threat?

'

Reception

Panel iscussion:arth n 2050

Closing eremony

1

21 5 p.m. on Friday Prof HowardGreen ivesa lectureon alternative

sources f energy

2 Saturdayunchtime the participantsisten o three ectures

3 2.30 p.m.on Saturday ev eryone as unch

4 Saturday ight - the participants av ea reception

5 Sundaymorning the participants ttend wo receptions

6 Sunday oon- they identify a few prob[ems f the future

7 the end of the conference the futurologists iscussmany mportant

i ssues

1 0 Wort in pairs. Makepredictionsabout each other in ten years'

t ime. Saywhat you think about your partner'spredictions.

Example

A I think that in ten yeors' timeyou'll be workingqs a vet.

B I hopeso!

1 Wit l" e/she e l iv inghere r abroad?Where?

2 Howmanyobs wi l .L e/shehavehad by that t ime?3 WhatwiLL e/shehaveachieved?

4 WiLL e/she e marr ied? orhow ong?

Wi l . l .e /she aveanychi[dren?



I I Ai'iiicicrl

Beforeouslorl

1 lool at the pictures.Work n pairs an d

discuss hese questions.

1 Whatscienceict ion i lms have ou seen hat

have nteltigent obotsor androids?

2 Howdid the robots ehaveowards umans?

3 Whichof these hingscan obots nd computers

do now?

work n factories, La y ootbaLl,,ontroIcarsan dp[anes, eatus at chess, omposemusic. iveus

the news, peak o us,havea reaIconversat ionwith us, have eetings

Check our answers o number3 on page135.

I islening

Q 2 Listen o the interviewwith Ananova nd answerthe questions.

Ctar i f y i ng nd Ask ingQues t i ons

And onight she's n the studio or an interview

with us, we[t,1 , she'shereon

screen, f course. ecause he'snot rea[,she'sa

vir tuaI haracter just an mage. -It 's not a real nterview. is that we

sent he questionso he r programmerseforehand.4 -your creators ecidedwhat you

shoutd ook ike?

5 - , they onLy eceivewhat they wantto know.6 -- , I haveno chi l .dhood.7 - , is howyou areso quick.

is how do yo u gather he newsso

quickl.y?

I atso ave WebSpider'-

searcheshe Internet.10 - they et l . ou whether o smiteor

read n a serious oic e?

5o what next? 1

for Ananova?

what are he plans

is I witLdeliver he latest stories

that vou're nterested n wherever ou are.

trt

lr

z,o

z

l!

12

345

Where anyou seeand hearher?Whatdoes hedo?

DoesAnanovaealtyexist?Canshe reatly a[k?

Whyare hereno photosof heras a chi l "d?Ho wdoesshe ind newsstories?

Whatare herptans or the future?

Do you think Ananova s intell igent? Why/Why not?

O 3 litt"n to the interview again. Comptete he Func tion

Fitewith these expressions.

In otherwords, s that ctear?,

What don' tqu i teunderstand, oput i t anotherway,

what mean s, What hat means,So does hat mean,

Could ou explainhow, What 'm trying to say,What 'm get t ingat, that 'sa programme hich, I mean



Speoking

4 Wort<n pairs.StudentA tu rns to page134 and

StudentB to page136. Read he notes about he robots.

Addyour own nformation.

5 Exptainyour robot to your partner using expressions

from he Funct ionFite.Askquest ionsabout yourpartner's obot.

Example

A lt 's quitefast. What hq t meqns s that it goesat about

40 kph.

B What don't quite understqnds how t moves.

A WeLL,t's got wheels.

B So couLdou expLain ow t goesup stairs?

[ istening



Mul t ip leMatching statements nd opin ions)

. Before ou [ is ten. ead he statements. ndert inehe

KeyWords.. Use he ctues t i t [e ,p ictures. eadt ines,tc) o

predictwhat he text wi[ [ be about.. L isten or mportantwords.Don ' tworry f you don't

understandveryth ing.. L isten arefut lyor the opin ionsn the text. They

usuatLyontajn d ject iveshat showwhat a person

thjnksaboutsomethinge.9.popuLar,foscinat ing).. Checkhat the extrastatements o not match he

text.

A Listen o two peopte atking about their favourite f i lm,I t

2001:A Spoce0dyssey.Wh o makes he st atements below,

the woman W) or the man (M)? There s one extra

statement.

f

G lf

f z

F* g

Tl

I

The iLmwasmade u i tea long ime ago,but youcan sti[[ learn a lot from t.

People 's pin ionof the f i [m hasn' t hanged ince

it was irst shown.

The i l .m s not s imi[ar o others f th is k ind

becausei t t le happensn i t .

Th e i[m usesa [ot of musicespecia[[y lassical

p ieces.

Th e iLm elts the story of how a simitarobject s

found at two different points n time.

Whi[e ravet l ingo another lanet, n[yone'member'

of the crewknows he truth.

The il"mprovokes eeper eflectionon the

meaning nd or ig ins f human ife.

The i tm makes ou consider oss ib leu ture

probtems ith robots.

? ' 4 f l

f F s r

,Newi'ontlers

Vocobulory:ult i -porterbs

7 Match heseverbswith the bol d words n the

text.

take over,watkedout, ge t across, ive away,

get on we[[ , s to do wi th , makes p for,came ut,make ut, got a lot out of

Thewoman 1) enjoyed he f i tm, even hough t(2) was released [ong ime ago.Sheexptainshat

when t was irst shown, ome eopte ou[dn' t(3) understand hat t wasaboutand (a) le f t . In

heropin ion. he d jrector 5) compensatesor the

lackof ptot by using isuaI f fects ndemploys

music o (6) communicatehe moodof the f i [m.

Thewoman alksabout he ptot o f the f iLmbut she

doesnot (7) reveat he ending.Among ther

th ings, he f i [m (8) s about nte[[ igentmachjnes.

In the story, ome stronauts nda computer(9) havea good retat ionship ut then he

computerr ies o (10) ake contro l .

[ istening

O g Listen o the story of HALand answer hequest ions.

1 Howmany stronauts re hereon the ship?How

manyare n'h jbernat ion '?

2 Whydo Frank nd Dave atk aboutdisconnect ing

HAL?

3 WhydoesHAL tart k i [ [ ing he astronauts?4 WhydoesHAL efuse o [et Dave ack nto the

spa es ip?

5 Whatemotions oesHAL eel whenhe s be ing

discon ected?

6 WhydoesHAL inga songbefore edies '?

?6

7

F 7

F 8

FF

tr

L]

hffi#honpairyn(tnresWork n pairs. Discuss hese questions.

1 Doyou hink technology nd he media ave

made ultures round he wortdmore imi [a r?

How?

2 WitL i f ferent uttures nd anguagesisappear

in t he future?Howcan cultures nd anguages

be protected?

guoTr,....N?uoTn,'X.n hav.Lecortehe oolsof their tools.'

ll.D. Thor.au, tuericanr'riter rErZ-r0Gt)i:'r";'.,";'r1i1';'o



Writing

BeforeoustartI Read he tex t and match the

headings 1-5) betowwi th theparagraphs A-E).

1 How he event devetoped

2 Bas icnformation bout he event

3 0pin ionand recommendation

4 How he eventstarted

5 The most mportantpart of the event

2 Find words n the text that meanthe sameas these more colloquial

statements.

1 The hing kickedoff with a ta[k.

2 I t had plentyof maps nd

si gnposts.

3 The music ot us a l l in the r ight

moocl.

4 Becauseherewasso much o see.. .

5 Wewereabte o get a rea[ eel for

what l i fe is l ike on a space tation

3 Match he expressions 1-a) inbold from the text with these phrases.

just beginning, model,

the possibit it ies re end[ess,

shownwe'vebeen here

1 We have eft our mark

2 is stitt in its infancy.

3 The sky's the limi t.

4 Th ebest hing wasa replica of the

I nternationaI paceStation.

Yesterdaywent o the opening f a newexhibit ion n he explorat

of space.t) In order o make urvisitmore nterest ingndworthwhile,heeventwasorganisedn a veryexcit ing ay.

I t al lstarted ather ormally, i th a speech y oneof the organisers,PaulBowles, hoexplainedhe aims f theshow. sheput t ,although e have eftour markon heMoonandon Mars, paceexplorat ionrom Earths really t i l l n i ts nfancy.heexhibit ion ad

thereforeeen esigned2) o increasewareness,nd o offervisian excit ing l impsento he uture.Hewenton o explainhat heexhibit ion asarranged3)so hat everybodyouldwanderhroughindependentlyndenjoy t at theirownpace. eassureds hatalthought wasa vastexhibit iont waswellprovided ith maps nd

signposts,+) n case nyone ot ostor confused.

Wesetoff intoa huge, ark oom this epresentedhesolar ystem.We ooked p at the ceil ing here he planets ere hownwhile omrgent lemusic layedn the background5)soas o create suitableatmosphere.hen urguides,ressedp as obots,ookus o thenexl

roomwherewecould ee he irstspaceshipsnd he probes sed(6) or col lect ingamplesndother nformation.7)Becausef thenumber f exhibits nd he amount f information,e wereencouragedo takea break very owandagain, owe didn'tget oot ired. n keeping ith he heme f the eventwe were ble o try realspaceoodas efreshments,ncludingiquid altandpepperl

Thebest hingabout he exhibit ion asa very ealist iceplica f theInternat ionalpace tat ion.t waseasyo imagine orkinghere,(8)aswewere ble o turnkeys ndpush uttons n he controlpanels,9)Asa result ewere ble o appreciatehat i fe s ikeonaspace tat ion.

I Toconclude,would ay hat he opening f thisexhibit ion asafantast ic vent. utt ingogether n nteract iveisplayike his,wherethepublic an eally xperienceomethingew, ets precedentorothermuseums.here remany deas ere hat could edevelopedorfutureevents f thisk ind. he kv'she imit !

D

. i

,t.tj t t



4 Ctassify he tinking words undertined.n the text

a s a o r b .

a reasonexpla inshe cause f an act ion)b purposeshowshe ajm of an act ion)

Example

1 In order o = b

Whichof the linkers are fotlowed by modat verbs?

5 Comptetehe second entence o that i t has a

similarmeaning o the first sentence.

1 Take n umbrelta ecauset might ain.

Take n umbrettan case

2 Bring our costumeor a swim n the r jver.Br ing ourcostume o hat

It's foggy so yo u can't drive ast.

Youcan't drive ast due o_- .

I f you eave our eLephoneumber, e ' [ tcontact ou.

Leave our elephone umber o hat

Checkf he 's n by giv inghim a r ing.

Ringhim up f i rs t in order o - - .

Wearwarmctothes s he nights an be verycotd.

Wearwarmctothesn case

YoumightspiLtt i f you i t l " he ug so futt .

Don't iLLhe ug so uI that

,Newi'antiers

A Desuiplionf on Event

Write a descriptionof an interesti ng eventyo u

have been to. Follow he stages.

@ Writing Help 5, page 140.

StageChoosean event.

Here resome uggest ions:. a newexhib i t ionn a museum/gaLLery. a pubt ic alk or ra t ly. the opening f a newshopping entre/publ ic

bui ding

StagePlanyour description using the headings rom

Exercise . Write notes on the diff erent stagesof

your event.

StogeUs eyourplan o write the description.

StageCheck ourdescription.

folkhuckWork n pairs. Readeach other's descriptions.Then

te[[ your partner:

. what ( for you) s the most nterest ingnformation

in h is/herdescr ipt ion. what nformations not so nterest ing. if an y part of the text is not very clearor diff icutt

to understand

Lislening:SongI n the y ea r ?S ?5 { by Z age r and f l v ans }

O I Listen o the songabout he future.Whichyears rementioned?

2g2g, 535, 545, 555, 565, 575, 585, 595

O Z Listenagain.Whichof these hingsar epredicted?

intett igent achines,it l.shat controI ou, est-tubebabjes. achinesordoing verything,n nvasionbya[ iens,hangesn ourbodies, nuctear ar,spaceraveIo other tars,heendof humankind



" : -= ' r'

Th e gvarvify oh Hars is (l ) _ .

Catnyonrs rrr2 varlley5 show fhatl- irr fhe parsf lhee wqs (Z)

The astvohor^rer Schiarparvelli obseweA O) _ .

lq H.G.Wells'book, t,tar"liatrrsharl @) - .

Marvirrev €lew parsf lhe glatnef itr (9 _ .

ParthQi\/ev wats ,r sr^ccess becarqte if (6) _ .

l.lASAclariu,reA hatl ar r^releovife ?yoveL (7) _ .

A stu"\y o€ lhe *refeorife ir\2;001 Qoqqa (8)

fl r^,rarr,ue/ r^,riSSior,ro }.,\awSwoql/ fake atboqf (?)

,rn***w*--*,.*rru.*ii'p***4*

**-*fo-**".***.*nro***"

s-.*e*ef

a

bc

d

e

f

3 Read he Strategies.Which of them do yo u think are the most usefu[?

Speaking Strategies: Giving presentations. First,make ur eyo u understandhe subjectand havecoltected

enough nformation.. To prepare, hoose he most nteresting nformation.Thenwrite notes

aboutwhatyou want o say.Do not wri te out your presentat ion.. Find isuaIaids o hetpyou: slides,photos,diagrams, tc.. Practise ivingyour presentationo yourse[f.Go hrough t again us t

before ou give t.. Ifyou ge t very neryous eforehand, reathen an d out deep[ya few

ti mes.. At the start, state cleartywhat yo u ar e going o talk about.. If yo u makea mistakeor forgetsomething, on't worry continue

taLking.. F in ish ourpresentat ion i th a summary f the mainpointsand hen

ask or anyquest ions.

-mffi &&afrnrwPresenting

2 match he expressionsrom he presentation1-9) with whyweuse hem(a-S).

I Today'm goingo talkabout . .

2 Asyoucansee n thisphoto ..3 Wel.t,irst 'd like o tatkabout ..4 What bout he history f . . .?5 Right, ow et's ookat ...6 Another rea f greatnterest ..7 Sowhat s the uture f . . .?8 Tosumup, . .9 That 's t t .Thank ou.

to refer o a drawing r photo

to start off the presentationto finish the presentation

to start the conclusion

to introduce he first topic

to introducea new opic with

a quest ionx2)g to introducenew opic (x2)

A Presentotion

Givea five-minutepresentationothe restof the class about heeventyoudescribedn the WritingWorkshop). otlowhe stages.

StageLookat yournotes rom Stage of

the WritingWorkhop.Addnotes oryourobjectives beginning) nd or asummaryat the end).Underl ineheimportant nformation o hetpyouremembert.

StageLookat the expressionsn theFunct ion i le n Lesson 9 and n theChatroomn this lesson.Practisegivingyour alk to yourself.

StogeGive ourpresentationo the restofthe ctass.When istening o otherpeople,ake notesabout heir talk.

TolkhackWork n pairs. Discuss hese things:

1 Whichwas he most nterest ingpresentation? hy ?

2 Which ubjectwou[d ou [ ike of ind more bout?

3 Whichof the Speaking trategieswere he mostusefut?

4 Whatwere he biggest roblems

you had?



ankle, ra in,eye,heart .k idneys,

knee, iver.ungs,muscle, ibs,skin,

spine, tomach, r is t

Howmanyhours er nightdo yo usleep?

a) under hoursb) about or 8 hoursc)morehan hours

Howoften do you clean our eeth?

a) once day b) wicea day c) after verymeal

Howoften do you do physical xercise, noughto makeyouout of breath?

a) neverb)once week c) wo or hree imesWCEK

Howoften do you eat sweetsor chocolate?

a) neverb) occasionally)quitea lot

Howmanypieces f fresh ruit do youeat

pe rday?a) oneor wo b) more han wo c)none



2l LifeSqvers

Before oustart

1 t-ool at the Key Words.For which of the

diseases s there a vaccine o prevent hei[ [ness?

KEYW0RDS: rr :,.+:;i::ri.:.

A ld t br r .L i t l rJ** ' ; d iarrhoea,' f l "u(= ;nf1r.nza), eartd jsease, a[ar ia,

meas[es,neumonia,o l io . etanus,

TB(= tuberculosis)

2 Wort in pairs.Do you think thesestatementsare true (T) or false (F)?

1 I Meastes,iarrhoea nd pneumonia i tL n

est imated evenmi[ [ ion hi[dren year.

2 E Each ear600.000 abies ickup tetanus acter ia

and die - even hough here s a vaccine.

3 I t ' ,tany hitdren tit[ suffer rom po[io;everyyear

the disease isables 40,000 hitdren.

4 E Over wo mi l .L ioneople yearget matar ia nd

die. mostty n Africa.

5 E Nearty ne-th ird f the wor td 's opulat ions

infectedwith tubercu[osis.h ichk i l tsatmost

threemit t ion eop[e eryear.

6 E gy the year2000.more han 20 mil .L ioneopre

had contracted nd diedof Aidssince he outbreak

of the epidemic.

Check our answers n page135.

h l .

Ke0drng

3 neaa he strategies.

ReadingStrategies:Textswith paragraph aps

. Read he text wi th gaps o get he generaIdeaandsee how t develops, .g . TheX-factor n page65 .

. Read he sentencesefore ndafter he gaps ogiveyou an deaof what he beginning r end ofthe missing aragraph ight efer o, e.g.paragraph

2 might begin with a referenceo a history-making

eventor end wjth a referenceo the'l" itt l"e

boy'.. Read he missing aragraphsnd ook or these

references.. I f a paragraph oesn' t eem o f i t , you mayhave

madea mistake r it maybethe

extraparagraph'.

Now use the Strategies o match five out of sixpa rag raphsA-F ) w i t h gaps2 , 4 ,6 ,8 and 11 in thetext. There s one extra paragraph.

B

"\

to\code has been cracked,more and more of those flaws

witl csnib within reach of repair.

G Dr Cavazzana-Catvogrees hat there has not beenenough time to claim that it's a definitive treatment."Nevertheless,

the importance of this work is that it hasproved this strategy can work. It has been a breath offresh ai r for gene therapy."

In every person'sbone marrow s a group of

cells known as'stem'ce[s. When they receive

the right chemicalsignals, hey muttiply to

become ed and white blood cells.

iuut sot better"'

Meanwhile.doctorsAlain Fischer,Marina Cavazzana-Calvoand SalimaHacein-Bey ook out a few million of his bone

-^"1+1nt in child immunologY at a

E Adrianlrrall;;,1 ::::::ilji*;':

:::l:::llfi ff,J*London osprtat'.",'o?n.r,"

therapy1l.ltllua*.rra,

0.,say, nequivot"tif

i", ,.l..ivedanyother re

own' Patientshave ntru '"'-'-

marrow cells and managed o insert a healthy gene n them.Then they put them back - a single. simple infusion of 20 to

30 millilitres of fluid. It took half an hour to give the boywhat they hope witl be a lifetime of normal immunitv.

'

For the first time, doctorshad used their knowledqeof

the genes nvolved in a fatal disease o cure it. Aieryears of experiments,gene therapy'spromise o correct

nature's flaws was being realised.Now that our qenetic

\ D

l

{'{rl

; ' F,'t

i

\li',i



d,d

4nt?(rartine

4 Comptete hese sentencesabout the text in yourown words.

1 Thebabyhad o be kept n an air t ightbubbt"eb e c a u s e . . .

2 Theparentswerealtowed o take he boy homebecause. .

3 Adrian hrasher el ieved ene herapy outdworkD e c a u s e , , .

4 Doctors re carefuInot to be too optimisticaboutthe operat ions ecause. .

5 Doctors houtd e ab[e o curemore t lnessesnthe futurebecause. .

5 How di d yo u feet after reading he articte?Tel[ he class.

l r I I rYoconur0ry:yn0nymsmb* Lexic ln . paae [53"

6 Match he words rom he first four paragraphs(1-10) with their meaningsa-j) .

The l-factorGene herapy has been used successfully or the first

time. James Meek looks at how this was achieved.

I Last February there was an ai r of euphoria in the corridors

of the Necker Hospital for Sick Children n Paris.An

incredible ransformationwas happening o an 1L-month-old

baby boy in an airtight bubble. In fact, history wasbeing

made here.

2 . . .3 When the little boy was admitted to hospital. he was facing

death rom a rare nherited disordercalled'X-linkedSCID'.

diseasehat causes hildren o be born without a working

immunesystem.The slightest nfection can be deadly.For

severalda1m,he boy tay in his bubble and his only direct

contactwith his mother, father and nurse was throuqh

plasticgloves.

4 . . .5 Within 15 days, doctors knew from tests that the new gene

was working. But the marvel for the parents was natching

the change n their sickly, underweight boy. Before heir

eyes, e began o get better. Theugty red blotcheson his

skin fadedaway,his diarrhoeadisappeared, e put on

weight and his breathingbecameeasier.

6 . . .

7'Afterwards.

we ived through three months of euphoria,"saidCavazzana-Calvo.Everyone

was so happy hen." Since

then, treatment of three other chiLdren n the Necker

Hospital has also turned out welt. A fifth boy has done less

well, because he diseasehad aLready ausedserious

complications.but the Necker s pressingahead with further

trials later this year, and similar gene therapy is to be

carriedout in London.

I . . .I Despite he initial optimism, this first achievementof gene

therapy will have to be further proved over time, as it might

not be so successfuln treating other geneticdiseases.

Nevertheless,t is a major step forward in genetherapy.

10 Dr Jennifer Puck. a leading geneticsresearcher. nderlines

the importanceof this breakthrough.Although

these

children had no immunity when they were born, now they're

exactly as good as any babies of their age. However. he

immune system s not totally mature until they're three or

four yearsof age. So the question is, is this going to last a

tifetime?"

i

*

gI

1 euphoria

2 transformation

3 fataI

4 therapy

5 flaw

6 rare

7 disorder

8 insert9 fLuid

10 immun i ty

a treatment

b uncommon

c greathappiness

d pu t n

e weakness

f deady

g t iqu id

h diseasei protection

j changei{i

a

ii

I

7 fina idiomatic wordsor expressionsn the textwhich mean he sameas hese.

1 fee l ingof happinessparagraph)

2 decipheredparagraph)

3 be n our capacity paragraph)

4 nearty ying paragraph)

5 veryquickty paragraph)

6 cont inuingparagraph)

7 important dvanceparagraph)8 a greatencouragementparagraph1)

a I .

)pe0Krng

8 Wort<n pairs. Which of t hese things do you

think wit l happenwi th in the next 25 years?

1 Genet icherapywi t [ curecancer.

2 Newdrugswi t l he tppeople o l ive or 150years.

3 Ma[ar ia i t [ d isappearn the deve[oping or ld .4 Manipul"at ingeneswit [ cause ew ttnesses.

..- \*iid,



9N?rafi"int

4 Compteteheseownwords.

1 The aby ad obec aus e . . .

sentences bout he text n your

be kept n anairt ight ubbLe

2 Theparentswereattowed o take the boy homeD e c a u s e . . ,

3 Adrian hrasherel ieved ene herapy outdworkD e c a u s e . . .

4 Doctors recarefuInot to be too optimisticaboutthe operat ions ecause..

5 Doctors houtd e able o curemore ltnessesnthe u tu re ecause . . .

5 ttow did yo u feel after reading he article?

Tell the class.

Vocsbulury:ynonymsnh" Lexi{o''t,age153.

6 matctthe words rom he first four paragraphs(1-10) with their meaningsa-j) .

The l-factorGene herapy has been used successfutly for the first

time. James Meek looks at how this was achieved.

I LastFebruary there was an air of euphoria in the corridors

of the Necker Hospital for Sick Chitdren n Paris.An

incredible ransformationwas happening o an L1-month-old

baby boy in an airtight bubble. In fact. history was being

made here.

2 .. .3 When the tittte boy was admitted to hospital, he u,as acing

death rom a rare nherited disordercalled'X{inked SCID'.

diseasehat causes hildren o be born without a working

immune system. The slightest infection can be deadly. For

severalda5m,he boy lay in his bubble and his only direct

contactwith his mother, futher and nursewas throuqh

plasticgloves.

rt ...5 Within 15 dala, doctors knew from tests that the new gene

was working. But the marvel for the parents was watching

the change n their sickly, underweight boy. Before heir

eyes, e began o get better. The ugty red blotcheson his

skin fadedaway,his diarrhoeadisappeared. e put on

weight and his brealhing becameeasier.

6 . . .

7'Afterwards.

we ived through three months of euphoria,"saidCavazzana-Calvo.Everyone

was so happy hen." Since

then, treatment of three other children in the Necker

Hospital has also turned out wett. A fifth boy has done ess

well,because he disease ad alreadycaused erious

complications,but the Necker s pressingaheadwith further

trials later this year, and similar genetherapy is to be

carriedout in London.

I . . .I Despite he initiat optimism, this first achievementof gene

therapy wili have to be further proved over time, as it might

not be so successfuln tr eating other geneticdiseases.

Nevertheless.t is a major step forward in gene therapy.

l0 Dr Jennifer Puck, a leading genetics researcher, nderlines

the importanceof this breakthrough. Althoughthese

children had no immunity when they were born, now they're

exactly as good as any babies of their age.However, he

immune system s not totally mature until they're three or

four yearsof age.So he question s, is this going o last a

tifetime?"

{f:

:

1 euphoria

2 transformation

3 fataI

4 therapy

5 ftaw

6 rare

7 disorder

8 insert9 ftuid

10 immun i ty

a treatment

b uncommon

c greathappiness

d pu t n

e weaKness

f deadty

g tiquid

h diseasei protection

j change

7 fina idiomatic words or expressionsn the textwhich mean he same as these.

1 feel ingof happinessparagraph)

2 decipheredparagraph)

3 be n our capacity paragraph)

4 near[y ying paragraph)

5 very quickl.yparagraph )

6 cont inuing paragraph)

7 important dvanceparagraph)8 a greatencouragementparagraph1)

i a .

)pe0Krng

8 Wort in pairs. Which of these things do you

think wi l t happenwith in the next 25 years?

1 Genet icherapywi t t curecancer.

2 Newdrugswi [ [ he tppeopLeo l ive or L50years.

3 Ma[ar ia iLt isappearn the devetoping ortd.

4 Manipulat ingenes i[ [ cause ew t tnesses.



zlSuperthleles

Beforeoustort

1 Wtra tchampionathletes canyou name?

What were heir achievements?

Exampte

Kenenisa ekeLe worLdecord n 10,000 m

2 Read he articte and answer he questions.

1 What easons reg iven or mproved

performace ?

2 Howdid drugs is tortworld ecordsn

the 1980s?

3 Whatwoutd he effectof 'gene-doping'

be?

4 Wha twas he o r ig ina t '0 tymp icp i r i t ' ?

Revision:ondit ionols

3 u"t.h the condit ionaI entencesn

italics in the text with the fo[[owing

types:

. zero ondit iona[ . 1st condit ionaI

. 2ndcondit ional . 3rd condit ional

Which of the sentences n italics talk

about he past, he presentand the

future?

Proct ice

\ / 4 Pronunciat ion. is ten o the sentences

and write down the contractionsyo u hear.

Then isten again and repeat he sentences.

Exampte 1.'d've (wouLd ave) 'd (had)

5 M"te condit ional entences bout hese

situat ions (1-6).

Example 1, If he hadn't takendrugs,he

wouldn'thavebeenbanned.

1 Ben ohnsonookd rugs he was

banned romsport

2 ath letes arna lot of money) thev ra in hard

someone i t [ run 100 metresn 9.3

seconds nobodywj [ [ be t ievet

Elena s inbayevas very i t ) i t ' s easy

fo r he r o ump veryh igh .

an ath letewjL[win four go[dmedatsn

athtet ics they wiLtbe a record reaker' in1980 he 0tympicGames ereorganised

in Moscow the USA id n ' t akepart

Kfumunxnudnm#fifrffififi-ffiffiinfi$Hmllffi$s?ony contemporory mateurothletesondswimmerswould hove brokenworld ecordsftheyhod tokenport in the first Olympic

Cames.Sincehen, ecords ave umbled n trachfieldandswimming vents sperformanceas

improved ramatically.lf records all, it is usuallydue to better equipment,troiningond diet but recentlymprovements avebegun o slowdown. n recentOlympics,herehavebeen ewerworld ecords. omeexperts redictceilingor manyevents,uchas 5 metres or womenpolevaulters. lenasinbayeva'surrent ecord s 5.Olmetres nd she hopes hecango muchhigher.However, astpredictionsrenearly lways rong.Al lthe levels f performanceredictedn the 1930shadbeen eachedy he 197Os. onMaughan,romAberdeen niversity,elieveshat f morepeoplearound he world ookpart n organisedport,more

records ouldhave allen.One actor s he useof performance-enhancing

drugs, r 'dopingiBenJohnson ould tillbe he lO0metresworld ecord older f he had not beencaughttaking rugs. ther ecordsemain ubious,ikeFlorence riffith'sOOmetres ecord ack n

'l988.

Didshe akedrugs?f the current lympic hampion

took suchdrugs, hewouldprobably avebrokenthatworld ecordmore hanonce.Unlesswe orecareful,

gene-doping'willbe thenert

big threat.Formedical urposes,cientistsavealreadyoundways o buildmuscle nd ncreasestamina hroughgene herapy.f genetheropywereusednow, t wouldbe olmost mpossibleo detect.lnthe future, enetically-modifiedthletesmightbe ableto run he

,l00metresn 8 seconds r the marathon

in under wo hours.However,f o generotion fgeneticmonsterswerecreoted,t wouldshow thotthe wholepoint of sport has been osf. t would bemuchbetter o forget he records ndreturno the

original lympic pirit t aking art s more mpo rtantthanwinning.



Presentol ion:ixedondit ionols

6 Reaahe sentences 1-4). Do hey descr ibe i tuat ions

thatare:

a trueor cou[dpossib ly appen?

b imaginary,nreaI r contraryo facts?

1 I f the current [Vmpic hampionook suchdrugs, he

wou[d robab[y avebroken hat world ecordmore han

0nce.

2 I f Peter asa more k i l fuI laver,hewoutdhave cored

more oints.

3 Ben ohnson outdst i l " t e he 100 metres ortd ecord

ho[der,f he had not beencauqht akingdrugs.

4 If hehadbroken hat record, e woutdbe a world-famous

runne r ow

7 Wtrat ime doeseachcondit ion (undert ined) nthesentencesn Exercise refer to: past or present?Whatense s used?Complete he table.

CoruomonTrueRrrrRrlcr Vrne onm

1 the present Past impte

a

4

Whatime does he result n the sentencesn Exercise

refero: pastor present?Whatverb orm s used?Completehe table.

9o#ftarrt"tne

Proct ice

8 Write answers o the questions.

1 Whatwou[d he s i tuat ion e now:

a if performance-enhancingrugs adn' tbeen

deve[oped?

b i f penic i t t in adn' tbeendiscovered?

c i f the computer adn' tbeen nvented?

d if the SecondWorldWarhad never roken ut?

2 Whatwou[dor wou[dnot havehappenedn thepast:

a i f footba[[wasa lesspopu[ar por t?

b i f the Americasnd Europe ereone cont inent?

c if peoptedidn't l" ikeravetling?

d i f the sunwascloser o th e Earth?

Compare our answerswith your partner's.

9 Use he cues o write mixed conditional

sentences.

Exampte

1, f John weren'tso tolL,he wouldn't havehqd tohave he doors n his housechanged.

1 John s seven oot a[ [ + he had o have

the doo rsn h ishouse hanged) he oineda basketba[[eamat schooIt he hadproblemsindinga date or a school.d isco

2 Jessica asbeena world-c lassymnasts ince hewas1L ) shesuffers rom

spineproblems she s a famous erson ow) she s abte o support er amity inancia[[y

I 0 Cnoose ne adjective rom each pair that

reftectsyour personality.

a [azy/hardworking

b sociabte/shy

c wet[organised/disorganised

Write three conditionaI sentences bout some

events n your tife that these personality raitscontributed o.

Exampte

If I wos more hardworking, wouldhavestudied

harderand passed he Last hemistry est.

I I Write about three things that yo u di d or

didn' t do, or that happened r d idn ' t happen

to yo u in the past and what the present

consequences re. Usemixedconditional

sentences.

Example

If I had started to ploy tennis when was en,

I couldbe o champion ow.

Tel[ he ctass.



23Bruinower

, .ut 'it : '

if

{

one housand i lUon

a part of the body hat hasa

part icular urpose, .g. he heart .the [ iver

3 the smaltest iece f a substance

that can exista lone

4 a nerve et l

5 a unit of structureof l ivinq matter

Listening

2 Read he Strategies.


Completinga text

. Before ou listen, read he text and

predictwhat kind of informationyou

need, .g. he f i rs t gap n Exercise is

probably co[our.Remember,ou may

needmore han oneword.. Undert ineome mportantwords n the

text beforeeachgap, e.g. consists f,

weighs.. Whi [e ou are is tening, is ten or these

importantwords the nformation ou

need hou[d ot low hem.. Youcancompletehe gapsusing

abbreviations t f irst - this saves ime.

Thenwrite hem n fu [ t .

the gaps n this summary.

Th e brain consists f grey andl - matter.

It weighs2 -.lt uses3 - of

the body's energy. t contains ouer4

which make up neur ons.These euronsare

connectedby electrical mpulses.There re more possible

connect ionsn one brain han hereare5-.

Neuroscienti sts ave mapped differentareasof the brain which

ar e responsibleor 6

Theareaso f theb ra in re |a ted tocon t ro | l i ng7 -cou |d

be compared o miniature ilm studios.Our eyesand earssend

signals8 -, and it isour brain hat interprets hese

signalsand builds up a pictureof the outsideworld.Scientists

havealso dentif iedareas esponsibleor differentemotions,

such as9 -,love and laughter.Ther e re also

differentareas or different ypesof thinking,suchas earning

your own language nd earning 10- language.

O 4 lirt"n to the [esson gainand answerhesequestions.

1 Howdo you hink the teacher eetsabouthissubject?

2 Whatexampte oeshe use o expla in he way he brain

controlsdifferentpartsof the body?

3 Whatdoeshe compareo a f i [m studio?

O 5 lirt"n to a student phone-in programmeabout revising or

exams.Who said hese hings (1-6) : Dan (D) , Char t ie C) or

MohammedM)?

r f] You need o get someexercisen the fr esh air

to keep our brainwork ingwet [ .

2 I Keep ourse[fmotivatedby rewarding ourse[f.

S I Cet organisedwith a revisi on jmetabte.

+ fl Priorit ise study he important hingsfirst.

5 I Leave ome ime to relax.6 l] Don't drink ots of coffee.

Whichpieceof advicedo you hink is the most useful?Why?

S6th

m

If

it'

tll

lr-

2o

z3

lr-

Beforeoustorl

1 uatctr he KeyWords iththe def init ions 1-5).

KEYWORDS:

atom, i t t jon, e[[ , euron,rgan

7

2 S

7yth

sYfo(gW

te

N si

l Y

t1 "| (rI ar

I te

L



,,1I

lt lJ

z l

n l

z l

t tl

G i v i n g a n d A s k i n g f o r A d v i c e

1- haveyo u go t for meand our [isteners?

I th jnk 2- ptan our evis ion.

I th inkyou 3_ make tist of a t t he th inqs

you'vego t to study.You4

- work ou t what the priorit iesare.5

- do you h ink shou td o?u - = , I ' d m a k e u r eh a t g o t o m e x e r c i s e .You7

- get out of the house nd get somefreshair.

I th inkspending ours nd hours n the [ ib rarvw i t h o u t a b r e a k S _

You9- drink Lots nd lots of coffee.

10-- you givemesomeadvice?

You11 giveyourself ewards.Andyou 72

- giveyoursetf break.You13 just th ink about he exam t[ heti me.74

-do in g tha t .I 'd1s peopte o watcha good i[m.

a f .

)pe0Ktng

7 Workn pairs.Takeurns o expl.ainachsituation oyour artnerandask or advice.UseexpressionsromtheFunction ile.

6 t is ten againand complete he Funct ionFitewi ththesewords.

must, ustn ' t , ught o. shoutd, houtdn.t , dvise, eed o,I f I were ou, havegot to . Cou[d. here,s o point n,i t 's mportanto. What ips, canbe counter-product jve,hat

Vocobulory:Multi-porterbs

E* l Lexicon, ages\e-176.

8 M"tclr the wordsan d expressions etow

wi th the verbs n the text (1-11).

ExampleL postpone

appear, iscover,earn rom, ookat indetai t x2), make noteof, mention, ass.postpone, ta r t ,understand

Lastmonth, hadan mportantEng i ishexam. decided ot to 1 pu t off studying(as I norma[ydo!) an d go t up eartyeverymorning o 2 ge t down to workstraightaway. 'm a 'morning

person'and 3 gota lot ou t of my revision essions. alwavsbeganby 4 going over a practicees t I

-had

done checkingmyanswers nd5 f indingou t what things 'd go t wrong. also riedto 6 work ou t why I'd mademistakes.f Ididn't understand omething,'d 7 write itdown and hen 8 bring t up in classwi thmy eacher.Shewa svery hetpfuIan d sh e9 went throughal" t f the th ings hatwoutdprobabty 0 come up in the exam.In the end, he examwasn't o badaf te ra[[and th ink i 11 got through t. Mind ou,

I stit[ haven'thad my resutts etl

9 Wort n pairs.Discusshesequestions.

Whatnew nformation ave ou oundoutabou tb ra ins?

Which chooI ubject o you get mostoutof?

Doyou ry to workout your EngLishmistakesoursetf efore ou ask heteacher?

Doyou wr i tedownvocabulary is ts r ustt ry to remember veryth ing?Doyou put of f studying or an exam r atest unt i I he n ightbefore?Have ou evergot hroughan exam r atest you hought ou'd aited?

Situation1You ind t hard o studyforexams t home(why?). ou hink you aregoing o fa i I but don' twant o speak o yourteacher why not?). Youdon't now

what o do.

Some riends have nvited

I#.?,l i"lpins hoirdayn:j:.-.rlTu, (we e ) youant o go. Thev rJ,,

::",'lr,6;' ;j;;; ;:',Y.jl,l"Jl.l, "f activities(sucf

li:1...t?r.areotvery;portVbu tyouwant ^ntro*,"-r'r"#;:11'il'r rn",r r u U l oo u d o?

Situation 4

A friend s alwaYs9o.P,Ytnsvour homework nd deas

inow?\ but Your r teno

u-t*uYtseems o get.!."t'"t

**ttf." ttft;tt' subject?)!You

;;; ;"; the teacher-thinks

"""*oV from Your riend

an d not the otherway

;;;";. what stroutdYo udo?

pUoft,.... NBUoTT,'Th. trai., is awonJerfi,l r{an; t startsworLindthenroytrentou{et up in thernornind nddo.sn'tstopuntil yorr{et into theoffice.'

Pc,tertFrc,st, rrerican oet t}l|_:frll )

Situation2

.sar esoonrr youwith ;You

abou ta t hoyou I

SituatYouronho l(where

wa t t((whyntar eworteavi gWha t i



24Communicq rksh,ipt

Writing

Beforeoustort

1 Rewrite the information betow

using eachword or expression o join

the two sentences.

al though, espite, ven hough,

however,n spite of,

on the otherhand,whereas

Some eopte ind the ideaof c loninga

whoteperson epulsive.

Theydon'tmind he c loningof human

organs or transp[ant perations.

Example

Although somepeoplefind the idea of

cLoninga wholepersonrepulsive, hey

don't mind the idea of cloning humon

organs or transplant operations.

2 neaa he article. Match hese

headingswith the paragraphsA-D.

. conctusionyouropin ion)

. arguments gainst toning

. introductionof the topic

. argumentsor cloning

3 Comptete he text with these

tinking words.

a l though, espite, ven hough,

however,n spite of,

on the otherhand.whereas

t ,

't.'

,;

Every week we invite a well-known personality

about an issue in the news. Tltis week, Sophie Maclean

looks at cloning and asks ...

DoesMotherNatureknowbest?Cloning - using genetic engineedng to make exact copies of living

plants and animals - has been in science fiction for years. Since

1997, with the cloning of a sheep, Dolly, it has become part of real

life and the subject of public debate.

For some people, human cloning is acceptable in medicine

t the criticism that it is urmatural. For example, human

tissue can be cloned for use in organ replacement or gene therapy.

Also, organs provided by human clones could be 100% donor

compatible 2 -organs provided in other ways might not be

as successful. Moreover, couples who can't have children might be

able to clone a child from themselves. Finally, endangered animals

could be cloned to increase their numbers.

C 3 there are many arguments against cloning. 4

many people saw the cloning of Dolly as a major breakthrough,

now they have to face the fact that the sheep is no longer alive.

Thus, 5 what some say, scientists have no idea of the

term effects of geneticengineering.A growingnumber ofgeneticallycreatedcreaturesmight be acceptable o society;6 -, creatirg'perfect'plants and animalscoutd eliminategreat variety of natural species on our planet. Furthermore,

7 -organs from cloned animals could be transplanted into

humans, the risks to health are enormous, and some people find

the idea repulsive.

All things considered, I am against cloning. It is clear to me that

need to regulate genetic engineering and stop experiments now,

before it is too latel

, t i



t@ t@@DiscursivessayI)

Writean essaywith the title: 'shoutd

Smoking e Banned?' ottowhe stages.

SWriting Help6, page 141.

StageWorkn pairs o brainstormdeas.Listasmany rguments syoucan both or andagainst anning moking.

Example

Workndividua[[y. ecide ha tyouropinions. Writenotes or four paragraphs.

StageUse ournotes o wr ite the essay.

StogeCheckou ressay.

TolkhockWork n pairs. Readeachother's essaysan dassesshem:

a a goodargument ut I don' tagreeb totatty onvincingl

c not a veryconvincing rgument

For

Qouerru,ttznt ou,/d'tax? woney on/m"eltca/ireatwznt.

;;n,;

Against

Qouerwaznt wou/d,l"osewntTfrom'

tax on,ulare,{ter.

#i$;

{

hot?(lah"tne

l isfening

Beforeoustort

1 I-oot<t the picture.Whatkind of programmeo you hink t is?

a chat how, documentary,panel iscussion,game how

2 tisten an d checkyour answers o Exercise . Then pu t thesetopics in the order they are mentioned.

. freezingdeadbodjes . geneticengineering . long ife

A TVProgramme

Listen o a doctor akingpart n a TVprogramme.Answerhe questions.

o

O 3 Urt"n again.Complete ac h tatement rom DrCartwright itha few words.

1 0ur knowledgef the human enome it t radicattyhangemedic i e

There 's o doubt hat i t w i t l . e l .p s_ .We havealready dentif ieda lot of genes ha tWeknow hat many ommon iseases.ikecer ta in indsofWe can manipulate rocessesutWe maybe abte o freezecertajnbodypartswhich

By the year2020,over 20 percentof the poputation

Pronunciul ion

23456

7

O 4 lirt"n to threesentences. hoosehe correctmeaning,a, b or c, according o the way eachsentence s stressed.

1 Themanat the back n the btuejacket.a not the woman b not the front c not the greenacket

2 There s no doubt hat it wil" l" eLp s o curea[[ sortsof il[nesses.a not somedoubt b not ident i fy c not diseases

3 By he year2020,over20 percent f the poputat ion i [ [ beover eighty.

a not the year20L0 b not 30 percentc not overninety

Work n pairs. Practisesaying he same sentencesbut with adifferent stress o show he other meanings.



(ommunicotionorkshopsG a .

)pe0Krng

Beforeoustart

1 listen to twopeopte iscussinggenetic ngineering. owwouldyou

describe om's ndJan'sopinions n the

subject:

. strongtyn fuvour?

. strongty gainst?

. in fuvour ut with reservations?

&hafi,otn

CottoquiatExpressions

O 2 Listen again an d match the

words betowwith the colloquial

expressions1-6) .

arenot at at [ nterested, d isagree, m

sure,not n anycircumstances,

comptete ly nacceptabler absurd,

from he beginning

1 From he word go

2 Theydon't care wo hoots about ...3 I be t you wou ld . .

4 I wou[dn' t ouch t with a bargepote!

5 lt 's totalty off the map!

6 Comeof f it!

E. Lexicon,age164.

Formatan d Informal Expressions

3 M"t.tr the formal expressions

(1-5) from the TV programme n the

Listening Workhop with the informalexpressions a-e) from Toman d Jan's

discussion.

1 The irst h ing 'd L ike o say s . . .

2 The mportant hing s to . . .

3 I 'd t ike o point out tha t . . .

4 There 's o doubt hat . . .

5 I n m yop in ion . .

a We've ot to . . .

b Let 's ace t . . .

c Forstarters, th ink . . .

d I reckon . .e J u s t o o ka t . . .

L

h

a

A Discussion

Discussssues elated oheatth ndmedicatadvances.o[[owhe stages.

StageRead he Strategies.

Speaking Strategies: Avoiding problems

. Try o avoiddiff icu[tsubjectswith vocabu[ary ou don't know.

. Don'tpretend ou knowabout opicswhenyou don't !

. I f you don't havea ctearopin ionaboutsomething, e

honest,e.g. Io be honest, hqven't eally houghtabout hat.

Which of these subjects betowwould yo u avoid?

1 Shoutdwe geneticat l .yod i fyptants ndanimals?

2 Whatproblems ouldoccur f peop[e ived o be over 100?

3 Shoul"dhe government an smoking?

4 Shoul,d omenover ifty be atlowed o take ferti l" itydrugs o he[p

them havea baby?

5 Doyou hink teenagersn your country rebecomingmoreunheatthy?

StogeWritea few notesabout he topicsabovehat you can alk about.

Use he photos bove ndheadlineso help ou.

Genetisure heonlyhope or eatin$ isorders%4e,

a*.e- q*-",e4# 6.-6@

I

a

a

gi €

I designerany,

$

All fruitmavsoonook

n0 l0DlBm! ; toogoodobe rue iI erar-.*_-r! -*P**

* , @ - . r 4 a - a d n ^ ^

a

a

Il l

t

I

I

;

Geneticngineeringo eradicateereditaryllness .{{.

StogeLookat the expressionsn the Chatroom nd n the Function il eonpage45 (Lesson 5). Practise aying ouropinionso yoursetf.

Stoge

Work n groups.Discuss omeof the issues bove.

TulkbockTelt he ctass omeof the opinionsof the peoplen yourgroup.



I nead he ar t ic teabout

Lance rmstrong.What

have een his two major

achievements?

2 Uo* do you hink

Armstrongmust have et t

at hese imes?

. beforehe went to the

docto. whenhe receivedhe

dia nosi. dur ing hemotherapy. whenhe was ra in ing

for he Tourde France

. whenhe won he Tour

deFrancehe f i rs t

t ime

Y:tt*##The Courageof a WinnerMany people will know about LanceArmstrong'ssevenwins in the Tour de France,

bu t fewer people will have heard of hi s battle with cancer'

ln the summerof ,l996,everything ust have been going perfectlyor the tuventy-five-

year-old exan yclist. e had us twon a major ace ndwas anked * in theworld.He ha d

beenoffered ontractsy bigsporting ompanies,uc has Nike, nddi d no t need to worry

aboutmoney.His uture ooked right.

Then, n September 996,Armstrongent o the doctorwitha pain.He should havegone

earlier ut he had gnoredhe painso hathe could continue racing. he nhe went o the

doctor ha tday, e could no t have known whatwasabout o happeno him.Withinwo

hours, e hadbeendiagnosedshaving ancer hichha dspreado his ungs. herewasa 600/o

chance e would surviveand a 4Oolohance e might die.

Lance ut hi sheadon the doctor's es k n despair. owever, he nhe looked p he said

with determination:Let'sgetstarted. et'skill his stuff.' n the next ew months, e had to have

two operations nd o undergo hemotherapyreatment.He lostweightand elt so tired hathe

had to sleep tvuelve oursa day.But hroughout is battlewith cancer, rmstrong asdetermined ot to let t beathim.

Aftermonthsof suffering, rmstrongecovered nough o starthis nextbattle: o win the

Tour e France. uring eriods hen he di d not have o have chemotherapy,e rodehi sbike

30 to 50 milesa day.By he summer f 1999,he did not need to tal<e ny

moremedicationnd ,accordingo hi sdoctors, as98o/ohome'in hisbattle

agarnstancer"

*.*.*

llManypeople oubted rmstrong'sbil ityo become top cyclist gain ut

. they need no t have worried.This oungman must have a special indof drive

, B"Wu""nl999

and 2005,Armstrong ecamehe first iderever o win the Tour

, de France n amazingeven imes!

LanceArmstrongs now a sPorting uPerstar.e does not have to worry

r aboutproving imselfanymore.However,e must not forget thathe rs

differentrom otherstars. anceArmstron8s,of course, ow more han a sports

, star he is a symboln the ightagainstancer.he Lance rmstrong oundationl:

ha ssoldnearly 0 mill ionwristbandso raisemoney or cancer ufferers.

f,i,,,.,,,,,,:,,,,ri,,ln his autobiography,rmstrong ivesadviceo youngmen betweenhe ages

of 20*34 who should e aware f the diseasee suffered.'l everthought'dget

cancer,'e says.Butyoung, trongme nmust realise ha t hi sca nhappeno them, oo.'

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Modali ty

E GramffisrSummnry" age 15a.

3 loot at the sentenceswith must in

the text. When does ?tust xpress:

a obt igat ion? specutat ion?

c prohib i t ion?

4 loot<at the expressions

in red.Which of them say

that someone:

a did something tthough t wasn' t

necessay?

b didn' tdo something ecausej t wasn' tnecessary?

a,:**idaq=M,l

*r:91\' " ; :" ' !* \

Fiirrlisrli:i :irt,::ili[:a:'jur'si{,:r::iiiiiN,.,i:nitlir{ri:::lH!'aFl{}rrrl':,$1tq$::i:lffir;iiif4q;{n}!

5 neaU hesesentencesrom he text. Doeswilt

express:

a future?b specutation?obtigation?1 Many eopte i [[ knowabout ance rmstrong's

threewins n theTour eFrance.2 Fewer eopte it[ haveheardof his batttewith cancer.

What ime does ach entencealk about?

6 Wtti.trof the modaI erbsand expressionsn blue

express:

a obt igat ion? Lack f obt igat ion?

c speculation? prediction? possibiLity/abitity?

Which f them alk about:a present? past?c future?d futuren thepast?

4' Morepractice. anguage owerbook,age86.



tII

Review ]:

Grommor

1 Comptetehe condit ionalsentences sing asuitable form of the verbs n brackets.

1 I f F leming (not eave) acter ian a djsh.he woutdn' thavediscoveredenic i tL in.

Have ou seen our horoscope?

out th is afternoonf I were oul

I f you____ (not go out) inwoutdn' t ave aught cotd.Many thLetes__ (not break) ecordsftheyhadn ' t sed rugs .Un tess e con t ro [ 'dop ing ' ,he o r ig inaLp i r i to fthe Olympics (disappear).

I f you taidout f la t the greymatterof a humanbrajn, t (cover) n o f f jcedesklI f you havea headache,hy___ you__-(not ake)an aspir in?

I f fa rmers sed he new ypesof ptants, hey(have) rops hat can esist isease.

I f p lantswereengineeredn the r ightway.they___ (have) he tas teand consistencyfmeat goodnews or vegetar iansl

10If we had not bred rom he wolf . he astonishinqrangeof dogs_- - (not exjst).

2 Write sentencesabout what tife woutd be l.ikenowi f these hings had not been nventedor d iscovered.Usemixedcondit ionat entences.

eLectr jcightbutbs, vaccine or cholera. r int ing,pen ic i [ [ i n .he a tomic omb, ompu te rs ,uns . he whee t ,c lon ing , a rs

Example

If electric ightbuLbs adn't been nvented,we wouLd tillhave o usecqndles.

3 Comptetehese sentences ay ingwhat th ings

woutd havehappenedn the past f the world wasdifferent. Use mixed conditionats.

Example

t Ifthe Earthwa scovered Vsea, humanswouldnot haveevolved.

1 I f the Earthwascovered y sea, . .2 I f humans adsmat [ ra ins . . .3 I f spaceshipsou[d raveIat the speed f L igh t , . .4 I f humansived200years, . .5 I f therewere nte l t igent obots, . .

( n o t o o )

t h e r a i n , y ou

4 loot at someof the ideasfrom NASA.Write predictionsabout

them.fxample

Personally, don't think that in fiftyyears't imewe'lL aveOrrM1:...

NIAC:he Nasa nstituteor AdvancedConcepts. a lift o takeus ntospace \ l i. 'astrotels- spaceocketsikehotels *\ _ \

going etweenheEarth,hemoon ..i,tHlandMars

o tl ;

. theperfectelescopeo observehe \

unrverse t. plants ecanprogramndgive 1 lcommandso,e.g"

rturtgroriring, I 1'produce

fruit' \ ,. using lantsorproducingrmospheres [j

1

on therranets,;#;;ffi;i"

i,,,fri' using obots o explore therpianets [_,10,. using obot

fish'to explorehe oceans $,

___:::::::1*:tt*:::":o'o::,_.*_.'5 Wtite predictionsabout your own [ife. What do yo uthink:

. you wi t l be doing n f iveyears ' t ime?

. youw i t [be do ing n ten yea rs ' t ime?

. yo u wit[ haveachieved y the time yo u ar e hirty-five?

6 Comptetehe second entence o that i t hasasimilar meaning o the first one. Use he word givenand up to four more words.

1 I doubt f winn ing he marathon aseasy or her.must

Winning he marathon for her.2 Weshould ive hema r ing n case hey hjnk we've

hadan accident.wi l t

Weshou ld i ve hema r ingo r hadanaccident.

3 I t wasvery kindof you o comeand cot lectmebuti t wasn ' tnecessary.

need

It wasvery kjnd of you bu t yo u _______and col lectedme.

4 I cut my handbut luck i [y t i tchesweren' t ecessarV.need

I cut my handbu t I **-____ .

5 She's robab[yee[ ing bi t depressedftergett inghe r exam esutts.

can't

She__ _ aftergetting her exam esults.



t

2

34

Vocobulory

7 Complete he sentenceswith these words.

o f f ,out (x3), out of, over x2). up (x2)

I atways ut _____ tidying my room as [ongas possib[e!

I p icked a'f [u bug white wasaway. t took metwo weeks o ge t __ it.

Youshouldn'tgive__ _ so easity keep rying!

It took us a long time to carry --* the

research, ut we go t a lot the project.

I used he Internet o find aboutgenetically

modif iedood but I s t i t l can' twork exact lv ow

theydo t .

6 Some eoptehink computers re aking__ our ives.

8 Comptetehe compoundwords n these sentences.

1 Thenearest tar o our solar is over ourtight__ away.

2 Areyou sure hat 'scorrect? an ou doub[e-- i t?

3 In the museumhereare i fe-_ models f d inosaurs.

4 Manyhingsare mass-_ in factor jes owadays.

5 Theyshowed slow__ reptayof the goat.

6 I am against enet ic of p lantsand animats.

7 She s a record-_- ath letebut hasbeenunder

suspic ion f takingperformance-_ drugs.

8 AfterseveraI et __ an dyearsof t ime-

experiments,he scientistsina[[y madea

maiorbreak in the fietd of artif icial

9 Brit ish-_ , fifteen-_

Jon Kaspars a software ngineer.10 Neuro have irst knowtedge f

the data-_ abitit iesof the brain hrough studying

i ts electr icaImputses.

9 Comptete he s entenceswith the words below.

' f lu ,maLaria, eastes,neumonia, o l io , etanus, B

1 Ph i thasa pain n his ungsand inds t d i f f icuLto

breathe.He could have __ or -- .

2 Sonia asa verybad cold and a high emperature.he

may deve[op3 Maryhasa temperature nd sma[[ edspotson herskjn.

Shemighthavecaught

4 Stewarts in the tropicsand hasgot a v ery h igh

temperature. e coutdbe suffering rom_ .

5 Ian contracted --- whenhe was a chitd; t affected

the nervesn his spineand now hecan't move he musctes

i n oneo f h is egs .

6 I cut my hand ecent ly nd now can' t movemy aw.

Doyou hink I mayhavepicked p -- - ?

Qoftfturttne

Pronunciol ion

O f O Listen o the soundsn thesewords:

7 /ut/ you 2 /ct/ sort 3 /eu/ go4 /t/ ott 5 /t,/ shtf.f.

Nowmatch he soundswith the words etow.

Example ought= 2

fought ,hough,hrough,ough,hought ,ught .enough,t though.ough,ough, ought

Q Listenand check ouranswers. hen istenagainand repeat he words.

O 1 1 Listenand repeat hesesentences. owmany if ferent oundsor'ou'canyou dentify?

1 The oung oupte ought newhouse.2 Atthough ewaswounded,he oughboxer

fought notheround.3 Youwere nconsciousorabout ourhours.

t2 Can ousay his proverb? se he phoneticcharton the insidebackcover o hetpyou.

/crl wsft end neu pler merks dsek e d,rl bcr/

Whatdo you hink he proverb eans?

Tronslol ionI 3 transtate he sentencesnto Engtish.

t B nocnpeceHbeariM) rrl uorlol'o]rl4Nlr4r o:lll)aBJeHrf lMr4. TKla,llbrBarb )Ke HerBfl

z Ec.lre 6rr pa6o'ra He orHr4N4aJra\,reHrrar(Nrnofo BpcMeHr.{, 6rr yexa:ra 3a ropoil elteBqepa ,r ceriqac Bece;iu4.;racbbr B\aeclecXll.Y'll,ttM11.

3 Voxc'r 6 r r r r , .us i l He r i lK ( ) r4 :T i tp i t re . r ,Hbu4,

HO 3aro C006pa3l.rre.rnHnrr.i.aK .tro BaM He

c'r'or4'l'eoronouucfl. Jl nyvan, oHC|lpaBh't'cfl . K3a\,leHaMt4.

Ec.rua r,rHe o'r'Kl)brl.relt{K, Koropoe 6br.rooI'poMHbrMocrr4)Kerrr4eMt)6.rract'ufeHerr4lfl4,lr 6lt lle cMol'll4 orpaBh'ncfl crt)\1[lor't4\4t4 llac' Ie]ICTBcHHbtN,tI{lpo6-r{]]taMl4.

flponepneeutepa; nce pe3y.lr,ralr,coTpy,itHr.{Kr4 a6ol)aropr4r4 [oHfr.ru.4, 'r'o oilblr'

y.{ancfl. I4r pa,rocru He 6br.iro rpere.ra -

BerL BCe :rra:ur6 q'r'o J1'o o'r'KpbrT'ile lNtero

orpoMHoe 3HarreHr.relrfl 6yi1)'rilefo

\4e/IntlI4HbI.



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lruorn ,1r' HoncKoHe

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. 1 ,""Zrttislewr- j "

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Tu rNrtnrnuruos.'

\ ) tj

(, j r Lookat the map and ctassify hecountr iesaccordingo the fo l lowinggroups.

. EngL ishpoken s a f i r s t anguage

. FnEL ishpoken s a second anguagei ti s used n schooLsndun ive rs i t iesndas a L inguaranca

. EngL ishpoken ide ly s a f o re ign

Language

,r, t isten to the first part of a [ectureandcheckyour answers o E xercise .

' , , L isten o the secondpart of the lecture.

Match hesedateswi th the eventsbelow.

1788,1806,1782,1.840, .607, .848

1 _ the i r s tp r i son o lonynAustraLia

2 _ Br i t ishLoya[ is ts ovenorth ntoCa a a

3 _ the f i rs t Br j t jsh oLonvn

Vi gini a

4 _ Webster 's ic t ionaryf Amer jcanEngL ish

5 _ the t rea tybetween he Bri t ish

and he l t4ao r isn NewZea [and6 _ Lhe ta r to f mass ivemig ra t ionf romCentraLuropeo the USA

{. } 4 f - i r t "n again.Are hese sentencesrue or fatse?

1 At the t ime of the US ndependenceherewere h i r ty states.2 Amerjcan ngl ish orrowed ords rom Nat ive

Amer icananguages .

3 NoahWebs te rhangedhe speL l ingf manyEngL isho rds .4 Canad ianso no t useAmen 'cano rds .5 Aus t ra l janng [ i sh ass im iLa r i t i esi th a London 'cockney '

acce t .

6 NewZea[and ngLishounds erydif ferent rom AustraUanEngL ish .

{ } S l i r t .n to s ix peopLeatk ing. Use he ctues o ident i fythe i r accents.

Amer ican , us t ra l ian ,ew ea [and ,

Canad ian .ama ican ,ou th f r i can

L ,+$l*L istenagainand answer hese quest ions.

1 Whjchof the var iet jes f Eng l ish ound erysimj[ar?2 Whjchdo you f ind mostdjf f icu l t o understand?3 Wh ich o you ind he eas jes t?

"FWort in pairs.Discusshesequest ions.

1 Wha t r e he pos i t i ve spec ts f EngL ishe ing g tobaL

Language?2 Wha ta re he nega t i ve spec ts?

ab

c

d

e

;

v

6



7finrnf% %***

qq ri',lr

jit,:-;'

reada t raveL toryandan adver t ; se read ing

stra teg iesor answer ingrue/ faLseuest ionsn

more han one ext .

l i s ten o monoLogues,ia logues, TVadver t ,

a songanda presenta t ion;se is ten ing

strategiesor identifying ituatjons.

ta lk about rave lexper iencesndgivea

p ese tatro .

write a formaILetter.

learnabout verbpat terns nd expressions

using ing ormsand n f in j t ives.

Worm-up

1 tookat the photos.Where o you hink heptacesre?Check ouranswersn page135.

O 2 l ir t"n to fourpeoplealkingaboutjourneyshey'vemade.Match he speakers(1-a)with whathappeneda-e).There's neextra vent.Whichperson:

a didn' t oas arasptanned?b took oomuchuggage?c bumpedntoa f r iend?d had he hot iday f a [ i fet ime?e spenthenightn anai rpor t?

3 Choosewo placesn the pictureshat youwoutd ike o go to. Use he KeyWordsowritebriefnotes bout hem.

KEYWORDS:

breathtakingjews, ust l ing treets,

culturaImeLtig-pot,det ic jousood.d rama t iccene ry ,LeganLrch iLec tu re ,

exo t i c n jma ls , j s to r j c u i ld ings ,

ideaLor adventure ports,

interest inglo raand auna,LiveLyigh t t i fe ,

romantic tmosphere,now-capped

moun ta ins ,pec tacuLa ru iLd ings ,

teemingwj tdL j fe . nspoit t orests,

w ide pen paces , o rLd -c lassr t ga [ [e r ies

4 Wort<n pairs.Tatkabout the

advantages nd disadvantages f going tosomeof the ptaces ou'd t ike o go to.

,@, ; , t

:i ,.*i

irtl :

{Li

4fi*r'l*7.ttrt'l:\:.ttt'*

:t't:'t*'r't!tt*r:t''"tr::

:"j*:.4'!:t*{'



250nThe oudF:t

iri[-

1*

: l. r

Beforeous]ort

1 lootat the

photos.Whichobjects n the Key Wordsdo yo u

think woutd be most useful on

a tr ip t ike his? Rank hemfrom the most to the Least

useful.

K E YW O RDS

backpack ,amp ed ,f i sh ing ooks .mosqu j to e t ,

waterbottLe

aLa rming ,

app rehens ive ,ou ageous .

comfcrtabLe,aunted, xci ted,exhaus ted ,mpa t jen t ,

impress ive ,a in fu [ , romis ing ,

f r igh tened ,u rbuLen t .neasy

Reoding

2 neaa extract 1. Choose

adjectives rom the Key Words

to describe he narrator's

emotionsand experiences?

Exp la in our choices.

3 ReaO xtracts -3. Findadjectivesn the KeyWordsodescribeach ituat ion.

{i

fL t

{*

iIf*&

F{ ,

r

r{In Decelnber 1951, two young men, a biochemist and a

medical btudent, set out on a journey from their nativeArgentinh through Chile, Peru and Brazil to the United States of

Ameriba.The biochemist was Alberto Granado; his companion watwenty-three-year-old Ernesto (Chr4)Guevara, the future

revolutionary and cultural icon. Here are three extracts fromGuevara's diary of the journey, published as The Motorcycle Diaries.

f ' Th roggh Argen t i na b y moto rb i ke) -

,'The night before our departure, I came down with a cough and a high 3 I

tempqiature and consequently, we were a day late leaving Bahia Blanca. TWFinally, at three in the afternoon, we left under a blazing sun and by the .rarv

ti"ye we reached the sand dunes around Medanos, it had become even hadhbtter. The bike, with its badly-distributed weight, kept bounding out of horn

'i control, the wheels constantly spinning over. Alberto fought a painful battle Whiwith the sand and insists he won. The only certainty is that we found

rno\ourselves resting comfortably in the sand six times before we finally made it on tout on to the flat. We did, nevertheless, get out, and this is my compafrero,s stremain argument for claiming victory over M6danos.

defiFrom here I took over the controls, accelerating to make up for precious lost andtime. A fine sand covered part of a bend and - boom: the worst crash of the witlwhole trip. Alberto emerged unscathed but my foot was trapped and intcscorched by the cylinder, leaving a disagreeable souvenir which lasted a long at lrtime because the wound wouldn't heal.

rnosA heavy downpour forced us to seek shelter at a ranch but to reach it we I c1had to get 300 metres up a muddy track, and we went flying another two thirtimes. Their welcome was magnificent but the sum total of our first weexperience on unsealed roads was alarming: nine crashes in a single day. On

camp beds, the only beds we'd know from now on, and lying beside our bike,La Poderosa, our snail-like dwelling, we still looked into the future with

impatient joy.

2 Hi t chh i k ing th rough Ch i l e

Scarcely a few metres separated us from the Civil Guard post marking the

limits of the town, but already our backpacks felt a hundred times heavier

than they were. We decided to make our first stop and test our lucl< with tpassing trucl<s. All we could see in the direction of the road was a barren

hillside, with barely any vegetation; placid Tacna, with its little dirt streets

and terracotta roofs, waited so far in the distance it seemed almost

daunting. The first truck to pass caused us great turmoil; we stuck out our

thumbs apprehensively and to our surprise the driver stopped just ahead of Ius. Alberto took command of the operation, explaining the purpose of ourjourney and asking him for a lifq the driver gave an affirmative nod,

indicating we could climb in the back, with a whole band of Indians.

Collecting our bags and crazy with gratitude, we were about to climb up

when he called out to us: 'Fivesoles to Tarata, you know that, right?, Alberto

furiously asked why he'd said nothing earlier, when we'd asked to be takenfree of charge. The driver wasn't sure exactly what 'free

of charge' meant,

but to Tarata i t was five soles ... And every one of them will be like that,'

. Alberto said angrily, directing all his frustration toward me, who had

t suggested the idea of walking out of town to hitch a lift, rather than waito'there like he wanted to do. The moment became decisive. I.0f6 ould go back,

ninwhich case we'd be admitting defeat, or we

could continue on foot, letting".whatever would happen, happen. We decided on the s€bond course and

started walking.

-

r''

I

t



llvo or three mosquitoes alone could not beat

my desire to sleep and within a few minutes it

haddefeated them. My triumph was empty,

however,as Alllerto woke me to help him.

l\ihat followed was the hugely arduous task of

moving he raft towards the lights of a townon he opposite bank. We rowed at full

strength, and just when it seemed we were

definitely on our way, we'd turn a half circle

andhead back into midstream. We watched

with growing desperation as the lights drifted

into the distance. Exhausted. we decided that

at east we could win the fight against the

mosquitoes and sleep peacefully until dawn. ...

I clung to the thought that no matter how bad

things became, there was no reason to suppose

we couldn't handle it.

.'a-.a:a5sg{",frqfga!€',,'r.o,r...ri,Es.{ury3.,egt",4@1ft}-:;iltffE:*@+rf$*|a

Readhe Strategies.

R ead ingS t r a t eg i es : . , :

. F i r s t ,ead he ex l rac ls ogeL gene ra Idea

o f each f them.Take no teo f the head ings

and mpor tan t o rds n each x t rac t .. R e a dh eq u e s l i o n sn d o u g h t y s s i g nh e m

to eachextract.Rememberhat there sn' t

aLwaysn equa l umber f ques t ionse r ex t l. Davspec ia I t ten t iono the inaL ues t ion s

th is may equire nowLedgef aLLhe extracts.. U n d e r l i n eh e m o o r t a n t o r d sn e a c h

ques t ion . a tch u t o r s jmtarwords nd

expressionsn the texts.. F ina t l y ,heck l l Lhe nswers nce ga in .

QCo'[ l ] . . . .N?UO'I t ,'l-;{:e.,rllsrt:rt tr"lvellcrs. h'ln. sccn rrolc h:rn

r.r"r,.rr,L.r:rn.l qhenrLcr 'trorcir:rrr h,ar" ..n.

l \ . . r r i , r r t , i r r- ) i q 1 . . ; , . 1 iA r1 J p , , 1,

I)ritish f inrcMinistcl

inruneqo

5 Readextracts 1-3 again and decide f these statements

are true (T ) or fatse (F). Use he Strategies o hetp you.

f f l n t le r to thoughfhe hadbeatenM6danosecauseheyontv fe[[ off the bike hree imes.

2 [ ] Tw; o f the i r fa t tshappened ecause f the weather

cond i t ions .3 [ ] Their i rs t n ighton the roadwas.spenty ingon the

ground ext o the i r b ike .' , , + ZAlber towasangrybecause e bet ievedhe truckdr jverhadagreed o take hem withoutpayment.

A lber to ndChehadd i f fe rentdeasabout he start ingpo in t o r he i rh i t chh ik ing .

Despiteheir efforts, he raft didn't comeclose o thesho e.

He managedo beat he mosquitoes y faLLingsl.eep.No matterwhat happened n their journey,deycont inuedo feeIopt imist ic bout he future.

Read he extractsagain and answer hese'questions.

Findwordsand expressionsn the f i rs t extract hat teL[ ou

the menwere nexperiencedotorcycleravelters hen

they set off.

Whydo you hink they irst e l t 'crazywi th grat i tude'and

thenfur ious 'wi th

the truckdr iver?

Whywas he narrator 'sic to ry vermosquitoesescr ibeds'e mpty'?.

Whatwere heir strengths nd weaknessess ravet lers?

Whatdo you hink they were ikeas peopl"e?

Vocubulury :ordbu i ld ing$ i l

- = * " ;

7 match he prefixeswith the words o make heopposites.

Exampteo disoppear,ncomfortabLe

p r e f i x e s d i s . [ , r , m , n , m i s .un

verbs appear , eL ieve,o , dress, ack, uaL i fy .nderstand,wr a

adjectives comfortabLe,onvenient, orrect, rowded, fficjent,f r iendLy,eLpfu t ,onest ,n terest ing, ega l ,oya l ,lucky,patient,possib[e,etiabLe,esponsibLe.sensitive, imi ar, spoitt, o[erant

G a

)pe0Krng

8 Work n,pairs. magine ouareon hotidayogetherand'tatk bout hese hings.Useprefixeso contradictyour partner.

hotet,beaches,ocaIpeopte, ountryside,our guide,waiters,

food, ocaI uses

Examp le

A I like the hotel we arestoying at. It's qufte comfortable.

B I disagree. think it's reaLIy ncomfortabLe!

5 [ i

6 E

7 a8 I

6

7

4

5

l 4

I Rowing a ra f t i n B r az l l .



% . :,bi

j ' l i

m"'":::lnl::"lJ::';lmericu

btt t_"j:'."10*ittt.tt.

t*ert:i.:::;;; hardwinters'rheredur]1u.,'iio,,oooo* to

autumn,n"Y_'j1.i..,wherel

tiliffikL')ffi

;r#l;5f:}:f

'.'.TTT".;.l"T:l|#xffi:l'$;'lil'

,1f*:::ndeer##s.#;: ",::r:"

w_arrDr foresrs

1"*r roo_'""trlr"l,j,

Green turtles migrate all the way

from the coast of Brazil to breed on

the smal l s lando l Ascension, ome

3,140 km out in the Atlanticl They

are an endangered speciesand

ecologists expect them to have been

made extinct by hunting by the end

of the century.

Revision:ingform ndnfinitive

3 toot at the examples rom the listening text.Try to choose he correct verb forms in italics.

1 I've atwaysenjoyed o travel,/travelLing.2 lt's no use to complain/complaining.

3 What about fo go/goingabroad?

4 We decidedo see/seeinghe wortd.

5 I refuse to stand/standing still.

6 There's o point n sit/sitt ingaround.7 I can't stand o do/doingnothing!

8 i put off to go/going abroadatLmy l.ife.

9 It 's worth fo spend/spending y savings.10 I expect o live/living or a few more ears.

11 I've alwaysbeen nterestedn fo look/Looking

at nature.

By ind/finding hotidaybargainswe've

managed o travel/travelLing..

It 's amazing o see,/seeing..It 'd be a good dea o do/doing hat soon.We're tanning o go/going o Mexico extyear.

I'm looking orward o watch/wotching..

4 pr t the verbsand expressionsrom Exercise in thecorrect otumn n the tabte.Addmore tems o eachcolumn.

VrnssnNoExpREssroNsFOTLOWEDY .Tfl6FORM

enjoy

Blue whales eat tons of

in the polar seasbut in the wi

the sea freezes over. By migrating

temperate or tropical zones, the

whales are able to survive the

winter but often without eatins

anything for months!

Vrnes HoExpREssIoNsFOLLOWEDY NFINITTVE

decide

AB

AB

AB

AB

A

5 Wnat verb form always ollows a prepositionzan -ing

form or infinit ive?

6 Choose he correct meaning (a or b) for the verbs nbold in each sentence.

1 I remember avinga great ime.

a no t to forgetan obligation b to recat[ past situation2 I regrettednot having beenabroad.

a to feeI sorryaboutsomethingrom he past

b to fee Isorryaboutsomething ou have o do3 I stopped working and retjred.

a to give up the activity b to interrupt an activityin order o do somethjnq lse

Sa[mon ere ry ing to f ight their wayup.a to make n ef fo r t o do something

b to do somethinqn order o see he resu l ts

t

a

a

7 2

7 37 41 51 6

Salmon live most of their life inthe sea but each generation has a

very strong instinct to migrate.

They swim hundreds of miles up

rivers and streams to lay their eggsin exactly the same place where

they were born.

tisten to the woman gainand check ouranswers.



VrneParrrnNs

Prurtice

7 put the verbs in brackets n the fottowing

minidialogues n an '-ing'formor infinit ive.

A Howwas he party?B HorribLe, regret1 - (go) there.

A Goodmorning,Mr Jackson. ave oucorrected ur tests?B Yes. haveand I regret2 _ (tett)

you hat you'veaLt u jLed.

I can' topen his ar of honey.Try3 - (pu t ) t in hot water or afew minutes.

I t looks ikeour v ideohasbroken own.Whydon'twe ry 4 ( l"ook) tthe manua [?

Are ou sure ou [ockedhe door?I c tea r tyemember - l tu rn ;t ho l zo r l i n l -ho l n r l z

Did ou remember - (buy )presentor granny?Yes, did. And remembered(get)her lowers,oo.

I coulddo with a dr jnko f wateror ju ice.

I 'm qu i te h i rs tymysetf . et 's top8

lge t ; a ar inL.

Wou[d ou Uke ome hoco|"ate?No , hanks . s toppedq r ^ / a p t < 2 n a < 2 n n

(ea t )

8 tmagineyou are n a big c i ty in a foreign

country.You have us t tost your passportandyour money.Work n pairsand use heexpressionsetow o discuss hese deas:

. contact ing ome . gett ingmoney

. f indingsomewhereo stay

. f inding ood . get t ingbackhome

Exampte

A lt'd be o good idea to find the poLice

stotion

B Yes, utfirst it's worth ...

Whatabout, I t 'd be a good deato,

I t 's worth, There 's o point n,

I t 's no use. Wecan't isk.

I can ' t tand , don ' tm ind

lonrneqo

a

b

I-?34

&\r,

123

AB

AB

AB

A

B

A

B

2

3

5

6

dlq* Hn*

;;#turesentotion:ingforn r nfinitive

9 Wnl.f, of the sentences elow ay hat somebodyaw:

the act ion n progress?

the completed ct jon?

, I saw herdsof reindeerrekking south., I saw a btue whalecome o the surface.

Wewatchedhemswimmingoff the coast n Patagonia.

I watched t dive with its taiI in the air.

10 Uatctt he expressionsn botd n the sentences1-3) withtheir meaninga-c).

Weused o go camping [ot. a a habit n the past

I 'm used o doing hings. b the process f becomjngmore

We've ot used o beingabroad. accustomedo something

c the stateof being ery

fami t ia rwith somethinq

Which of the expressions re followed by an infinit ive and whichar e followed by an -rng form?

ffi, Grammar Summary 7, page 147.

Ptoct ice

I 1 Matclt he sentenceswith the pictures.

1 I saw him get off the tra jn.

2 I sawhim gett ingoff the t ra in .

3 I watched he manct imbing he mountain.4 I wa tchedhe manc [ imb he moun ta in .

B

#tt*

1 2 Comptetehe sentences ith be usedo, ge t used o or usedto in the appropriateorm.

Wjldanjmatsn the Serenget i the sightof people

tak ingpho tos f them.

Dinosaurs be he most ntet l igent reaturesn Earth.When [jved n Afr ica, gradual ly steeping ndermosquito et.

A hundred ears go,peoplen Europe eat [ess ru j tandvegetables.

Wehaven't eenabte o ___ a[[ hat travel l ing et .

Travellers Livingn differentclimates nd conditjons.



27Trqns-Confinentul

I's s

1

2 Yor-r an sleep in a

arprir,ateber-lroom.

cornpartment or

3 You cart herr,'c,orrr fbod in \-()ur rr)()m rrl in t ire

4

5

6

7

The obsen ation c'lomc s Lhc. cst plarct-.orTh e compan\r ofgall

Priccs rarlgc from €

Work n pairs.Ask and answer he quest ions.Check ouunderstandhe words n i tq l ics.

1 \ iVhat o you Ljke nd djsLie about ravel?

2 Wha t s the [onges t jou rneyou 've een n?

3 Whatwas he best r ip you've verbeenon?

4 Whatwas he Last chooLut ingyou wenton?

5 Have ou everbeenon a packageour or on an excursion

wh jLe n hoL iday?

6 Would ou L ike o go on a cru ise?

7 Would ou Li e o go on a Long eavoyage?

Listenand comptete he sentences i th one or two

words.Woutdyou [ ike to go on the tr ip? Why/Whynot?

T R A N S - C A N A D A

Thc comoanv offels a holiclav that lasts for

3 ReaOhe Strategies.

L istening Strategies:

. Before ou Listen,ool< t the aLternat ives

i n t h eq u e s t i o n s .h i n k b o u tw h a t h e y

a rego ing o ta lk abou t .. Wha t re he mpor lan t o rds ou hear?

T h e s e a nh e L p o u ' d e n L i f yh e i L u a r - i o n .. Sound f fects lsooften helpyou dent i fy

the s i tua t ion .. Ts he la o ra e [o maLo in o ma ?Th is

canheLp ou dec ideeLa t ionsh ips

h o l r r r o o n l - h o n o n n l a

. I s t e n o t h e n t o n a lo no f h e p e o p L eo

ident i fy hei r moods.

Listen o the Canadianraveld ia logues.Use

the Strategieso choose he correcta l ternat ive

for eachdia logue.

1 Where re he peopLe?

a in a tour is t nformation f f ice

b in a ho te I c a t the obse rva t ionome

d at the traveL gent 's

Whos

ta lk ing?a a tour istanda tra jnee b a recept ionist

anda ho teL ues t c a passengernd he

tour manager d two passengers

Whatare hey aLking bout?

a a tour around he city b a detay

c stopping f f somewhere

d the city 'sbuitd ings

. : l a :

: r :

LSL -S trips errrery ear.

t o f' l ' l t , ' l t o l

i d i r r r t r r r t l e s l r r : l i q l r l o n r

l o ( a l t a r l a n , l

il Yorr also get in Toronto and

9 For a f lee broclmre,phone

10 The nalne of the companv'swebs. ites

Vanr;ourrer.

&

?....,..

ffi* ,ir:' b :

6 Z



O 4 l l r t "n againand use hese expressionsocomplete he Funct ionFiLe.

Woul.dt be possibte, ould ou, ,m sorrybut,I waswonderingf . Doyou think I could,WiLt ou be,I 'd prefer ot , 'm afra id, s i t at t r igh t i f , I fyou,d t ike ,

Coutd ou possibty, wonder f

234

i j ro t i t " Requests*l 1 __---- to fitl. n this ormhere, tease.

=l2 I knowhis s unusuaL,utafter heLongl" ight

Fl to goon with hegroup.

Zl 3 -_-_-_ I just go of f on myow na bi t later?

, i lo

_shewon,t eherei t t abouten

o'ctok.5 -.-_"- having unch n the hotet,sir?6 -..-----_ give me a mapof the city, please?

7 -"---.-_- yo u couldgive me nformatjonaboutv is i ts o someof the buitd ingsn Toronto,p ease?

g ----.--- havesomething bout he modernbuitd ings, lease?

9 -.=_.--.- asksomeonee[se,ptease?10 _-_-___ I couldas kyou something?11 ---- to stayoveran extranjqht n

Winn ipeg?

12 _-_--_- we have o keep o the timetabte,si .

Are the expressions n the Function File direct an dnot very polite or indirect an d polite?

[ / 5 Pronunciat ion. is tenand th ink about [anguageand ntonation. Which requestsare:

a pol i teand ndirect?b too directandpossib ly ude?

Q no w listen and repeat si x potite requests.

?uoTn....NBUoTn'GooJ

breeJindonsists f concealindorv rlr,chw.

thinL of c,t seivesndhorr,ittle wc h;nk "f thc other

JOMftEilq

Vocobulury:Multi-porterbs

@t Lexicon, oges LZA-176"

6 Complete he requestswith these verbs.

keep o, stop off, stayover,set off, ge t in touchwith,go of f , p ickmeup, catchup wi th

1 Cou|"dou __---_ outside he hote[ n tenminutes, lease?

Is it aLt ight f I just ________on my own?Whenca n _____--_ the tour guide,ptease?Doyou h nk we coutd ______ at the shopsfor a coup[e f minutes?Would t be possibteo _______ an extranjqntin Winnipeg nd__ the t ra jn [a ter?Coutd ou possibty e here t ten, ptease, s wehave o the t imetabte?

7 Coutd ou pteasee[ [ mewhat imewetomorrow?

a l .

)pe0Ktng

7 ReaAhe Strategies.

Speaking trategies:Being ot i te

. Fo r equestsn at [ situations, lwaysus e pleaseand thankyou.

. In formaI i tuat ions. semore ndirect xpressions(seeFunct ion i te ) .

. Try o usepol i te ntonat ion.

. When efusing request, ivea reason,e.g. 'm sorrybut . . . , I ,m afra id hat. . .

. Try o look r iend[y ndsmjteat the person ouare alk ing o.

Work n pairs.StudentA turns to page134 andS tuden tB to page136 .

honpwtugntruesIs your [anguagemoreor lessdirect hanEngtish? hink of examples.

XarL Trvainfiv,-nrc)



', rf tf

i,lli','':

f r ' . 1

28Co ionWorkshops

FfOm tOday, reservationsrebeing aken or the firstsightseeingrip into spacewhichwe hope o offer rom 2008

onwards. oraroundE75,000, stro-touristsanbooka week'sripinto a low orbit60 milesabove he Earth, tayingn comfortableaccommodat ionn ourspace otel. hepricencludes:

. ful l physicalraining r a made-to-measurepace ui tr preparationsor zero-gravity spacewalks

A teamof ex-Nasa cientists ndastronauts re nvolvedn heproiect. he light o the space otel romCapeCanaveralasts

threehours. henorbit he Earthonceevery hreeor four hoursorbreathtakingiewsof home!eforeoustart

1 Read he advertisementan d

the letter to 0rbitaITours.

Which of these hings s the

letter writer worried about?

tra in ing, pace ui t , spacewalks,

weight jmit for baggage,

health nsurance,ccommodation,

fl. ights, he price,work

2 rina mistakes of styte n the

letter.

1 ( l . ine ) 2 ( t ine3) 3 ( l . ine )

4 ( l" ine ) 5 ( t ine8)6 ( l" ine ) 7 ( t ine11)

8 ( t ine15 ) 9 (L ine 6 )

10 ( l . ine 7)

Example 7 Hi there

3 Reptace he mistakes with

these formal words and

expressions:

can be guaranteed, outd prefernot,

DearSir /Madam,f possib[e,

I [ook orward o hearing rom you,

to reserve, ould [ike,

I wouldbe gratefuI f you cou[d,

Yours uithfutty,

Coutd ou pleasee[ [ me

Hi there,

I aw writinl toaskfor more nfownationabo.uthe'Orbital Tours'

ho/iday. arn vety;nterested' theholiday'but / want some etails'

r;rrt'f, it is not clearwhetheryourcututfan)/r niesfghts fron

rrrip,, I wo,ld ike , fy f"^ London'!.*:tO

all tiht withyou'

suoirdly,would e ai1"t ;pt" co'.ldellnewhat indof

accomwodationsavailable.wouldtkeyouosaremeaplace'

provide/ hat hesafelrof he rtp * O1 ,tre,all/ on'twantoshare

'o ,oo^ with anybodylse nlesst can'tbehelped'

rhirdly, ouuoy h' price ncl^/esf'll trainini atyourspecialpace

u*ir..1rrt til ^' whatthe raining nrolres xactf'

Ftnally,our advertisementlsomentionsNASAexperts ndspace

*oli. rt, ideaofspace alksso'ndsverynterestini'as ongas

I(

tf

o

arnnot expectedodoa^y workfor NA9A'.

Sendme noredetailsabout hedatesandprizes'

Write soon.

Allthe best

MichaelDavi/son

,iF,ts5rr$nfl f ii:r{\!ql-1rry-ri:F{q:tl{14$11!:::li'ilt}:-

!i



4 toot< t the sentences elow.Replaceheqnde(ine{ wordswith these words:

as ongas,except f , i f

I t is not cLear,vhethej0ur company nl-y rrangest ights

from he USA.I wou[d ikeyou o reservemea pLace,rovidedhat thesafety f the t r ip canbe guaranteed.

I wou ld re fernot o share roomq4gts I have o.

Now hoose he correctwords rom the brackets.

1 I t ikegoing o the beach as ongas/unLess)t isn ' ttoo crowded.

2 I won ' tgo (providedhat/untess)he roomhasashower.

3 I don' tknow untess/whether)woutdenjoya bat loonftight .

4 TheArc t jc ru ise ounds reat providedhat/unLess)i t i s n ' t oo coLd l

5 I don' t ikesightseeingunless/whether)haveaguide.

6 The ubmar ineo t iday oundsine , as ongas /whether)t 's safe.

7 I am not sure i f /p rov idedhat) i t ' s sucha good dea.8 I 'd love o stay unless/providedhat) thereare

en suitebathrooms.

A Formoletter

Writea letter replying to a magazineadvertisementbya hol idaycompany.FoItow he stagesbelow.

El Writing Help 7, page 142.

StageChoose type of hotiday, e.g. Antarctic cruise,Africansafar i , a l tooning crossEurope, eep-sea iv ing nthe ndian 0cean.Decidewho you are going wi th , e.g.fr iends,ami ly ,and when you want to go. Thenwr i tea is t of th ings you want to f ind out.

ylce,- hour mttc/t l nrhnt doe,sLt u,utLu"d,o?a"re tl.Leroa,tc)tsxtrorla"cc-olr,tra,od,a,ttzh,terLt? cabwl hatelf t*rtbor d.owblc.ootu,?

fo.oil- ulhrLt kuodt are u,te,alsuurl{,1d.e.d.,

th,oprtce?bqq"q, - any nrtqltt /L.nt/t/ck|lds - urlLat clithzs are suttable ?eanLlraae+lt- Ls ut prod.d.e/-.?

heaX.tlt'arcd, cculirct Lnswraltc,e -

h.oorsa.fek ttl

La,ryuage-

do jwld,es syak.,rngbslot

Iortneqo

StogePlan ourparagraphs.

StogeWrite your letter. Remember o write in a format styte.

Try to include examptesof unless,whether,as long osand provided thot.

StogeCheckyour letter.

TolkhockWork n pairs. Readyour partner's etter. Then magineyo u ar e a travel agent. Answer he questions romhis/her letter.

Lirlening:Song'Oariel'by

tltonJahn

I took at the lyrics. Try oguesshe missingwords.For he final wordof eacht ine hinkaboutwordshatrhymewith the previousline, e.g.cry, my

Daniel s travel[ing1 -- - on a planeI can see he red ai t t ights heading or 2

0h and canseeDanieI avinggoodbyeGod t looksUkeDanie t ,mustbe he c loudsn my3

Theysay 4 -- is pretty hough 've neverbeenWeltDaniet ays t's the best place hat he'sever5

0h and he should now, e 'sbeen hereenoughLord missDaniel , h I misshim so much

DanieImy brother ou are6 thanme

Doyoustitt eeLhe7

won'theaIYoureyeshavedied but yo u see more ha n IDaniel ou'rea star n the faceof the 8

O 2 Now is ten to the song and checkyourguesses.Answer hese questionsabout the song.

1 Howdoes he singer eetabouthis brother?2 Whydo you hink DanieLs goingaway?3 Whatdo you hink mighthavehappenednthe famil"v?

of the scars ha t



CommunicolionWorkshops

Speoking

Be1oreoustart

1 listen to a presentation nthe topic 'Travet

broadens he

mind.' and complete he notes.

Whatconctusion oes he speaker each?

GSs oharroonExpressing pinions

expressions elow signal a different opinion?

apart rom, as, as a resutt,but, contrary o,I disagree.n fuct, nsteadof, secondly, hereas

3 mot at the quotes (1-4) about travetting.Think of on eargument o support and one argument o contradict each.

1 Peoptewho ravel atone, ravel he fastest.

2 Thewortd s a book, and those who ravel readonty a page.

3 Twogreat atkerswit[ no t travel ar together.

4 I love o travel,but I hate o arrive.

Example 1. n favour: whenyou are olone,you ore the ontyperson omskedecisions; ou don't need o negotiateplans with anybody

Against: whenyou travel with somebody,hey can helpyou out inmanysituations; decisionsore often easier ta toke whenyou can

discussoptions with somebody

4 Oo hese expressagreementor disagreement?

1 Theremaybe some ruth in that but I don' t ea t tyhink . . .2 But s i t a twaysrue? Forexample,h ink about . .

3 I think that's tota[[y right. A goodexample f this ...4 You've ot a point there,especiaLLyha t ...

5 I woutdn' t ayso! Forexampte,magine . .

A fopkPresentolion

Prepare presentation n the advantagesand disadvantagesf travelt ing n anorganisedour. Followhe stages.

StageLookat the table betow nduse t to makenotes.

Exampte

Look or more deas n th is modute.

StageThink about how to present your argument.

Choose ne of these models:

A . Beginwi thyourgeneral p in ionabout

this kind of tr ip (for or against). Present tl advantages. Present [[ disadvantages. Concludefor or against)

B . Beginwi thyourgeneral p in ionabout

th is k ind of t r ip ( fo r or against). Presenthe first advantage nd give a

counter-argumentor it. Presenthe nextadvantage nd

disadvantage, tc .. Concludefor or against) .

Prepare our presentationusingexpressions n Chatroom,Exercise , and

the ways of contrasting argument n

Exercise .

StogeWork n pairs.Give ourpresentationoeachother.Use he expressionsromChatroom, xercise, to comment n yourpartner's pinions.

Tolkhock

Tett he class boutsomeof yourpartner'sbest argumentsor andagainst his kind oftrip.

1.-.-

H,

O 2 firt"n to the presentation nceagain.Whichof the

Aovlrncrs Drslovlutnets

. Youwon't missplacesworth visit ing.

. You can ravel n

comfort.

. Youcan'tplan ourown route.

. You needquitea

lot of money.



8 hhin(ssnfreada magazine age, newspaperr t ic le nd

a report;us e reading trategies or doing( a n l a n . a n : n : r t i r r i t i o c

[isten to the news,a lecture,a radio

programmend d iaLogues;se L is ten ing

strategiesor taking ecturenotes.

ta lk about mpor tant uman nd

envi ronmenta lssuesn the wor ld oday.

write a Letter f appLication.

learnmoreabout repor ted peech.

Worm-up

1 tutatchhe Key Wordswith the photos,graphs nd headl ines.

K E YWORDS:

deforestat ion,he destruct ion f habitats,

e rdange redpec ies ,he expLo i ta t ionf

women ,amjne ,lood ing , loba lwa rming .

theg reenhousef fec t ,maLnu t r i t j on ,a tu ra I

d isasters,verpopuat ion,poverty

2 l isten to four news stories an d identify

the ssues.

r 5 Listenagain. What do these igures refer

to?

Example . temperature ncrease n the20thcentury

1 0 . 6 " c 2 6 " c

5 6b i t t ion 6 40Yo

4 1"1.,000

8 L 2 c m

1.5billionmorepeopletlg3!

,#.;q.

d+'iH ..t

"",',X*ff8

4. 0

3 2

2 1

1 . t l

:oo

,*\dtrdotr*e**

,sf

fl

, ffi6'k;;; *J.' P'ressu'b

.J[irtr

-i',ir

3\

3 5,000

7 9 bitLion

Villages cut off, byfloods

4 Wort<n pairs.Tatkabout the gtobat ssues

on h is page.Which ssue do you th ink is themostmportant or the 21st century?

Exampte think amine s o very mportont

issue.th ink.. .

Tetthe classwhatyou greed.

E

E Lexicon, aqe 154.

CO2 levels climb

38 0 --.",.t.t 'o'"

3o 6in"' '*o-rt '" '" PP'"'

3f,0

320

3o o

261)

25 0

t'",ooot'*

.!:r'iiJilf rllrll'

r4O0 1600 1800 2OO0

Destructidn of naturalhabitats puts some animals on ,

'r* ^^ 2ooo21oor $,'

4fl..n*il

n'T:'_;*ffi'f

the brink of extinction



29Unnol

Beloreoustarl

1 Wtrictr f the disastersn theKeyWords o you hink are:

. causedypeopLe?

. made orse ypeopte?

. naturat?

KEYWORDS:

u-ryrghtr,earthquakes,loods, orest ires,hurr icanes,andslides,otcaniceruot ions.indstorms

Reading

2 ReaAhe articleand checkyouranswerso Exercise. :

3 nead he Strategies.

Reading trategies:

Completingextswith

sentenceaps

. Readhe ext o ge t hen o n o r e I i d o e

. Read paragraph ith a

sentence ap and dent i fythe topic,e.g.d isasters.

. Read he sentencesefore

and after he gapand ook

for ctues bout he missing

sentence. .g. s i t an

example f what s mentioned

before?. Certa in ordsmayhelpyou:

time referencesthen),

pronoun eferencesit, that),

l" inkingwords however).. Decide hichsentence oes

in the gap.Checkhat i t f i ts

the sentencesefore nd

after t.

years

disaiters a experi arepredictingTim Radford reports.

-A I I ere is how to become a disaster statistic. Move to a shanty town on an

;'ll;l:ft ':.xil':li;ff?::,fTrffJ":;:x,1J-*"1'I:Ti,:!, means more rain, which means he slopes will get progressivelymore

$,1 waterlogged. One day, he land will turn to mud and the neighbourhoodwill:gil

ffij begin to go downhill. Literally. And if the slope is steep enough, he landslide'

will accelerate o more than 200 miles an hour. PeterWalker, of the

$$ international federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies.has seen t all

too often. "First, your house hasbeen washedaway.Second the land that you

farmedhasdisappeared.l)

B In the last decade, loods, droughts, windstorms. earthquakes,avalanches,

volcanic eruptions and forest fires have become ncreasingly common. There

has been disastrous looding in Asia, Africa, Central and SouthAmerica and

Oceania'(2)-Stormshavebeengettingworseeverywheretoo,with

a growing number of hurricanes hitting the US, the Caribbean and Central

America. Drought has affected arge areasof Sub-SaharanAfrica for yearsandmany other zones are becoming drier. (3) A number of nations

have already been n armed conflict over water, and drought in the West of the

US has esulted n enormous orest ires.

C Volcanic eruptions and earthquakeshave always been a threat in certain parts

of the world. A volcanic eruption virtually wiped out the small Caribbean

islandof Montserrat n 1991and there havebeenseriousearthquakesn

Greece,Turkey and El Salvador.The quakethat rocked the smail Central

Americancountryof El Salvadorn 200 cameas hepeopleweresli l l

rebuilding their housesand recovering from 1998'sHurricane Mitch.

4 no* uie hi es o comPthesesentencesa-S).Theres one extrasentence.

a But geotogicat vidence hows hat 73,00Ay".* igo there'

was a muchgreatereruption.

b Even rosperousurope assuffered nd arge r eas f

France, ritain and Germany av eat[ be en underwater.

c That s probabLy ot the most mportant actor either.

d Third, he otherbits of [andyou mighthavebeenab[e o

farm are now useLess.

e 0n top of a[ [ hat, addct imate hange nd he spectre f

g[obaIwarming.f Forexample,he YetlowRiver, ncenotorious or ftooding he Chinese

landscape,aited o reach he seaat a[[ on 226 days n 1997.

g 0ne answers overpoputat ion.

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SphthUI

ar

br

m

ri

t

b

q

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hhia(lssnes

ocobulury:refixes

$ Lexicon,age 156.

6 tool at the words (1-10) from the text

and the other examples n brackets.Match he

prefixes with the meanings(a-j).1 overpopulationovergrown, versleep)

2 substandardsubway, ubmarine)

3 deforestation defuse, ehydration)

4 downhit l"downstream,owngrade)

5 undernourishedunderpaid,ndercooked)

6 rebuitd reptace, ewind)

7 unstable unusual, ncommon)

8 semi-active semi-circle. emi-fina[)

9 multinationat mutti-purpose, utti-racia[)

10 mismanagementmisunderstand,isp[ace)

answerhesequestions.

: 1 Whats theattitude f the ournatistowardshe uture?

:.+;1=

r$:hq:i$.'mostikety o be a victimof natural isasters?

Wfry re herenowmore urricanes,toods nddroughts?,Why'breotcanoesndearthquakesore angerousow?

What ouLd e he biggesthreat o the planetn the uture?',What

effectsmight his hreathave?

opposite f an act ion

no t enough

downwards

oppositeof an adjective

partl.y/ hatf

7 Complete he sentenceswith words rom

Exercise in a suitable form.

1 After the storm he y had o -hundreds f houses hichhadbeendamaged.

2 Many eopten the devetopi ng ortdsuffer

from diseases ecausehey are

3 0ur teamwasknocked ut in theof the competi t ion.

4 Thebombwasabout o go off but the

expertsmanagedo - jt.

5 I -- th e question nd fuil"edhe exam.

6 I -- yesterday nd arrivedan hour

late for ctass.

7 A Lotof houses ot lapsedn the earthquake

because f - construction.

8 Ftoods re not thesedays; hey

happenmore nd moreoften.

a l .)pe0Krng

8 Wort in pairs. Discuss hese questions.

1 Whatnatural isasters avehappenedn the

last few months?

2 Whatdo you hink governmentsando to

preventnatura disasters?

3 Whatorganisat ionso you know hat provide

ai d after disasters r work or the

environment?

4 Whatcan we do as ndiv iduatso improve he

environmentnd hetpv ic t ims f naturaI

disasters?

Tett he ctasssome of your answers.

a aga in f

b badl.y g

c below h

d too much i

e many j

:l

',F#'

Sowhy is nature beginning to turn on us? (a) The

populationof the world is growing at the rateof I0,000 peoplean

hour, 240,000 every day,nearly 90 million a year,with most of

the growth in the developingworld. People n agricultural areas,

unemployedand sometimesundernourished,move to the cities,

and hen set up homes on poor soil, crowded into substandard

bui ld ings.(5)-Thishasmainlybeencausedbythe

mismanagementof the world's resources:carbon emissions from

rich countries; the activities of the big multinational companies;

the deforestationof the world's forests.As a result, a hotter ocean

breeds iercer cyclones and hurricanes. It surrendersgreater

quantitiesof water as evaporation,and more powerful winds

dump this water against mountainsideswith increasing fury.

Atlantic hurricanes, for instance, are 40 percentmore intense now

thanthey were 30 yearsago.

Volcanoesand earthquakesare evenmore dangerous han in the

pastas around half the world's population now lives in cities.

There are more than 500 active and semi-activevolcanoes,about

fifty of which erupt eachyear,and more than 500 million people

now live within range of a volcanic eruption.An evengreater

number live at risk, in some degree, rom earthquakeswhich have

taken a toll of more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred

years.

Al1 the betting from the disasterprofessionals s that things will

get worse. ProfessorMcGuire, of University College London, is a

volcanologistwho has beenwarning for yearsthat the world has

not seen he worst nature can do. The worst eruption in human

history was probably Mt Tambora in 1815, n Indonesia. It

pumped so much dust into the stratosphere hat it effectively

cancelledhe following suffuner n Europeand America.

(6) -"It reduced emperaturesby maybe 6"C in some

placesand the whole planet was plunged into winter for years.

And there are about two ofthese eventsevery 100,000years ..."

;!



I

It

i

i)

Beforeouslarl

1 took at the map and

answer hesequest ions.

1 Which ountr iesproducehe mostC0z?

a developed ountries

b devetopingountr ies

c both

2 Howmany onnes f

COz reproduced er

pe rsonn you r

country?

2 Wort in pairs. Decide f these

statementsare true (T) or fatse (F).

f I fne 'g reenhousef fec t ' i s aused y

the release f carbon-basedases.

Z I gr i ta jn 'scoaI ndustrys producing

moreand more arbon-basedases.

g [ , ] fne USA roduces oreharmful ases

than anyothercountry n the world.4 [ A[ t experts gree hat globaIwarming

is part of a naturaIweather yc le.

5 I 0nty he ndustr iat ty evetopedountr ies

are esponsibteor gtobaL arming.

Now read he text and checkyour guesses.

Revision:eport ing

3 Wtratwere he originalsentencesreportedn the text?

Climate conferencecollapsesBy Bob Roberts

Ministers at the conference in Buenos Aires today told theworld's press that they had failed to reach an agreement on'greenhouse

gas' emissions,which raise the earth's temperature.Scientistswarned that this would mean more pollution and agreater isk of disastersacross he globe.

A UN representative said the conference had been organised toreach agreementson reducing emissions. t was another foilow-up to the 1997 conference n Kyoto, Japan, when governmentspromised they would reduce emissionsof carbon-basedgases

below 1990 evels by 2OI2. In Kyoto, the EuropeanUnion agreedto cut emissionsby 8 %, Japan 6%, and the USA 7% At theconference Britain declared that it was one of the few countriesto have reduced ts emissionsbut crit ics asked f this was due togovernment policy or the decline in the coal industry. The EUreminded the USA (the world's biggest polluter, producing 24%of the world's emissions) hat it had not met its targets.Th eUSA firmly denied it was making excuses and asked why thetargets were so unrealistic.

Some environmentalists at the conference claimed that the worldis warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000years.

However, other experts suggested hat it is part of naturalweather cycles. n 1995, he IntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChange (IPCC) announced that there was a definite humaninfluence on climate change. Some government ministersreluctantly admitted that they may need to cut global emissionsby up to 60% in the long-term. However, many developingcountries have refused to sign any pollution agreements;they

say it would harm their economic growth and insist that thedevelopedcountries ead the way and show it is possible obreak the link between economic growth an d rising emissions.

30Globslurming

Tonnes erperson

! tess han1. 0

*J 1.0 2.e

j 3.0 6.e

W z.o 14.e,X! ts.oormore

ffi Nodara

In the text

1 Min is te rsotd he

wor ld 's ress

they had ajted o

reach n agreement.

2 TheUSA skedwhy

the targetswereso

un ea istic.

3 Governmentsromised

that they wou[d reduce

emissions f carbon-

based ases eLow 990

levets.

0r ig inaI sentence,,We

t n



Presenlol ion:eport ingerbs

4 Wtratverbs are used n the text to report thesestatements?

Exampte1"= to warn that

1 We're f ra jd hat th is tackof agreement i t [ meanmorepoItut ion.

2 0K,we 'L t ut emissions y 8%.3 Weareone of the few countr ieso have educedheir

em ssions.

4 Rememberou havenot met he targets.5 We're ot makingexcuses.6 Thewor ld s warming aster han at any ime n the last

L0,000 ears.

7 It 's probably ar t of naturaIweathercyctes.8 Theres def in i tehuman nfluence n c l imate hange.9 Wei l . , e mayneed o cut gtobalemissjons y up to 60%.

10 Wewit t no t s ignany pottut ion greements.11 Thedeveloped ountr iesead he way.

5 Read he sentences 1-3) betow.Why has he tense ofthe qndelfl led verb no t been changed?Match hesentences i th the explanat ions a-c) .

1 Ga[ i leo aid hat the Ear th s round.2 FuturoLogistset ievehat the wortd 's uturedoesn,t ook

verybr igh t .

Mostexperts [a jmedhat a lot of areaswi t t be f loodeddue o g toba I a rm ing .

becausehe report ing erbs in the

presentbecause e report omething hich s s t i t I ruebecause e report omethinghat hasn' thappenedet

E Grqmmar ummary , puge 148.

Practice

6 Wtti.trof the sentences1-6) below:

says ha t the countryexportsnuctearwaste?suggestsha t the countryexportsnuctearwaste?

suggestshat the country pposeshe ideaof export ingnuclea waste?

reportshe minister's eaction o an accusation?reportshe minister's eclarationsbout uture actions?reports warning?

Theminister enied hat his country xported uctear aste.Theministerwarned hat h is country ou[dexportnuclearwaste.

Theminister dmi t ted hat h is country xported uctearwaste.

Themin js te rnsisted hat h is country idn ' texportnuclearwa5te.

Theminister ccused is country f export ing uclear aste.Theminister romisedhat his countrywou[dnot exportnuclear aste.

hbia( ssnes

7 Uatch he sentences 1-8) wi th appropr iatereporting verbs rom the tist. Thenwrite thereported sentences.

admit.boast, orb id, nquire, nvite,order, uggest.hreaten

1 We'1"1"losecredit ines f yo u don't reducecarbon ioxide missions.

2 0K,you're igh t ,somepoisonous hemicatsidescapento the atmospnere.Whydon'tyou drop n tonight?Standup mmediatety l

I 'm the beststudentn th is schooLlYoucan'tuseyourdict ionar iesur ing he tes t .Shat lwe havea cupof tea?Is the busservjceunning ccordingo theti metable oday?

Use he verbs o report the two diatogues.

t

admit,advise, romise, arn

Tom I don ' t h inkyoushou ld Layhe gametoday, ohn.

John You're ight. 'm stitt a t ittte bit i i l . ,but Ipromise won't overdot .

Tom Becarefut.fyou run around oo much n

th js weather, ou mayget another t tackof

'f lu.

2

accuse, eg.complain. eny, xpla in, efuse

Mum,please, i [ [you buy me his CD?I've alwayswanted t.

Sarah, ou know can'taf ford t. Whydoyou always sk me o buyyou expensiveth ings?

That 's ot rue.Youust never uy methings hat I want,on[y hose hat youL ike I

a

b

c

3

4

5

6

7

8

8

Daughter

Mo the r

Daug hter

9 neport the fottowing statements ha t yo u

heardat 7 a .m. th is morning.Doyou need ochange he tense?

1"Women

l i ve onge rhan men . "I h e a r dh a t . . .

2 " I 'mhungry."

C la i re a id ha t . . .

3"0ur galaxy ontains everaIthousand i l , t ionstars.

A n as t ronomernnouncedha t . . .4

" Ihe20160lympics i t t be organisedn Afr ica . , '

A sports xpert a id hat . . .5

"Thiscoffee s too hot . "

Jona than omp la inedha t . . .6



3l RichndPoor

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0. 6

0.51j

0. 4II

0. 3*ffigffi

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3c0ci

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20 00I

15.000

pF.

w$&'w

p

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& ' . i d

E ; F E3 F S

E s

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S

i-a5e r-q55 19i0 lgi$ 1980 1985 t!tt0 ?llc:l

Fig 1: Poveny n the USA, 1959-2003

Source :US CensusBureau ; l . h { E u ! nListening

2 Readhe Strategies.

*a?.Y?.ryrryx4wa!.ryry-4au.rayw.e.

Listening Strategies:Taking ecture notes

. Listen or 'topic'words,e.g.poverty, umber, oo rpeople. hese

wordsare usuatty tressed nd the fac tsare often repeated, .g.increasing, oing up, growing.

. L istyour mainpointsus ingnumbers r an aster isk *) . Thismakesyour noteseasier o readwhenyou [ookat them at er.

. Don ' t ry to wr i tedowneveryth ing; elect mportantnformation.

. Useabbreviat ionsndyour own shorthandseeexample etow).

Q t-isten o the lecture.Use he Strategieso write somenotes.

Example" Poverty- increasing L/3 worLdop. - rich/poor ap- growing

3 Wort n pairs.Use ou rnotesand ake urns o saysentences.

ExampteA Povertys increasing.B Yes, boutone-third f the worLd..

Compareou rnotes.Areyourpartner's oteseasy o fo[[ow? e11hectass he most mportant nformation hat yougot from he lecture.

5':;::1,:i,:HJlli.l"uL,'o,u

Beforeoustart

I lool at the graphs. s this

information true (T) or (F ) or fatse?

t I there were ewerpoor peopre

in the USAn the 1990s

than n the 1980s .

z E fne percentagef poor

peopten the USAwas

highestn the lat e 1950s.

f I In 1998Denmarkad he

highest veragencome er

capita per person).

4 I Thecountrywi th the highestper capita ncome ives he

highest ercentagef i ts

GNPn foreign id.

5 [] Denmark ives he highestpercentagef i ts GNPn

foreignaid.

What are your opin ionsabout the

statistics n the graphs?

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Vocubulory:ult i -porterbs

E Lexicon,ages17a-176.

4 Completehe tastpartof the lecturewith theseverbs.

0(fia(lssaes

Speaking

7 Read he factfiteaboutan maginary ountry.

t t

come. ut.get, put,

set,take

In 1996. he Uni tedNations sked he world 's ichest

countrieso 1 as ide .7 percent f the i r GNB

that's heir grossnationatproduct, or aid to deve[oping

countries. nty a few countriesmet hat target and some

even - downon aid programmesl owever,

governmentsust3 up he chattengend4 - up with solut ions. hey houLd - up

new, eatistic id programmeso 6 rid of poverty

once nd or a[[ , not just jn the Th i rdWor[d, ut everywhere.

Pronuncial ion

5 tisten and check ouranswerso Exercise. Mark he

stress n the multi-partverbs.

Exampte. put aside

6 Listen o the diatogue nd comptetehe Function ile

with heseexpressions.

so hat, That 's hy,basicatty.ecausef hat,

0ne eason,o, That 'shereaI eason hy,A Lot f t's to dowith

J us t i f y i ng A r gum en t s

Don't ou hink ichcountr jeshoutd ivemore id

he[pdevetop oorercountries?

I mean, - , some ountr ies i t l never e

abte o payback he interest n the money hey

borrowed, iLt hey?

And th ink ,3

theyowe us.4

, we shoutdust forgetwhat

they're oor s the changing t imate

thereare a lot of thesedisasters,sn't

it?

Andpoverty'sften etatedo discrimination.6-job opportunit ies.

in our countrvwomen nd b[acks re

often he poorest.

Thegovernmenthoutd reatemoreobs8- poorpeopte avemoreof a chance.

Poputatlot't:o mill ionGNPPER APrrA:1ooUxrmplovmrNT:o%Acnrcurtune:poorsoilsome roduct ionf bananaslrousrnv: very itt le a chemicalactoryn hecapitalCommunrclrtoNs:most oadsmuddy problemsin hewet season; irportn needof repair; eryfew elephonesEouclrlon: only4oo/oiteracy ate;very ewsecondarvchoolsHrrrtn: ontyz hospitalsroohospitat eds); oo rsanitat ionmatar iascommonHoustne manyhouses adly amagedn recent

ftoodsNlrunlr DtsAsrERs:ad toods n central ivervalley; anger f earthquakesEtvtnonmrrt: several ndangeredpecies(inctuding rare indof bear);main iver nd akepoltuted y he chemicalactory

8 Imagine ouareptanning n aidprogramme.

Decide n yourprioritiesand hink of sotutions

to the probtems. se heseKeyWordsor ideas.

KEYWORDS: ,

educat ionrogrammebuitdingchootsnd rainingteachers),ealth rogrammebui[ding ospital"s,

training octorsndnurses.accinat inghil"dren),

housingrogramme,odernjsedarming,ecyct ing

of materia[s,oad uitding rogramme,enewab[e

energyso[ar ndhydro-electr icower)

9 Wort n groups.Discusshe problems ndyour

solutions singexpressionsrom he Function ile(Exercise) andmulti-partverbs rom Exercise.

Try o agree n the two most mportant hings.

ExampleA I think weshould et up aneducationrogramme.

The qin reasons that weshould e hinkinqqbout he ong-termuture.

B That's good dea.The ountry eeds..

Tett he classwhatyourgroupdecided.

?uoTr,....NBUoTn'%u

cann.rteeJ hehun{ry onstatistics.'

DavidLloyJGeor4etlf;-ntq),

british politician

ltl

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anyway.5



:-€L:1l.+-gET=ffi'.T

Listening

Beforeoustorl

Lookat the photos.Whatdo you hink are he mostserious roblemsor women round he world?

A Rsdionterview

Listen o a radioprogrammebout he statusofwomenn the wortd.Answerhe questions.

1 Readhesestatements ndpredict he kind ofinformation hat is missing. hen isten o a radioprogrammebout he statusof womenn the world.Completehe noteswith one or two words.

1 There re1..3 iLl"ioneopl.eiving n poverty ndnearly of hese rewomen.

2 More han_ of the wortd 'swomen o unpaidwork .

]n devetopedountr ies, omen o_ as muchunpaidworkas men.

0n average, omenearnonty of the pa y ofmen .

Unemploymentmongwomen s - - than hator men.

6 A Lotof womenhavemuch ess ob thanmen .

7 NearLyof the wortd'schitdrenwho don't goto school re ema[e.

8 Tw o hirds of the wortd's itt i terateadultsarewomen.

9 0nty of the wortd'spolit icians re women.10 _ towards omen appens n a b ig sca[e.

2 tisten to the second art of the radioUse he Strategiesn Lesson 1 and akenoteson the foltowing:

. improvementsn thesituat ionorwomen

. what t i t lneedso bedone

Work n pairsand compare ournotes.Didany mportant nformation?

Writing

Beforeoustart

I Read he appeal or hetp an d the tetter whifoltows.Then, match sectionsA-D n the [etter

the headings (r- ) betow.

1 waysof heLping

2 request or additionaI nformation

3 relevant ualif ications nd experience

4 reason or writ inq

The tsunami disaster

claimed hundreds of

thousands of lives

and h rn r rah+

devastation to large

areas of South-East

Asia.We a-11crow

that. But what we areperhaps less aware

of is how much we can all do to help the survivors.This is an appeal from the Tsunami Alert Group forvolunteers aged 25+ who are willing to grive heirtime and energy to help. We need both professionals(especially doctors, nurses and therapists) and anypeople with a generous spirit. Please write to MegHudson, TAG, explaining how you could help. T?avelexpenses and (modest) accommodation costscovered by Tsunami Alert Group,

Thank you.

!

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I

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programme.yourown

miss 'j1r

,;;ii . , : ,

you



2 Comptetehe tetterwith these inkingwords nd

expressions.

furthermore,lso, n addition , tthough, sa resu[t,to sumup ,however,ccordingo

O[tia(lssnes

3 you can avoid repetition within a text by using

synonymsor words hat havesimilar meanings.Look at

the two verbs below. Match the words and expressions

to these verbs a and b.

a help b votunteer

to aid, o assist, o back, o bring relief, o come o therescue,o do charitywork, o giveyour servicesreely, o

offeryour hetp, o support

4 Rewrite his paragraph.Choose rom the f ottowing

words to replace ob and company.

firm, profession, usiness, ost,work, corporation,

multinationat, mptoyment, ccupation

-Whenpeople ask me about my job I say hat I have nvo; my

jpb is a lawyer but I am also a poet. I love my job asa

lawyer but I write poetry in my spare ime. My first.job was

for a big companywith officesall over the world. Flowever,

I don't like big companies,hey are oo impersonal. o I leftand startedmy own smali company. t is not a very big

companybut it providesJobs or ten peopleand he

company s not doing badiy.

A Letter l Applicotion

Writea letter of applicationo an InternationatCrisisAgency. ottowhe stages.

@@. Writing tlelp 8, page 143.

SngeChooseone of these areas or your letter:

. the environmentin your country r the wortd)

. povertyn the world

. anima[sn danger f ext inct ion

. refugees nd mmigrat ion

StageCollectnformation bout he problemsn the areasyou've hosen.Use he ideas n this module, otesyou'vemade, ewspapersndmagazines,he Internet

and a library.

StogePlanyour etter. Use anetBingley'setter as a mode[.

StogeWriteyour etter.Use he tinkingwords ndexpressionsrom Exercise . Try o avoidrepeatingwords nd expressions.

StogeCheck our etter.

TalkhockWork n groups.Read ach etter.Talkabout hem anddecidewhichof them s mosteffective.



Communicolionorkshops

Specking

Beforeouslort

1 tisten to two peopte iscussing narticte rom he newspaper. hohas heseopinions the man M), he woman W) orboth B)?

Fee[s orry or t igers.

Finds he artictevery depressing.

Is veryworr ied boutc l imate hange.

Is not sureaboutc l imate hange.

Thinkswe shoutd hange ur l i festy les.

Thinkswe produceoo muchpoltut ion.

0[r.dfrarwGiving pinions

2 Wt ct of the expressionsrom hediatogue in botd)areused o:

a give ou ime o think?b expressn opinion?

1 What don't understands whypeopte

want o kiLLhem.What's ealty worrying s al.t his stuffabout t imatehange.I'm not sure. haven't houghtaboutit much.

4 What's idiculouss that theysay hect imatesn'tchanging..

5 That's goodquestion.6 Whatwe shoulddo s startusing

renewabteourcesf energy.

Impersona[ 'You'

3 lool at the useof 'you' in theconversation. hichof the examples(r-5):

a refer o a particular erson?

b refer o peopte n genera[?

1 Have ou seen his art icle on the

environment?

2 I t depressesou ust to th ink about t ,

doesn't t?

3 Don't ou th ink so?

4 Theproblems, you don'twant o just

g iveup your car and centraI eat ing, oyou?

5 You don't want to go back o the Stone

Aoe.

1 T2 n3 T4 a ls n6 E

DiscussinghotosndTexts

Discusshe photosand he poem.Fo[lowhe stages.

StogeLookat the photosand th ink about:

. the g[obaI ssues achphoto epresents

. the causes f the probtems

. your opin ions nd possibte olut ions

StageRead the poem. Decide which photo it may relate to, and why.

It d.id no t seem important at the time:

I {e gave tben pi ty when they wanted go ld q

l{e couLtl not help itl we were never told..

Weta l ost our g lassesl so !r@could not see.

We walkecl away! l t was not our concern.

The st reets wele dark and i t was very co ld .

ft di i l no t seen inportant at the tine.

Stoge

Look at th e expressionsn the Function Fite n Lesson31 and theChatroom.Practisegiving your opinions about the issues n thephotosand the poem.

StogeRead he Strategies .

Speaking Strategies: Usingphotos and texts in discussions

. Do notjust describe he photo or the text in det ai[.Avoid

saying hings Like:. con see...or0n the Ieft there s .. / At the

beginning f the text he authorsays ... untess here s

something eatly mportant here.

. Speculate bout he photoand he text. Thinkwhat s happening

in the picture, ut a lsowhat hashappened ndwhat s going o

happen ext.Thinkwhat he text s about,but a lsowhy t has

beenwritten.. Us e ndirectexpressionss yo u specutate nd give your opinion,

e.g. The oung peopleareprobablyhomeless. he oung man s

hiding his ace because e may be oshamedof his situation.. Don't orget o involveyour partner(s).UseexpressionsikeDon't

you agree?or Whatdo you think?

Work n pairs. Use he Strategies o discuss he photos and the

poem.

fslkhackTett he classaboutyourdiscussion.



1 Readhe(1-4) withextra itle.

article and match the headings

the paragraphsa-c) . There s one

1 IndifferentLover 2 Mid-LifeCrisis 3 Fame!4 FaLting umbers

Lonesomeale f theGalapagosJOTUCKMANNTHEGATAPAGOSSLANDS

6elebritv s not usuallya characteristic ssociated ith

I middle-agedgiant tortoises from the Galapagos

\,1 Ishnds. Horveveq elv have been so inlluenced by

humaniq.asonesome eorge. ame ame o Georgen l97l

lvhen he was discoveredon the tiny uninhabited sland of

Pinta.He s known 'ii)re the astsurvivingmemberof his sub-

speciesut t is hopcd hatGeolgevillpass n hisgenesu a

itor gcnclation.

Thenumbersof Gaiapagosoftoisesare said to havebegun

their declinewhen it u'as calised hat thev could supplv

ercellenl lesh mcat for pussing hips,becausehey were

knorvn o be able o sunive for six monthswithout ood and

rvater. evertheiess,t rvas heeffectof thegoatsntroduced o

the Galapagos v the earl1, ettlers hat are understood ,ii

, ,.r:',rri'.r-r'r.. hc ecological alance n the slands nd

the ivelihoodof George's lan. Recently,here was another

threatwhen he tankerJcssica an agroundnear the slands.

It s believedo have caked lmost a million i h"es f oil into

tliesea.At first, t rvas eared hat he slands'manvuniquespccicsould be danragedut hearchipelagos expectedtr ;

,-'.: ,, a ful1 ecoven.

Bv the time Georgewas discovered,breedingprogrammes

rvereknorvn o be increitsinghe numbers of other toftoise

sub-species ut it rvas acknoivlc,rlgedhat his casc was

different.Unlessa mate could be found, his group faced

e\tinction.George vas aken o the CharlesDanvinResearch

Centre n SantaCruz slandandprovidedwith a harem rom

relatedsub-species ut was said to have been uninterested.

Thirty vears later the last Geochelone elephantopus

abinsdoni is as onesome s ever.

2 R. eyouoptimisticabout he future of theGalapagosortoises? ive our easons.

lmpersoncleporl truclures

ffi- GrsrnmarSuntmary,page 150.

3 tool at the sentences n btue in the text. Do he y express:

a a generaI p in ion/experience?

b the opin ion/experiencef a part icutar erson?

4 neaa he sentences 1 and 2). Whichof them tatks about:a a presentbeLief? b a belief heLdn the past?

1 I t is hoped hat George i [ [ pass n his geneso a newgenerat ion.

2 It was realised ha t they coutdsupptyexcellent resh meatf ^ - - ^ ^ - i ^ ^ - L : - -r u r P d ) ) i l r 9 > i l t P 5 .

5 finO the sentences n the text with words n ree.whichexpress he same as:

1 Scient is ts now hat he s the [astsurv iv ingmember f h issub-soecies.

2 Everybodynderstandshat the goats ntroduced y theearly ett ters estroyedhe ecologicaIatance n theistands nd he l ivet ihood f George'slan.

3 Peopte xpect hat the archipelago j[ [ make fut l

recovery.

Now answer hesequestionsabout the three sentences bove.

1 What s the form of the verbsexpect, now andunderstond?2 Are

he opin ions etd n thepresent

rpast?

3 Which entencesxpress n opin ionabout:

a the past b the present c the future?

4 What s the formof the verbs n re ' l n the text ? Howdoesthe for m depend n the t ime he verb efers o?

6 wnicn of these sentencesbelow expresses:

a a pastbeUef boutan eart jer i tuat ion r event?

b a pastbet ief bouta situat ion r event hat wasparalteInti me?

1 The ortoiseswereknown to be able to survive or si xmonthswithout food and water.

2 George as said to havebeen uninterested.

7 fina sentences n the text similar to the ones n Exercises5 and 6. Rewrite hem, beginning with 'It

is/wos

said/believed thqt'.

Exampte Thearchipelago s expected o makea fuLL ecovery.

It is expectedha t the archipetago i[[ makea fu[[ recovery.

8 I-ool at the two sentences rom the text. Does t refer tosomething specific n the text? If so, what?

1 I t is bel ievedo have eaked lmost mit l ion i t resof o i lin to the sea.

2 I t was eared hat the s lands'manyunique pecies outdbe damaged.

Morepractice,LanguagePowerbook, age 116.



Review

Grummor

1 Comptetehe texts with the correct orm of theverbs n brackets:ing form or infinitive.

Our readers tell us about their ...

DreamDestinations" l

went to the States last year wi th a fr iend.

We're used to 1- ( t ravel )around on our

o w n w i t h o u t2

- (spend) t o o mu c hmoney, so we didn' t mind 3

- ( take)

buseseverywhere.We avorded(hitchhike)ecausewe didn'twant to risk5 - roemugged) but we saw someone6 - (b emuggeot

outsrde bus stationlApart rom hat. t was a greatholiday. he

Grand anyon as he mostbreath takrngight 'veever een."

" l 'da lways anted - (go) to l ta ly ndvis i tRome, he

Vatican, lorence, nd see all he magnificent rt here and

$+'E{,rr$*$q:.l;F lffiHu{$fi

wasn'tdisappointedlt's worth8

(learn) (speak) bit of l tal ian efore

yougo. managed 0- (see) u i te

lot but herewas so much o see and so many

tour is ts l can ' t tand11- (queue) ndsomeplaceswere impossible you must have

seen he crowds12 {bepushed)

throughplaces ik ecattle.But,as I say, t was

my dreamdestination nd t was marvellous.'d( g o ) o V e n i c e , o o , b u t d i d n ' t h a ve ime in

Example

EIsoaskedBanu whereshe was rom. She replied hat...

E tsa So,where o you come rom?

Banu 'm froma sma[ [ own on the Aegean oast, n

Turkey. a[[edBodrum.Etsa Real" ty?hata coincidence!spenta few days

there astsummer.

Banu Didyou havea good ime?

Elsa Wet t , washaving great ime unt i l l wasbit ten

by a scorpion.

BanuHow err ibte l

E lsa Andwhi[e was n hospita[,myboyfr iendmetan

American ir[ from Nevada. hey're etting married

next month.

Banu0h , no !

Etsa But hen I met h i s fantast jc urk ish oycaLLed

Kemal.Woutd ou [ jke o seea photoof h jm?Hetveryhandsome.

Banu don' tbet ievet! That 'smvbrother. oumustbeEtsa

E lsa Yes!We've ot a lot to ta lk about l Come n, [e t 'sgo to the din ingcar.

3 Rewritewhat the governmentminister said at ameeting, using the verbs n brackets.

1 (c l .a im) :Unemptoymentis goingdownat a steady

rate.

2 ( ins is t ) : Theproblem tartedwi th the previous

govern ent.(announce):We

wi[[ create 00.000moreobs bynextyear."

(admi t ) : Thereweremore han 1,000newcases f

Aids astyear."

(warn): Thenumbers t ikety o r iseby 20 percentn

the next wo years."

(promise):Wewi t t endpoverty."

(deny ) : Thegove rnmen tasdone ome th ingbou tit."

(remind he pubtic) : Wehave pentover 500

mit l ionon newhouses."

(agree):Yes,

I ' t [ answer uest ions t the end of themeeti g.

10 (refuse): I 'm sorry, won't answer uest ions boutmy personaI i fe . "

4mu

1

2

frm.fJ%*

p l a n n e d3

the end.

' 'Mybrother migratedo Australiawentyyearsago.We'd

a lways kep t i n touch an d l ' d seen h is w i fe and

k i d s 1 4- ( s i t ) n the i r gardenon v i d e o ,

b u t l ' d p romised 15- (v i s i t ) h e m, a nd

so I d id, last Chr is tmas. Before that l 'd a lways

refused 16- ( f y) but there 's no point

in 1f - (worry) oo much at my age. is

there? And i t was the best Chr is tmas l 've

ever had"

"EveryMusl imwho s hea l thy ndhasenough

money s expected 8 ( v i s i t )Me c c a once in h i s o r her

l i fe t ime. l 'd pu t off 19- (go) or years -

I lust couldn' t af ford 20 (go) But

then , as ty e a r , d e c i d e d2 1

real ef for t and go . I t was amazing. I had seen

the c rowds 2 2- ( w a l k ) r o u n don TV

before but the place was real ly bust l ing. I

rea l l y n joyed2 3- (meet ) p e o p l e

f r o m so many d i f fe ren t oun t r ies . "

6

7

,&,i

t{

&tto

2Reportthisconversationbetwe.;i;;tr-t*irTimusing ask, exclsim,guess, eply and say.



4 Comptetehe second entence o hat it hasa similarmeaningo the first sentence. se he wordgivenandup o four morewords.

Ctimate hanges nowan accepteduct.known

I t _ the ct imate s changing.

They reopt imis t ic bout he pat ien t 's hances f

recovery.

expected

Th epatient

They ay hat the burg[ars ot awayby usinga heticopter.

said

Th eburglars useda helicopter.

There reprobabty o surv ivorsrom he shipwreck.

feared

I t _ no surv ivorsrom he shipwreck.

Accordingo experts. eanderthal ancoutd peak n

a [imited way.

believed

Neanderthal an able o speakn a L imited

6 Ooctors ow recognisehat malarias transmittedby

the Anopheles osquito.

acknowledged

I t _ is transmitted y the Anopheles osquito.

Vorobulory

5 Completeeach sentencewith a word beginning with

the prefix.

123

A lot of people n the Third Wortd re under-

Manv ountr iesikeChina nd ndia areover

Shehas beenun_ since he factoryctosed ast

yea .

Thatcompany ashad o c losebecause f

mis

A lo t o f the housinqhere s sub

After the earthquakehe y had o start re_ the

city.

The orests avebeencut downby big Loggingmulti

0oo6a(lssnes

6 M.k" the opposite of these words.Thenwrite six

sentencesusing the opposi tes.

Example visible invisible

Adjectives:believable, orrect.crowded, ff icient,

happy, nteresting, egat,patient,poputar, imitar, poitt,

successfu[,idy, oterant,usuat, isib[eVerbs:agree, ppear, elieve, ress, ack, rust, wrap

7 Comptete he sentenceswith a suitabl e word.

1 Hepickedme_ at abouts ix and dropped

me_ at the stat ion.

2 Weset eartyan d stopped at

a coup[eof placeson the way.

3 Thepriceof petrol ha sgone__ a lot so I

have o cut _ on my use of the car.

4 He has o pay a big oan rom he bank

so heputs

somemoney veryweek.5 Shecame a great dea or

the fancydressparty.

6 Whydoesn't he governmentake_ the

chattengef homelessness?

Pronunciot ion

O 8 r'lart the main stress n these words.Then isten

and checkyour answers.

1 exptoit exploitation

2 communicate communicat ion

3 retax retaxation4 celebrate celebration

5 discr iminate discr iminat ion

6 industry industr iaI

7 environment environmentaI

8 potit ics/ pol.it icat

9 geography/ geographicaL

10 history h istor ical"

Tronslot ion

9 Transtatehe sentencesnto Engtish.

r tlro6rr fio-HacrofluleMy loHr{Tr, Tor BoJrrxe6HbrrlocrpoB, fr4A rrocoBeroBana anr no:rn6oBaTbcflHaKuxu Ha 3aKare.14 u;r unraK He MorJrll.AO)KAarbCfleqepa,rro6bryBr{Aerb ry3axBarbrBar0uyro apTr4Hy.

z Vl'rar;,oHr4Haqa.ru4Boe rryre[recrBr4e lo Bonre.tr4n,tpeacrofliro noce'ru'rrr rapr4HHbreyccKr{efopoAa, r43BecrHbreBoer.r aModbrrHo[apxr4Ter(Typor{4 4cTopI4qecKI4MI4aMflTHI4KaML{,4r{acJaah'fr,cflpyccr{I4Ml4IeRJa)KaMI4.

3 Tar< KaK rpo6JleMay6opKr,rMycopa ocraBar'racbHepeueHHor, fl4TeJrr4opoaa cBfl3a-rrr4cbpanoHHor{ A\4r4Hr4crpax|1lennpl4fpo3r4nn,To

Ilona,[yr Ha Hr{x B cyA, ecJll,lT oTKa)KyTcrlBbr[oJrHr4Tb4x 3aKoHHbrepe6oBaHr4n.

5

6

8 Theaudience toodaround he l ive statue n a semi-



&mffitwfupw*p@Answer he questions:

Canmajorenvironmentalroblems e

sotvedn one country lone?Doyou think Russia laysa negativeor a positive ote n globaIecotogy?

e' 1

t

irry iiJJ

f t-*

It

J

O Z Listen o the first partof the radioprogrammeEcologyTodayand checkyour answers.Then say whether thesestatements are true (T), fatse (F) orthere is no information (NI).

1 EcotogicaIisasters houtd eprevented y locaIgovernments.

2 Russias a'donor '

for manyecosystems.

3 Russianorestsoccupynearlyhalf ofits territory.

4 Russian et lands ot lute heenvi onment.

5 A greatnumber f p lantspecies reunder he threat of extinction nRussia.

w1ebrownbearhasalwaysepresentedussian ature, ut

mascot eeds ature eseryesor its continuedurvival.n ust 10years'

Russia's reenmovementashelped o increasehe otalareaof

Russia'srotectedandsby 20%.Bltmany roblemstill remainunresolved'Amonghemare heparticularlyulnerableeservesf CentralRussia nd

theCaucasus,heremanyof the bearsive oday...

Today,nlyabout4b0Amur igers ive n theFarEasternaiga.Howdo heymanageo survive,hreatenedypoaching,llegalogging, iA U.t,flrrafTosavehismagnificentredatorro* poJriUt"'"*tinction,a specialcampaigno dearwith thesehreatswas aunchedywwr,-Russiaishtyears go'Butweneedokeepup hepressure.odon'tdelay visit"this

The opulationf he turgeon,hepride torrr"".ffiilffiffidramatically.he easonsobvious it ir ou"trirr,ing. espiteheFederalLawonBanning ishingn spawningrounar,poachersrestill ruthlesslyexterminatinghe ish.what s totallydisastrous:fter akingout il.;;;they eavehedeadishon hecoastl

Mupportthiscampaign.

I believehat educatinghepublicabout he benefits f recycling ill get

peoplenvolvedn recycling ndmakehemenvironmentallyware'But t's

localgovernment'sesponsibility,oo. f the binmenookaway ortedubbi

that would be fine, but they don't, and we ust don't have he time and the

energr o disposeof all this litter ourselves.

Kbdr

ra

3 Readhe newspaper xtracts.Match he extracts

(1 - ) with the tittes (A-E).Theres one extra itte.

A Poachershou[d estoppedB Gl.obaLhangesreat handC Savehe habitat f Russia's ascotD Getting id of wasteE Weneed ourhetp!

4 Read gain ndchoosehe ssue ouconsiderhemosturgent.Give ou r easons.

S Listen o the second ar t of the radioprogramme.Whatnaturalwonders it

about?Whichof thefottowing djectivess the mostcharacteristicf theplace?

O 6 lirt"n againandanswerhese

questions.

Where oes he name f the lakecome rom?Howbig s i t?

Howdoes t inf tuencehe c l imaten the area?Why s its water consideredhe mostprecious f ts

resources?

1234

historic, diverse, mysterious, unique, hoty, ancient





FifthcenturyBCAthenswas one of the first societieso havea goldenage.Philosophy, t'searchfor ruth',wasbornwithphilosophersikeProtagoras,ocratesndPlato.Hippocrates,

father f medicine',hehistorian erodotusndothers eganhesystematictudy f thewotld,

theplayr,vrightsophocles,eschylusndEuripidesamehebirth f seriousraman westernculture, ttractinghousandso see heirmasterfulragediesndcomedies.culpturend

both lourishednda great rogrammef public uilding asundertaken,ulminatingn the

magnificentemple f heParthenon.

Whydid this all happen n Athensand not somewhere lse? o start with, Athens ouldaffordt

citystate fAthens as hegreatestrading entren theMediterraneanithan

which providedplentiful ood and other goods.RichAthenian itizenshadplenty

for eisure ndculture smostof thework n thecitywasdone yslaves nd

thebusinessnd rade onductedy metics'or foreigners. any f theseorel

such s Herodotus,eredrawno theculturalmagnet fAthens ndplayed vital

in theculturalifeof thecity.

Socially, thenswas n a periodof transitionbetweena conservative, ristocr

society ndanurban, ommercialocietyn which itizens ereequal y

Athens ecamehe irstdirect emocracyn historywheremajor oliticaldecisionsere aken y arge umbers f citizens.

At hesameime,Athenianociety asmoving way rom heoldbeliefs

in thegods ndancientmyths owardsalues ased n rationality nd

a bel iefn human ature.

Speokingeforeoustort

1 match he cities (a-e) with their gotdenages their periods

of greatest utturalor technologicaI chievement 1-5).

a Lo sAngetes 7 1.760-1830the ndustrial evolution)

b Rome 2 1.950-2000the nformation evolution)

c SanFrancisco 3 7870-1.91.0a revotutionn painting)

d Manchester 4'J.91.0-1.950(the goLden ge of Holtywood)

e Paris 5 1.73Q-7750a revolutionn architecture)

f St Petersburg 6 50 BC-150AD(the mperiaI apitaL)

Checkyour answerson page 135.

Reoding

2 Readhe Strategies.

Reading trategies:Summarising

. Readhe ext o get he generaIdeaand dentifyparagraphopics.

. Underl inehe key entencen each aragraphoftenat thebeginning).henind nformationhat backst up.

. Writenotes f the mainnoints nd he kev nformation.

Use ourownwords.

Work n groups f three.Each tudent eads ne of the texts(1-3) and uses he Strategieso summarisehe information.

3 Wort n yourgroup.Useyournotes romExercise to tett eachother aboutyourcity.Useyourow nwords.

ExampleThegreatestime or ortand culturen Athens as

4 Individuatty, eadabout he other two cities.Whichof the cities n the artictewoutdyou ik eto have isited?Why?

ExampleI' d Likeo hove one o Athens ecause..

[ istening

O 5 lirt"n to the lecture.Are hesestatementstrue (T ) or false F) ?

1 Thepoets f the Sitver ge ottowedtassicatooeticraditions.

2 TheSymbotistsere monghe irstinnovatorsn poetry.

3 There ere oargumentsmonghe

Symbolists,The magistsookedor new ormsn grammarandstyle.TheFuturists sed o'inednd nvented ords.



2 In the l5th century,he talian i ty stateof Florence as oundergoa frenzyof creativityas the cradleof the Renaissance.Outstandingainters nd sculptorsik eBotticell i , onatello ndlaterMichelangelond Leonardo a Vinci ediscoveredlassicaltraditions. he yaimed, ike he Greeks efore hem, o creare nideal or mof beauty ased n nature.Brunelleschi,sreathtakingcathedral ome s us tone example f thearchitecturalplendourof Florence uring hi speriod.

Wh ydi d his happenn Fiorence nd not in other taliancities ikeMilan,Genoa r Venice? ne easonwas hat Florence as able oburldon the culturalachtevements f the previous entury. hel4th century ad not onlyproduced reatwriterssuchas petrarch

an dDante ut alsoglftedpaintersik eGiotto.Another easonwa sthatFlorence as simply he richest i ty; ts central ositionmadeit a major rading nd ndustrial lty.Florence as also he scene fa commercialevolution hichsaw hedevelopmentf modernbanking nd accounting.

Asa result,Florentine ocietywas n a stateof flux between he old,stablemedieval orld and a new dynamic ommercial orld.There

wa sgreater ocialmobil i ty ha nbeforewith manyopportunitiesorindividualso go up (anddown)socially. he ne w merchants nd

bankers admoney o spendand heywerenot afraidof showingof ftheirne w wealthby buildingmagnificent alaces nd fi l l ing he mwith superbworks of art. Frnally,herewas an open and tolerant

climateor artists o work rn ,helped v an ncreasen the number fschools nd an improvediteracy ate. #

Vocobulory:ichonguoge

6 Matctr he wordsan d expressions rom the text(in the box) with the expressions a-d).

a a great ime for ar t andcultureb changing [ot

c reallygood

d i t was he start o f . . .

Examptea an explosion f creativity

an explosion f creativity, utstanding,

in a periodof transit ion,a goldenage,undergoingdramatic hanges,masterful,thebirth of . , l iving throughmajor changes,breathtaking, frenzyof creativity,a creative lowering, .. was born,in a stateof flux, a burst of literary activity,beingrevolutionised, agnificent,

was he cradleof..., sculpturean d paintingflourished, as emerging, urstingwith new ideas

In which of thesetypes of text would yo u expect osee'r ich ' anguage?

popular ewspapers.ual" ity ewspapers,istorybooks,nove[s,ooks boutart

3 t n t h e l a r e l 6 t h a n d e a r_

%

6::::n# :trililj:ffil',tffixx;; :l'I"I'" ;;;;:;,",1;:' :Jl:,1fi n'".?j,, ":';; ,tT,?"i:lH'lff ,,j* t'.",i,1dF,,ecea,on;ffJ

#l;Jfffi,lif i,T: ; ; '".1' iozeh 'e

ff uflii,.#::#n*TF:li,?.".;d;;i#:.,s,lruf|;

.n.0,,l ,"Jffi:y::i,i.i

.ilr6 B trawhat caused his burstof iirerarv^:^"',,::" .

vv:usrerand' of course'

,rm;rm{illx:il:.iiry:#,JJ?TiJT.,,I13""d.;;;#,,ji;,:';;;ZU*f ;:i1:il;:::il:,;?:ii;lff.,;il " ; ;.;:.'':,1'i ':#;iliilIH?:Jili illl' :;qishourrndher ade.ondonr* o,u.lnl,

luolrionr.a;;rJJ#lHil';:[,

;;I:ffififi#il#,:,":i:iiTlT:J:r;.Tl

ffl HTfi*H,*::?j!:fi r:;l'T*n;H'il;.ffi*fif ;'ffi1i,;JT,fi[n*n ;l

o 7 tirten to the lecture again an d ad d phrases o eachcategory from Exercise6.

honpuingnfnres

Use he information you havecoltected rom thelesson o write a paragraph about 75 words) aboutthe reasons or th e great creativeeras. Useexpressions ro m the texts. Begin [ike this:

Sowhat was he key o the bursto f c rea t iv i tynAthens, torence,ondon, ar is ndSt Petersburq?F irs tof at [ . . .

Compare our paragrapho the one on page135.

k-w



Before you sfqrf

1 toot at the photosand he titte ofthe article.Which hree of these hingsdo you hink wit t not be mentionednthe articte?

globaIrade,tress nd ackof time,crime ndviotence.educt ionsn the

working eek, ork haring,dvert ising,opportunit iesor eisure, rugs

2 ReaOhe articleand check ourguesses.

3 Wtri.tt of the writer's views doyouagree nd disagree ith?

Presen lo t ion:Complexentencesl )

PersuosionnWrit fenngl ish

4 In ttre ext underline [[ sentenceswith the foltowing erbsandexpressions.

shoutd,ught o, nsjst , emand.uggest,i t 's high ime

5 look at the sentencesouundertinedn the text. Now orm herulesby matching -4 with a-e.

1 should2 ought o3 insist , emand,

suggest4 it's high ime

Spend, pend, pend

*#"

Anrn: wEusr:

a (that) + subject+ shoulddo something

b (that) + subject+ subjunctivesame

form as nfinit ive,e.g.I

suggesthe go.')

c (that) + subject+ present ense

d (that) + subject+ past ense

e infinit ive without'to'

Grammar ummoryt, pog" l+a.

any of us in developed societiesare in a viciouscircle. We work hard so that we can earn moremoney. When we have more money,we spend

more. Becausewe spend more, we have to work evenharder. The circle goesround and round. The result is notincreasedhappiness,but more stressand less ree time tobe ourselves and be with our families and friends.However, here is growing resistance o this consumersociety,especially rom young people. Protestgroups areinsisting that some of our money be redistributed to the

third world. Trade unions demand that the PrimeMinister reduce the working week. They are alsosuggesting hat people should share work and thus reduceunemployment.As a society, t's high time that we took these issues moreseriously.We should insist that advertising is morecontrolled, especiallyadvertising aimed at children. Weshould also make sure that there are constructive waysfor young people to use their free time apart fromspending money. On a personal level, we ought to visit theshops ess and worry less about our image. Above all, weshould remember that

'being'and

'doing'are much more

important than'having'.



e$ GrammarSummary9, poge 148.

Procfce

::J:q JYri*

Presenlot ion: PersuosionnSpokenngl ish

6 tirten to the diatogue between Grant and Lucy.Answer

thesequestions.

1 Whichof them buyssecond-handlothes?

2 Whichof them spends lot of money n c lothes?3 Whichof them hasan eveningob?

4 Whichof them s a vegetar ian?

5 Whichof them suggests oing o a f i [m?

7 tisten to the diatogue again and comptete he sentences.

What are the verb forms used after the expressionsn botd?

*** I t 's about t ime you going here.* If I were you, I _ buyinga[[ those expensive

clothes.*** I 'd 1=1 woutd) ratheryou _ that.* * I th ink you ought to _ that job.

** I th ink you shoutd meat oursetf .**** You'd (= you had) better _ going.

Note: 1-2 stars = weak and polite expressions; 3-4 stars = strong expressions/crit icism

8 Comptete he sentenceswith th e words n the tist. You

do not need a[[ of them.

shoutd, ught, suggest, ather,woutd, nsist, better, ime, ha d

1 If I wereyou, I __ start savingnow.

2 You'd ge t a part-t ime ob.

3 Hisboss that he work ongerhours.

4 I th inkyou - to spendmore ime at home.

5 You_ better avoidcarryingheavyweights.

6 I t ' s - y o u s t a r t e d t h i n k i n g a b o u t y o u r f u t u r e .

7 I 'd _ you didn' t buy so manygadgets.

8 I __ that sheopenherown bankaccount.

9 Ut. the beginnings providedand the words n brackets

to paraphrase he sentences.

1 I suggesthat he shoutd hange is career tans.He_ his career tans. better)

Ptease on't p laymusic ateat n ight.

I 'd - music ate at n ight. rather)

Thecommittee houtdmanaqehe fundsmore arefutty.

We_ the funds morecarefutty.insist)

I th ink t 's a good dea o studyeconomics owadays.

If __ economics.were)

I t h ink he shoutd tart ooking or a ob.

I t 's about for a ob. ( t ime)

Her eachersmadeherwear onger k ir ts .

Her eachers longer k ir ts . demand)

I'dpreferyo u

to dressmoresmartly or work.I - moresmartly or work. (rather)

J im shoutd eea doctorbefore t getsanyworse.

9ocieft1

10 nead he s i tuat ions.What would hepeople n bracketssay? Use h e str onger

expressions*** or **** ) from Exerc ise .

1 Markspends [[ his pocketmoney n the lottery.

(Mark'suther)

2 Peter pends t [ h is ree ime playingcomputer ames.

(Peter'smother)

3 Jenny s always orrowing er otder is ter 's

ctotheswi thoutasking.

(Jen y' soldersister)

4 E[aine atches Vunti [ ate at n ight and

can never et up n the morning.

(Ela ine 's arents)

5 Ian hasgot an examnext monthand he

hasn' tdoneany revis ion et.

( Ian 's eacher)

1 1 Wort in pairs. Tatkabout your probtems

an d give each other advice.Use he weaker

expressions *o r **) from Exercise .

Studentyo u ar e dreaming bout a hol.iday broad

bu t yo u have no m oney

you don't knowhow o get o know he

boy/girtyou're nterested n

you can never ind anythingn your room

becauset is a lwaysn a mess

StudentB. youdon't now hat o buy ourbest

friend or his/her irihdayo lou ilf€ very unfit andalways eel tiredo lou'v€ lost your friend's avouriteCD

Jim _ a doctorbefore t getsanyworse. hqd)



35Utopis

Beforeoustart

1 took at the pictureof the ideatsociety f Utopia.Guesshe answerso someof thesequestions.

[ istening

Z Listen o Sir ThomasMore's toryaboutUtopia. Q lirt"n to the conversation. uess ha t hese

Are hereany differences etween ich an d poorpeopte?

What eisure ctivit iesare here?

How democratics the society?

Whatpunishmentsre here?

Check ou ranswerso Exercise .

4 Reaa he Strategies.


Understanding ulturaI references

. When isteningo Engt ish ou wi t [ of ten hearcutturaI eferencese.9. o people,places, bjects.TVprogrammes, easurements)hich ou are notfami l ia rwi th .

. Use he contextof the conversatjono try to guesswhat thev refer o.

234

3 lttt"n to the storyagain.List wo thingsyouwould ike aboutUtopiaand wo thingsyouwouldhate.Woutd ou like to live in More'sUtopia?Why/

Whynot?

things refer to.

Exampte =as t ree t

1 TheBroadway

2 Rotherham

3 the number 34 a season icket

5 Jaguars

6 EastEnders

7 mjni-London ye

8 Scunthorpe

9 the Barbican/the outhBank10 TheMin is t ry f Sound11 scones



O 5 lirt"n again and complete he FunctionFile with these words

an d phrases.

Let 's , t 's t ime, 'd charge.Whydon't hey. th ink they shou[d,

whatwou[dbe rea[ ty reat s i f , I w ish hey'd,They ught o,

I t 's about ime.There outdbe.Whatabout, t 'd be a good dea f ,

I th inkt 'd

be good f they.Whatwe need

M a k i n gS u g g e s t i o n s

Tentative uggestions Stronger uggestions

IJ

J

LL

zo

z

l!

1 - they

stopped raffic going nto

the centre.

2 __ lots more

pedes t r iant ree ts . . .

3 _ do ing

someth ingbou tpub t i c

transport?

4 And __ they

were ree,

5 _ peopl"e

more or br inging ars'intothe centre.

6 _ spent

money n th ings o r

youngpeop[e o do.

7 _ start a

decent tub.

Student. c lean p he r iver l ). make ubt ic ranspor tree ?). makepedestrian treets !). chargemore or parking ?). do up the mainsquare ?)

. buitda sportscentre l)

. create venue or concerts ?)

8 __ we had

morebuses.

9 --- pu t buses

every ifteen minutes.

10 _ a resome

big changesn th is place.

11 _ make

decent ark?72 - bu i id

decent ports entre . .

13 _ theyset

up a culturaI entre.

14 - have

somemore cones.

Student. makemore arks ?)

increasehe number f buses ! )

bu iLdmore arparks l )

do up the o [d housesn the

centre ?)

bu i lda newhospi ta t ! )

set up an Internetcaf6 (? )

start a new ibrary ?)

Pronunciot ion

O 6 l ir t"n to eightmore uggest ions. hich f themsoundtentative T) andwhichsound tronger S)?Then istenagain

and epeat he suggestions.

Example1 5

a l .

)peoKrng

7 Wort in pairs. Use he r olecards o make suggestionsabout

how o improve a town. Usesuggestions rom the Function File

(! = strong; ? = tentative).

Example

A lt's about time they cleanedup the river!

B Thqt's rue.And t 'd be a good dea f ...

9ocietq

8 rninl about ways of improvingyour

local community. Write notes about these

things.

t ra f f icand ransport , is tor ic u i ld ings, arks

andgardens. ottut ion nd h e environment,

recreationacjtit ies or youngpeopte(sport/sociaisi g/cu tu e), hea thservices,

care or the el,derly/po oy'hoetess

9 wort< n pairs. Discuss ou r suggestions

with your partner.

Example

A lt's about time we startedto Look

ofter the historic buildings n our city.

B Thqt's rue, but I think it'd be better to

spendmoney n , . ,

Tett he class about some of your ideas.

Example

Both of us think it'd be a good thing to buiLd

a ne woutdoor wimming ooL.

Vocobulqry:Multi-porterbs ithup

Lexicon,pages 170-176

1 0 Comptete he sentenceswith these

verbs n the correct orm.

go, urn, set,br ighten,make, ive,dress.p ick,hol"d,ake,c lean,do

Whydon't hey_- up he r iver

an d _--- up that old housenext

to the br idge?t 's near ly at l ingdown.

I t woutdbe a good dea o

up a theatre roup. t wou[d

th ingsup a b i t in th is town. love

up and 'd t ike o

up act ing.

I was ----__- up for twenty minutes

in a traff ic jam and up latefor ctass. ut he teacher hought

up an excuse.

Th ecost of tickets keeps - up ,

so I _----- up taking he bus and

startedwalk ing o coltege. hough

sometimes y neighbour me

up n the morning nd akesme here n

nercar.

BUoTn,....N?UoTn

fian is ty nrtrtr. apolitical nithal.'Aristotle



36 ommunicslionorkshops

Writ ing

Beforeoustart1 toot at the Key Words.

Which of the cr imesare he

biggestproblem n your

societynow?

Whatpun ishmen ts ou ld

you give for the crimes?

KEYWORDS

burgLary,rugdeaLing,m r r n n i n n m r r r d o r r : n o, , , " J Y , , , Y ,

shopLif t ing,heftthe dea th

penaL tycap i taLun ishmen t ) ,f i n e n r i c n n < e n t e n e e, , , " , r ,

< a f l / h a r A < o n l - o n r o c

Life entence

2 Read he letter. Which of

the two approachesoprison sentences o you

support?

'

. ;

DearEditor

PollyFisher'sarticreastweekmademeconsiclerhe prosandconsof harderrison sentencesn this country.The issueh_aseverbeeneasy o resolveand

;?J:il#::l#,y"mindsbouttmyserr.d ik";;.;;;"-lil" or v .,i"**

on the onehand, t is reallyscandaroushat some apistsandmurderersare etut of prisonsafter hreeor four years. r):

this,rnanypeopleare osingaith in the British systemof justice.Accorcling o tr,"-, ," .'n*ra bring backardersentencesz)_ criminalsaremacleo pay or what they havedone.any peopre trongry upport he American deaor i',r"".trit ". nna you,reout, the idea hat aftercommitting hreecrimescriminalsarerockedup for life.omethingmusrbe gg:," . d";". ;;;;s,p"npt" from a tifeof crime. t is alsoomehowwrongthat (3).-__- *on"i i. *p"nt on prisonsso that somehaveecome ike luxury rroterswith televisionr'u"agyms.Finally, must admitthatometimes nderstandhosewho berievewe should estorecapitar unishmentn this countryas n the usA. It l. i-p"tt"rt to think about he wishesof theamiliesand riencrs f murder ui.d;; ,r;; demand hat usticebe done.n the otherhand,punishment.norra"ii" seenasan opportunityor revenge.e need o helpandreform.o.rrrr.t"J..r,ornut. (4)- make hem ntosefulmembersof the communifir. ersonally,I am totallyagainstharderentencesn principle.Despite-whatmany peoplesay,capitalpunishmentisudicialmurder andno better rru" unyotirJ. *rrd", (s)_ it is committedy the state. t is a savageorm of punis'm"nt which i, uilin.t t urnandigni[2.esides,t is highrvunfair (6)--_il;;iar mistakes.lele; penarlyarsoffectssomesectionsof the ."il;br;r""n r1or" than others. (7) --, inhe USA,sometimest seems

hat the deathpenalq,s not as if."fy f the victirn slackand he murdererwhite as he otf."rrvuy round.l

Al l i' all, I'm surewe need o do whatevert takes o consider he positiveanclegativeeffectsof hardersentencingr"rore- ny inal decisions re made.onderwhat otherreaders hink abiut tni. i".u".

Yours faithfully,HannahSutter

\ '

' u,'T$



3 matctt he sentences isting arguments rom adiscurs ive ssay 1-8) wi th personal p in ions n theletter.

1 Many eople ee l hat harder entenceshou[d eb rough t ack .

2 TheAmerican ystem f ' th reestr ikes ndyou're ut 'hassupportersn Br i ta in .

3 Moreover,omepeopte ay hat condit ionsn prisons

are oo soft.

4 There reargumentsor the restorat ion f the deathpena ty.

5 Thewishes f v ic t jms ' ami lyand r iends ossib ly

need o be aken nto account.

6 There rearguments gainst arder entencesndcap i ta I un ishmen t .

7 I t is strongty ett by manypeople hat capita lpunishments the equivatent f udic iaImurder.

8 Furthermore,he deathpenaltys seenas savage nd

an affront o human iqnitv.

4 Read he let ter againand complete he gapswi ththese [inking words (reason/resutt).

consequentlyo, due o, so much.ust because.so hat, as a resutt f , n order o

A Discursivessay2)

Writean essay iscussinghis statement:'Theontyway o cut cr ime n our countrys to makepunishmentmoresevere.' ottowhe stages elow.

il r writing Help , pagex44.

StugeLook at the letter. List the arguments for'and'against':

a the deathpenatty nd hardsentencesb punishment s re form

Add other arguments nd reasons acking hem up(e.9. rom your country).

notes to write a ptan of your essay.

StogeUse ou rplan o write the essay.

StageCheck ou ressay.

TalkhuckWork n pairs.Give ouressay o yourpartner o read.Comment n the arguments.

8 T

TI[]fl

u

2

3

StogeUse our

9ocretq

Listening:Song, r r , l l r ' l - , - ,f t ( . tht1'a]4d J0]4 by L/(t Jt t :yt- |4J

1 Wtratdifferences re herebetween ourgeneration ndyourparents'generationn yoursociety? hinkabout hese hings:

a tastesn music/clothesb att i tudeso work ndmoneyc att i tudeso marriaqe

Q 2 I- isteno the song.Whodoyou hink said hesethings, he father F)or the son 5)?

1 E lt 's not ime o make chanqe.2 [- ] You're tjt[young,hat'syoui aul,t.3 I Find girL, ett te own.4 [] But ake our ime, hinka Lot.

5 E For ouwit tst i t tbe hereomorrow,utyourqreams av ot.

6 [] How an try to exptain, hen dohe urnsaway gain .

7 a) Fromhe momentcoutdatk was rdered

91 01 17 2

1 3

to l isten.

Now here's wayand know hat I have ogo away.

Just relax. ake t easy.

There 's o much ou have o know.I f you want,you can marry.

Lookat me, am otd but I am happy.

I f theywere ight, 'd agree, u t t 's themyou know.not me.- , l lr4 l _ r K n o w n a v e o qo .

t j 5 Listen gain.Answerhese uest ions.

Whatdo you hink the situat ion s?Whydo youth ink the sonwants o go away?What s the father 's dvice?Howdo you hink both of them eet?



[ommunicolionorkshopsa l .

)pe0Krng

Beforeoustart

1 took at the photo. f youhad o spend wo weeks:withoutany of comforts,what wouldyoumissmost?

Examptehot water

2 Wttictr f thesewouldbe he biggest urvivalprobtemsor you?

making f ire, inding ood,making shetter,irstaid,f inding ater, ooking

3 listen to threepeopte n a survivaI ourse.Whichof the probtemsn Exercise arementioned?

i*$53ffiftt&,wwExaggerationnd Understatement

Q 4 lt.t"n againandmatch he expressions.

1 It's freezing.

2 My eet are blocksof ice.

3 I 'm dying or a cup of coffee.

4 There rea few stones round . .

5 It 's huge.6 I t woutd akeages . .

7 l t ' s qu i temuddy . .

8 I 'm gett inga bi t peckish.

a l t 's knee-deepn mud.

b I t 's not whatyou'dca[[

tropica[.

c Minearea bi t cotd.

d I 'm starv ing!e I t woutd akea wh i [e .

f Thereare mitl ions.

g It 's quite big.

h I wou[dn' tmindone.

5 Wtricttof the expressionsnvotve exaggeration nd which

understatement?Doyo u use these a lot in your language?

Reacting o Suggestions

Look at the reactions o peopte'ssuggestions.Which are

negative?

1 That 's good dea.

2 Surety,t 'd be better o exptore bit.3 0K, [et'sdo that.

4 I t 's quiteb ig , bu t I don' t seewhywe have o bu i td t here.

5 Don'tyou hink t wou[dbe betternear he stream?

6 Howcome?

7 Right. ' t [ cot tect he stones . .

8 0K. Whydon't we both do hat?

9 Surety, e cando that when t 's f in ished.

O O Pronunciation.Listen to t he words said slow ty and

then said fast. Which of these soundsdisappearor are

added: /t/,/d/,/r/,/v/?

1 start getting 2 Let'sstart. 3 explore bit 4 best place5 for a cup 6 cup of coffee 7 coutdbui l"d8 needpeopte

9 someof them 10 beforet 11 b i t peckish

F , . '

*

Prohlem olving

Make roupdecisions bouthow o survivein the wild. Fottowhe stages elow.

Sfoge IRead he Strategies.

Speaking Strategies:

Preparing or problemsolving

. First, ead he information.Don'tworry

i f you don'tknowat[ he vocabutary.. Ident i fy he most mportant roblems.. Wr i tesimplenoteswith suggest ions/

sotut ions. ive easonsor them.. Thinkof whatyou woutd otunteer

to do .

Use he Strategies o prepare or the task.

Task'surrrive two weeks in a forest

in groups of tlrree

Temperature - maximum a5'C -

minimrrm 8"G

Equipment - knife, fish hooks, torclr,

flint, first aid kit, cooking pot, water

bottle, food for one day

StogeLook at the expressionsn the Function File

on page 107 and the Chatroom.Practise

making and reacting o suggestions.

StogeWork n groups of three. Discuss our survival

p lans.Decidewhat you are going o do and

who is going to do different jobs.

TolkhockTe[[ he ctass owyouplan o survive.Whichof the groupsn the ctass oyou hink hasthe bestchances f surviving?



. tatk about,act out and resolve ifferent ind;of conftict.

. listen to TVnews eports, iatogues, radiodocumentarynda radiop[ay;use isteningstrategiesor dentifyingmood.

. readwarmemories.newspaperrticle ndaformal etter;use reading trategiesorquestions ith morehan one ype ofexaminationask.

. write a formaletter of comptaint.

. learnaboutcomplexenteneesor emphasis.

KEYW0RDS:Conftict

argument, attte,clash, eud, ight, fr iction,gang,quarrel, ow ,violence,war,warfare

'TVbreedseopycatviolerice'elaimsminister

KEYW0RDS: '4stives

ambition,ear,greed, atred,ntoterance,



ri

Beforew startI

I RQuiz.Work n pairsanddo thequizonpage 36.

Reading

2 nead he Strategies.

Reading trategies:Questionswith more han one ypeof

examinationask

.Read he text to identify hemain1dea. nderltneeywords,

. Go hrough hequestirns ndmake ure ouknowwhat hetask s.

. Declde hich ask ypes efer owhichpartsof the text.

. Dealwlthone ypeof taskat atime.Rememberhateachypeoftask(forexample, ultipleChoiceor True/False)equires dlfferentstrategy.

. CheckheStrategiesnpages 6,31,and88 for advice bout owto dealwtth speclficypesoftask.

Nowuse he Strategieso read hetexts and answerhe questionsnExercises-5. Youhave 0 minutes,

3 Uatch hese itles with the extracts.There s one extra itle.

. A BravePatlent. VlllageNightmare

. TheWay o Vlctory . Feeling elpless

. N.oMoreFlghttngi

4 Completehe gaps n TextB with'r1

these entences.heres oneextrasentence.

a Justbeforemldnight eall decldednot to start ftringbefore heydtd. i""

b We old him hewasn't he only one iwhowas edup with t.

r The enemyhad stuck up a simtlar

one,d Thenoiseof the gunswas

lncredible.e Thenwe all got out of the trench.

On Christmas morning we stuck up a board with"A Merry Christmas"on it. (1) flvo of our menthen threw thelr equipment off and staggeredout of the trenchwtth their hands above helr heads.Tbo of the Germansdid thesame and thev met and shook hands.

, Q)'Buffalo Bill' (our offlcer) tried to prevent it but

it was too late so he and the other offlcers climbed out, too, andstrolled over,We and the Germans rudged through the mud and metin the middle of no-man's-land.

We rrxrcked n all day with one another,.Some f them could speakEnglish. By the look of them, their trencheswere in as bad a state asour own. Oneof their men, speaking tn English, mentioned that heworked in Brighton for someyearsand that he was fed up to thewith this damned war and wpuld be glad when it was over.(3) The Germancohmander asked Buffalo Bill if we woulike a couple of barrels of beer and they brought them over to us.Theofflcers cameto anunderstanding that the unofficial truce wouldend at midnight.(4)*-_- During the whole of Boxing Daywe ner/er ired a shotand they the same; each side seemed o be waiting for the otherto set the ball rolling. Oneof thelr men shoutedacross n Englishand inquired how we had enJoyed he beer.We replied that we

were very grateful and spent the whole day chatting with them.That eveningwe were replaced by another battalion.

$ralln OId Soldiers Never Die by Frank Richards)

*i":ffi;ffi:$ffi'"i'-#;iq.:,*t{ty":1i:"Jgffi,1s;Sio"ff?Pffiiyfi ellngniear<rasthenheGIs ntered

the villageand orderJd;; il*"their homes'Togetherwithother viilagers lxey*J- *"t"ft*d " f*y hundredmeters nto the:'-

plaza,where hey*-li"t"iit";;rtttl** hud tto reasonoS

lrraia," Chuc ecallei:"d;;;y;?as calm'We'dseen t"all1'

before.-He watchedas the'GL u*t "p u *"tfti* g* tlt"'*9

?

ended.hepeople'#;;;v*g.""d. u-ffi' b"3 *19 showed'

his identiiication aplis*to?*iOi*t put"tfie merican simp-lgluid'.Sorry.'Thenthe tht;i";Jtar;A' chucwaswoundedP'ttr

t:g

but he was coveredLV?3"a l"Oies and thusspared'After waiting

an hour, he {led the village--

tiriitty tai bYseYmour ersh)

III

I

I



T *o, a phonecall rom the chief nurse, aying,You've

got a

I paUenthere hat is going to get an award.Makesure hat theI ward ooksgood." This really umed me off to beginwith;'Let's

cleanup the ward because e'vegotVIPscoming n.'Well,theVIPshappenedo be the generalof the 25th Infantry Divisionandan entouageof about welvepeople.Thiswas his patientssecond isit to us, his timewith both his egsblown off * he wasall of about wenty yearsold.Whenhe waswakingup from hisanesthesiae whispered:Don t you rememberme,ma'am?" said,"Oh

yeah!"But real$ I didn't becauseherewere somanyof them.

The entouragewascoming o givehim the awardbecauseehappenedo be number wenty thousando come luough thishospital.They ad his ittle ceremony, avehim a PLrpleHeart andawatch.As the general andedhim the watch,

fiomthe 25th

InfantryDivision,asa token of our appreciation,"he kid moreorIesslung the watchbackat him. He saidsomethlngike,

"Ican

accepthis,sir; t'snot going o help me walk."After this ittleincident, went over and ust put my armsaroundhim andhuggedhim. f I remember orrectly, started ryingand think he was

crying,oo. I reallyadmiredhim for that.Thatwasone time I letsomebodyee nrhat felt. It took a ot for him to do that,and tsortof saidwhat thls uar wasall about o me.

(FromA Piece f !v{y HeartbyKeith \Afrlker)

ffi=Hrft

5 Choor* he best alternative c completeeachsentence, , b, c or d.

I TheVietnameseillagerswerecalmat first becausea they knew he American oldiers.b this wasa normalprocedure.c theyhad'identificationapers.d they didn't understandEnglish,

2 The studentsaid shewouldbe able to kill a fascistbecausea her bayfriendwasas the frontb shewasgoing to the frontc shewas eady o defend er motherlandd shedidn'twant o die

3 Thenursewasn'tenthusiasricbout he awardceremonyrom the start becausea shehad {o clean up the ward.h shedidn't tkeher boss's ttitude o the VIPs.

c the patienthad beenbadlywounded.d the patient startedto cry.

I The roops ot together n Christmasaybecausea theyhadpiannedt beforehand.b they all knew eachother,c theywere ired of the war.d the officersdeclared truce.

Vorabulary:lUord Families

theront .. "

Yesterdaywent to an institute where the studentswere

iu"t"g .i"rr*s. suddeniv a girl stoodYp Td

shouted'

{;#;leamto throw grJnadesantl petrol bombs!"

Evervbodv uppofted heias she went on speaking'"Each

;;J;il'.;ilJ' to 't'^t', will kill at least one fascist!"

Ftr " Lexicorr,rage613.

6 Classifyhesewords rom he text.

beg,chat,nquire,march,mention, utter,ecall,reply, hout, tagger, troll, rudge,whisper

wALr(staggerSPTAKSAy TELLcltat,muttet shaut

AsIt inguire

$peaking

7 Would nu ight in a war?Wtry/Whyot?",i l i- ,.4r

...,,,.,,.

From The Chroniclef Cauragebylya Ehrenburg)



2 Listen o some radit ionatscottish

38Nei

Befareoustorl

1 Wtratusually auses onflictbetweenneighbours? ave1pu everhadproblems

with pur neighbours?

bagpipemusic.Doyou tike t?

3 neaO bout he disputebetween woneighbours.Whose ide areyou on, thebagpiper's r his neighbours'? lhy?

Presenlufion:omplexentences2):Emphosis

Neighbour$ Call the Tun*^^- hosoacked I

dl*t**+nill*n'-,irff

Ititlfru"t"oreersupset*'?*:"":E;ltt",'h";;;j; 4 *"-Tl",t#:'m'*'i1,"'o

N verthat really gels to

To1,i,ll,"""i- -v whole life' I mean'

ffi; ir,ea; anYthingike t t" *I:i:J""t

'n];;10

thepipesare:Tri?;T""tlinstrument' ren't hey?

I

rt'snot "o'nt'"'oj'ittt'fi"l"fourbestpipersgo o

l ive abroad!" r -- i-^- ôrrc.ed. uch conflict ' Mr"'-setaom*.".1"T:-':ffinr;s;ffiH""""' '"a,^.,

H:gfit;:t:l,tlJ,fil"Tru;;,il*:iT,*i

thenoise'ett*"**u"i""'ao t"'

1"^Ytthesoundor

bagpipes!"h"Yli;;naa wenl-:-1."t'$|'itl'"ai"to

mX U:';**:ll""Hi$ii""1i#n:';;*o$;;;;iY did.wes"l,i ::::::^'Xtoot athomend are\ dld-we ;*;;G.*:.?:h1:lHl

oo,rrumorning'Neither:^t;;;. Ile practisetwi thout y*ti" g,uHr' ;"p *irtt tt'at :

we wonder?"" utnj

H::S::i1Y;;J;;""'ilooki"::';l;'i,Y"- 25"",,6;;;;r:t'-::ry'*T*1iiJlil,l;":;"iMaclean a warning'r.;;;;;

"f""rf.V defined - there

ffH'f iJ'ff '"";:,1#;::*h""praYinhe

4 Comparehe sentencesn thetable.Whichof the statementsbelow a-c) are true about heformaIsentences?nty onestatement s false.

a they beginwith a word hat hasa negativemeaning

b they have he wordorderofa question inversion)

c they soundessemphatic

Findmoreexamples f formalsentencesn the text. Makea listof negati ve vords nd otpressionsthat these sentences eginwith.

ru;# ffifooao"trnusic'"

Fow*LWnrrrrnlxeules

ffever lras fte knorn crrythfng ike r{

Seldom have bagpipes causedsuch onffct.

I{*ft&er cauld we reail a boak st honewithout wearing earplugs

Nsurnnl lncu*es

He has never known anything til<e t.

Sagpipeshave hardly ever caused

srrch con;Flfcf.

We couldn't read a book at home

without wearingearplugseither.

5 Paraphraseheseconditional entenc€s o that they sound es semphatic

and ess ormaLHad we known hat our neighbour asa pipe4wewauldn'thavemovednin the first place.I wauldhaveelt terribleat the ceremony,ad ny frie nds not been here withne.



6 ttoware heseneutralstatements 1-3)

reported n the text?

1 I'm movinghouse.n iact, I'm go'ingoArnerica.

'',2 We'donly ust moved n when he noisebegan o dri veus mad.

3 Wehardlyeverget a chanceo havea[ie-in.

7 f;na rentencesn the text which meanatmost he sameas the sentences elow.

1 Mr Macleaneelsupsetabout he factthat people a[[hi s music noise

potlution".

2 This eallygets o me.3 flle want o forget he soundof bagpipes.

,4 WegaveMr Mactean warning fter

carefu[ onsideration.

Underlinehe partsof the sentences1-4),which re emphasisedn the text.

i: lExampte

; Mr Macleaneels upsetsbout the -fuct thatpeoplecall his music'noise pollutionl

e$ Grammar ummary10,poge 749.

Prartire

8 Using he beginnings rovided, ewritethe sentenceso make hem moreemphaticand more formal

1 Theywit[ never dmit heir mistakes.Never - .

2 If shehadcome, hewould'veearned

the truth.H a d - .

3 Hedidn'tonlysing n the choit heplayedn the schooI andas we[.No ton[y

4 Wehardtyeverhearsuchpowerfulpeirformaces.Setdom

5 Politicians ardlyeverexperience hat war

really eels [ike.Rarety- .

6 I don't arguewith peopleand havenever

been n a real ight either.I don'targuewith people nd neither

hpn{tef

9 Comptetehe sentences sing he beginnings nd he cuesprovided.

ExampleThelight wasa nightmare.takeaff it tum aut thqt the enginewason ire)Nasoonerhad we takenoff thsn it turnedout that the enginewas

on ire.

1 People pend oo muchmoneynowadays.Not only .. . (theybuy hings hey don't eatly eed go onexpensive oLidays)

2 British ootball ansare he mostviolent n Europe.5eldom .. (i t is quietafter he match)

3 Thesunset t the seasides an extraordinaryight.

Rarely .. (oneseeanything o beautiful)4 Theevacuationf the buildingwascompletedust in t ime.

l{o sooner .. (than} ... (the astperson ad eft the firebroke ut)

5 Thepress onferenceeneratednormousnterest.

Neverbefore ... (therehad beensucha great urnout ofreporters nd ournalists)

10 Rervritehe sentences elowso he emphasiss on theundertined hrase. tart eachsentence ith ft... .

ExampleWeenjoyed he wine,but not the fpod.It was he wine hat we enjayed,not the uad.

1 Jennywrotea letter of complaint o the manager.2 l'm allergic o dairvproducts, ot wheat.3 Theyofferedus financial ompensationnlv afterwe

threatenedo take hem o courl.4 She s constantly rguingwith her mother,not her ather.5 Tim ook part n the competition ecausef the attractive

Prizes.

I 1 complete he sentences.

Examp[eI don't watcha lot of TV.Atl watch s thenews.

1 I don'teat much.ALt ...2 Hedidn'tcome o seeme. t was ..3 I don'tenjoy alkingaboutpolitics.What ...

4 I didn'torder paghetti ologneset was ..5 Wedidn'tdo anything ccit ingn Greece. [t we ...6 I don't reallymindpeoplebeing ate.What ...

1 2 fn pairsask and answer he guestions. lways tart your

ansvuersith 4ll I ... or Whst ... .

1 Howdoyou ikespendingour ree ime?2 Doyou do a lot of sport?3 Whatdo you usuallydo togetherwith yourfriends?

4 Doyou watch etevision [ot?5 Howmuchwaterdo you drinka day?5 Whatdoyouusuatly ave or breakfrst?7 Howdoyou spend our hotidays?

What can /ousay about yourpartner's ifestyle?



:l

39 tnflictResolution

Beforeoastutt

ulti 'parterbsLexicon,sges 170-176

I Ptatch he wrbs betowwith

hoseunderlinedn theuestionnaire.

riticisediscuss, et revenge.rritate.make, eturn,say0K.

top iking,suggest,ake,olerate

2 uow wouldyou react n the

situations?Ansruerhequesfionnairen Exercise .Thencheckyouran$wers npage136 to see howassertiveyou are.



I .

Hsrentng

3 neaa heStrategies.

_L_igrr1!Ls_!E!qg qs_ll!! n ifyi ng-mood

' Listen for ecpressionshat are positive {e.g. I'm reallypleased.)or negative (e.9. Slop getting at met).

. Payattention to intonation to help you identifir people's

moods{eg. happy, angry, nervous,upset}.. Be carefulwith sarcasm.Sometimes eoplesa y

sornething ositive bu t with a full ing intonation so thatit means he opposite.

I J { Listen to the argument between a brother and sister.

Use he Strategies o decide if these statements ar e true(T) or fatse {F}.

1 tr Lucy s not happy about her history essay.2 L) Pete s interested in hearingabout her result.

3 LJ Lucy s upset by his reaction.

4 LJ The irst t irne she asks her brother o chansechannets

she s patient.

5 n Petegets angry because uc yha s borrowedhi s

calculator.

6 n Lucy s angry because Peterefuses o change channels.

7 LJ Pete s not worried about Lucy not letting hirn use her

computer.

8 L-J He gets nervouswhen she makesher last threat.

Q 5 ltst"n again. Ctassify he expressions n the Function File"

a crit icising b contradicting c refusing

d suggesting e threatening

A r g u i n g

1 Just stop gettingat me.willyou?

7 You'realways elling peopleaboutyourexcitingmathsproblems.

No, 'm not.

I wish youwouldn't nterruptmeatl the tirne.$fhy don't you urn overandsee f it's started?

No,why sbould turn over?

You never et otherpeoplewatchanything.

l{hy do you atwayshave o twist the truth?

I did gi w it back o you.

I do tidy it.

I don't seewlny should.

If pu don't, I'tl never et you usemycomputer gain.

And f pu do that, I'Ll stopgivingyou a tift to schooln the

mornings.

6 Pronunciat ion.isten o ten sentences.dent ify he mood.

angry, nnoyed. onfident, appy.mpatient, atient, arcastic.tr iumphant,pset

hmpwinga{tares$lork n pairs.Slhatdo pu think causespeople o dealwith conflictdifferentlytheir personality r their culture?

IL

zo

z

tr-

J

456

8

v

I U

7 7

7 2l 5

o

0w{W

G l r

)peoKrng

7 Wort in pairs.Ast out situations3 and{ fromthe questionnairen Exercise . Use heexpressionsrom the FunctionFile.

ExampleA Hey, au know 'm going to a partyan Saturday.B les, whatabaut t?A Well,can barraw our blue T-shirt?

l .

HSrenrng

O I Listen to a radio programme bout howtoresolve conflicts. Complete the sentences with

the correct ending - a, b or c

1 The worst hing to do w hen someones

aggressive s toa say nothing at al[. b be aggressive ack.

c g0 away fiom the situation.

2 Withdrawal s not a very useful strategy becausea it bottles up both peopte's eelings.

b the person leaving eels angry.

c the situationcan become iolent.3 Mediation s a good strategywhen

a the conftict s very serious.

b you have a good mediator.

c someone rom outside decides.

4 Whennegotiatingyo u shoutd

a be prepared o speak or a long time.b repeatyour reasons gain and again.

c f ind out wha t the other personwants.5 Youshouldpropose olutionswhich

a everybodyagreeswith. b do not threaten

the other person. c suggest ou take turns.

6 ktjhen ou are in confl. ict ituationsyou shoulda be awareof your body anguage.

b speak irmly and ioudly.

c usestrong body anguage,

A l o

)peoKtng

I Wort in pairs.Act out situations3 and4from Exercise again.Use he advice rom theradioprogrammeo help resolvehe conflict.

I 0 Uo* were he roleplaysn Exercises and g

different?Howusefulwas he advice? el[ heclass.



40CommuniculionarkshopsLosePti:ust

2 tcilost

;iniJ.[ uvusinshe

#"u.demeK#r#lss Stkw

bear fir,/fvladam,

*|amwritiagtoyo*abutatbarlcFranoebil<ewhi&|bauShtfo*tldoSu|Melastorcsan

zf Xpte*rLr zow fot €41Lx1' / ene/oseopietof&e reoeiptanl gu**ttcc'

a lnyo*t aduertistn!, M a{atm$at by wry thebfftefor tev minwtesa da4' on woxll {ose t

lcasttwo l<ifos weel I hauebeen aln. ie b;lrcfrr'amonthww an/ tt * as th,tg& t have

/one noacwist at a{d esPttefa#owirythe nstrqition h4anua{ arqury'

c rhe bl<es alsobadly*ude' rhespeelomcter tlppel worhng @t y,(.*d$e mao*Uc

dtat measnrcsStoureartbed w'ustafsohavebrolccn tneetgaueteatf hilh redtngs' t was

sowofl;cl d1d I went tu &e doatonwho uld menat to worrTa$ hlrtbed wasperfa{y

no,ual.worst all, he dabbrofceiwta' ** t7t{4 i *f tP4Yl*fal$n5

off

tlie bilt, Ip*l{e/ a muse{end han' ind * i;n'npexeteiecfir 3 weels!

o when | tuolc{tebikebaaltb theshop,not onf lid ilte wanryer refise to refxnd *y waney'

but hewasAfu ex*etuef rude anl tucatel'meps if ;t wasmyfa*ltthat fu bilc hal brolcen"

tlwoa*{itceyantorefulmywokql4ssootl4syoss&{at'/nlesslraaeiue,asatisfantotyrcpfu

wiiltn thenext thr* weelcs'wi/{ haue talccf*rtherat-tion'.1 auealreely becn n antatt

widt nyr {oeal onswmerrobatiouoffieeu ordcr* asi fot aduiea

1ts.:

Writing

Befareou turt1 Read he letteL Matchthe titles (1-5) with theparagraphsA-E). There sone extra itle lpu don't

need.

1 poorservice2 fatseclaims3 the product

4 money ac k

5 dietproqramme6 poorquality

wordsand expressionsaccordingo thefoltowinggroups:

mannet ondition,cortrast,purpose,eason,result, ime,addit ion,relative ronoun

I ho!<forwatdtohearingfron yot+'

Yowsa&hfwl{1

wJ#y'A.N.k{f/c/' {tu14

2 tint ing Review. eadthe tetter again. classifythe underlined inking



3 tootcat the examples,hen use he cues r-6) towrite similar sentences.

ExampleThemore use he bike, he moreweight seem o put an.Theearlieryou leave, he sooner ou will srrive.

1 get to knowher like her2 sportptayI fi t / get3 hard study good/ marks e4 sweets at / bad teeth be5 dangerousport [ike t6 oLd get / difficutt workbecomes

A hetler f frrmplaint

Write a letter of complaint. Fotlow he stages.

EF WritingHelp 10,page145.

StageMatch he products 1-6) with the KeyWords"

1 a CD tayer2 a pairof shoes r boots 3 a acket

4 a mobile hone 5 a portableelevision6 a digitalwatch

KEYWORDST*r: :* la!nts

. it tfion'topen . the zip broke . it won't work ndoors' the sound s distorted . the atarmdoesn'twork

. the heel etl off ' the headphoneson't work' it's not waterproof ' the picture s bad

. the cotour adedafter onewash

. it losesabout ive minutes veryhour

StageImagineyou boughtone of the products nd somethingwent wrongwith it. Makenotesabout hese hings.

. Whatwentwrongwith the product?' What rlse claims id he advertisement ake?. What appened hen ou ook t back o the shop?

tage0rganisepur notes n to four or five paragraphs.

StogeUseyour ptan to write the letter.

StageCheck our etter.

1

234

56

O 3 lirt*n to Part again.Who o hey hink rtartswars?Tick the correct boxes.

emperorsndkings [J generals]

manufacturers soldiersX

nations f people f

4 Worl ln groups.Discusshesequestions.

1 Whatdoyou hink of the soldiers'ideaor kingsandgeneralso fight wars hemselvesn a big field?

2 Whydo you hink wars tart?3 Canwarsbe avoided?

hon{rc/

Lirtening

Before ouStart

1 toof at the stil,t rom he fitm Atl Quiet n thewestern ront Try o guessf thesestatementsabout he ilm are rue (T)or fatse F) .

1 n it costa lot to make.a n tne film s setduringheSecond orldWar.3 [ It's ananti-waritm.

A Fllmsfipt

Q 2 lirt"n to the iLm ritic n Part andcheck ourguersesor Exercise. Thenisten o Parts and2.Answerhese uestions.

Whenwas he film made?Howmany scars id t win?Whoare he sotdiersn the film fightingagainst?Howmany oldie rs re eft in the ir unit after heattack?Howdo he soldiersee labout he enemy?Whatpeople o the soldiershink benefit rom

the war?



CommuniculionorkshSpeoking

Eefsreoa ttart

I ltsten to the tetephone onrrersationbetween he managerof FitnessProducts nd he customeiAnsrverheseguestions:

Howdoes he managereactat first?a confidently nervously angrilyHowdoes he managerry to resolvethe conflict?a she rnakes (cusesb she s rude othe customerc shestayscalrnHowsatisfied s the customerwith thesotution?

a very satisfied b quitesatisfiedc not satisfied

-G#$furt.afidonFormat Expreesions

2 chsslfy the sentences rom thephonecatt (r-r2) accordingo thefollowing categories.

. apologising complaining

. promising starting r ending call' threatening

1 Goodmorning.Fitness roducts td.Can hetpyou?

2 Goodmorning.'d tike o speak othe customer ervicemanager,please.

3 I stiLthaven'thad a reply.4 I'm verysorryabout hat.

5 I'm extremetyorry ohear hat.

6 0n top of that. when took he bikeback o the shop, he manager asectremely ude.

7 Unless receivet, I'[t have o takelegalaction.

8 WeLL,et meapologise or your

experiences.9 WeLt, canassureou persona[y

that you will receive full refund.10 And we wi[[ look nto the subjectof

compensationoryour njury.11 Thank ou. 'l'[be n touch.r 2 Goodbye nd hankyouverymuch

for ca[[ing.

A Farnalelephone onYersolian

Harre telephoneconversation bout a fautty product.

Fo[[ow he stages.

Stoge

Look at lnur note$ about Spurproduct rom Stage2 in the Writing

Workshop.0ecidewhat you want the cornpany o do.

SrageWcrk n pairs.One tudent s the manager nd he other s thecustomer. ookat the expressionsn the Chatroom nd decidewhich ones nu will usa

StageAct out the situation and come o an agreement.

Stogeilow change oles and haveanotherphoneconversation.

Talkhgr;kWhatagreementsid youcome o?Tetl he class,



,;NF,I,

I nead he letter.

lilhat conflicts arementioned?Whatar ethe reasonsor them?

ExampleCIare ndher boyfiend -

he spendsao muth timeon hiscomputer

2 wtrat advicewouldyou giveNick o helphim resalw theconflicts

ni L\are,

Horr rs thing*?.^1h1iawn't1ougOtn t0u{.h?oLi',aead

rn1 rnailor ary*lllFihat ars1ou:e*n oing uringkx.

hoiid;ls?AndhouareJoiigoiting n+rithlcur bc1fr&ild?thopo iiings rt abisboiirrarrd s 6n'i tiil 1ilr! n

{ronlof thataufui crnputeril *x. lirns.

iarry,rtpu Yrawbwr'OrFingard cr oursramsll00

hsr. 'w finiehsdost 0{ minr, o1cansit ba* and e.lal

{abit anpra'iJ.1 gast l ihs img geiba* i w;llharr

rr.ad hntauiulll borirrg oor t# m1Hir,torlae.|rr has

madsmg r,ad vt thehaiidals

I'wbtort stalingwifhnr1amillhsraon hr roa$t.Ml'

gcandiather'eivadhsreor 1oarundvle r:mo rroeve.r1

10arUnfortunaie.ll,n1loungor rother's or.n *tiing0n mynr.rvr,iYou now hathds ;ral(or e,'ramS&r,,1*1erda1,amiannd urnl {ot" ualk o the owsr t ths till of thr:cltff :shind1rgo,,,rn nlway,

hfivin* alk&d ll thoural1o ho opyro

{ore ir&dand topprdor a broathsr.'d lovsdo uw had } dfirr rf '.latfbut n1 roihecad 'nishadt alll

*wrho rsmsnrbarsdnce arringe,enaksnnoundne.o'*er *hsnl9 lrfs.liilrllqsr,o hejumpadhe anre raLrnd

it and ,ieri 0 thr, Op re{used0 g0 up arrd i0ld Damiarr'iqacnot *a{s.^l&ll, e. adbe,e,rrtaildinqh+rr,crralriilut&0f ""cwhenh0f0hraci noreo.jumpoC alr. ll rnu*ihavsigenan nstinrtivr.fatii0t1 ui it 6avedx,i ift.bsr'aa*t' larqo tonoaaehed a*i na { i had e.aiieodt var thaidanqerou*wculd e.r,e,ravr, lond o lotel

!'lhrnwag*t balr homr" n| i toldMumabnr]ii, eha cld monff or leitjnghin go up ho O!.re.rnd ilehada ff.alrou. msarr,'rnnoi responciblenr ,arnian, rir ? Hr'* ifltenlApari rom hat {5 $reat oraHavinrlomohare&verj urnmsreanshaimoriof the y,oplcr, hevr{lagens e.afll

{riondfy.lt"ippaoc,hel nlt6thav& ft0hrr t, sinc|.wa*a bali1.ho onll parran dofli getorr 'rit,:rc iho r.rnnanntho uprmartrrl{hr. iharda1 hacomplatrcdb*cauir"qr,ntn ,{ifn o hosron.\.lrrli,d b&iier t0p should awbet'rtuiholpirrgranpa,.rithislswt.Ho's reilhavinqtbianrswrfnhaneiqhbouringarrnsr+iils&hoepravrbeon rtiinEnt', hr,gardrn ndga}irrgisplarrtt

&91n tour-h.

Nirr

PerfettiveerhFormrTtr Grammar ummary, age 150.

3 match he namesof the verh ormswith thcstr{ctures n botd in the sentences elow.

Present erfect,PresentPerfectContinuous, astFerfect,

PastPerfectContinuous. uturePerfect, erfuct nfinitive"perfective ing form,passive erfectiveing form

1 By he time Eetback will have ead hat book.2 I expect ou havebeenwarkinghard oryour

exa nsl3 I've finished mostof mine.4 Having omehereevery urnmer eansha t aI.[ f the

peop[en the villageare realty riendly"5 Mybrother ememberednce having been aken

round he tower.6 I hadbeenstanding here or a minute r so when

therewasa noise.

7 I supposehey must haveknownmesince wasababy.

8 Mybrother ad i nished t alll

a

b

c

t

234

4 neaU he sentences etow rom the text. Whichofthese {a-c} do the perfective rerb orms refer to?

something appeningefore tirne n the pastsomething appening eforehe presentsomething appeningefore tirne n the futur*

I've beenstayingwith my amilyhereon the coast.Mygrandfather'sived here or years.By he time get back witl have ead hat book.Hehadbeenstanding here or a minute r so whenthere #as noise.

5 nead two mor e sentenees rom the text and decide

what atl perfective verb forms refer to:

1 Having watked a[ the way o t he top, we were ired

and stopped or a breather.

I I should have been out helping Granpawith his

fence.a something hat happenedn the past

b somethinghappeningbeforea certain point in t imec somethinghat has ctear onsequences

@" More practice,LanguagePowerbook,page 142.



Revieuu1 Comptetehe second entence othat t hasa similarmeaningo the

first sentence.1 I thinkyoushould pendessmoney

on designer[othes.If ___ .I wou[dn't avegone here f I hadknownwhat t washke.Ha d -- .

I'rn verybusy.Whydon'tyou go andget the newspaperhis ime?t 0

W" n"taty u*r ge t a chance o

watchsucha good i lm.

Seidomi th ink the government houlddo

something o reduce rime.

It's - .

People ropping itter in the streets

maKeme very angry.

What__ _ .

We us t need another ive minutes o

f in ish he ob.

Ail.___ .

Theyare alwaysmakinga lot of

noise at e at night, which reatly

irr itatesme.What__-_ .

I cteaned he bathroomonty last

week.

I t _ _ .

Shealwaysarrives ate and then she

does not even apologise.

Notonly

The ocaIcounciI eal ly hou|.dpreventcars rom going into the

centre.

I L )

CoutAor., t ringmeup after 10o'clock?r d _ _ .I t was he toughest ecis ion e had

ever had to make n his [ ife.

Can ' t ou ta lk aboutsomething [se?

I wish__Hewatked nto the roomand

immediately tarted an argur nent.

1 0

1 1

2 Comptetehe conversation ith a suitableauxiliaryverb.

A Hey,Mary, anyougivemebackmyWalkman?

B I 1 give t back o you.A N o . ou2 - - .B Yes, 3 _---- . I teft t onyourdesk.A WetL,t isn't herenow 4 ____ it? I can't ind t anywhere.B 5 -- - you?Someonelsemusthave aken t,

ringAlan.Heatways oing of f with other people's hinEs.

I I -_-- . The battery's ow on my mobile.10

you phone im?

B 0h, a l l r ight, 11_ do i t . But t 12

annoy me when people us t take things.

A Yes,what we 13

74

to do is take sornething f his,

B Yes, 15you hink?

I

3 Ur* the {ues to comptete the sentenceswith perfective verbforms.

1 __ _ (arrive)at the vi[[age,we went for a mea[.

2 He _____ (stay)with some riendson the coast for a few days.

3 By nextweek. (finish) my diving course.

4 ___ (be trained) n first aid by my dad, knewwhat to do inthe accident.

5 We____ {wait) for the b'usabout five minuteswhen we heard

the explosion.6 Thisafternoon ___ (do) my homework ut peoplehave ust

kept r ingingme up on my mobi le.

7 It __*_ (be) terribte or you to loseyour wallet in Paris.

Vocubulury

4 Comptete he text with the correct words.

At the moment, arn having a (1 argumentlfeud/fightfquarret)

with the neighbourswho |.ive n the flat above me. What s most(2 annoying/offending/outstanding/worrying)s that they often makea

lst of noiseLateat night. Sometimeshe y pu t on very |.oudmusican dother times they havearguments nd (3 argue/complain/shaut/

whisper)at eachother. At the weekends hey haveparties n their ftat

that (4 go on/last out/take/take up) untiI twc in the morning.Whenphone up and (5 compla infmention/ recalfsay] he noise he y (6

apologise/promisey'suggest/threaten)o be quiet but then it starts up

again. Lastnight, I f inally lost my (7 fear/mood/pride/temper)withthem and called he police.When hey came, he neighbours 8 ctaimed

,/denied/mentioned/refused)obodyelse n t he block had complained,

which is not true. Th epolicesaid they cou[dn't {9 do/give/make/take)

any action unless hey had (1 0 evidence/examples/proofs/signs)hat

th e neighbours nademcre han the legaI evelof noise"

7 2

1 3

7 4

1 5

No sooner



hn{W

7 tttatcheachof thesewordswith two wordsfrom the box.

big, coLd, ungry,augh, ook, ich,say,walk

chilly,chuckle,reezing, iggle.glance, uge,

massive, eckish, hout,stare,starving, tro|.[,trudge,wealthy,weft-off,whisper

Pronunciufon

O 8 litt.n and repeat heserryords. hicharedifficult for you to say?

arch ectu e,b eathtakig, expendiu e, orp osio ,fea , g eed,negotiation, utstandi g, pride,acism.s'ixteenth,oldier, uggestion,hroughout,vicious. ithdnwalainting by

Grosz

5 Compteteachgapwith oneunrd.

The olden - of Berlinwasn the1920s hentherewasan exptosion f ? in thearts.Thecity

was n a state of 3 -- after he FirstWorldWarandwas4 - throughmajor ocial ndeconomicchanges. hemost5 - of the artswere he theatreandcinemawith 6 playwrightsike Bertol.tBrechtand ilm directors ike Fritz Lang.Therewasalso a7 - of literaryactivi\r with novelists ikeAl.fredDtibLin nd.Thomasann.Bolharchitecturendpainting lso

with he nftuence f the Bauhauschool ndexpressionistaintersike George rosz.Wiqr id this creativeI -- occur?Fora veryshort ime, before he rise ofHitLer, erlinactedas a 10 _- for talentedartists nGermanynd Europe,uc has he fzech f[mdirector anowitz.Technologylsohadan mportani 1-- on both hetheatreand cinema nd herewasa lot of cross-fertilisationbetween ttof the 72 -- -. such spainting ndcinema.

6 Comptete achsentence ith the correctword,a, b, cor d.

1 Thenumber f cases f violentcrimehas recentty.a expanded gainedc risen d raised

2 The op 20 percent f theworking opulation

moremoneyhan wenty ealsago.a achieve earn c gain d win

people re generally etter off, the gapbetween ichandpoorhaswidened.a Although b Despite However Whereas

More eople av e than iveyears go .

a employmentjob

c living d workTherewasa slight betweenhe twogovernments.a argument clash c disagreement quarrel

Q 9 litt*n and repeat hesesentences.

1 Hewasan outstandingoldierhroughoutthe war.

2 They greed ith our suggestionorincreased xpenditue.

3 Therewasan exptosionf outstandingarchitecturen the sixteenth entury.

4 Theyagreedo a withdrawal fter negotiations.5 Racisms oftenbased n fear.

10 t-oot hrough he Lerciconnd choose irrewords hat are difficuLt or you to say Thenwork n pairs. ,ompare ou rwordswith lpurpartner's.Try o think of synonyms o foucanavoid saying he words.

Trunslolion

I 1 Translatehe sentencesnto Engtish.

1 EH 3AopoBoyAaBantoctoorrnHflTr BcflKHeue6rnuuu.

2 f.qe rbr HaxBaraJrcff rHX cJroB?

3 Mou AerHy)KacHbrcpoKa"aruKulqepa,HanpHMep,apnlnnncbnpHBHAeHr,rflMHHanynaru a6yuxy.

a |Iocne oqepealon c:TbrrrKu 6pa.ronrouapeuHJraoToMcTHTbMy H pacKpb|TbroTArzHy.

3a pacnpocrpaHeuue HapKorHKoB BHeKOTOpbTXrpaHax npHrCIBapHBaroTcMeprHorlKa3HH.

Korga coJrAarbrYgr{ronn Ha{BpraloIrlnecflHA HHX BpilKecKr.{eTar{KH,OHil n0HflJil,r,rrro

HMnpe{Grour sxeJrbrrr60n.MHorne lloru cquTar,orMeprHbfinpuroBop JrHurKoMypoBoHMepofr r

nplr3brBaroTJr&CTl,rTMeHHTbbKlrrynMepy HaKa3aHHfl.



THnSrnnxcrCn OFE' Do l;ifidiANffiHJ;- . - i + + r J

:':::':":::und no,esndnswe*heseffiuestions.

1 Whatcountries id Stevensonravel o?2 Whydid he decide o settte n Samoa?3 What are the two main themesof TheStrangeCase f DrJekyll and Mr Hydel

Reudingnd islening

O 2 Readand listen to the story. Are the statements below true (T) or fatse

1 f The butl"er skedMr Utterson o come o Dr Jekytt 's ouse.2 Z Uttersonand he butter heardDr Jekytl. 'soice n the studv.3 fl They ound Hyde's ea dbodywearingDr JekyLL'slothes.4 l l Dr JekyLt's ewwit[ wasmadeou t to EdwardHyde.5 I In his note. Dr JekytL xptained ow he changed dentity.6 fl His other personalitywas simitar o his origina[one.7 fl Whenhe was Mr Hyde,Dr Jekytlcommittedcrimes.8 I After some ime, Dr Jekytl. oul"dn't ontrol he changes f identity.

3 Ans*er these guestions.1 Why dj d Mr Hydehave he key o Dr Jekytt's ouse?2 Whydi d Utterson ay

DrJekytlwoutd not be pteased'?

3 Whatdid Pootemeanwhenhe saidhis master as 'got r id of?4 Whatdo you think had been n the bott[e next o the body of Mr Hyde?5 Whywere Mr Hyde's lothesfur

too big for him'?6 After he had read he note,wheredi d Utterson hink DrJekyLt as?7 How did things get out of control or Dr Jekytl?8 Whydid Dr Jekyttsay n his statement hat it was

mytrue hourof death'?

4 Compl.etehe sentences ith a word formed rom the word n brackets.

1 DrJekyt l . asa respectednd_ man. honour)

2 DrJekyt l .egained is_ whenhe ook the mix ture gain. h igh)3 Mr Hydewas completely _- - - nobodyha d heardof him. (know)4 Thedrugsbegan o have_ effects. predict)

5 Th esecond ime Uttersonasks o enter,he won't acceptMr Hyde,s(refuse)

6 Before e readshestatement, ttersonannot xptainhe_ of DrJekytt,(disappear)

Tqlkbock

5 In groups.or with the whote class,discuss he fottowing.

1 Whatdo you hink the servants ere a lk ingaboutwhen heyweretogether n the ha[[?

2 Howdo you hink DrJekyl lwas eel ingwhenhe wrotehis inal note?3 Whatquest ions o you magine hat Mr Utterson ould ike o ask Dr

Jekytl.f Jekytlwereative o answer hem?





Tottott

Befioreoustort

1 Reaahe explanationsf wordsn the backgroundinformation nd check ouunderstandhem. Dopoetsus esimilar echniquesn your anguage?

Reoding

2 Readhe Strategies gain n Lesson 3. Read he poems n theopposite age.Match he poemswith these hemes:

the first ouchof two overs, lover eaving, descriptionf a lover,

a lifetongove

3 ReaU achpoemagainandanswerhesequestions.

A eo/.q,"wt;oot of I o*'*

1 'I ' tLloveyou for eternity' s a romantic Lich6. ind hree more

expressionsf th is k ind.

2 What s normatlyeducedor 'goodbehaviour '?3 Whatdoes

suchaccessories'efer o?

4 What echnique oes he poet use o make he poem unny?5 What s i ronicabout he [ast hree ines?

Loo,w9or4{D* 4/xx

6 Howold do you hink the poetwaswhenshewrote his?Give easons.7 Watker's usbandwas an interior decorator.What mention s there o

th is?

8 What mages reused or passion?

9 What mage s used o showhow he pastunites he poetand herlover?

| .at;tLl bta,A ilaf,fi-t| /-,y

10 Whydo you hink the poetcouldn' t ememberhe meeting?

11 Whatmetaphor oes heuse orthe devetopmentf her ove?12 Whats imi te s used o show hat there s no siqnor t raceof

somethi g?

/l y o'ittaztt' "?t ** roh"+ b[u tlu rt'*

73 Howwouldyou descr ibehe tone of the poem?

14 What s the rhyming cheme f the poem?

15 What hingsareused o compare i th the woman's ppearance?16 Whydoes he poet hink that h is ove s speciat?

RecdingndListening

o 4 ReaU nd isten o theyou prefer?Tell he class.

poems.Whichone do



tatqho* of l4tou'b bY SteveTurner

TirnersaBritishoet'rographer#*,fr1'ili""Tilllllue irner s a tsrtusnp::'i;"f"i;oth

adultsandchildren'

*::i,:'#,1*T5:-"Jl*";l;;;l'o'i'unatiographiesor

She said she'd

love me for eternity,but managed o reduce

it to eight months

for good behaviour.

She said we fitted

like a hand n a glove,

but then the hot

weather came and such

accessories eren't needed,

She said the future

was ours, but t he deeds

weremade out i n

her name.

She said was

the only one whounderstood ompletely,

and hen she ef t me

and said she knew

that I'd understand ompletely.

* deeds written agreements

;-'4€,u'

[ - . :

ffi

Lu*v |ot?{b* 4h-, by MargaretWalker

MargaretWalker (19 5-1998) was an African Americanpoet from BirmingharrLAlabarna.

Many of herpoemsar€ about he experiences nd

strugglesofAfricanAmericans in the Deep Southof theUSA.

My monkey-wrench' man is my sweetpatootier;1

the lover of my 1ife, my youth and age.My heart belongs o him and to him only;

the children of my flesh are his and bear his rage

Now grown to yearsadvancing through the dozens

the honeyedkiss, he lips of wine and firefade blissfully into the distant years of yonder'

but all my days of Happinessand wonder

are cradled in his arms and eyesentirea.

They carry us under the waters of the world

out past the starpostss f a distant planet

And creeping through the seaweedo f the ocean

they tangleTus with ropes and yarn8of memories

where we havebeen togetheq you and L

I nonkey-wench adjustablespanner

2 sweet patootie (American) sweetheart,darling

3 yonder the past

4 entirc completely

5 starposts- invented word: rrixing star and outpost

6 seawecd plantsgrowing in the sea

7 tangle to oi n

8 yarn - naterial to makc ropc

I a&f co,'ul/' blarfintla4

by ChristinaRossetti

ChristinaRossetti 1830-1874) was born in London' Shewas

a frolific writer and poet and her most famouscollection s

'G'oblinMarket and Other Poems' (1862)' Her brother' Dante

Gabriel. was a famous Pre-Raphaelitepalnter'

/L/? orittrztt, eqquywirriu-

i^&"T ***? /;{a l* t,,n.

*,ffi*flffi*:fI wish I could remember that first day,

First our. irst moment of you meeting me.

If bright or dim the season, t might be

Summer r winter for aught' I can say;

Sounrecordeddid it slip away,

Soblind was I to see and to foresee,

Sodull to mark the budding' of my tree

Thatwould not blossom3yet for many a May.

Ifonly I could recollect it, such

A day of days! I 1et t come and go

As racelesslas thawr of bygone6snow;

It seemed o mean so little, meant so much;

Ifonly now I could recall that touch,

First ouch of hand in hand - Did one but know!

1aught anything (poetic)

2budding to start growing leaves

3 blossom 1o lower

4 mceless without any sign

5 haw to melt

6bygone past

,;:ri:i rn.fi.;;:';::;i;,fi, ,ilillltt'";-ilit'tltu'tttn"'b'"u''l'""dun'

fl ',",1

,"".tr

1T,ixi..trl;.fil '

il;' ; ,?Hi":lfl:; .:tl.'.'"o".."0",,,n,+iffi.f.:i;;;r*tTttfl:T,"u,,

'lt l,,il';i3;3fTiJ'!3:'n"o'

li: ,l,.?,:ff;ilil]:Irffifxjfg'uI du n dul l b ruun co lou r

j."#l'].fff:" - anolJvarietyrrose'

:l hath - has ( I 6th centurv.t: grarrt to admit/confcss

;:: , : .^1,^*' , .n ro futl. i i l ernecrarons

, . . i i , pd , ( . compar ison{ Othccn tu ry ]

%,ffi

L



Science iction is a genre n which

scientific nowtedges usedas a basis

for imaginative iction. The 19th

centuryFrenchwriter,Jules Verne,s

often seenas the futherof science

fiction. Heusedhis knowledge f

engineeringo writ e storjesabout

t r ips o the moonor under he sea

(Journey to the Centreof the Earth

1864). Later n t he century,H.G.Wetts

exptoredhe themesof tjme traveIas

wetl as space ravel and wrote about

an invasion rom Mars TheWo rof the

Worlds1898). From he beginning of

the 2Othcentury, cjence ictionstar ted o become oputar nd 'putp '

science iction magazinesotd widety.

Serious uthorsatsobegan o be

interestedn th e genre, uc has

AldousHuxleywith hjs perceptive

account of life in the future (Brove

Ne wWorld 932). n the middl.e f the

centurya goldenage or sci-fi began

with outstandingwriterssuchas the

scientist saacAsimov, rthurC.

Clarke nd RayBradbury. heirstories

not on[y ookedat l i f e in the future

but examinedhe possible estinyof

the human ace.

Ra yBradburywas born n Il.Ljnoisn

1920.Hebegan is career r i t ing

stories or sci-fi magazinesn the

1940s.His most umousnovets re

The Martion ChronicLes, hich

describeshe colonisation f Marsby

the Earthpeopte,and Fohrenheit 51.

se t n a future where he written word

is forbidden.

Beloreoustsrt

1 nead the background otes.

1 What s the difference etween cience iction and other fiction?

2 Whydo you hink scienceict ionstarted o become oputarn the ear ly

2Othcentury?

3 Whichof the booksmentioned ouldyou most ike o read?Why?

ReodingndListening

Q Z Readand listen to the story. Are these statements rue (T)

or fatse (F)?

1 ! Mr and MrsK l ivedon Mars n a house eara redsea.

2 , l Mr K Likedisteningo old songs boutMars.

3 I Martiansweresma[[with narrow etloweyes.

4 = MrsK hada veryLong. trange ream.

5 [-] Shedreamtabout a very argeaLjenwith btueeyesand brown skin.

6 i l Thea l ien 's paceshipooked uitestrangeo MrsK.

7 I MrsK used eLepathyo understandhe at ien.

8 :l Martian cientists aid hat l i fe on Earthwas possib[e.

3 ReaOhe stor y again. Answer hese questions.

1 WhywereMr and MrsK not veryhappy?

2 Whydjd MrsK [ook nto the sky?

3 WhywasMr K r r i ta tedwhenh is w ' i fe r iedout in her dream?

4 Howdid Mr K react o her descr ipt ion f the m an?

5 Whydid Mr K th ink h is wife had made p the man?

6 Whydid MrsK enjoy he dream?

7 HowwereMr and Mrs K's eactions o th e ideaof aLien ife different?

8 Doyou hink t wasa dream r did MrsK realtymeet he mansomehow?

What do you think happens ext n the story?

Tulkbock

4 Wort n pairs.List he differencesmentionedn the storybetweenMars ndEarth. hinkof these hings:

. thehouses thepeopte the andscape,. leisure ctivities the ood

Te[[ he class.

5 Wort n pairs.Thinkofyourow n maginary tanet.Describet to yourpartner.

b-e\



hey hada houseof crysta l i lLars n the ptanetMarsby he

edgeof an empty ea, ndeverymorn ing oucould eeMrs (

eat ing he golden ru i ts hat grew rom he crysta lwal lsor

c l e a n i n gh e h o u s ew i t h h a n d fu l s f m a g n e t i c u s tw h i c h , a k i n g

atL he d i r t wi th i t , b tewawayon the hot wind.Af ternoons, hen

th e o s s i I s e a a sw a r ma ndm o t i o n l e s s ,n d h ew i n e r e e s t o o d

st i f f in the yard, and the t i t t le Mar t ian bone town was a t l

e n c to s e d ,n d n o o n ed r i f t e d u t h e i rd o o r s , o u c o u l d e eM r K

h imset f n h is room, read ing rom a meta i book wi th ra isedh i e r o g t y p h sv e rw h i c hhe b r u s h e d i sh a n d , son em i g h tp l a y

h a - p .A n d r o m h e b o ol < , s h i s i n g e r s t r o k e d , v o i c e a n g .

sof t ancientvo ice,which to ld ta les of when the sea was red

s te a m n h e s h o r e n da n c i e n tm e nha dc a r r i e d l o u d s f m e ta l' n \ e . t s

a nde l e c f r i c n i d e r sn I ob a t t l e .

Mr and Mrs ( had t ivedby the deadsea or twentyyearsand

the i r ancestors ad l ived n the same house,which urned and

fo l lowed he sun, lower- l i l<e ,or en centur ies.

Mr and Mrs K were not o ld .Theyhad he fa i r ,b rownish l< in f

the t rue Mar t ian, he ye lLow oin eyes, he sof t musica l o ices.

O n c e t h e y h a d l i k e d p a i n t i n g p i c t u r e sw i t h c h e m i c a l i r e ,

s w i m m i n gn h e c a n a l sn h es e a s o n s h e n h ew i n e r e e s i t t e d

them wi th green iquors, nd ta tk ing n to the dawn ogetherbythe b luephosphorous or t ra i ts n the speaking- room.

Theywerenot happynow.

Thismorn ingMrs K stood between he p i l ta rs, is ten ingo thedeqor fcandchoat mol t n tOyel tOWWaX, nd Seeming lyUnOn

th e h o r i z o n .

Someth ing reatwasgoing o happen.

Sh ew a i t e d .

Shewatched he b lueskyof Marsas f i t mighta t any moment

gr ip n on i tse l f , ontract . nd expe la sh in ingmirac le own upon

th e s a n d .

N o th i n g a p p e n e d .

Ti red of wai t ing ,she walked throughthe mist ing p i l la rs .Agent le ra in sprang f rom the f lu ted p i l ta r - tops,coo l ing the

scorch ing i r , a t l ing ent ly n her .On hot days t was ikewalk ingin a creek. he loorsof the housegl i t te redwi th coo lst reams. n

the d istance he heardherhusband lay ing is boo l< tead i ly , is

f ingers ever i r ingof the o ld songs.Quie t ly hewishedhe might

o ned aya g a i n p e n d s m u c h i m eh o l d i n g a n do u c h i n g e r i l < e

a l i t tLe arpas he did h is ncred ib te ooks.

But no.Sheshookherhead,an mpercept ib le ,org iv ing hrug.

Her eyeL ids losed o f t lydown upon her go ldeneyes.Marr iage

madepeopte ld and ami l ia r , h i test i l lyoung.

She ay bacl<n a cha i r hat moved o take her shapeevenas

shemoved.Shectosed er eyes ight lyand nervously .

Thedreamoccurred.

Her brown f ingers rembled, ame up, graspedat the a i r .A

moment a tershe sat up, s tar t led , asp ing.She gtancedabout swi f t ly ,as i f expect ingsomeone here

beforeher .She seemeddisappoin ted;he spacebetween he

oi lLars as emotv.

H erh u s b a n d p p e a r e dn a t r i a n g u l a r o o r . ' D i d ou c a l l ? ' h e

asked r r i tab ly .

' N o l ' s h ec r i e d .

' lthought heard ou cryout . '

'D id l? was a lmostas leep nd hada dreaml '' ln the dayt ime? oudon ' t o f tendo that . '

Shesatas f s t ruc l<n he aceby he dream.Howstrange, ow

verystrange, 'shemurmured.Thedream. '

'Oh? 'Heevident lV ished o re turn o h is boo l< .' l

d reanred bouta man. ''A

man? ''Ata t l man,s ix oot one nch aLl . '

'Howabsurd; g iant ,a misshapen iant . '

'Somehow'she r ied he words 'he

[oo l<ed Ll ight . n sp i te

o f b e i n g a l l .An dh e h a d o h , I l < n o w o u ' l l h i n l <t s i l t y h e h ad

blueeyes! ''B tue

eyeslGods! 'cr ied Mr K.What ' l tyou dream of next?

suppose e had btacl< a i r? ''How

did you guess? ' hewas exci ted.' l p icked he mostunt i l<e lyo lour , 'he ep l ied o ld ly .'Wet l

b lac l<t was! 'she r ied.And

he hada verywhi tes l< in ; h ,he was most unusual lHe was dressed n a st range ni formand

he camedown out o f the sky and spol<e leasant lyo me. 'She

s m i l e d .

'Outo f the sky;what nonsense l ''He

came n a br ightmeta l h ing hat g t i t te redn the sun, 'sher e m e m b e r e d .h ec l o s e d e re y e s o s h a p e t a g a i n . ' ld r e a m e d

therewas he skyandsometh ing par l< ledi l<e co in hrown nto

the a i r ,and suddenly t grew argeand e t tdownsof t ly o land,a

tongsi lver ra f t , oundand a t ien.And a door opened n the s ide

of the s i lver b jectand his a t l man stepped u t . '' l f you wor l<ed arder ou woutdn ' thave hesesi l tydreams. '' l

ra ther n foyedt , 'she rep l ied,y ingbacl< .l never uspected

mysel f f such maginat ion. lac l< a i r , lueeyes, ndwhi tesk in !

Whata st rangeman,andyet - qu i tehandsome. ''Wishfu l

th ink ing. ''You ' re

unkind. d idn ' t h in l< im up on purpose; e us t came

in to my mind whi le I d rowsed. t wasn ' t ike a dream. t was sounexpected nd d i f fe rent .He tookedat me and he sa id , " l ' ve

come f rom the th i rd p lanet n my sh ip . My name s Nathan ie l

York."'A

stup idname; t 'sno namea t a t l , 'ob iected he husband.' O f

c o u r s e t ' s s t u p i d ,b e c a u s et ' s a d r e a m , ' s h ee x p l a i n e d

sof t ly . 'And e sa id ,Th is

is the f i rs t r ip across pace" here re

on ly wo of us n our sh ip ,myse l f nd my r iendBer t . " ''Another

stup idname. ''And he sa id , "We' re f rom Ear th ; hat 's the name of our

p lanet , " 'cont inued rs K. That 'swhat he sa id . Ear th ."was he

name he spoke.And he used another anguage.Somehow

understood im.Wi th my mind.Tetepathy,suppose. '

Mr l( turned away. She stopped him with a word 'Ylt?'she

cat led u ie t ly . Do you everwonder f - we l l , f thereare people

t iv ing n the h i rd p lanet? ''The

th i rd p lanet s incapable f suppor t ing i fe , 's ta ted hehusband at ient ty .Our

sc ient is ts avesa id here 's ar oo much

oxygen n the i ra tmosphere. ''But

woutdn ' t t be fasc inat ingf therewerepeople? nd they

trave l ledhrough pace n somesor t o f sh ip? ''Reat ly ,

Y l la , ou <now ow I hate h is emot iona lwai l ing . e t 'sget on wi th our wor l< . '

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. I

-l

Whichof the travelwr i te rsmentioned ou[dVoumost ike o readabout?

whv?Which wo of the writers isted mixed uct andfiction?

Whendid travel iterature irst become opular?What n D rJohnson's p in ionmakes qood ravelbook?

Reudingnd ir lening

O e Read nd i sten o the story.0rder heseevents.

a Thewriter aveheshepherdcupof ea.b The hepherdtartedo tatk ouder.c Theshepherd ot a b i t f rustrated ecause hecouldn' t nderstand.

d Thewr i te rmade reakfast nd wentouts ide.

e Theshepherdr ied o show hat he wanted cup

of tea.f Thewr i te rasked he shepherd uest ions.

g Theshepherd sedhis cane o d ismountrom his donkey.

h TheshepherdtartedLaughing [ot.

i Theshepherd nd hjs donkey ame nto the garden.

3 ReaU he story again and answer hese questions.

1 Whydid the wri tersp i [ [her ea?

2 Whydid the shepherd se he cane o dismount?

3 Whatdid the wri ter mostnot iceabout he s l anders?

4 Howdid the shepherdina t lyexpta ' in hat he wants?

5 Howdid the wri ter h ink you can earna language?6 Whydid the shepherdaugh o much?

4 tutatchhe objects with the writer's descriptionsof them (a-f).

a cup of tea, a [augh, he sea, he [and,a sound, he sky

a l ikewidebluehands b bearish c cradledn my hands

d lassoinghe ent ire stand e the curved nd plummett ing ody

f rumbtes

Tulkhuck

5 Worl in pairs.Which f these hingswould ou ike o do?Why?

visit heGreekstand, eethe slanders,iveabroador a while,writeatravel ook, earn notheranguagenotEngtish),nowmore ordsn Engtish

2

34

trfo# ,Beforeoustsrt

1 ReaAhe backgroundotesandanswerhesequestions.

There s a [ong radi t ion of t ravel wr i t ing

in EngLish, h ich datesback o the 14th

century with Sir John Mandevi[[e'sravels,

an ext raordinary jx tureof fact an d

fantast ic nformat ion bout monsters nd

two-headedmen. More er iouswas he

coLLect iony R' ichard akluyt f

descr ipt ions f the voyagesmadeby

Engl ishmerchants nd explorersn the

16th and ear ly17th century. n the 18th

century, ravel aiterature tarted to

become populargenreas greatnovel is ts

LikeHenryFieLdingnd Laurence terne

descr ibedhei r r ips aroundEurope.

In the foltowing century, classic raveI

l i terature ncludes:he wr i t ingsof the

int repidexpLorer aryKingsley escr ib ing

her raveLsn WestAfr ica;Chartes arwin 's

accountof h is r ip aroundSouthAmer ica;

the naturaList enryBates 'descr ipt ion f

h is researchn the Amazon. monggreat

t raveIwr i tersof the 20th centurywere:

RobertByronwh o ourneyed crossCentraI

Asia; FreyaStark who travelted widely n

Arabcountr ies; ruceChatwinwhose

traveIbooks uchas Jn Pafogonia rea

mixtureof anthropotogy, hi losophy nd

f ic t ion. Famous ontemporaryravel

wr i ters ncLudehe Tr in idadian ovet is t,

V.S.Naipaul nd he Amer icans, auI

Theroux nd Bi l l Bryson.

Good ravel i terature ombines

observat ion i th imaginat ion nd ca n give

profoundnsights nto the human

condi t ion.However, s he greatDoctor

Johnson aid:Books

of t rave[swi [ [ be

good n propor t ion o what a man has

previousLyn his mind; his knowingwhat

to observei is powerof contrast ing ne

modeof t i fe wi th another . 'Ashe Spanish

proverb ays, 'He,who would br ing home

t h e w e a l t ho f he Ind ies ,mus t a r ry he

weaLth f the Indieswi th h im. '

KarenConneL[y asborn n ALbertan

Canada nd now Livesn Greece. hehas

pubLishedward-winningravelbooks

suchas Iouch the Dragon:A ThaiJourna[

and On eRoom n a Castle.She s aLso he

authorof two worksof poetry.



"ii"

tr$sfr' -*1** r 4$,$Fiii&i-r

d.'&.'{'

The sleek black donkey is called Marcos, and theold man who rides him is called Andreas. Thev

appear early one morning while I am sitting

outside, my back against the wall of the spitaki, a

cup of tea cradled in my hands. The gate is on the

other side of the house, out of immediate view. I

hear hooves knock against the stones that mark the

threshold of the gate. To give me warning, the old man

shouts some unintelligible greeting that scares me out of

, "' ,

my wits. I spill tea on my lap.'Kaleemera,' he says gruffly, with a cautious smile.

'Kaleemera,' I return the greeting and reach for my dictionary,

He pulls his cane from its resting place in the ropes of the saddle, maneuvers Marcos to a stone, where

he aims the cane, then slides off the donkey's back. His lower left leg and foot are deformed; the foot fits

into a black boot cut open to accommodate its dimensions. How to describe Barba Andreas, the old

shepherd? A yellow piece of cloth is wrapped around his head of white hair. He has a big white

moustache, blue eyes, a dandy's flower stuck in the lapel of his green army jacket. Hands. What will I

love most here, what will I dream about years later, to return me to this place? The hands of the

islanders. Their thickness, their roughness, their ugliness. Nails broken below the quick. Scars. Missing

fingertips and lines of dirt.

Barba Andreas names the plants for me, pointing with his cane and leaning down to pluck off the

chamomile blooms. Sitting on a milk crate, he lifts his bad leg up to rest on a stone. I remain sitting

against the house in the shade. We both take in the view before us: slender Marcos, eating my melon

rinds and shifting in what is, effectively my front yard: poppies; olive trees; the curved and plummetting

body of the land, its shapes of green, sage-green, yellow, almond; rose and purple and gray shadow. The

sky opens over everything like wide blue hands. And all around us, lassoing the entire island, the sea.A bearish sound comes from Barba Andreas' throat. As though bored with the view - how familiar it

must be to him - he turns back to me and says something I don't understand. He points in my direction

with his cane. Is he pointing to the low table between us? I look at the table. Is he pointing to my books

on the table? I offer him a book, which he wisely refuses to touch. He pantomimes a motion but I don't

understand. Once more, he directly asks for something and pokes his finger against his chest. I don't

understand. Finally, smiling but clearly frustrated, he grabs the tea-pot with one large hand, pours tea

into the palm of the other, and raises it to his lips. 'Ena poteeri!' he cries, and bangs his cane on the

ground, demanding a cup.

Embaruassed, I jump up and into the little house for another cup. I come out, pour tea, hand it to him.

He waves away my apologies. He drinks the tea in one go. How many Greek words do I know now?

How many? Not enough, never enough. To learn another language one must re-acquire the greedy hunger

ofach i ld . Iwant , Iwant , Iwant .Everydesi rebeg insandendswi thaword. Iw;rn t toaskathousand

questions. Where does the path behind the house lead and who lived here before ald how do you make

cheese and are the sheep in the neighboring field yours and what is this place, truly, and how do I go to

the mountains behind t he house? Because there is a gate closing off the field that leads to the mountains,

and I am afraid to walk through it.

He understands my last, garbled question. 'How do you go to the mountains?' he pa-rrots back to me,

almost shouting. It is an international assumption that when people don't hear and understand our

language, we think they can't hear at all. 'How do you go up to the mountains?'Now a slow laugh

rumbles in his throat. 'Me ta podia!' he cries. Every line of his face proclaims laughter. He slaps his

knees, guffawing.

How do you go to the mountains?

Me ta podia. With your/eel.

Open the gate, go through it, close it behind you. And walk to the mountains.

spitaki - is the Greek word for a one-roomed shepherd's house



No Cr ime in the Moun ta ins

Beforeouslort

1 ReaA boutRaymond handter. ave ouever eador wouldyou ike oreadone of his books?Why/Why ot?

ListeningndReoding

() Z Listenandread he extracts rom the story.Order hese events.

a Evansspoke to Mrs Lacey on the telephone. "n a.nk*,r*,..!*' ' jb Hearrivedn Puma oi nt ndwent o the hotet. ie.* f | * L30c Hedrove ound he takeandstopped. & t tr- F

.,**ue@d He found the body of Mr Laceyunder a tree.

{s&*€dwsmvr'I

e He spoke o the girl in the phoneoffice.

f Hesmoked is pipeandwatched he boats n the [ake.g He had unch and drove o the mountains.

h A letter arrivedat Evans'officerom Mr Lacev.

3 neaU he story again and choose he best answer o these questions.

1 Howdi d Evans eel when he go t the letter?

a worried b re[ieved c suspicious

2 How did he feet by the time he go t to the hotel?

a hot and ired b hungry c nervous

3 Whatsort of a hotel was t?

a luxur ious b basic c cheap

4 Ho wdi d MrsLacey eact o Evans?

a angrily b suspiciousty c cold[y

5 Whatwas he girL n the phoneoffice ike?

a suspicious friendl.yc bored'r.::'TW

6 Howdid Evanseelwhenhe wassmoking is pipe?

a worried b retaxed c thoughtful.

7 How did he find the body?

a by accident b by being observant c by lookingunder he tree

8 What did the deadma nLookLike?a k ind b quiteyoung c prosperous

4 Wtrtctr f these adjectiveswouldyou use o describe he detective? d

anxious, ough, observant,riendty,direct, decisive,ndependent, otite,

i ronic,weak

5 finA examptes f Chandler's tyte n the text.

. hisuseof rony

. h is useof metaphor nds imi te

. his detaileddescription

. h is naturaI ia loques

O 0 Listen o the rest of the story and ind outwhathappensn the end.

ryfis

f.ff



The letter came just before noon, special delivery, a dime-store erwelope with the return address F.$. Lacey, PumaPoint, California. Inside was a check for a hundred dollars,

made out to cash and sigmed Frederick S. Lacy, and a sheetof plain white bond paper typed with a number of

strikeovers. It said:

'. j '.].,].n:]::]1il..r!Nt.'iixi'! lrijjis*]#:EsiLi!rdi1##!i'i4:di!J!$iiiiilii|ii: i]t is;;-d;-l1ifij.].|j] i[ lu|:;*H!Ml$iMl

I [ r John E v a n s ,

D e a r S i r ,

f have your name from Len Estersala l . i ty business

is urgent ant l er t remely conf ident ia l . f inc lose a

re ta iner . P lease o o me t o Puma P o i n t T h u r s r l a y

af ternoon or evening, i f at a l l possib le, register at

the Ind ian Head Hote l , anc l c a l l me a t 2 3 0 5 .

There hadn't been any business in a week but this made it

a nice day. The bank on which the check was drawn was

about six blocks away, I went over and cashed it, ate lunch,

and got the car out and started off.

It was hot in the valley, hotter still in San Bernadino and it

was still hot at five thousand feet, fifteen miles up the high-grear road to Puma Lake. I had done forty of the fifty miles of

curving twisting highway before it started to cool off but it

didn't really get cool until I reached the dam and started

along the south shore of the lake past the piled-up granite

boulders and the sprawled camps in the flats beyond. It was

early evening when I reached Puma Point and I was as

empty as a gutted fish.

The Indian Head Hote1 was a brown building on a corner,

opposite a dance hall. I registered, carried my suitcase

upstairs and dropped it in a bleak, hard-looking room with

an oval rug on the floor, a double bed in the corner and

nothing on the bare pine wall but a hardware-store calendar

all curled up from the dry mountain sununer. I washed my

face and hands and went downstairs to eat ...

I gobbled down what they called the regnrlar dinner, dranka brandy to sit on it, and went out ...

The phone office was a log cabin, and there was a booth in

the corner with a coin-in-the-s lot telephone. I shut myself

inside and dropped my nickel and dialled 2306. A woman's

voice answered.

I said,'Is Mr Fred Lacey there?''Who is calling, please?''Evans is the name.''Mr Lacey is not here right now, Mr Evans. Is he expecting

you?'

That gave her two questions to my one. I didn't like it.

I said,'Are you Mrs tacey?''Yes. I am Mrs Lacey.'I thought her voice sounded taut and

rer-strungl, but some voices are like that all the time.'It's a business matter.'I said.'When will he be back.''I don't know exactly. Sometime this evening, I suppose.

What did you ...''\Mhere is your cabin, Mrs Lacey?''It's ... it's on Ball Sage Point, about two miles west of

village. Are you calling from the village? [Di d yo u ...? ' e, {

'I'll call back in an hour,

Mrs Lacey,'I said and hung up.

I stepped out of the booth.

In the other corner of the room a dark girl in slacks was

writing in some kind of account book at a little desk. She

looked up and smiled and said,'How do you like the

rnountains?'

I said,'Fine.''lt's very quiet up here,'she said.'Very restful.''Yeah. Do you know anybody named Fred Lacey?''Lacey? Oh, yes, they just had a phone put in. They bought

the Baldwin cabin. It was vacant for two years and they just

bought it. It's out at the end of Ball Sage Point, a big cabin on

high ground, looking out over the lake. It has a marvelous

view. Do you know Mr tacey?''No,'I said, and went out of there- I walked back to the

Indian Head and got into my c.u ...

I stopped the car on the tip of the point and walked over to

a huge tree fallen with its roots twelve feet in the air. I sat

dov'rn against it on the bone-dry ground and lit a pipe. It waspeaceful and guiet and far from everything. On the far side of

the lake, a couple of speedboats played tag, but on my side

there was nothing but silent water, very slowly getting dark in

the mountain dusk, I wondered who the hell Fred Lacey was

and what he wanted and why he didn't want to stay home orleave a message if his business was so urgent ...

At the end ofhalf an hour I got up and dug a hole in the softground with my heel and knocked my pipe out and stamped

down the dirt over the ashes. For no reason at all, I walked a

few steps toward the lake and that brought me to the end of

the tree. So I saw the foot ...

The man was middle-aged, half bald, had a good coat of tan

and a line mustache shaved up from the lip. His lips were

thick and his mouth, a little open as they usually are, showed

big strong teeth. He had the kind of face that goes withplenty of food and not too much worry. His eyes were looking

at the sky. I couldn't seem to meet them.

The left side of the green sport shirt was sodden with blood

in a patch as big as a dinner plate. In the middle of the patch

there might have been a scorched hole. I couldn't be sure.

The light was getting a little tricky ...There was twelve dollars in his wallet and some cards but

what interested me, was the narne on his photostat driver'slicense. I lit a match to make sure I read it right in the fadinglight.

The name on the license was Frederick Shield Lacey.



StudentctiviliesModule2. Lesson " Exercise

Student

Read he cues below and check vocabulary.Then, tet l the joke to your

partner.

. an o ld couple o nto a caf6 or a cup o f tea; heysi t down;a ch impanzeewatks n

. the ch impanzees wear jng su i t andcarry ing newspaper

. the ch impanzeei tsdownandorders cup o f tea and a cheese andwich

. the ch impanzeein ishes is ea andsandwich, aysandwalks u t

. the couptego to a waiter; he womansays,I 've

neverseenanything ikethat beforel '

. the waiter rep[ies,'Yes,ery strange.He norma[ty as a saladsandwich.'

Mcdute5, Lesson 7. Exerciss,A Sc ience u iz

StudentAs k your partner these questions. The correct answer is underlined.

1 Whodjscoveredhe three aw sof motion n the 17th century?a Copernicus b .[l€vv!S! c GaU[eo

2 Whodevelopedhe periodic able of etementsn chemistry?a Mendel b l4endelevey Mendetssohn

3 Whodjscoveredhe practicaI se sof radiowaves?a Sony b M_arconic Hertz

4 Whodiscoveredhat electricityexisted s a current?a Ampere b Vol"ta c Faraday

5 Whoproposedhe exjstence f the atom?a Rutherford b E'instein c !emqr1{q5

Ca n yo u add a question of your own?

Module5, Lesson 9, f lxercise

Student

A robot guard do g

. qu i tesmat l .80 cm h igh weight25 ki tos)

. made f metaLsteeI ndatumin ium)

. moves us t (moves t 40 kph on ftat surfaces)

. useswheets ten smat[wheels t the bot tom)

. goesup stairs uses pringactjon [ike a kangaroo)

.recognises eop[e nd riends can recognise eop[e's oices). detects ntrudersto a house uses3 high-resotutionameras nd nojsesensors n ts 'head ' )

. 'bites'intruders r burgtars uses wo metattic laws o immobjL'ise

i ntruders). usefu I or guard inghe home cheaper nd more et iab lehan a reaI

guard og;doesn ' t eed o be ed). makes loudnoise a Loud arkor s i rendependingn opt ions). i f probLems,alls or hetp directl.y hones he potice). is it int etl igent? not rea[y - jt relieson programming ut clevererha n

the averageRottweiler)

Module10, Lesssn 7, Exercise , A QuieAnswer ey : 1 . ,2 a ,3 b , 4 c ,5 b , 6 a , t c . 8 b , 9 a

Modu[e 7. Lesson27, Exercise7

StudentA

Us e the Speaking Strategies on page 83 and

take turns to be the tourist and the hotel

receptionist. When you are the receptionist,

refuse some of the requests politety. Think

of other (more difficult) requests to make.

Yo uar e checking nto a hotel. Prepareo ask orthese hings pol.iteLy.

. a doub[e oomon the i rs t toor

. a wake-up a[ [a t 7 .30

. a futt Engl.ishreakfastn your roomat 8.15

. a mapof the city

. a t axr a t g .uu

tcmgw*gmwsu'*russruEndof Story

After hat , Hotmes xpta inedtL he c[ues

about he hat o Watson. henPeterson

came nto the room arry ing n enormousdiamond hichh is wi fe had ound nside hegoose.HoLmeseat isedhat th js was hefamous iamond toten roma countess

whenshewasstay ing t a London ote l .

TwohoteL ervants adbeen nvoLved.newas he but ler , amesRyder nd he o therwasJohn Horner , p lumber . orner ad

beenwork ingn the countess 'soomwhenRyder ot iced hat the d jamond adbeensto [en.S ince hen, Horner adbeen nprison or severaLays.

SherlockHolmes ecidedo advertiseor thegoose nd hat n the newspapers.hat

even ing manappeared;t wasBaker . akerd id not knowanyth ing bout he d jamondbut he o[d Hotmes nd Watson here ehadbought he goose. heywent hereandsawa man,who urnedou t to be Ryder ,hehoteL ut ter . sk ing bout he goose.Holmesinv i tedh im back o h is house nownenHolmesment ionedhe

diamond, yderconfessedhat he ha d sto[en t. After

Horner 'sr rest ,Ryder adgone o h is

s is ter 's ouse o h ide he d iamond. herehadbeen omegeesen the garden ndRyder ad put he d iamondnto i ts mouth

and hen asked iss js ter or th is goose orChr js tmas.a ter , e had aken he goose

awayand kiL tedt but herewasno diamondas he hadchosenhe wronggoose lHotmeshadenough roof o put Rydernto pr ison

but he decidedo [e t he mango. n theend, Horner as e leasedrompr ison ndthe d iamond eturnedo the countess.



AnswersModu le , Lesson

Backgroundnformat ion about the texts in Lesson1.

Anne Frank 1,929-1.945)nne's ewjsh amiLymoved rom

Germanyo Hot land henHi t [er ame o power . hen, n 1 '942 'the Germansegan ntern ing ews nd he Franks ent n to

h id ingat the top o f the housewhere 4r rank ad h is o f f ice .

Theywerehetped y someDutch r iends ndempLoyeesf

l r4r rank. heentranceo the i r 'secre t nnexe 'was idden y

a moving ooksheLf .heywere o inedby another amiLy i th

the i r son,Peter . nnewas hi r teenat the t ime andstayed here

for over wo yearswhere hewroteherd iary. n August1944,

they were oundby the Germans.nneand her amiLy ere

depor tedo Auschwi tz nd hen o Bergen-BeLsen.here he

diedshor t ly e fore er 16th b i r thday.

HetenKet ler 1880-1967) asdeaf ,b | . ind ndseveretypeech-

impai red henshemet her eacher nneSut l ivan. u l l i van

taughther o communicatey f inger -spe l l ingords.HeLen

Kel lerearntFrench, erman nd Lat inandgraduatedrom

Radct i f fe oL legen the USA. san aduLt , eLen el le r ro teand

Lecturedor the deafand bLind.He rautobiography, heStoryof

My Life,wa spubLished hit e shewas at university.

Modute1, Lesson , Exercise

AnswerKey: a - fext2, b - Text3, c - Text1

ModuLe , Lesson . Hxercise

Handwr i t ing analys is

connectedet ters Log icat ,a t ionaIunconnectedet ters not verycooperat ive ,nd iv idua[ is t ic

breakafter 1st letter n a word= a goodobserver f peop[e

|,arge riting = ambitious, deaListic

wr i t ingof average ize= convent ionaI

sma[L r i t ing= accurate , per fect ion is t

nar row r i t ing= shy

( In format ionrom he Br i t ish nst i tu teof GraphoLogy)

Module5, Lesson "9.Exercise

Answer Ke y

Computers nd robots can do these th ings:

. robots ndcomputers anwork n factor ies;

. robots anpLayootbaL[thoughnot verywe[ l ) ;every eara

robotWorLd uPs hetd ;. computersancontro l arsandptanes;

. computers anbeatus a t chess:he worLd hampion ary

Kasparovasbeaten y the computer , eep lue.

. computersancompose usic; programmenabLing

computerso compose usic, asbeendevetopedy he

Amer icanomposer , i [L iam oPe;. computers ang iveus he news seeExerc ise in Lesson

1 e ) ;. computersanspeak o us: computers annowsimula tehe

s o u n d s f h u m a n P e e c h .

However ,obots nd computersannothavea reaL onversat ion

and do not have eet ingsYet l ) .

Modute6, Warm-up, xercise

Checkyour answers o the quest ionna i re .

1 a Youprobabty ren ' t e t t ingenough leep.

1 b Seven r e ighthoursern ight s suf f ic ientor mostpeopLe.

1 c Youarea sleepy ead, ren ' tYou l

a Once day s not enoughl

b 0nce n the morn ing ndonceat n ight s probabLyK.

c Verygood.Dent is tsecommendtean ingeeth af ter

everymeal.

a Youshoutd akeup some jndof spor t l

b Good oncea week s bet ter han never l

c Excellentl ou must be verY it.

4 a WeLt one lYouprobab[y ave o ts of money n dent is t iL [s .

4 b Wei l . . very owand hen s 0K.

4 c Y o u h o u [d u td o w n :

5 a Good. s heysay an app lea daykeepshe doctor wayl

5 b Verygood.DoctorsecommendeveraLieces f fruit pe r day.

5 c You eaLLyhou[d ry to eat more resh rui t .

Modute , Lesson 1, Exercise

A[ [ the statementsare, unfortunate[y, rue.

Modu[e6. Cul tureCorner , Exercise+,

A QuizA n s w e r e y :1 d , 2 c , 3 a , 4 e , 5 b

Modute7, Warrn-up, xerciseA TheTaj .4ahatIndia) B The BerdRiver westernSiberia)

C HongKong D Riode Janei ro

Module , Cul tureCorner , Exercise ,

A MusicQu iz

Answer Key:

1 Madonna U S A ;2E r i c l a p to n U K ;3 R o b b i e i l t i a m s U K ;

4 BritneySpears USA; RickyMartin PuertoRico;

6 Enr iquegLesias Spain ; Cher USA;

8 ELton ohn UK;9 LauraPausin i I ta ly ;

10 Jon BonJovi USA

Modute , Lesson 3, Exercise

AnswerKey:a 4 , b 6 , c 2 , d 1 . , e 3 , f 5

Modu[e , Lesson 3, Exercise

So what was he ke y o the creatjve utbursts f these cjtjes?

Fi rs t f a [1 .Athens, torencend London ereaL[ mpor tant

t rad ing entres i th surpLus oneyo be spenton cuLture .hey

aL tactedas cuLturaL agnets, ttracting a[ented ndjviduaLs

from ar andwide.Above [1 , heywerenot s tab[e r

conservative ocieties.LI hree weredynamic taces iving

throughmajor hanges,urst ing i th newoppor tun i t iesnd new

ideas.

222

333



I

A n S W e r SModule .0, essotr 7, Exerc.!se, A eufz

Decide f th e War Facts below refer to :

a wor ldwar (1914-18) b wor tdwar I (1939-45) c TheVie tnamwar 1 ,954-75)

War Facts

1 TheUSAnded he war n the FarEast y dropp ingwo atomicbombs n Japan.2 Themaincountr iesnvo lvedwere:Br i ta in ,France nd Russia ga instGermany,ustr ja ,

Hungary ndTurkey.

3 Thewar beganwhenGermanynvaded otand.

4 Thecountrywasdiv idednto the communist or th . uppor ted y Russia ndChjna, ndthe South, uppor ted y the USA.

5 Themajncountr iesnvo lvedwere:Br j ta jn ,Russia nd he USA ga instGermany,taLy ndJ a p a n .

6 Mostof the battleswere ought n Bel"gium nd France.7 TheUSA ecret ty ombedCambodiaur ing he war .8 More iv i l jans ied han so[d iersn th is war , nctud ing mi t l ion ews n concentra t ionamps.9 Po json aswas i rs t used n th js war .

Checkyour answerson page 134.

Modu le "0 . esson 9,Exercise

Answer Ke y

Answers 'a ' how ou areasser t ive .Yo uare setf-confident nd ry toresotve onf t ic t i tua t ionsn asensibLend constructive ay .

Answers b'show ha t yo u ar every

asser t ive ut you probabtyeacttoo aggressive[yo confl icts tuatio s.

Answers 'c ' how ou are notassertjve. ouperhaps ac ksetf-conf idence;ookat the 'a ' answersfor some deas n how o reacr oconfl ictsituations.

StudenfctivitiesModule2, Lesson , Exercise

Student

Read he cues betow an d check vocabulary.Then,tet l the joke to your partner.

. scientjstsn a [aboratory re esting he effectsofcigarette mokeon rabbjts

. two rabbitsescaperom the [aboratory;av ea greartjme in fietds,ea t lovelycarrotsan d ettuce; he y

meet ot s of rabbit riends. on e of the rabbitssays,

I 'mgoingback o the

Laboratoryl. the other rabbitsays,

Why?Ar eyou crazy?,

. the fi rst rabbitsays, No . j t 's just that I reat tyneedaciga ette

Modute5, Lesson 2, Hxercise ,A Science u iz

Student

As k your partner these questions. Th e correctanswer s under l ined.

1 Whodiscoveredhe fundamentat rinciples f genetics?a Darwin b Lamark c Mendel

2 Whodiscoveredhat L ights made p of a mixture fcotoured ight?

a Maxwell b Einstejn c Newlqr3 Whodiscoveredhe existence f radioactivity?

a Bequerel b PjerreCurie c MarieCurie4 Whoestabt ishedhe pr inc ip tesor naming nd

c[assifoing lants?

a Lamarck b Darwjn c !l!.nqq$5 Whodiscoveredhat the Ear th rb i ts he Sun?

a lopeqicl5 b Newton c Galjl.eo

Can ou adda question f yourown?

B

Module5, Lesson 9" Exercise StudentA robot friend

. size s variab[e yo u can choose hree options:basketbaU.tayer.norma[, hil"d-size)

. madeof meta[ Looksik ea traditionat obot,with metaIhead,armsan dtegs)

. recognisests owner'smoods usescameras no sensorso see

faciaIexpressionsnd body Language). ta lks o peopte hasa cho ice f ten [anguages). ta lks aboutanything tist of optionsar esupptied, .g. sport, po p

music, itms). reacts o peop[e it s conversation epends n th e owner,smood). is a good istener sympathetic nd gives he advice ts owner

wants o hear). te t ls jokes o cheer eopte p (has1,000 jokes rogrammed). doespersonalisedomework teachers an,t et l the djfference). does mat[ omest ic hores e .g .makes our bed, akes he dogout). accompanieswner enjoys he cinema, ootbal"L atches, tc.). ca n os e o the ownerat a varietyof games e.g. chess, raughts,

Monopoty). is i t intel.tigent?probabl"y or eso than us )

Module7, Lesson 7, Exercise Student

Use he Speaking trategies n pageg3 an d take urns to be thetourist an d he hotel receptionist.Whenyo u ar e he receptionist,refusesomeof the requests otitety.Thinkof other (morediff icutt)requests o make.

Youar echecking nt o a hotet. prepareto ask for these hings potitety.

. a room i thanensu i te athroom

. a tab[e or wetven the hotel estaurantt g.30

. some tampsor postcards

. a morning ewspaperithyourbreakfast. in fo rmat ionboutmuseums



WrifingelpI A le f te r poge2)

Layout

A Formaletter to a languagechoot)

Greeting

DearMs Dutton, when you know the person'sname)DearSi r Madan, (when you don't know the s name)

Paragraph : Introduction

Thank ou for your letterof ...I am writing with reference o your Letterof ...I wouLddefiniteLy Like o go on the

course.Paragraph : PersonaInformation

basic nformation about yourself an d your family: whereyo u [ive an d who you live with, schoolyou go to, yourinterests

Paragraph: Experiences earneryears tudied, urrent evet,exams assed, reas ou havemostprobtems ith

FormaI ndingI Lookorward o heaing rom you soon.YoursincereLy,if youstartedyour etter DearMs Dutton)YoursaithfuLly,if youstartedyour etter DearSir Madam)Your ignature

Printyourname learly.

An InformaILetter (to a pen riend/ relative)

GreetingDear .. , / Hi . . . , / Hi there!

Paragraphs/2/3information about yoursetf, your famiLyan d your friends

Styte

RequestsFormal tyte: would eqratefuLf voucouldwriteus a letter.CouLdoupleaseelL sabout ourself?InformalstylezCan oudo mea avour?t'd beqreat f youcouLd..PunctuationInformaI tyle:. useof contractionsI'm a cousin fyours.. us eof exclamationarks Get n touch oon!

GrammarInformal style: dropping f the subject n very nformaIcorrespondencee.9. postcards, mails, ery nforma[ etters)(Q Don't know if you got my irst message.VocabutaryFormal style: forma[ anguage teachinqstaff (= teachers)/I enclose = here s .. . with the tetter)Informal styte:. vague anguage I'm kind of interested .. / Whot sortof thinq

ore you interested in?. colloquial expressions our foLl<s= fumity) back n the old

e9!-0!ry = our country of origin)._abbreviatjons info (= jnformation), randad = grandfather)Linking wordsFormal style: If is o smaLLchooL.However,we havegood

facilities. In addition, we hove an exceLlenteachinq staff.Informal styte: .If's o ni ce place to visit.Bu! it's &peniive.

/Well,how are you? f S-g everyone'sweLIhere. / Nlywga, I mustbe going. / She'sgetting on well, too.

UsefuIVocabulary

Famif.y:membersof the family; relatives (peopLe n your fanilyyou don't live with, e-9. uncles,aunts, cousins); in-laws (fonily bymo riage ; ste mothe , stepfathef stepb othe , stepsi ste (reLatednot by birth but because our parenthas remorried);oncestor(someone n your family who iveda Long ine ago)Languageschool: class ize (numberof students n a class);excursions;generol courses,exomcourses,businessEnglishcourses; ociLities,e.g. Ianguage aboratory, seLf-accessentre(o pLacewhere ou can study on your own)

Free time: stay in; go out, go to a gig f concert,go clubbing, goto o cLub a pLoce o donce); go shopping; go for a og; meet upwith friends

Linking

Timez Whenhe arrived, there werevery ew peaple. / Mgt hearrived,somepeoplecame. After lunch, we wentout.Addition: I an aLso nterested n music. / I am interested inmusic, too. / e,Vg!_Slthot there are excursions o London.Thereare excursions o Londonas welL. As weLL s organisingexcursions o Londonwe organise hem to Oxfurdand Cambidge./In addition, there ore excursions o 1xford and Cambidge. / Thereis a seLf-accessentreplus a languoge aboratory.Contrast: Althouqh the school is smolL, he atmosphere sfiendly.

/ Theschool is small. However, he otmosphere sfiendty. /Despitebeing smalL, he school has goodfaciLities.Reason:Can ou complete he test, so that we canJuageyourlevel? Bring on umbrelLan case t rains.Causez 'm Latebecauseof the traffic. / Becauseof thot, I arrivednte.Example: Weorgoniseactivities such as horse-iding.

Checking

Style:Have ou used ormaI r nformattyle?Have ouused ormaI r nformaI ords ndexpressions?Have ouusedormaI r nformaIreet ingsr endings?

InformaI ending

That'sal l fo r now./ I hope to hear rom you soon.Get n touchsoon. Look orword to heaing aLL boutyou. /Wite soon. / Givemy regards to ... / Pleasekeep n touch.

AIL he best, f Yours,/ With Love, Love, Cheers,Your name



l,lntrry eQ

2 A Book eviewpoge3)

Layout

ParagraphGivesome basic nformation about the book.

'Possession'

by A.S.Byattwon the BookerPrize n 1990. Sinceits irst pubLicationn 1990, the book has not only won many

readers ut has aLso een iLmedstarring GwynethPaltrow.

ParagraphGive a brief summary of the ptot.

Twomain charactersn the book areyoung scholarswho are

researching ives f two Victorianpoets.As they uncover heir

Letters,ournals and poems, hey unexpectedLyome acrossa

story of mysteryand great passion.

ParagraphGiveyour opinions an d presentgood an d bad things about

the book.

Thebook is a fascinating Love-story hich combines wohistoricaL ettings n a verycLever ay,contemporary nd

Victorian.Howeven ts complexitymay discourage ome eaders.

ParagraphConctusions nd recommendations.

Thebook s certainlyworth reading. t wilLappeaL oth to

readerswho likecontemporary iterature s weLL s thosewho

prefera good traditional Victoriannovel.

Styl.e

Mostof your review hou[dbe written usingpresent enses:

Thenovel s set in both the nineteenthand twentiethcentury.

0ne day he comesacross pieceof paperstuckbetween he pages

of an old book.

Yo ushoutdaim for a neutraI tyte.not too formaIand not too

co [oq ia :Although he book s rather Long, ou won't ind it lacking n

tensionand surprising urns of action.

UsefulVocabulary

Thebook iSsg!in the 1"950s in the seventeenth entury during

the Vfctorian eriod.

It s main characters re two young students.

ThepLot s organised roundone important event:Losing nd

recovering famiLy reasure.

TheA[ryq4comeswhen aLI he peopLenvolved n the nysteryget

togetherLateat night in the cemetery.

Thebook is written_ina complex simpLe modern traditionalnnofir / rpnli<fir <fvlo

}ne of the book's great sJlglSths s charactgisatipn: [ero95 qng!

hgrcUe; may seem qge1 thon life but they are alsoso deepLv

human.Thebook'sWeSllelS rypt egntrgyeLStglqtpects its Length.

It is w.o1[! 99t!j!9,.I t ca n be recommendedo peopLe ho wantgood un .

Link ing

Summarising he plot:

}ne dsy Rolandcomesacrosso mysterious etter.

After that, he inds himseLf pied on by a rival scholar.

Eventually, he realises hat the spyis in

facthis best

riend.I! !!e elld, they faLL n Lovewith each other.

Giving examples:Thereare some truly exciting moments, e1pellS@ when they

discover he ournol hidden n the doLL's ouse.

Thebook containsVictorian exts,5vch..q5he poemswritten by

the two poets.

Contrasting:ALthough he book s rather Long, he reader inds it grippingfromthe irst to the Lastpage.'Possession'is about a specialist tudy of Literature.

neverboing.De;ptle being about a speciaList tudy of Literature,t is never

boing.

Adding points:

Apart freL being a ascinating noveL, he book s uLI of beautiful'

Victorian oems.

Rolandand Maud are both schoLorsnterested n the sane typeoJ

literature.What'smoy.e.,hey are al5-o uite simiLar s peopLe.

Conctuding:A!!j! sJ! / 4tl thug;tpt;tdg Jei / Ip:tryM, the book s a real

masterpiece.

Checking

Layout: Have ou fot[owed he suggestionsor paragraphs?

Linking: Have ou ncludeda varietyof Linkingwords?

However.t is

6A



3 A Descriptionf A Plucepoge7)

Layout

ParagraphIntroduce he ptace.

After living or manyyears n an old countryhouse, 've ustmoved o the city. Now Live n a modern Lat which ..

ParagraphGivea generaIdescription of the ptace.

It is spociousand uLLof Light. Thereare two roomsdownstairs, ..

ParagraphFocuson one room / on e special eature in more detai[.

My study upstairshasgot a very elaxedatmosphere.ltly favourite piece of furniture is ...

Paragraph

Give a finat/persona[ comment on the place.

Although sometimesmissmy old house. here are many hingsaboutmy new home hot I reaLLyike, uchas .. .

Styte

For hjs type of composition, ou shoutdwrjte n a neutraI tyte.Belowar e exampLesf differentstyles.Formal styte: Ihe house,with numerous oomsand on extensivegarden, s situated n the cauntry.Neutral style: She has ust moved nto a big house n the countrywith a huge garden.

Cotf.oquial tyle: Her new house s massivewith a great big garden.

UsefuIVocabu[ary

House eaturesz armchair,bookshelf, arpet,clock,coffee able,cu tai ns, cushions, fi repLo e, Lamp, La psh ade, n anteLpi ce, mi ro ,pointing, rug, sideboard,sofa, stove, tiles

Describing a ptace/objectz cLuttered with), comfortable, osy,covered with), enormous, oir-sized, huge, marvellous,massive,oLd-fashioned, eLaxing, pacious, asteless, warm, wooden

Linking

Result: Herdesk s so cLutteredwith papers bat sh e cannot indher computermouse. so * adj. * 'that'

cLause)Thehousehas got such LoveLyiewsof the countrysidehat it is awonderful Lace o be in. (such + adj. + noun + 'that'

clause)It is

too big or oneperson

o Live n. (too*

adj.* 'to'infinitive)

The itchen s biq enouqho.q!tin. (adj. + snounl', ' to' infinjtive)

Comparison: t is not as big as other rooms.The iving room is a bit smaLLer.It is a,Lotbigger han her previoushouse.1ne of the biggestattractions s a hugegarden.

Giving examptes: he house s ul l of old eatures,such os ancient

fireplaces.It is a perfectpLacefor peopleLiNeou and me.It is full of Light,LqftlellS{y earLy n the morning.It can be used or manypurposes.fq gxqApJg it can be turnedin to a spare edroom.

Check i gLayout: Have ou fo[towed he paragraph tan?L ink ing:Have ou ncLudedink ingwords nd expressions?UsefuIvocabulary:Have ou incLuded djectives escribingparticutareatures f the ptace?

fu'rtrngep

4 A Fi lmReviewpoge/)

Layout

Paragraph1Give some basic nformation about the fi |.m.'Dances

With WoLves' on an 1scar n 1"990.t wasdirectedbvKevinCostner.

Paragraph2

Give a brief summaryof the pl.ot.He is sent by the arny to Liveon the edge of Indion territory.

Paragraph3

Giveyour opinions - good an d bad things about the fi lm.The ilm is very realistic in the woy it shows us the everydayLife of the Indians.

Paragraph4

Conclusion nd recommendation.It is a histoical fiLm with an obviousmessoge.t speaks opeopLe f all ages.

Style

Mostofyour review hou[dbe written usingpresent enses:It is set in the nineteenthcentury.Oneday he meetsan Indian.Yo ushoutdaim for a neutraI tyle,no t too formaL nd not to oco [oouia .Despite eing very ong, there s n't o dulLmoment. neutral" tyte)

UsefuI ocabutary

It is set in the 1920s/ in the sixteenthcentury during heFrenchRevolution.

It i5_.b,a,sedn a story/play/bookby ...T e speciaL eff.gg[5 e i mp essi ve disappoin i ng.The5qepqry s often breathtaking with wonderfuL lplpSrqp|y.Thedj4logAe s often exceLlentf eak.X plavs he por! of ... / X is maqnifice1t/unconvinc.inginhe yo.Le,of ..

Li n ki ng

Summarising he plot:

QIC_dSy, ostnerfindshimseLf eing watchedby ...nfter thg,t, he plot begins o get compLicated.EventuoLlv,e manages o convince he chief he is not dangerous.In .theend, they movenorth to Cqnado.Giving examptes:

There re somesad moments,especialywhen .. .Thedirectarpaysgreat attention to detaiLs, uch as the authenticcostumes.Contrasting:

De;pile-beinq vsry Long, here isn't a duLImoment.I'd recommendhe iLm or everyone, lthouqhsomescenes requite violent.Adding points:Theirfamily Life s very realistic. Thehunting scenesare aLsoveryconvincing.Thescenery s beautifuL.Uptep_yS-the backgroundmusic isperfect.

ConcIuding:

f,Ll hinqs QQnsidered,his is a reaLmasterpiece.

Check ingLayout:Have ou followed he suggestionsor paragraphs?Linking: Have ou included varietyof [inkingwords?



ttrtttry eft

5 A Descr ip l ionf onEvenfpogel)

Layout

Paragraph1

Introduce the event.When was n Spain ast summer, decided o go to a footbaLLmatch betweenFCBarceLona nd JuventusTurin It turned out

to be one of the highLightsof my hoLidoy.

ParagraphGivea brief summary f the event.

It alLstartedwith a spectacuLariesta our hoursbefore heactualmatch.After hat, the membersf both eomswere ntroducedo thecrowd. orceLonacoredirst but Juventus ventuaLLyon.

Paragraph3Focuson one particular aspect of the event.

What found reaLLy mazing was he behaviourof the fans.Theyweren't hostile to eoch other and Lookedas if they were

having a great time together.Thematch started and endedwith

fireworl<s.t was a big dispLayof technical skiLIand artistic

imagination. I particularLy iked the colours.

ParagraphGive a final comment on the event.

ALLn aLL, t was one of the biggest attractions of my Spanish

holidays. Lovedhe atmosphere f the pLace nd I think the

organisationwas ust perfect.

Styte

Mostof your description houtdbe wrjtten n a neutraI tyLe.What found reaLLymazing was he behaviourof the fans. They

weren't osti le...

To make ou r descriptionmorevivid an d nteresting, se

adjectives.It was a big dispLay f technicalskilL nd artistic imagination.

Thestadium was uLLof bright Lightand the dazzlingcoloursof

both teams.

UsefuI ocabutary

Types of eventz class family reunion, concert, exhibition,

fashion show,get-togetherof old school iends, motch, new house

warmingpar7y, peningof an exhibition shoppingmalL,pafty,

promotionaL vent,stageperformance, edding

Describing an event: a big attraction, boing, decoratedwith,

exciting, ascinating, a highlight, good/ perfect/ poor

organisation, n good bad taste, nteresting, ophisticated,

spectacuLar, steppingstone, raditionoL, nique,verymodern

hiqh-tech

Linking

Summarising he event:It alLstarted with the nationaLanthemsof both teams.

Then he refereebLewhis whistle.After that, the Spanish eam scored he irst goal.

FinalLv,he ltalian team managed o equaLise.In the end, the crowdwent homepeacefuLly.

Giving examples:Thereweresomemoving momentg etpgl4fu when both teams

held o one-minute ilence o commemoratehe recentdeath of a

coLleague.The event wos very weLIorgonised. f-qf_ggrnp19, here were

informotion booths every ifty metres.

If there wereproblems, uch as.misbehaviour f some ons, police

were very quick to intervene.

Contrasting:

Despite being very crowded,the stadium was very well organised.AEho,Ag! heir team was Losing, he fans kept encouraging hem alt

the time.

Adding points:

Therewere ireworl<sbefore the match. WhS!':_nqE, there was

another ireworksdispLay t the end.

The atmosphere before the match as well as,after it wos very

friendLy.

Concluding:ALLn oLI, t was a spectacular vent.AII thinqs considered,t was a highlight of ny holidoy.

CheckingLayout: Have ou followed he suggestionsor paragraphs?

Linking: Have ou inctuded varietyof l inking words?

Useful vocabulary:Have ou includedadjectiveso describehe

event?



6 A D is rurs ivessuyl ) (pogel )

Layout

1 Introduction

A short paragraph o introduce the topic. Givesomebackground. his may be historical or personat.Tobaccowas ntroduced o Europeafter the discovery f Ameica.My parentssmokeand they haveboth tried to give upmany times.

Note that i f yo u ar efor'

something, pu t the arguments'against'

first.I f you ar e

against'something,pu t the arguments

for'

fi rst.

2 A List of argumentsfor'

Choosewo or threemainpoints.Giveexamptes herepossi te.

FirstLy,t costs Lotof moneyo treatsmokers hogetdiseases,uchas heartdisease r Lung ancer. econdly,..

3 A lîstof argumentsagainst'

Choose wo or three main points. Back up your argumentswith examples.0n the other hand, if they bannedsmoking, he government

would ose a Lotof money rom taxeson cigorettes.

4 Conclusion

Giveyour ow n persona[opinion about the topic.In my opinion, ..AIL hings considered, beLievehat ...

Styl.e

Mostessays re written n a formaIor neutraI tyle:. use orma[ inkersor [ is t ing rguments ' fo r 'and

against '

th e titLe:A smoke-fiLledoom s ql59bad or non-smokers ho have tobreathe n the snoke. Ug,lqpvq, he smeLL f smoke .. . fFg4rthqrmo4e,eopLewho smoke .. / finalLy, .. .

. use ormaI ocabuLarynd phrases:

@. ( toocot loqu ia l )It is unpleasant o be in a smoke-filLedoom.

@. ( toocot toqu ia l . )

SomepeopLe hain-smoke..

usepassives

henappropr ia tesee

alsoModuLe) : i€a.Tobaccowas ntroduced o Europeafter the discovery f Ameica.

UsefulVocabulary

Adjectives: addictive,anti-sociaL, angerous, irty, gLamorous,

unhealthyNouns: ashtray,bronchitis, igarette,heart disease, ung ancer,

nicotine,no-smoking reas,public places, obaccoIssues: cost of health treatment,dangers n pregnancy,ndividual

freedomof choice,passive moking,smelL n clothing and

furniture, sports sponsors,starting fires, tqx revenue

l,ttrtrnlep

Linking: Contrast inkers

ALthouqh/Ey9!fisugh they know the dangers,manypeopLe tiL|snoke. (Although/Evenhough + ctause,+ main clause)*

Note: Sven-a+noag+

D-espile/I-l:ptle pf knowilgthe dangers,nany peopLestil|snoke. (pe_spitg/Ifpi le oJ +'-ing', + mainclause)Despite/IJtspile oJ the dangers,many peopLestilLsmoke.(Despite/Inspite of + noun, + main clause)Despite hglqet thqt / Ilspjte qf the -qct hat they know thedangers,manypeople stilL moke. Despite he act that /In spite of the ac t fhaf + clause, mainctause)

' H o w e v e r ' a n d ' 0 nt he o th e r a n d ' a r e s e d o b eg i n n e w

sentencehat contrastswhat camebefore.Manypeople know the dangers of cigaret tes. 119y9!9!, hey stilLsmoke.lvlany eopleknow he dangersof cigarettes. n the other hand,they stilL moke.

'Whereas'is used o contrast wo examptes hichare closety

t inked.My parentsboth smoke,whereas one of their childrendoes.Youcan't smoke n hospit als,Whe!eSyou can smoke n otherpubLic Laces,uch as ...SomepeopLe pendaLI heir moneyon cigarettes,whereasprefer to spendmy moneyon CDs.

Check ing

Layout: Howwelt doesyour essay [ow?Lookat the paragraphs

againandcheck he st ructure fyour argument.Style: Have ou usedwordsor expressionshat are ooco[toquiat?f so, ry to expresshe same deas n a more

formaIway.L inkers:Have ou used inkers nd ink ingexpressions?Can ou addany L inkerso jo in sentencesr [ ink deas?Grammarand spetting:Check ou r essay or mjstakes fgrammar ndspel l ing .





I A [el terof Appl icot ionpoge5)

Layout

G eeting

DearMs Snith, ( if you know the person'sname)DearSir Madam, if you don't know the person'sname)

ParagraphGive reasons or your writing. Sa ywhere yo u saw anadvertisement.

I am writing in connectionwith the advertisementn today's'Gazette'.

I am a professionaLurseand I would Likeo oin thecampaign o savechfldren n poor countriesof Africa.

Paragraph

Givesome nformation about you.

I am a professionaLurse. graduatedfrom the MedicolColLegetwoyearsogo. Duringny studies, took part in a numberofventureswhichoimed to help the people n the countriesof theThird WorLd. ince left the ColLege, haveporticipoted in threespeciaListraining courses. work n the State HospitoLn myhome own; however, could easiLy ake a two-monthLeaveojoin your campaign.

Paragraph

Suggestho w yo u coutd hel.p.

Due o my medicaL uaLifications, couLd eaLwith all kindsofphysicalprobLemshe chiLdrenmight be suffering ron. Inoddition, I couLd ct as a therapistand heLp hem with mentaltrauma.Apart rom that, I am sure wouldcope with otherdifficuLt ituations,such as taking core of the elderlyondnomercss.

ParagraphAsk for more nformation.

I wouLd e grateful if you could nform me whenyou wiLL eannouncing he resuLts f the applications. wouLd lso beinterested o know the pLanned eparturedate.

FormaI nd ing

I am Lookingorward to hearing rom you.

gnr g

Yours incerely, if your tetter starts with DearMs Smith)YoursaithfuLLy, if your letter starts with Deor Sir lvladam)

Styl.e

FormaIwritten statements of interest:am writing in connectionwith.am writing in responseo / wfth regard o...wouldLike o expressmy interest n...wouLdike to appLyor the post/ position of...

FormaIwritten requests:I wouLd e grateful if you couLd...I wouLdik e o knowmoreabout...I wonder f yo u couLd...Could ou please en dme...

Itntinyep

UsefuI ocabulary

Quatificationsand work experience:I am a professionaL...(teacher)

I graduatedfrom...I attended took part in troining courses peciaLisedn... (firstaid)I participated n... (reLiefmissions)

0ffers of hetp:Due o my medicaL ualifications, couLd...I think I night be usefuL n / for...I wouLd e happy o...

Additionat nformation:I encLosemy CV referencesfrom my previous employers.I wouLd e happy o attend an interviewat your earLiestconvenience.

Linking

Giving reason:Due o my medicaL uaLificotions, can take careof the sickandthe wounded.I took a course n therapy;as a resuLt, can also workas otherapist.

Contrasting:Dgslllg being ratheryoung, I havemonaged o develop omeprofession a expe ti se.

Adding:In gldtljpl, I couLdact as a therapist.

ApgJ.tromthat, I an sure would

cope with other difficuLtsituations.

Check ing

Layout: Have ou fotlowed he Layout or paragraphs?Styte: Check ou r letter for style,e.g. starting, inishing heletter; using ormaL ordsand expressions.



0lrrtrngep

9 A Discursivessoy2) poge0g)

Note hat if youar e for' something, ut the arguments'against'f irst.

!f yo uare'against'something,ut the arguments,for,first.

2 A list of argumentsfor'

Expresshe attitudes nd easonso support hi s pointofview. Provide xamples nd actswherepossibl.e.(seeStytebetow)

3 A tist of arguments'agai nst'Expresshe attitudesan d easonso support his pointofview. Provideexamptes nd facts where possible.see below

4 ConctusionFinatty, iveyourow npersonal pinionabout he topic.In myopinion, .. / AU hings onsidered,beLievehat ..

Styte

In a discursive ssayt is important o Ljst he pointsof view ofboth sidesof an argument s objectivety s possible. nty nth e conclusjon an yo u express ou r ow n point of vjew.Noticeth e us eof reporistructures e.g.feel fhaf), passives nd ormaItinkers e.9. moreover,furthermore) n the sentences elow.Listing arguments:

UanvpeopLeeeL hat hardersentences houldbe broughtback.TheAmerican ystemof'three stikes andyou,re out, hassuppp$glt fn Britain.M.oreover,_olepggplgLgythat conditions in prisons are toosoft.

_Ihge rc_qg_uJ!9ntsfr!the restoration of the death penaLty.Thewishesof victims' famiLy and iends possibLvneed tg betaken nto accountThere re arguments gainst hardersentences nd capitaL

punishment.Oneof the arqumentsaqainst Longer ison sentence s that thepisons are akeady ull.jtb-er,peopledisaqree nd think that pisons should reformoffenders.It is stronqLvel t bv nanv people hat capitaL unishment s theequivalentof udicia mu de}thers point to the possibiLityof udicial errors and the ristcs fexe uting innocentpeop e.Furthermore,he deathpenaLty s seenas savageand an affrontto humon dignity.Giving reasons, xamptes nd facts:Somepeople hink that one of the beneftg of hardersentenceswouLdbe to keepmore dangerouscriminaLsoff the street.ArclLet @yStS& ,v9t1ub9J9 give people a greoter

feelingof

personal ecuity.This wotlLdb_qhe best wav of reducing crime causedby a smalLgroup of professionalcriminals.

F_of.xampLe,anycrimes recommitted ypeopLeeavingison.)the.rpeoplefeel that theteJeuk!-beltanvdisadvantqqesQqiviDgharder entences,ecauseherewouLd e less narrcefiigratifiprison rs ntosoci ty afterwads.Researchgyhpvn thst ...Describing tatisticsand igures: { Lexjcon , page155

UsefuIVocabulary

Crimean d punishment (alsosee Lexicon , page155):crimes: burgLary burglasdrug deaLing drug dealer,mugging- mugger,murder murdereL ape - rapist,shoplifting- shoplifter;to commit a crime, to be orrested, to be sentenced, to be qiven osoft/hard sentence, o be lockedup, to be let off with a fi:ne, to beIe t out of prison, to deteryoung people, o take nto account hewishesof the victims, to restore (bnng back) capital punishment,to commit udicial murderthe [aw: the courts, the udges, the udiciaL systemf the legalsystem, the law, udicial mistakes

Linking

Cause/ Result:Theconsumptionof drugs has gone up. ConsequentLv,here hasbeen on increase n vioLentcime.Theamount ofviolent crime has gone up due to an increasenconsumption of drugs.Thenumberof cosesof vioLent ime has ncreased s a resultofthe rising consumptionof drugs.Theconsumption of drugs has isen. Becauseof this, there hasbeenan increasen vioLent ime.Becauseof the rise in consumptionof drugs, there hasbeen anincrease n violent cime.

The ncrease n vioLentcime is iust becauseof the isingconsumptionof drugs.

50 U!S! moneyhas beenspent an prisons hat they are now likeIuxuryhoteLs.Reason:Weneed to reform prisonersso that they can go back into society.Weneed to reform prisoners n order to help them go bock intosociety.as / like:It was a very interesting articLeas it was about the arrest of agroup of drug dealers. (as = becouse)My ather woil<sas a prison fficer. (worlcsos = rs)CapitaL unishment s Iike any other kind of murder (Like= simiLarto)Becauseof his record he was treated as a dangerouscriminal. (as =

in the sameway as)It is due to sociaLproblems, like povertyond unempLoyment. Like=

for exampLe)It is due to social problemssuch as poverty and unempLoyment.(suchas = for exampLe)It is not os easyas people hink. (comparison)

Checking

tayout:Howwe[[ does ou r essay tow?Us e he paragraph

diagram bove o check he structure f your argument.Linking: Have ou used inkingexpressions?an ou ad dan y[inkingwords o join sentences r [ink deas?Styte: Checkhe styteof the essay.Make ur eyou haveonty pu tpersonaIp in ionsn your conctus. ion.

Grammaran d spelting:Check ou r essay or mistakes fgrammar, ocabu|.arynd spelting.

Layout

1 Introduction

Introducehe topic.Give omebackgroundbout he

situationn yourcountry/area.he nmention he possiblereasonsor the situation.Crimes oneof the most mportanfssues..In the lastfew years,cime hosbeengoingup/down.Themostcommon imesare ..Themostworryingrend s the increasen ...0ne of the reasonsor this is possiblyhe act thatunempLoymentas sen .. .Anothereosons that ..



| 0 A lef er 0f (omplaintpoge9)Layout

Your addressan d the dateWrite your addresswithcorrectpunctuation. Dono t write your name here.24 MarketStreet,M dd "eto ,Manchester, 24 6H D

J u n e 6 . 2 0 0 3

Th e company'sname and addressComputerWorld,17 TowerRoad,L o n d o n ,5 W 1 2

Greeting

DearMr Scott, i f you know the person'sname)DearSi r Madam, if you don't know the person'sname)

1 Introduction

Give your reason or writing and specific information aboutthe productor serv ice, ncluding whereand when yo u boughti t.I am writing o you about ... which boughtfrom ... on .. .I enclose opiesof the guaranteeand the receipt.

2 Reasons or the complaint

Write one or tw o paragraphs aying:a) w hy the advertising or the productwas misteading,In your advertyou claim that the watch is waterproof.fTheodveftgave the impression hat the acket would ost

a Lifetime.b) what went wrong with the product.However,he irst time I wentswimming, he watchstoppedworking. /However, fter onLyone wash, he coLour ad aded.

3 Reactions o your comptaint

Sa ywhat happenedwhen you took the product back orcomplainedabout it the first time.When took the ... back o the shop, the assistantsaid it wasmy ault and I hodn't read the instructions arefuLly.

4 Yourdemands

Sa yclearly what you want the company o do, State furtheraction that yo u witl take if your demandsare not met.I wouLdikeyou to refund my money.Unless receivea satisfactory repLy, wiLLwrite to the ConsumerAssociation.

5 Forma[ending

The most common ending for a formal letter is:I look orward to hearing rom you.

Signing off

Yours incereLy,if your letter starts with DearMr Scott)Yoursaithfully, (i f your letter starts with DearSir Madam)5ign your name an d print it clearly.

P. LoweP,LOWEMR)

tr/ittirgeQ

StyLe

Wrjtea letter n a formaIstyte:. do not use contractions:

@ . . .I am writing to compLain bout .. .. use orma[ ink ingwords:

Uqgpyq1 the picture was not clear.Howeve!-,he irst time I used t ...

UsefulVocabutary

Products:guarantee, eceipt,serial number,dote of purchaseCriticisms: arrivedLate, oor quality,poor service, oorworkmonship,udeempLoyees,t wasso ... that I ... /it wa sno t ... enough it wos oo ...Demands:pay compensation, efundmoney, eplace he productThreats: go to court, go to the Consumer ssociation,take egaL ction, writeo letters o the local newspaper

Link ing

He spoke o me as if/as. h9lgh I knew nothing about it .

A9y9!91, it didn't work.

Qtespiteollowing the instructions, it didn't work.

AlthpUSt! foLlowed he instructions, it didn't work.No,t nlv did it Lose ime, b,utaLso he alarm didn't wark.4l ty,e"lLs the zip breaking, the heeLfeLL ff!Just as/Assoon a'/[[gn I swftched t on, it madea unny noise.

Ufk:;you refund ny money, wiLLake legal action.

Checking

Styte: Check ou r letter or style.Make ure hat it is not toojnformaIor doesno t sound oo aggressive.Linking: Have ou used inkingexpressions?an ou ad d an yl ink ingwords o o in sentencesr Unk deas?

Grammaran d spelting: Check ou r essay or mistakes fgrammar, ocabutary nd spetting.Check his:I look orward to hearing rom you.

W



GrsmmorummoryI Tensespoges-9)Present impteWeuse he Present imple o tatk about:. general ruths and ru[es: 4ostbearshibernate in winter..

routinesand habits: Do you swim everyweekend?. permanent ituatjons and states: lle live in GitbertStreet.. future facts: The roin leaves in twenty minutes.

Present ont inuousWe us e he Present ontinuouso:. talk about activities n progress t the time of speakinq:

Where'soe?He'shaving a shower.. tatk about emporary ctivitjesand habits:

I'm looking ofter Peter'sdog while he,s oway.. ta[k about personal rrangementsor th e future:

We'reflying back on Saturday.. show rritation abouta person's ad habit:

Youare aLwaysoosing the keys.

PresentPerfectWe use he PresentPerfect o tatk about:. past eventsand activitieswith consequencesn the present:

0h no! Thehousehas been burgled. phone the police.. sing[eor repeated vents n th e pastwhen t doesn'tmatter

when hey happened:

Haveyou ever tried Thai ood?. situations ha t started n the pastan d continueup titl now:

She'sbeen ilLsince Thursday.

PresentPerfectContin ousWe us e he PresentPerfectContinuouso ta[k abour:. continuous r repeated ctivities ha t started n the pastan d

aren't inished:I've been doing a Lotof overtime recently to save money oro holiday.

. continuous r repeated ct.ivitiesro m the recentpastwhichhaveconsequencesn the present:

You ook exhausted!

Whathave you been doing?

PastSimpteWe us e he PastSimple o ta[k about singleor repeated vents nthe pastwhenwe knowwhen hey happened:I bought somenice things at the marketat the weekend.I ate a lot of chocolate when wos a student.

PastCont inuousWe use he PastContinuouso tatk about:. actjvities ha t continued or some ime in the past,especiail.y

to showa longeractivity ha t was nterruptedby a shorterone: wos moking dinner when he phone rang.

. activitjes hat form the background, speciattyo ser a scene:Wewere walking along the beachchatting to one onothet.Suddenly,we hearda caLlor help.

Past PerfectWe us e he PastPerfecto tal.kabout eventsor situations n thepastwhich happened eforeother pastevents:Whenwe got home,Jane had aLreadyef t so wedidn't manaqe osay goodbye to

her.

WiIIWe us ewill + infinitive without'to, whenwe want o make:. a decisionat the momentof speaking: ,l l go there at once.. a prediction asedon our opinionsor betiefs:

We'll probably get home after midnight.

. a request:Will you wait for ne?

to be going toWe use fo be going fo + infinitive without ,to,

to express:. an intention: I'm going to do an English ummercourse.. a prediction asedon somethingwe can observe:

It's going to be hot todav.

2 Post ensespoges8-l g)

Apart rom th e PastSimpLe, as tContinuous nd pastperfect(see 1 Tenses), e us e he fol"l"owinger b orms o tal .kabout hepast:

. would an dused o + infinitive without,to'to taLkaboutregutar vents n the pastwhich no [ongerhappen;we useusedfo to talk about statesand activities and would o tatk onlvabout activities:

Ericaused to be o champion. (state)We would (or used to) alwayscelebrate together. (activity)

. PastPerfectContinuous o talk about [ongeractivities n th epast ha t happened eforeother pastevents:She was rescuedby a mon who had been working in a nearbygarage.

3 Relot ivendPort ic ip lelquses

(poges2-33)Relative tausesThere re wo types of retative lauses: efiningan onon-defining.Weuse:. defining relative ctauses o identify he personor thing we

are a lk ingabout :I only pierceyoung peopLewho come with their parents.(Note ha t we do no t pu t a commabefore he defining elatjvectause.

. non-defining relative ctauses o give extra nformation boutthe personor thing. which s no t necessaryo identify hi spersonor thing an d can be left out:

Mick Shonnon, who is o qualified body piercer, took me to hissa@n.

Mick showedme his certificate, which was on the woll.(Note ha t we alwavspu t a commabeforea non_definjnorelative lause.)

We cannotno t us e he pronoun ha t or omit he relativepronounin non-defining etative lauses.

We use a speciaI yp e of non-definingelativectauseso ad da comment o what wa ssaid n the first part of the sentence:Theydon't cLean heir equipnent, which shows they don,t knowwhat they're doing.In theseclauses, e alwaysus ea comma nd th e retativepronoun

which (not what).



Par t ic ip lec lausesInsteadof a fu[[ relativeclausewe can sometimes sea participte Lause. euse:. a present articip[e o saywhat the person/thing s doing:

Youcan see mony peopLewearing rings everywhere.

. a past particip[e o say what s/was done o the person/thingment ioned:

I was Lookingat the walls covered with photos of clients.

4 ThePossivepoges2-43)

We use he Passive hen:. the doerof the act ion s unknown:

Thebus stop has been vondalised.. we want o focusattentionon the action ather han the doer:

Thewhole gong was arrested yesterday.. we want o pu t speciaI ttentionon the doer:

ALI heseprojectshave been managed by the Bulqaian artist

eLr:tq. we want o avojda very ong subjectof the sentence:His projectsore finonced by the sale of hisdrowings throughgaLleries nd the Internet.

The Passives usedmainty n formaIand written [anguage.It is very ypicaL f the [anguage sed innewspapersnoby ourna[ists.

Apart ro m passive ormsof tenses,we can usesomeotherpassive orms:. passive nfinitjve: It's nice to be taken seiously.. passivegerund: WeaLlenjoyedbeing praised by the teacher.. passive erfect nfinjtive:

The rain may hove been delayed by the storm.

5 The ulurepoges6-5/)

Apart rom wiLI/ ma y/ might+ jnfinitivewithout'to',the PresentContjnuous,o be going to and the presentSimple.weus e he foLlowingenses nd verb orms o talk about he future:

. FutureContinuous

We use he FutureContinuouso talk about activities hat wittbe n progress t a certajn im e in the future:At 9 a.m. on Saturday, 'll be listening to DukeWilLard.I'll be working alLevening o I won't be abLe o seeyou.

. Future PerfectWe use he FuturePerfecto tatk about actions ha t wil.l . ecompleted eforea certajn im e in the future:By the end of the century,we will have colonisedoursolarsystem.

He will have written two bool<s v nextsummer.

. Time clauses

Whenwe refer o the future n time ctauses. ft .erwhen,as soon os, until, before and after we do not use r,vill.We usethe Present imple:

When ou get home,you'lL receive ood news.If we want o emphasisehe fact that an activitywii l .befinishedbefore he other one happens, e use he present

Perfectnsteadof the Present impte:Afteryou've done the shopping, ou'll havea pLeasanturpise.I'Ll helpyou as soon as 've finished the washingup.

hrannahnnnuu

6 Condit ionolsndMixedCondit ionolspoges6-67)

There re our basic ypesof conditionaI entences:he Zero

Conditiona[, irstConditiona[, econdConditional.nd heThirdConditional".

(Formore nformation bout hese ypesof condjtionaLentencessee he Mini-Grammarn the MaturaPowerbook.)

Th e er m mixedconditiona|"s'comesro m he hct that the mixed

conditionaI entencesom ine different onditiona" tructures.

We usemixed conditionats o talk about:. imaginary astevents hat cou[d havesomeconsequences

' in the present:

If he hod broken the record,he would be famous now. (but hedjdn't break he recordn the pastso he s n't famous ow )If they hadn't invited me to the party, I wouldn't be here.

(but they invited me o the partyso I'm herenow)

Form: f + PastPerfect,would+ infinitive without'to'

I I(as n 3rd cond i t iona l ) as n 2ndcondi t iona l " )

. unreaIpresent ituations, sualtymaginary tates,whichcou[dhavehadsome onsequencesn the past :

If he wasf were a more skilful playen he would hqve scoredmorepoints. bu t he sn't a skilfuIptayer o he didn,tscorepo ints)

If she didn't speak a ew languages, he wouldn,t have gotthatjob. (but sh espeaks few [anguageso shego t thejob)

Form: + PastSimple,wouLd perfect nfinjtive

I I(a s n 2nd conditiona[) as n 3r d conditional)

7 VerbPoferns:-ing'formond n f in i t i vepoges0-Bl )

used to, be used fo and get used toWe se:. used o + infinitive without'to' to talk about states

or activities hat happened egutarlyn the past but they ar eno longer rue:

Weused to go camping a Lot.He used to be a doctor.

. be used o +'-ing'form of the verb or a noun o sav hat wear every umiliarwith something:We'reused to getting up early.She'snot used to the cold climate.

. ge t used o +'-ing' form of the verb or a noun o describethe process f getting amitiarwith something:Wegot used to eating rice when we lived in Asia.How ong did it takeyou to get used to the ood here?



hrannuQannuq

Verbsof sensesWith verbsof senses uc has see,hear,watch,noticewe can us etwo patterns. We use:. see heor f watch / notice somebody do something when we

want o say hat we observedhe who[eaction (and we knowhow t ends) :

I wotched the childrencross he street. (I saw them as they

reachedhe other side.)Weheard John sing our national anthem. (We heard he whotesong.)

. see / hear / wotch / notice somebody doing something whenwe want o say hat we observedhe action n progress:

We wotched the whales swimming off the coast of Patagonio.I saw them sunbathing on the balcony.

8 Report ingpoges0-91)

Wecan use he fotlowing erbs with th e patternsgiven)

to reportwhat a personha ssaid:

. verb + thot:He comploined that he was paid too LittLe.The otl.owing erbscan be usedwith this pattern:

add, adnit, agree,announce,beLieve, oast, claim, complain,deny,declare,explain, insist, remind, suggest, warn.

. verb + somebody+ thot:

Theywarned us that we might be stopped at the gate.

The ollowingverbscan be usedwith this pattern:warn, emind.

. verb + somebody o do something:

Weadvised him to change banl<s.

Th e otLowingerbsca n be usedwith this pattern:

advise,beg, ordespromise.

. verb + to do something:

He threatened to take Legalaction.

The otlowing erbscan be usedwjth thjs pattern:

agree, offer, refuse, threoten.

. verb + '-ing'tormz

I suggestedgoing to the presentation.

Th e o[[owing erbscan be usedwith this pattern:

admit, deny, suggest.

. verb + if/whether:

She asked f it waspossible o see he patient.

The o[lowingverbscan be usedwith this pattern: nquire,ask.

. verb + preposition + '-ing' form:He has been accused of pick-pocketing.

Th e ottowing erb can be usedwith this pattern:accuse f.

We do not change he tense n the reported entence nen:. the reporting erb s in the present:

'Ifeelfeveish.'+ Shesays she eels feveish.

. we reportsomethingwhich s stjt[ true, e.g. a generaIruth:'Kangaroos

live in Australia.' I The eacher said thot kongarooslive in Australia.

. we reportsomethingwhich s st i t t n the future at the momentof reporting:'The

documentswiLIbe pubLishedn 2020.'+ Theministryspokespersonnnounced hat the documentswill be pubLished

in 2020.

4 | t ) a G9 (omplexenlencesl) : Persuosion(poges04-. |05)

We usua[[y sedifferent orms n written formatEngl..ishndspoken nformal" ngtisho te[[ peoplewhat we think they shoul.ddo.

Written EngtishWe use he foil.owing xpressionso make trongsuggestionswhenwe write in a formaIstyte:. should + infinitive without 'to':

Vleshould remember hat'being'

is more mportant hat'hoving'.. ought to + infinitive without 'to':

Thegovernment ught to do somethingabout unemployment.. demand / insist / suggest + (that) + subject + should

do something+ (that) + subject+ present tense+ (that) + subject+ subjunctive

(same or m as nfinitive)Theyore suggesting that a new school should be built inthis area.

I insist that the money ttransferred into my occountimnediotely.

Theprotesters demanded that the supermorketQs closed.. It's high tine (that) + subject + past tense

It's high time the council started to think about loca!businesses.

Spoken ngt ishWe us e he fotlowingexpressionso makeweak, entatjvesuggestions he nwe ta[k to someonewe know:. If I wereyou, I'd + infinitive without'to':

If I were you, I'd stop using so much moke-up.

To makea stightl"y tronger uggestion, e use:. I think you should + infinitive without 'to':

I think you should take up someevening cLasses.. I think you ought to + infinitive without'to':

I think you ought to give awayyour old schooLbool<s.

We use he followingexpressionso criticise, eproach r advisesomebodyn a strongway.These xpressionsre often usedby aperson n authority.e.g. eacher alking o a student,parenttalking o a chjl"d.. It's about time + subject + past tense:

It's about time you got down to work.. fd e I would) rother + subject + past tense:

I'd rother you didn't go there.( 'I 'd rather ou'is usua[[yol.towed y a negative erb orm)

. You'd (= Youhod) better + infinitive without 'to':

You'd better start thinking aboutyour exams.'You'd

better'coutdalso be used o a friend o encouraqeor to persuade:

You'd better hurry up or you'll be Late.

The expression'd sooner ou + past tense s not usedverymuchany more;we use 'd rather nstead.Both structures reusuatly ollowedby a negative orm:

I'd sooneryou didn't tell anyoneobout it .



| 0 (omplex entences2):Emphusis(poges. |4 - l5 )

To makesomething oundstronger nd moreemphatic,we use a

negativeword (e.9. seldom, arely,never,neither,no sooner

(than), not onLy) t the beginningof the sentence lu s

inversion, .e. the word orderof a question.Weusualty se hiskind of inversion n formaIwritten EngLish:

He has neverknown anything like it. ) Never hos he known

anything Like t.

ThepoLicearived just after the robbers had Lef t. 1 No sooner

had the robbers eft than the police arrived.

Snakes re not onLy npleasant ut they are dangerous s well.

Not onlv are snakes npLeasantut they are dangerous s well.

Wecan also us eemphatic nversion n thjrd conditionaI

sentences. ote hat we drop in th e inverted orm. This

structure s common n bot h formaIan d nforma[ anguage:

If I had known hey were n town, I would havephoned them. 4

Had I known they were n town, I wouLd avephoned them.

In both formaIan d nforma[ anguage, e can use hese

structureso pu t moreemphasis n somewords:

He is interested in money. ) It's money thot he's interested n.

(we put emphasis n'money')

I'n really upsetabout the noiseyou're making.+ What I'm upset

obout s the noise ou'remaking. we put emphasis n'noise')

I only need some est. + AII I need s somerest. (we put

emphasis n'rest')

[onguogeworeness(poge4)

Reference1): DeterminersWe us e he fottowingdeterminersn front of:. singutarcountabtenouns:afan, the, another, he other.. uncountable ouns: he, some,ony,no, s lot of, much,

al l (of the).. pturaIcountable nouns: he, some,any, no, many,severaL,

o lot of, aLl (of the), (the) other.

We us eo/an when:. we mentionsomething or the first time:

There s o new shop ass istant n the bakery.. it doesnot matterwhich particular erson/thingwe are atking

about, e.g. whenwe mention his person/thingas an examp[e

of a groupor category:Can hoveon orange?

We us e he when he personwe are atking o knowsprecisely

whichperson/thingwe are atking about and can easily dentify

them,/it:

Let's have breakfastoutside on the terrace.

hrannuhnnnurt

longuogewsrenest (poge5)

Cont inuous nd Simple enses

Weus econtinuousather han simple enseswhen:. we want o say hat an activity s not finished:

Thedoctor was writing a note. (shewas n the process f

writing it )Thedoctor wrote a note. (the note was ready)

I've been reoding this book or weel<s.I'm stitt reading it)

I've resd this book. (I've finished reading t)

. we want o suggest hat an activity s temporary ather han

permanenr:

You'rebreathing quite heaviLy. for some ime on[ y. because

you'reexhausted r iLL)

Peoplewith heaft conditionoften breath quite heavily.

(that's a common haracteristic)

My auntwas living here.(for some ime on[y)

My aunt lived here. (permanentty)

. we refer o a protonged r repeated ction ather han a

singteevent:

Theman was ooking at his watch. continuousty r repeatedty)

Theman looked at his watch. (once)

She dived into the pool. (once)

She'sbeen diving into the pool. (many imes)

Th e oltowing erbsar e no t used n continuousenses: now,

Iike, understand, belong, resemble, eolise.

longuugeworeness(poge9)Reference2) Pronouns

Pronouns re words hat we can use nsteadof a noun n

a sentence o that we do not repeat he noun oo often.

Engtish as he followingpronouns:. personaIpronouns:

a) subject pronouns: , you, he, she, t, we, they.

b) object pronouns:me,you, him, her, t, us, them.. indefinite pronouns: someone, omething,anywhere, obody,

nothing, etc.. possessivepronouns: mine,yours, his, hers,ours, heirs.. demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, hose.. reflexive pronouns: myseLf, ourself, himself, herself, itself,

ou seLve, you seve , themseLve .. retative pronouns: who, which, hot, whose,whom.

Possessive djectives my,youq his, hen its, our , their) are not

pronouns ecausehey cannot eplace noun.

one vs.youWe use he pronouns ne and ou when we make tatements

about people n genera[, nd hey mean'anyone, t any ime'.

On e s used n forma[ anguage, hereasyous informat:

One hasgot (or Youhavegot) nore chanceof inding an

interesting ob abroad nowadays.

How doyou get to Wembleyrom here?



hrannugnnnuq

longuogewureness(poge3)

ModaI erbs nd Express ions

Weus emodal erbsan d expressionso:. tatk aboutobtigations nd necessity:

Youmust cLean our teeth after everymeal.

Wehave to leaveearlier to arrive on time.I hod to waLk en miles to get home.Did you have to pay to go in?

. ta [k aboutpermiss ionndproh ib i t jon :

Youcan go in now.

Wemustn't disturb them.Theycan't tell me what to do.

. ta[k about [ackof obligation:Wedidn't have to pay for the beer, t was ree.Wedon't hove to think about anything, the tour operator doesit aLI.

Youneedn't worry,everything wiLlbe aLI ight.Youdon't need

to bing any ood, there'll be enouqh.. ta[k aboutabitities:

My Little daughter con sing and dance.I con't speak French.I could talk when I wss two.Conyou roLler Lade?

. ta[k about possibiti ty:

I can't get through to them, the line is busy.I could go there and telLthen what I think.John couldn't see us in the crowd.

. makea guessan d o speculate:He will be cookingLunch ow.

Theymust havefound out about the article.Shemight be Russian.He could be at the library.Whatcould I havedone?

. makepredictions:

He'll be late, as usuaL.Theynay win if they try hard.Theywon't come.

. makedecisions:

I'll taLk o Jim about it .I won't go there.

didn't need o vs. needn'tWe us edidn't need o + infinitive without,to.to say ha tsomeone id not do something ecauseitwa sno t necessary:Shedidn't need to play because he match was cancelLed.He wasso rich he didn't need to worry about money.

We us eneedn'1 perfect nfinitive o say ha t someone idsomething tthouqh t wa sunnecessary:Weneedn't have brought any food to the pafty - there wasplenty aLready.

longuogewareness(poggl)

ImpersonaIReportStructures

Whenwe reportwhat peoptegeneralty el.ieve r sa ywe can us ethe subject t + the passive of verbs Like ay,know believe,cLaim,suppose, hink, fear predict:

It is soid thot dolphins ore very riendLy animals.It wos eored that the pLanewould crash nto a skyscraper

We ca n atsostart the sentencero m the person/thing ha t theinformation oncerns nd us e he structuresubject + the passive + infinitive:It is known that storl<sive in a clean environment. ) Storksoreknown to live in a clean environment.

We us ean ordinary nfinitive if the action reporteds parail.eIwith the time of reporting:It wassaid that ELvisPresleywas the king of rock and rolL.+ElvisPresley was said to be the king of rock and rolt.It is claimed that police fficer acceptbribes. + police officers

are cloimed to accept bribes.

We us ea perfect nfinjtive f the actionhappened efore he timeof reporting:

It is supposed hat the plane was hijacked. + The plane issupposed to_blve b99! tijSSkg4.It wassaid thot the minister had been nvoLvedn organised ime+ The minister was said to have been involved in organisedcrime.

[anguogeworeness(poge2l)

PerfectiveVerbFormsWe us eperfective er b orms o say hat something appenedbeforea certain ime:I've beenstaying with ny famiLyon the coast. before/until.now)Theyhod finished dinner whenwe came.(beforea point inthe past)

Jim will hove written the essayby 10 p.m. (before a poin t n thefutu e)Havingspentevery ummerhere,(before time n the past)

I knew everyone n the vilLage.

Theymay hove eqten Lunch t schooland aren't hungryr.(before time in th e present)

We ca n us e he foltowingperfective er b orms:. PresentPerfect: 've seen the Mona Lisa wice.. PresentPerfectContinuous: ,ve been repoiing my bike.. PastPerfect:Shedied after shehdd contrscted tuberculosis.. PastPerfectContinuous:Theywereverydirty because

they'd been playing footbaLl in mud.. Future Perfect:Wewill have moved out by the end of nextyear.. perfect nfinitive: Theynay hove lost their wav.

She must hove been invited by Jonathan.. perfective -ing'

form:I remembered aving met the man a Long ime sgo.Hoving parked the car on the side of the road, he went to sleelfor an hour.



LexiconTheLexicon onta insmpor tantwords ndvocabu[aryreasn)pportunities Upper ntermediatu. o find other words hat arenot in thjs Lexicon, seTheLongman ctiveStudyDictionaryor TheLongmanEssentialActivator.

ContentsModu[e ordsWordbuid ing(pref ixes,uff ixes, ompunds, tc . )Col locat ion ankExpressionsjth do,get, have,makeWord a i rsWord ami l iesId iomat jc anguagePreposit ionsankMult i -part erbsPronunciationym o[s/Abbreviations

pages 151-155

pages 156-1,60pages 1,60-1.61.p a g e L 6 2page 1.62page 163page 1.64pages 1,65-1"69pages 170-176insideback cover

negativeambitious /am'brJas/:He'sambitious and wilLdo anything to get

what he wants.boring /bcrrrrl/: She'sduLL nd bortng and neverdoesanything

exciting.careless /keehs/: He'scoreless and his work is ull of unnecessary

mistakes.chitdish ltlaildrl:. She'schildish and behoves ike a ten-year-oldat times.

cold ,&euld/: He'scold and so unfriendly.excitable /rk'sartabl/She'sexcitable and gets excited ar too

easily.impatient /rm'petJant/:You're o impatient - con't you wait even

a few minutes?i n divid ua isti c f rndrvrd3ue'hstrk/:He's rathe i n divi d ua i stic and

doesn't workveryweLIwith otherpeopLe.insensitive /rn'sensetrv/: he'squite insensitiveand doesn't hink

obout otherpeopLe'sfeelings.intolerant /rn'tolarant/: n intolerant persondoesn'taccept he

wayotherpeople ive. Don't be ntolerant of others.moody /murdil: You're o moody! Oneminuteyou're cheerful, he

next minuteyou're miserabLe.

nasty lnorsti/:She's uch a nosty and unpleasant erson.reckless /rekles/: He's ecklessand doesn'tcareabout danger.setfish lselfiJl: You're elfish - you only think aboutyourself.suspicious /se'sprJes/: e'ssuspiciousof foreigners and unwilling

to accept their ways of Living.unreliabte l,rnrilarebl/: She'sunreliable - neverdoing what she

saysshe'll do.vain /vern/: He'sso vain - he thinl<s e's hondsome nd verv

inteLligent.

neutralchatty /tJreti/: She's very chatty in fact she tolls aLL he time.competitive /kem'petetrv/: He'svery competitive, even with his

fiends.conservative ken'sgrvetrv/: he'scon ervative and doesn't

approveof young peopLewhogo cLubbing.conventional lken'venJnel/:He'sconventionol and hates newideas.

emotionaI AmeuJenel/:She'semotionol and cies whenshewatches on antic films.

ideatistic /ar,dre'hstrk/: e's dealistic - and his deasare notpractical.

praud lpraud/: My dad is proud of my success.reserved lrt'zz:vdl:He's eservedand doesn'texpress isopinions.romantic /re'mrcntrk/:She's omantic and Loves ettingflowers.serious lsreries/: He'sa serious student and worl<s ard.sentimental /,sentr'mentl/: e'ssentimentol and showshis gentle

and lovingside easily.shy /lar/: She'sshy and sometimeseels uncomfortabLewith other

peoDLe.

Module - loughter

Hu mo u rburst out taughing ,b3rst ut ' lorfi4/to [aughsudden[y nd

toudLy:.Iburst out laughing when saw her new haircut.cackte /krekl/ rzerbo laugh loud[y and unpteasantty: he cackles

like a witch.chuck[e lt|'tkU vero o laugh quietl"y: chuckled o myself when

was eading hat book.comedy komedi/ 1 noun funny i[m. ptayor TVprogramme: e

stsrs in comedies.2 adjective musing: watcheda goodcomedyprogrammeLast ight.

comic /komrkl odjectiveunny: -I Like eadingcomic noveLs.erack a joke /krrek e'd3euk/ verb o tetl a funny story: He's

always cracking okes.crack (someone)up lkrrek'npl verbo make omeoneaughalot: Herjokes crock me up.

fa[[ about taughing /,fc:l ebaut'lotft4l verb o laugh a lot: We

fell about laughing whenhe dressed p as Superman.

ModuleordsModule - identily

Pe sona ity adjectives

positiveadventu rou s /ed'ventJeras/:an a d ventu o us trave le .ambitious /rem'brJes/: he'san ambitious girl and wiLI o far.careful /keafl/: He'scareful and thinlcs before doing anything.cheerfuI ltlrcfll: She'scheerful - even on Mon daymornings!com muni cative lke'mjulnrke w A com mu ni cotive pe son g ve

opinionsond tall<s lot.competitive /kem'petetrv/:He'scompetitive and doeshis best.

considerate /kan'srdrat/: he'sconsiderate-

she thinl<s boutotherpeopLe'sfeeLi gs.co-operative /keu'opretrv/:They're o-operative ond wiLLingo heLp.creative /kri'ertrv/:He'sa creative student -

fulL of ideas.decisive /dtsarsrv/:A decisivebossmakesdecisions uickLy.easy-going ,itzi'geurql:. he'seasy-goingand everybodyikesher.hard-working /,hord

wsrkr4/:He'shard-working and gives100%.hel.pfut helpfl/: She'shelpful and wilLing o lend a hand.imaginative /imedsrnetrv/: She'sa very maginative pupiLand

writes a ntostic stories.independent /,rndipendent/: ndependent peopleprefer o make

their own decisions.inventive /rn'ventrv/:an inventive writenkind /karnd/: He'skind and riendLy o others.Liberal lrbrel/: Liberol peopLeespect therpeople's deasand

behaviour, speciaLly ew deas.

l.ikeable larkebl/: She's ikeable - peopLefind her riendly.Logicat lod3rkll: He's ogical and makescarefuL ecisions.natura[ /nnt[ral.l: He'sa naturol athlete and doesn't need o try

hard.outgoing /,aat'gaut4l:. he'soutgoing and makesriends easiLy.potite /pe'lart/:She'spolite and aLways ays'Thanks'.practicaI lprektrkl/: He'spractical and makes ensible ecisions.realistic lne'lrstrk/: She's ealistic - not trying the impossibLe.reasonabte rt:zanabU:A reosonableparent is ai r and sensible.relaxed /rflrekst/:She's eloxed and doesn'tget angryeasiLy.reliable lrt'larcbll: Like eliable peopLewho do what they say

they're going to do.sensible /sensrbl/:She's ensible and neverdoesanythingsilLy.sensitive /sensetrv/:A sensitivepersonshowssympathy owards

people who have difficuLties.

sociab[e seuJebl/:He'ssocioble and enjoysbeing with others.sympathetic /,srmpe'0etrk/:he wassympathetic when told hermy dog had died - she istenedand said she wassorrv.

tolerant ltolerent/: Theirbehaviourwas errible but he wastolerant and didn't compLain.

unselfish /,tn'selfiJ/:He'sunselfish and puts other peoplefirst. funny /f,tni/ adjective amusing:Thatprogranme s really unny



2 strange:There'something unny about that man.giggte grgll verb o Laugh n a sil.tyway: The eacherwosangry

because omestudentscouldn't stop giggling.hilarious /htleeries/adjectiveery funny: Thenew Woody ILen

fiLm is hilarious.humorous hju:meras/odjective uite funny: My grandadoften

tells humorousanecdotes bout hischiLdhood.ironic airontk/ adjectivemusing ecause omething appens

that is the oppositeof what shoutdhappen: t was ronic thathe elL over whiLe elling me to be corefuL!

irony arereni/noun he us eof words hat are he oppositeofwhat you realty mean: 0h,

that was ust biLIiant,' he said withirony after his team misseda penalty.

keep a straight face /kip e ,strertfetsl verb o hideyour

amusement:Whenhe droppedhis papersduring the speech,couLdn'tkeep o straight face.

kid Ardl verb o make omeone elieve omethinqha t jsn't true:Thedinner'sburnt. No, 'm only kidding!

laugh your head of f l lorf jc:'hed ofl verbo Laugh oudl"ymake someone laugh fmerk s,rmw,tn'la:f/verb o do or say

something o that someone aughs:He r okesmoke me ough.make/puLla face merklpul a'fers/ verbo make ou r face ook

odd or funny: He made aces at me and laughed o much.ptay a practical joke /,plera prrektrkl dseuk/verb o do

something unny o make omeone ook il"l.y: eployed o

practical oke on him. Weput a spider n hisbed!play around /,plere'raund/verb o do something unny: Don'tplay around during Lessons.

pull someone's eg po l slmwlnz 'legl verbo make omeonebetieve omethinghat isn't true: Have reaLLy on enpounds? 0r, areyou pulling ny leg?

sarcastic soikaestrk/ djectiveaying he opposite of what youmean n order o be unkind: She's o sarcastic. She'salwavssayinghow cleverSue s, but she doesn't mean t.

senseof humour sensev 'hju:me/noun he abiLity o [aughormakepeople augh: He hos a good senseof humour.

take someone 'smind of f someth ing o make omeone topth ink ingaboutsometh ing npteasant .

tet l (someone)a joke ftel s,rmw,rn 'dSeuk/yerbo tetl a funnystory:5he tells excellentokes.

witty /wrti/ adjectivexpressingourself n a cleveran d amusingway: My history teacher s always naking witty remarl<s.

Module- stvle

Expressingpinions

clothes/ decorationNegative:a cheapdress; acky wollpaper; astelesspaintings; hecolours are over the topPosjtjve:a classydress very smart, verychic! o delicate patternI think that basebaLl at's reaLly ool. She woreo very stylish,elegant suit, and an exquisite necklace.Modern:contempororyarchitecture; trendy blouse;a fashionable acket; up-to-dote furniture

Not modern:doted urniture; an old-fashionedhairstyLe;un ash ono b e ea rings

plocesNegative:Thatugly buiLding's n eyesore.His room'sso messy.Thatarea's unsightly because f alL he Litter.Positive: n the winter, my bedroom's eally warm and cosy. t'snot verystylish but it's a verycomfy sofa. Herhome has a relaxedatmosphere. Thereare some nice views rom my bedroomwindow.His househas verysophisticated ddcor.

people ( --+ ee soruelrTyDJECTTVES.nc r151)

Positive: think he'sreally attractive. My cousin's erybright andalwaysdoes weLI n exams. am quite independent and don't Likebeing oLdwhatto do. I Like eoplewho are aid-back and reLaxed.

Negative:She'sveryscotty and absent-mindedond aLwaysforgets things. 'n totaLlyuselessat singing.She's o witty andmokeseverybodyaugh with her remarls.-- +COLLOCATIONANK. AG E60 .

Personal oppeoroncemid-thirties late twenties earlyortiesHe's a bit on the thin side. She always dressescasually.I don't Likedressing ormally. He has ust dyed hishair bLonde.Young eopleoften have o pierced ear, Somepierce theireyebrowsor noseand even heir tongue, Iips or navel! Tattoosare hard to get of f your skin.She hos got varnished nails,

Fashionbrand brend/ nouna productmadeby one particutar ompanycrazeor fa d lfa,d/noun very emporary ashionor interestdesigner abet/dr,zarne'letbll ou n [abelon ctothes howinga

fashionab[e anufacturerlogo /leugecr/nouna drawingor symboIof a companychart tJort/ ou n list of the mostpopular ongsor CDstrend_/trend/nouna styLe, olour, etc. that moreand morepeople

prerer

Street artbitLboardbrlbcrd/noun alsoadvertisingbil lboard)a Large

picture n a street,etc. hat advertises omethingfireworks disptay /'farew:rks d1spler/nouna show of bright

co[ours nd noises t night usingobjects hat burn or explodegraffiti /gre'fittilnounwriting or drawingson watls

live statue l,lal 'stretluNnounsomeonewho keepsstil"l"jke astatue or money

pavement artist /pervment ,ortrst/ ounan artjst who drawspictures n the pavementn chatk or money

Module - beouty

Describ ingeauty

peopleIn a generaI ense:on attroctive personia good-lookingpersonia handsomeman or boy; a pretty womanor girl; she and he areabsolutely gorgeous.About a personwho is extreme[y ttractive:A very striking man

or womon.Thatmodel s stunning.About he waya persondresses: n elegontman/womon

buildingsIt's a magnificent church. That bidge is realLy mpressive.Thecottage hey bought is a Littledilapidatedand needsquitealot of work.

placesf cenesThesunset wasbreothtaking. Thewhole area s very scenic.Lookingup ot alL he huge mountains feeL athersmalL ndinsignificant.Wesaw somepicturesquecountryside.

paintings/sculptureI think VonGogh's aintings

havesuchpowerful

colours.'SunfLowers'isa masterpiece.He painted in striking colours.That statue is beautiful. It is a thing of great beauty.It's a brillisnt piece of work.

movementShe makesgynnastics seem effortless. He'san elegont andgraceful dancer.

Describ ing usicHer voice s beautiful.Thatsong has a catchy tune - I can't stop singing it!Thewordsare brtUiant.His new symphony s dramatic and lively.I think 'rock

and rolL' is exciting music - and good to dance o.The iLm music was haunting - I can't get it out of my mind.

Thesong is quite boring, even tedious, and the words are veryrepetitive and monotonous, he same une over and overagain.That music s verysad and moving - it makesme want to cry!



Hewrites lo t of romanticandsentimenta! oveonqswith ear-jerking words I think they'reall verysoppy,octuaLLl.Themusic n the righteningpart of the iLm wasscoryandsi niste , quite terrifuingI find this music ery oothing nd houghtful.I don'tLiket - it'snot my (kind of) thing.

Module5-newfront iers

Biotogy/Medic ie

antibiotic/,rennbafotrk/ ou na drug [ike penicittinused odestroydangerous acteria

bacteria brek'nerie/ lurol oun matt Living hings tnat causediseases

DN Amolecute di : en 'er,molekju:l/ ou na moleculeha t

containsgenetic nformationgene dsin/ nouna part of a ce[[ nherjted ro m th e parents f a

living hing that controlsdevetopmenthuman genome ,hju:man

d3i:neum/noun he cotlection f qeneticinformationof a tiving hing

motecule molekjurl/nouna groupof atoms

Informat ion echno logyartificiaI inteltigence /,orrafiJl n'rehd3ens/ oun he abil"ityofcomputersnd robots o do th ingswi thouthumans

data-processing,dertepreusesr4/

noun he useof computersoorganise nd store nformation

microchip /markreu,tJrp/ ouna very smat[electric circuit madeofsi icon

ontine on'larnladjectiven the Internetsearchengine s:r tJ endgrn/ ou na programmeha t you use o

look or particularnformationon the Internet

Physicsatom

leeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetem/oun the smatlest piece of a substance that can

ex'ist n its ow nelectric current /r,lektrrk

krrant/ nouna fLowof electricity

equation ikwersen/nouna mathematicaItatement ha t showstw o equaIquantities

gravity lgrreveril noun he force hat attracts things to thegrou d

mass mres/noun he amountof physicatmateriaIn somethingmatter /me,tal nounphysicaImaterjaIparticte po:trkUnouna very sma[[pieceor the part of an atom,

e.g. an electron or neutronradioactivity /,rerdieurek'trvati/ oun he energyproducedby some

etements, .g . ad ium nd poton ium

Astro omy/S ace raveblack hote blrek'heul/nouna darkpart of outer space ha t

attracts ight and energydeep space dilp

'spers/nounspace utsideour own solarsystemgataxy greleksifnouna hugecoltectionof starslight year llatt jrcl nounhow fur l"ight ravels n space n oneyearmannedmission mrend

mrlnl nouna spaceourney n whichhumans ravel

meteorite lmittiarafil nouna pieceof rock from outer space hat|.ands n the earth

orbit /orbrt/yerbo move ounda planetor a starsotar system secrlesrstem/ ou n he sun with the planets. tc.

that move ound tspaceprobe sperspraub/noun space hi p without humans

Science generat )data /derte/noun nformationor factsfietd /firld/ nounan areaof studyprincipte prrnspel/noun generaLu[ e ha t explains natural

forceor howsomethingworksprocedure pre'si:d3e/ou n method or doingsomethingprocess preuses/ ,oun sequence f actjons o ge t a resuttresearch ris:[J/ noun he scientjfic study of a subjectstudy /st,rdi/ nouna pteceof research

texicon

Module6-softmachine

Partsof the body

ankte rerlkl/noun he part of your bodywhere ou r "egoinsyour oo t

brain /brern/noun he organ n your head hat controts ourthoughts, eetings nd movements

heart hort/noun he organ n your chest ha t sendsblood roundyour Doclykidney krdni/ nounon eof a pair of organs n your body ha t

takesawaywastematerialsrom your bloodliver /lrve/ noun he largeorgan ha t cteans ou r bloodf.ung ,rrl/ nounon eof a pair of organsn your chest hat yo u

us e o breathemuscle mtsl/ nouna part of your body hat joins your Dones

an d helpsyo u to moveneuron njuemn/ noun nerve e[[ hat sendsmessaqesbout

movement r feetingorgan crgen/nounon eof the parts n your bodywith a

particu[arunction,e.g. heart. ivernb /rb/ nounon eof twelvepairsof bones oundvour chestskin /skrn/noun he outer covering f your bodyspine sparn/noun he ro w of bonesdown he Centre f vour

b a c kstomach st,rmek/ ou n he organ n your body hat digests our

foodtissue /trJu:/nounon eof the groupsof cel.tshat form plantsor

an ima[s, .g.muscu lar .ervouswrist /rrst/noun he part of your bodywhere ou r ar m oins your

nan0

Medicinechemotherapy ,kirmeu'0erepil oun he form of treatment of

diseasesha t useschemicaI ubstancesclone kleun/7 noun groupof cetlsor a living hing produced

usingon e ancestor verbo makea clonecure kjue/ noun medicjne r treatment ha t makes ou better

whenyou are t [

gene therapy d3irn 0erepi/ ou nmedicaI reatmentusinggenesfrom celtsgenetic engineering /dsr,netrk end3r'nreri4/oun he detiberate

changingof the form of a tiving hing uiing it s genesimmune /imjun/ adjectiveot able o be harmedbv a disease r

i nfectioninfusion /rn'fjur3n/ ouna slow njection of a substance o treat

a d isease r n fect ionmedication ,medr'ker[n/ ou nan ydrug used o treat someone

who s il.ttherapy l9erapil nouna particu[arway of treating i[nessestreatment /tr i:tment/noun methodor medicine sed o curean

i [nessvaccine vreksiln/noun substance se d o protectpeopte ro m

a particu[ar isease

I t tness/DiseaseAids /etdzl noun abbreviationof Acquired Immune Deficiencv

Syndrome) very serious jseaseha t destrovs ou r defenc6againstn fect jon

blotches lbktt[tzl pLural oun rregutarred or brown shapesonyoursk incaused y a d isease r n fect jon

bronchitis bm4'kartrs/ ou n n itlnessof the l"ungs ausingsevere oughing

cancer krense/nouna djseasen whjchceltsgrow oo fast.producing growth ha t can causedeath

complications /komph'kerJanzlpLurol oun new medjcaIproblemsthat happen ur ing notherl tness

contract /kan'trrekt/ zerbo begin to suffer from an il[nessdiagnose 1darugnauzl erb o find out what iltnessa personhasdiarrhoea Id,arc'rrclouna medicil condition that makes ou qo

to the toilet too oftendisorder drs'c:de/ ou na disease r i l lnessepidemic ,epr'demrk/ou n largenumber f cases f an

infectiousdisease ccurring t the same jm eheart d'isease 'ho,,t r,zitzl ouna diseaseof the heart



immune system imjurn,srstem/ ou n he systemn your bloodthat fights diseases

infect /rn'fekt/verb o give someonea diseaseinfluenza I,tnflulenz/ noun also tu) an j[[nessthat causesa

very bad cotd and a very high emperaturemataria lma'leerial oun a serious ropicaI diseasecausedby the

bite of a mosouitomeasles mivelzl noun n i l tness hat givesyo u a high

temperature nd smal[ ed spotson your skinoutbreak

eutbrerk/nounwhensomething ad suchas a serious

diseaseor a war starts: an outbreokof malariapneumonia njuimeunia/ ou na serious isease f the [ungs

causing reatdifficutty n breathingpotio /peulieu/noun serious isease f the nervesn the spine

that can cause ou to lose he abiLity o move ou r musclestetanus tetnes/noun serious isease aused y an nf ection n

a cut that makesmusctes, speciattyn thejaw, go sti f ftuberculosis tju,bsrkju' leussfou n atsoTB ) a seriousnfectious

diseasehat attacks he [unqs

Module- iourneysDescribingptaces

breathtaking lbre0terkrg/ odjective ery exciting and beautifulbustting lbrslr4/ adjectiveery busy and with manypeoplecultural metting pot lkrltJrel

'meltr4 pot/ nouna placewith anexciting mixture of cultures

dramatic /dre,metrk/ adjectiveery beautifuI or u nusuat:dromatic scenery.

elegant lelryantl odjectiveracefuIand beautjfulexotic /rg,zotrk/odjectiverom another part of the worl.d:exotic

bi ds.historic /hr,storrk/ djectivemportant n history: histoic buildings.impressive rm'presrv/odjectivehat makes ou feel admirationftora and fauna /,flc:reen 'fcrne/pluralnounp[ants and anima[sLivety larvli/ adjective usy and exciting: an exciting place.nighttife lnart latfl nounentertainmentat night: an exoticnight

life.

romantic /reu'mrentrk/ djectivehat makesou

think of [ove: aromantic atmosphere.snow-capped sneu krept/ odjectiveoveredwith snow: snow-

capped mountains.spectacu[arspektrekjule/ ery mpressive nd beautifu[:

spectacular scenery.teeming /ti:mr4/ (usual.tyeeming with) odjectiverowded: he

river was teeming with salmon.unspoi[t /.rnspcrlt/adjectiven its naturaI statei unspoilt

countryside.wide open /ward eupen/ adjectiveery [argewjth no buiLdings:

wide open spaces.world-ctass ,w:rld

'klors/adjective f the highest qua[ity:world-class art.

Describingourneys

apprehensivereprlhensrv/ djectiveorriedabout what mightna pen

arduous /ordjures/ djectiveery difficutt and tiringcourageous ka'rerd3as/ djectiveery bravedaunted ldc:ntrdl odjective e worrjed or afraiddaunting /dcnn4/ adjectiveha t makes ou feel afraidor worriedexciting /rk'sortg/ djectiveha t makes ou fee[ excited ndi nterestedexhausted lrg'zctsrtgl djectivehat makes ou feel very very tired

Travetcruise kru;zl: They went on a cruise round the Medi terranean.excursion rkskgrJn/:While was on holiday on the Spanish

coast, we went on on excursion to Gronado.ftight /flart/: The

lighthome was errible- we had to wait

ourhours n the airport.hitchhiking /hrtfharkr4/: 'd nevergo hitchhiking because'd

worry about getting lifts in strangers' cars.journey fd3znil:, Theourney took ive hoursby train.

outing /'autrrl/:The ast schoolouting I went on was o a wildlifepark.

package our /prekrd:, tnl: Shewent on a pockoge tour with agroup of other peopLe.

tour guide ltue gafil: Everythingduring the tip was organised byour tour guide.

trave[ /trrevl/: Manypeoplesay that travel broadens he mind.trip ltnp/: I went on a trip to Pais over the weekend.voyage lvct-rd'l: Shegot back ron a voyage around he world n

heryacht.

Baggage/ luggagehotdal.l.heuldcrl/ nouna large bag for carry ing clothesovernight bag /,euvenart

br.gl nouna s ma[[ bag for ctothesrucksack r,rksrek/ backpack /brekprek/pack /prek/ nouna bag

used or carrying hings on your backsaddte bag lsa'dlbre.glnouna bag you put on a bicycteor horsesteeping bag /slirpr4breglnoun bag for sleepingn, especialty

whencampingspare /spee/ adjectiveextra: I've packeda spare pair of shoes n

case theseget dirty.washbag wojbreg/ nouna smat[bag or soap, oothbrush,

toothpaste, tc. whenyo u travel

Module8-globolssuesEnvironmentaIssues

acid rain /,esrdrern/noun ain hat contains cid rom ndustriaI

wastedeforestation /dir,fore'sterjn/ oun he act of cutt ing down [arge

areasof forestdestruction of habitats /dr,str.r.kJnv

'hrebrtrets/noun hedestructionof wherewil.dl"ifeives as a resutt of deforestation

drought /drautl noun [ong periodof dry weather o that thereisn ' t enoughwater

gtobaI warming /gleubl'wcrmr4/noun he raising of the

temperature f the earth'satmosphere aused y the burningoffossiI ue[sand ncreased mountof gases uc has

carbondioxidegreenhouseeffect /gri:nhaus r,fekt/ noun he warming of theearth'satmosohere-+ cL0BAL ARMING

ozone layer leuzeun lercfnouna layer of the chemicaIozone nthe earth'satmospherehat btocksharmfuI ays rom the sun

pollution /pe'lurJn/ oun he damagedone o air, water or soiI bythe additionof harmfuIchemicats

recycling /riisarklrl/ noun he processof treating paper.plasticand meta[s o that they can be usedagain

verge vstds/ nouna position near he end of something:. omespeciesof aninals are on the verge of extinction and there arevery ew left alive.

Disastersava[anche revalo:n| nouna large amount of snow, rocksor soiI

that fuLts own a mountain

cyclone/sarkleun/ nouna viotent tropicaI wind that moves ncircles ounda calmarea

earthquake gr0kwerk/noun sudden, iolentshakingof theearth's urface

ftood /fl.td/ nouna greatoverftow of water onto a place hat isusualty ry

forest fire lforrst'fare/noun he burning of a forest, sometimes

accidentaIn times of extreme ea thurricane /h,rnken/ nouna storm with a ver y strong and fust wjndtandslide lrendslard/ oan sudden arge all of rocksor soil

downa hittsidevotcanic eruption /vol,kenrk ir,rpJn/ noun he sjtuation when

steamor lavaescapesrom a volcanowindstorm lwrndstcrm/ nouna vet y viotent wjnd -- t cYcLoNE,

HURRICANE

Economic nd soc ia l ssuesdiscrimination /dr,skrrminer[nlnoun he treatment of someoneor

group of peoptedifferentty rom others:There s racialdiscriminot ion in some societies.



exploitation /,eksplciterJn/ ou n sjtuation n whichcertainpeoplear e reatedunfairtyand have eweradvantages:heexploitotion of women.

famine lfae.mrnlou na serious jtuationwhen here s verv ittl"efood

GN P d3ir en'piJ noun abbreviation f grossnationaI product)the to taL mount f money arned y a country

ma,tnutrition /,mre1nju'trrJn/ounbad heal"th esul.tjngrom [ack offood or eating he wrongsortsof food

overpopulation euvapopju'le{nlnoun he situationin

whjchtherear e oo manypeopte "ivingn a ptaceper capita /pa'kreptal = per person:Theaverage ncomeper

capita is $25,000per year.poverty lpovetil noun he state of being very poorshanty town ljrenti taunfnouna part of a town with homesmade

of wastemateriats here er y poor peopLeiv eThird Wortd /,0srd

wsrld/ noun he devel"oping ountries

Module- sorietv

Socia lproblems

begging begql noun he act of askingpeopLeo give you moneyDecauseou areverypoor

discrimination /dr,skrrmine{nl noun he unfajr reatmentof

.particu[ar roupsof society:discimination ogoinst immigrants.

domesticviotence de,mestrk arelens/ ou n jotencewithjn thehomemain[y ga instwomen ndchi ld ren

drug abuse dr,rg e,bjurs/ ou n he use of drugs or pteasure ndnot for medicaI easons

homelesspeoplelheumhspi:pl/nounpeoptewh o do not have

somewhereo l iveineguatity /,rnrkwolati/ ou n n unfu.ir j tuation n whichsome

peoptehavemoreopportunitjesha n otherspoverty lpovatil noun he situatjon of peoplewho are extremety

po0rracism rersrzmfnoundiscriminatjon gainstpeoplebecause f

the i r co[our r raceunemployment ,,rnrm'plcrmentfou n he situationof peop[ewho

do not havea obvandalism va.ndel:zeml ounthedetiberate estructjon fpropeny

viotent crime f varelent krarm/nouncrime hat invotves iotence,e.g. mugging r rape. -+ CRrMEelow

5tatisticsdecline /dlklarn/ yerb o decrease: heamount of peopleworking

in industry has declined.on the decrease on de ,dirkrirs/to be decreasj q: Crime s on the

decrease.double /dnbl/ verb o increase y 100%:Th enumberof students n

fuLl-timeurther educationhas doubled.tall /fttU yerb o decrease: heshareof wealthof the bottom 20%

of societyhas allen.fluctuate /fl,rktJuert/verb o increaseand decrease: henumberof

people in work has fluctuated recentLyon the increase on di 'rnkri:s/verbo be ncreasing: heLife

expectancyof women is on the increase.plunge lplnnful verb o decrease ery fast: Theamount of airLines

moking a profit hos plunged recently.rise /rarzl verb o jncrease:The ncomeof British amiles has risen.rocket /rokrt/ verb o increasevery fast: Theamount of crime has

rocketed recently.

Cr imebreak he la w /,brerk e ' lc,, lverb o do somethingtl.egatburglary b:rgleri/ noun he crimeof breakingnt o someone.s

house ndstea l ingh ingscommit a crime /ke,mtt

'krarm/verbo do something hat isiL tega

drug dealing dr,rg dirL4/ ou n he crimeof buyingan d setl ingiL tegat rugsfraud frc:d/ noun he crimeof getting money [[egaLLymugging m,r.gr4/ ou n he crimeof demandingmoneywith

viotence r threats

Lexu0k

murder medel noun he detiberate jl.l . inqf someoneoffence a'fens/ ou n n itl"egat ctionrape lretpl nouna crimeof forcingsomeone o havesexrobbery lroberi/noun he crimeof steating hings ro m a bankor

other placeshopLifting Jop,lrftq/noun he crimeof steating omething ro m

a s n o Dstea[ stir l /verbo takesomethinghat belongso someone ts etheft l$eftl noun he crimeof stealinq

thief /0i :Vnoun omeonewh o steats

Pun ishmentcapitaI punishment lkeprrl

'p,rnrJmenr/noun he kil.tingofsomeone y the statewhen hey are foundguil.ty f a seriouscrime

death penalty de O penlti/noun he punishment y kittingsomeo e

fine /farnl noun n amountof moneypaidas a punishmentprison sentence prvn sentens/ oun he tjme that someone as

to spend n pr ison s a punishment

Module0 - conflict

Reasonsor conft ict

ambition la,m'l;l.lnl oun he desire o get poweror successf ea r lfrcl noun he strongunpleasanteel.ing ou havewhenyo u

are n dangergreed grird/noun he desjre o havemoremonevor foodhatred hertrrd/noun very strong eelingof di;tikeintoleranceAn'tolerens/oun he refusaI o accept deasan d

behaviourhat is different ro m vour ownjealousy ldselesi/noun he angry nd unhappy eelingyou have

becauseomeone assometh inghat you wantrevenge rr'vend3l ou n omething ou do to punishsomeone

who hasharmed ou

Typesof conft ictargument olgjument/noun disagreementetween wo peopte:

Theyhave msny orguments about politics.battte /betl/ nouna fight between wo groupsor armiescivi I war /,srvl

wct/ noun wa t between wo groups n th e samecountry

cl.ashklreJ/noun fight between pposing roups, ma[[erha na battle: TherewerevioLentclashes between opposinggroups.

feud ffju:d/ nouna quarrel. etween wo peopleor groupifor aLong ime: There as beeno feud between those amiLiesoryears.

fight /fartl nounan attempt by two or morepeopte o hurt eachother: Therewasa fight between two boys outside the school.

friction /frlflr^[nl ounstrongunfriendliness nd disagreementbetween wo peopLe r groups:Therewos riction at firstbetween the workers nd the new boss.

quarrel /kworel/ nounan angryargument:Theyhod a quarrelabout money.

ro w /raul noun n angry,noisyargument:WecouLd ear heneighbours aving a row Lostnight.

wa r wctl noun periodof armed ighting between ountrjes: heSecondWorldWor Losted ixveors.

warfare I'wcfeel nounviotent activity: Tension n the streetshosIed to gang warfare.

Warconcentration camp /,konsan'trerJnremp/ nouna prison camp

for [argenumbers f peopteinvade n'verd/ verbo atLack nd enteranothercountrywith an

armyno-man's-land lnau mnnz ,la,nd,l oun he area between wo

opposing rmies ha t neithersjdecontrotstrench /trent/ noun |,ong arrowhote n the ground or sotdiers

to shelter ntruce /truls/noun n agreement etweenenemjeso stopfighting for a short periodof time

withdrawa[ /wrd'drcrel/noun he act of movingaway roops froman areaof fighting



1 Prefixes

Prefixes hange he meaning of a word because ac hprefix

has a meaning. heydo no t change he word o a differentpart of speech.Somewordsus edifferentprefixes or differentparts of speech:disbeLief noun); unbeLievabLeodjective).

Prefixeso express'not'are ery common:dis- dishonest,

in- incorrect,non- non-violent,un- unlucky.

Anothercommonus e s to form wordswjth the oppositemeaning

or action: anti- anti-clinax, dis- disconnect,n- invisibLe

Note: Fo rwordsbeginningwith I , m (o r p) an d , in- changes

to il- iLLegaL,m- immobile, impossible, r- irregular, sn- undress

MEANING PREFIX EXAM LES

afterwa ds after- afte taste: afterthouq t

aqai st ant i - ant i wa ; ant i ca itoLi t

onnosite anti- an i -cLo kwise an i -qLo a isati on an i sociaL

bv voursetf/i tse[f auto- autobioq aphv; autobioq aphicaL; automat ic

two or twice bi- bicvcLe; iLinqual; inonthLv twice a month)

toqether co- co-operatei o-author

re0uce de- deqenerate; efuse;devalue

remove de- decod ; deforestati n dereq ate

nor dis- disaqree; isbeLief; ishonest; isLoyaL:issimilar;disappear; isqualifu

opposite dis- disappea ; disconnect; disqua ifu

to a lower evel down- downqrade; ownhilL; ownstai s; downstreaminto this state e n - enabLes: nich encircle;encouroqe

former ex - ex- usband; ex-p esidenti ex-stu en

before fore- forecast: foresee

in front fore- foreqround; orename

not i t - ; m-i n -i r -

iLLeaL; li te ate; i LIo ica ; immo a i i mpati en ; i mpo ssi e

inabiLity; nconvenient; ncorrect; nefficient; nsensitive;ntoLeranti nvisibLei rreLevat: i rrequLa: i respo sib e

between i nter- i nte nati ona i i nteract

bad[v r wronq[v ma[ - maLfu cti on ma nou sed ma p acti ce

nuqe meqa- meqaich; meqastar

extremem[v mat[ mlcro- microchip;microscopeimicroscopic

sma[[ r shor t mln l - minibus;miniskirt

bad/badtv r wronq/wronqtv mrs- misbehave:mispLace; isunderstandtmismanaqementoneor a tone mono- monoLiaual: monotonous

manv mul t i - mu ti nati onaL;muLtipu pose: mu Lti aciaL

not non- non smoken non vio ent; non p oft -moki nq

more/morehan out- outqrow; utnumber

outside out- outdoorsi utskirts

too much r too [onq over- over-estimate; verqrown; verpopuLation;versleep; verwork

above/on op over- overcoatioverhead; verlap

across over- overlond;overseas

after DOSt- po tq aduate; post-wa; postscn t

before ore- p e-h sto i c; p e-sch o ; p e-wa

in fuvour f Dro- pro-European; ro-wor

no t reat Dseudo- pse do-i teLLectua; pseu onvm

a o a t n re - rebuiLd re-exa inei re-unite; rewi din anotherwav re- rep ace; rea rqnqe; rep ont

ha f seml - semi circLetsem -fi n o L

pantv semt- semi-actf e

be[ow su - submarine; substa dard;subwav

less r less mpor tant su - subnorma ; sub-committee; subp ot

larqe,qreator powerfuL suoer- su erm ket: superstai superp wer

across trans- trans con i nen aL: rans-AtLa i c transpo t

showinq hanqe trans- transform translation

th ree tri- trianqLe: iLoqv

n oI un- uncomfortabLe;ncommoniuncrowdedi nfriendLy; nhelpful;uninteresting; nlikeLy;

unLuckv; nreliabLe; nspoilt; unstabLe; nusuaL

opposi te ct ion un- undoi undress; nLock; npack;unzip; unwrap

not enouqh under- undercooked: ndernourished; nderpaid

underneath under- underclothes; unde Li e; underpass

too Litt [e/too maLL under- unde -estimate; undersi ed

to a higher eve[ up- upgrade; pLift; pstairs

Remember:You can add a prefix as we[[ as a suffix: disappearonce;lLegally;misunderstanding



/exlctn

2 Suffixes

Most suffixeschange a word to a different part of speech.Whenwe add a suffix, we sometimes hange he speL{.ingf theoriginaI word (siLent siLence; lamour> glamorousl.Th estress r pronunciation ften changes communicatecommun ca ion p odqce /pre,djus/ > p odu ction / pra' ,,,k[n/).

The abl"e etowshows om ekeywords rom 1pportunities;checkwordstress nd pronunciationn a gooddictionary.-) page15 8 for suffixes ha t changewords o particutai artso f speech.

NouN I vrne ADJECTIVEADVERBambi t ion ambi t ious am it ioustv

attraction I attract attracti ve attracti ve Vbe a ty bea tifu be a tifu lvbreadth I broaden broad broadlvca e ca e carefu[.careless carefu[[y, aretesstvch t chat chattv hattiLvch i td ch i ld ish , h i td t ike l - .hr ' td i rh lvco mmunicatio communicate communicat ive lcommunicat ive tvcompetition co m et e compet i t ive lcompet i t ive tvconsideration consider considerate consideratelvcreation,creativitv create creative creative Vcritic, criticism criticise c itica critica tvda qer da gerous danqeroustVdecis ion

decide decisive decisivevdepth deepe deep deeptydifference differ different differentlvdisaster disa tro s disastrouslveteq nce etegant e ega lyen joVmnt en l0v enjoya le eniova vfame famous famouslvfashion fashio abl e fash ionabtvqramour qtamor ise gtamorous q[amoroustvqrace g acefu qr a ef u tvha p iness h a p p y ha pi lvheIp netp !elpfut,helptess hel.pf1ty, eIptesslvheiq t heiq ten h igh h iq ynope nope hopefu hopefuty

i ma inat ion maqrne i ma native i native Iimpor tance rmpor tant rta ntlI mpressrn rmDress lmpresslve mpressiveyi nterest nte est i nteresting, nterested i n te res t inoh r in fe rps fod li ntroduction i ntroduce i ntroductorvtength Lenothe lonq, enqthv tengthi V[ogic [ogica toqica lymooo moody moodivmysrery mvsterious msterioustVnat ion nationa[.nationa[istic natio a [y , nationaisticallvnatu e natu a natu a tyobsession oDSess obsessive obsessivetyperfection, erfectionist Dertect perfect perfect[ypteasant, leasure pLease pteasing p easi qlv

politeness po ite poUtelvpopu[arity poputar popu[ar tvpoverty poor po o lyp actice p acti se p actica p a tica ly

lr ide proud ;roudlyoroduction pro0uce productive productivetyra ity rare rarelVreai v rea ize rea rea tVrelia i itv reLy retia le re iab ysatisfaction satisfv satisfactory, at isf i d, satisfui q satisfactoritv,satisfvinolvse 5e sensi e se si vs iLence si[ent si entlvspectac[e,pectator spectacutar specta u a tysusprcrn suspect susprcrus suspiciouslvsy m athy svm athise sym athetic svm atheticatvtho g t t h i n k thoughtfu thouqhtfu lvth reat th reaten th reatened,h reateninq th reateni gt ytoLerance to Lerate toterant to era tlvwidth widen wide widety



Forming ouns rom verbs-ance (accept> acceptance); ence (exist> existence)-tion (produce> production); -sion (divert > diversion)-ation (inspire> inspiration); ication (qualifu> quatificotion)-isation (privatise> pivatisation); -ition (add > addition)-er (teach> teacher); -or (oct > actor); -r (bake> baker);-ing (paint > painting); -ment (judge> udgenent)-ist (type > typist); -ure (pLease pleasure)-y (discover discovery)

Forming ouns rom adjectives-abitity (suitable> suitability)-i bi tity (res onsib e > res onsibi lity)-ance (inpoftant> importonce);ence (silent> silence)-ness (i// > iLLness);iness (happy> happiness)-ity (humon> hunanity)-tylieth (six > sirty/sixtieth)-ylabte (misery> miserable)

Forming ouns rom nouns-ian (music> nusician)-ist (science scientist)

Formingadject ives/adverbsrom nouns-alrz-atty(magic magicalf agically), ial/-iatly (industryindustrtaI/ ndustrialy)-ate/-ate ty (affe tion > affe tiona e affe tionote y)-i c/-i ca .ty a tist > a ti sti a ti sti o ly), -i cat/ i calty(eco ony> econ mi a f eco onica IIy)-futr-futty (peace peaceful/eacefully),ifutz-ifutty (beauty> bea tifu / beautif u ly)-i ng/-i ng "y in e e t > i nte estingf in e esting y)-ised (computer computerised)-i ve/-i ve .y expnse > exp nsive exp nsive y), -itive/-itive ty(sense sensitivesensitively)-Less/-tessty(harm> ha mlessha n essly)-ous/-ou sty (gLamou > gLamo ousfgLamo o usly), -io us/iousty(industry> i ndustrio sf ndus triously)-th/-ieth (sixty> sirth sixtieth),-

u a /- u a ty (s e ta Le>

specta u a specta tu a ly)Formingadject ivesand adverbs rom verbs-a bte/-a bLy fa hion > fashionab e foshionob y) -i bte/-i b y(fLex> fLexib e/fLexib ly)-ed (worry > worried)-ingl-ingty (annoy > annoying/ annoyingly)-i ve/-ivety (attract > attracti ve attra cti vely)

Formingverbs rom adject ives-ate (active > activote)-en (sweet> sweeten)-ity (simple > sinplify)-i sef -ize (Leg L> IegaLi e/ Leg Lize)

UnusuaI uf f ixesIong (adj.) > Length noun) > Iengthy(adj.) t lengthen verb)belief (noun) beLieveverb) > believable adj.)

Suff ixeswith meanings-abLe (measure meosuroble)-dom (star> stardom)-hold (house> household)-hood (mother> motherhood)-ish/-ishly (chi d > ch iLdishch iLdishy)-tess/-lessty (end > endless/en dlessly)-tike (lfe > Lifelike)-ship (friend > fiendship)

Remember:You can add a suffix as we[ [ as a prefix:disag eem nt; i IegaLIy; unacce table.

Somewords use differentprefixes or different parts of speech:beLieveverb) > disbeLiefnoun) > unbeLievobLeadj.) t

unbelievable adv.)

3 Confusing ordschitdish immature:That was a childish thing to say.chitdtike Likea chiLd:He has an att ractive,childlike innocence.

different not the same: heseshifts are different sizes.indifferent 1 not caring about something:He's ndifferent to

my problems.2not noticingsomething:Therewa sa Loud artynext door, but I was ndifferent to the noise.

dissatisfied not happywjth the quatityof something: was

dissatisfied with my exam resuLt.unsatisfied not happywith the quantityof something:He ate a

big meaLbut was still unsatisfied.

hetpfut wil.l.ingo hetp or be usefu[:That'sa helpful suggestion.helpless unable o do things for yoursetf:He s totally helpless

in difficult situations.

hopeful feeting optimistic: f'm hopeful we can ind a solution.hopetess having no signsof hope: This s a hopeless ituation.

2 very bad at something:She's opelessat pLaying hess.

sensetessttogical., r wjth no reason r purpose:t 's senselessto try and change hings now.

sensible easonabtend practicat: he's very ensible ir Lan dyou con rely on her.

sensitive being easity hurt or offended:He'sverysensitive tocriticismabout his work.



4 Compounds

Compoundsre wo or morewords ogether hat act as a s ing leword.Theyusua[[y epresent n actionor descriptjonn a shortform ('a gameplayedusinga computer'becomes compurcrgame;someone jt h fajr hair s descrjbed sfoir_haired).Compoundsan be written as one word (hairstyLe),wo wordsioined by a hyphen oLd-fashioned)r tw o separatewords rainforest).There re no rules or this.

CompounddjectivesWecan ormcompound djectives y combining:1 an adjective r nounwith a wordending n -ing or -ed: good_looking, Ld-fashioneda past participteor adverbwith apreposition:/ed-up, rown-up a nounwith an adjective: ue_free

absent-minded orgetfu.airtight no t atlowingai r to pass n or ou tantisociaIshowingno concern or other peopl.ebrand-new ewand unuseoclass-conscious wareof the sociaI tass ha t peoplecome romfamily-orientated betieving he fumity s very mportantfair-sized fairl.ybigfar-reachinghavinga great nfluence

firsthand learntdirecttyan d not from other peoplefu[[-time working he usuaIhours n a iob,-r IART-TrMEgood- tooking andsomer pret tygrown-up ike an adutt behavesground-breakingmaking mportantdiscoverjes r usinq

comptetely ew methodshigh-powered er y powerfulhomesickmissinghomevery muchtaw-abidingwho neverdoesanything l"l"egaLlife-size of the samesizeas a reaIpersonor thinglong-standingexisting or a [ong imelong-term or a long period nt o th e future[ong-term (effects)mass-producedmade n [argequantities n a factorymould breaking ground-breaking

old-fashionedno longer rshionabl"er poputarone-year-otd eingon eyear ol dopen-a i routdoorpart-time workingon[y part of the usuaIhours -+ FULL-TIMEperformance-enancin that i mprovesphysica performaceready-made ookedan d ready or eatingreal-time describes virtuaI realitygame ha t takesas rongas

the reaIgamerecord-breaking etter ha n the existinq ecordrun-down n badcondi t ionsecond-hand ot ne wan d alreadv sedshort-l ived Lasting nl.y short im et ime-consuming singup a lo t o f t imeuttra-smartverycleveruser-friendlyeasy o use and understand

wett-behaved ehavingn an acceptabte nd potite wa ywe[[-known amouswe[-off richworld-class mong he best n the worldworld-famous amous n a[[ partsof the wortdworn-out very ired or in a poor condition

CompoundounsIn compound ouns, he first part usualty escribeshe type ofthe second ar t .Wecan ormcompound ouns y combin ing:1 two nouns: ungLassesan adjectivean d a noun:popstar3 a verb an d a preposition r adverb:breakthrouqh a nounan da word ending with -ing: woter-skiing

blood pressure he forcewith whichyour btood moves hrouqhyour body

bod-y-piercinghe ac t of putting ewel.terynt o the skin n a partof your body

carbonemissionsgases roduced s a wasteproductof burningfuetssuchas coaIor oi I

Lexictn

civiI wa r a wa r between wo groups n the samecountrvcommonsensegoodsense nd udgementconsumersociety a modern ociety n whichadvertisinq

encourageseopteo buy h ingsdesigner abeL [abeton ctothes howinga fashionable

ma ufucturereyesore ometh'ing gty (oftena buitding)fossiI fueI coaIor oi lgang warfare ighting between roupsof peop[egene herapy medjcaIreatment

usinggenes ro m ce[[sgenetic code he arrangement f genes ha t makes Livingthing Like ts parents

genetic engineering he deliberate hanging f the form of ativing hing using ts genes

humanbeinga man,woman r ch i tdhydro-etectric oweretectricity roduced y movingwateric e skating movingon ice for fun or sport usingspecial"ootsim-mune ystem he system n your bl.ood ha t fights diseasesinformation techno[ogy echnology singcomputersjigsaw puzzte picture ut nto piecesha t you ry to f i t togetherjo b security he condjtionof feeLing afe n a oLjunk food ba d quatity eady-madeoo dlaptop a sma[[,portabl.e omputerlegal action the us eof the [aw o punishsomeoneor doinq

somethingl.tegal.ti fetime the usuatperiodof time of someone'sif e

long-term ha t last nt o the futurelivin.g-room ptace n a house or retax.ing, atchingTV ,etc.machine un a gun hat shootsmany ut te tsneuroscientist scientistwh o s an expert n the body.s ervous

sysremnighttife entertainment t nightno-man's an d th e areabetween wo opposing rmjes ha t

neithersidecontrotsorgan donor someonewho givesa bodyorgan or medicaI se .

especia[[y fter he y havedjedpackage ou r a holidaywith everything rganisedor yo upassive moking breathingn smoke ro m other people,s

cigarettes

rain forest a hot an d wet forest n a tropicaI egionroad rageviolent behaviour y drivers owardsother driversroom service he servjcen a hotelof providing oo d an d drinks

in your roomscience-fictiondescribes toriesabout uture scientific nd

technicaIdevetopmentsnd heir effectson l i fesetf-defence he skj l .L f defend.ingoursetfwhenattackedsightseeing isiting ptaces f interestas a touriststow motion movement n television hat is muchstower ha n

in real i feso-catledhaving he description r name ha t you think is wrongsoftwarecomputer rogramssotar poweretectricity roduced y heatan d Light ro m the sunsolar system he su n with th e ptanets. tc . ha t move ound tstepping stone an ac t or event ha t hetps ou achieve

something tsetetephonedirectorya book ha t contajns he tetephonenumbers f atl" he people n a particutar re a

test tube a thin gtassbottle used n scjentjfic xperimentstrading centrea ptace hat importsan d exportsgoodswake-up a l l a phone a[ [ n a hoteLo wake ou upwashbaga smat[bag or soap, oothpaste, tc. whenyo u travelwork ingweek he hours ou work n a weekzero-gravity he stateor situationof havingno gravity

CompounderbsWecan ormcompounderbs y combin ing:1 a preposition r adverban da verb:overtake a nounan d averb: mass-produce an adjectiveand a verb: double-check

bypass o avoid something:Canwe bypass his part of the tour?doubte-checko examine omething gain o make ur e t is

correct: I double-checked that I had turned the gas off.mass-produceo make argequantities f producti n a factorv



Compoundssingpreposi t ionsr adverbs

odjectivesfoltow-up something hat followssomething [se: he group's

Jollow-up album to the ir irst hi t wasnot a success.in-depth very detailed: an in-depth report.taid-back very relaxed:He nevergets excited he's aid-back.

oncoming coming owards you:.oncoming traffic.

outgoing 1 f riendl.y nd easy o ge t on wjth. 2 [eaving ob :Theoutgoing monagergavea pressconference.out-of-date no t popularor va[d any moreoutspokengivingyour opinions ree[yovertoaded aving oo much o carryrundown 1 tired or ilt: I feeLpretty rundown. 2 jn bad

condjtion: It's o very undown area.underpa id o t pa idenoughunderstaffedwjth no t enoughworkers:ManyhospitaLsre

understaffed at the moment.underweight oo thin or Light

up- to-datemodern r popu[ar

nounsafter-shave: I Love he smell of his after-shove (lotion).

breakthroughan importantdiscovery: hediscovery f penicilLinwas a major breokthrough in medicine.

bypass1 a road ounda town. 2 an operation o sendbtoodrounda part of your heartwith a probtem: heartbypass.

downfa[t something ou do that makes ou losesuccess:Ganbling Led o his downfall.

fottow-up something ou do to make urean eartieraction s

successfu[: his esson s a follow-up to Lastweek's.getaway an escape:The hievesmade o quick getoway.

outbreak a sudden ppearance f something usua[[y ad): There

was o serious outbreak of fLu.outcome the result: What wos he outcome of the election?

outtook a developing ituation:Th eoutlook or tomorrow'sweather s ine.

rundown a summary f events:Giveme a rundownof what

happened.setback somethingha t prevents rogress r makes omething

worse:Peoce egotiationshavesuffereda setback.upkeep he cost of keeping omethingn order:Wecan't afford

the upkeep of suc h a big house.

verbsoff-load to take hings out of a car,Lorry.rain. etc.outgrow o grow bigger han the sizeor spaceprovided:He has

alreadyoutgrown hisshoes.overhear o hearwhat other peopte re saying o eachotheroversleep o sleep onger han yo u wanted oundercooko not cooksometh ingor enough imeunderestimate o think that a quantity, ki l.L. tc. s less han it

realty s: I underestimated her obility.

update o provide he latest nformation:After he attack, herewere radio broadcastsupdating the news every haLf hour.

upgrade1 to make omething. .g. a computer,morepowerfu[.2 to g ivesomeone more mpor tant job

Mult i -word ompound ouns ndadject ives

Wecan make ompound ouns nd ad ject ives i th more han

two words.Thereare atways yphens etween he words.

an eighteen-year-oldboy a one-in-a-thousandchance

a heart-to-heort taLk an out-of-work actormy mother-in-law an up-to-date dictionary

Collocotiononkverb + noun or odjectivebreak he record o do something etter han the best

achievement o farcatch a cold to ge t a cotdclose he ga p to do something hat brings wo extremes loser

together, e.g closing the gap between ch and poor.

contract an i l lness/dis ease o ge t an itlness/disease

dr ive someonemad o make omeoneeel upsetor angryexpressyour concern/worry horrorshock/an opinion about

someth ing o saywhatyou eeIor th inkexpressyour thank (t o someone) for something) o say hank

you

feet part of something o feel yo u are a member f a groupgive someone/something bad name o harm he reputation f

someone r someth inggive someonea hard time to make t difficul.t or someonegive someonepermission (t o do something) o say someone

cando someth inggive someonea warning (about something) o warmsomeonego mad 1 to ge t very angry.2 to becomensane

last a lifetime t o last a very ong im emiss home to feel unhappy ecause ou are not at homepack your bags o packyour things before ou traveIpLaya joke on someone o playa trick on someoneptay a rote to take part n a ptay,project,etc.pu t on weight to gain weightand become atterreachan agreement with) to agreeon something fter a

discussioreceiveacclaim or something o receive ompliments nd

admi ationspend money,itime on something) o spendmoneyon/give

time to somethingtake i t easy o stop do'ing o muchworkturn cold (weather)/nasty (personor anima[)/pate (person)

turn re d to showyo u feeI embarrassed

adjective+

nounanti-sociaI behaviourbad behaviourdevetoped ountry a countrywith an advanced conomydevelopingcountry a countrywithout an advanced conomy,

often catleda'Third

Wortd' ountrydr y climate/clothes/tandwithout rain/waterdry senseof humourhumourwhensomeone retendso be

seriouswhen hey are notfatal diseasea disease hat often causes eathfresh air cteanan d oleasant irheavy ighting/rain a lot of fighting/rainlatest fashion/styl.e he mostpopular ashion/style owpetty argument a mjnorargumentrenewableenergy naturaIenergy rom suchsources s he wind

or the sun: Solarpower s s sourceof renewobleenergy.

severepunishment very hardand strict punishmentsociaI benefit something hat wiLl. et psocietysocial mobitity movement etween evelsof societ5urban decay he decline n Living ondjtions n big citiesvast majority nearlyat[ of a [argegroup

vio[ent crime a crime hat hurtsor ki t tssomeoneworking conditions he conditjons or workers n a factory, tc.

verb+ sdverbfa[[ down heavity o fat[ and hurt yourse[f adtyrain/spend heavily o rain/spend lo tsleep heavily o steepdeepty nd be hard o wakeuptake someonelsomething eriously o vatuesomeone r

something: Graffiti is often not taken seriously in the art world.

Fo rexpressions ith do, get, have,moke -+PAGE62Fo rprepositionsn phrasesr pecE 66



Adject ives or describingappearance

This abte etls you whichadjectives ou can use (/)with a varietyof nouns.Th echoiceoi a word depencs nthe context.

/-exicn

Exam le: YouCANsayI

sa.w breathtaking view, but you CAN.T ayIsaw a breathtaking man,.

Foradjectives escribingmusic + Mooulr 4, IAGE,52.

"o.t "

*"*""f*tooo

,.'" *"-t-"""":",$::" "nSuf

co . . . . d

r$

;Sqs - l

.:€*

z . '

cattractive

beaut i fu

breathta i ng

c h e a p

ch icclassy

comforta te

contemporary

cosy

dated

dramat ic

effortless

e ega t

enormou

exotic

fash ionablegood- [ooking

gorgeous

gracefu

h a n d s o m e /(men)

i mpressive

magni f ice t

messy

old-fashi one d

picturesque

powerful

pretty /(womenrelaxed

scenlc

smar t

soph ist ica ted

spacious

specta u a

stri ki ng

st unni ng

styl ish

tacky

taste es s

tre ndy

unsightty

unspoi t



[xpressionsith do,gef, toye ndmolre

do1 tasksand work:

Can ou do me a favour and help me with this naths problem?

I hate doing the garden - it's such hard work!I like to do my homework as soon as I get home.Whodoes the housework n your home?

l4y parents do the shopping on Saturdaymornings.Don't do the woshing-up we'vegot a dishwasher.Shehas done some usefulresearch nto the causes f Aids.

2 activities:I do othletics/gymnastics/tennisf horse riding every Tuesday

after schooL.My sister is doing English/history/science at university.Don't ust sit theredoing nothing - do something!

3 actions:This sn't working I think I did something wrong.Don't worryabout the exam;ust do your best.Thestorm did a lot of damage.My morningswim does me a lot of good.

It'll do you no harm to visityour grandparents ow and again.Didyou do well in your test?

get1 t o obtain or receive:

I really must get o haircut before he wedding.I got a letter/email/message fron Brigit this morning.He got a Lotof money rom his weekendob.

After twoyears with the company,he got a promotion.

I neverget o chance o reLax.I got a shockfsurprisewhen he arrived I didn't expecthim.Get some sleep! You ook Like ou need t!I think I'm getting a cold! I feeLawful.

2 to become r ach ieve:I havegot attached to our neighbours uppy.

That'sa terribLe oLd I hopeyou get better soon.Thesenstructions re awfuL I can't get beyond he irst step.I'd better go; it's getting dark.Hurryand get dressedor you'LIbe late.Shecan't concentrateor long. Shegets fed up quickLy.

I get the feeling you don't agreewith the government.

Don't Leave hen t's dark - you couLd asiLy et lost.

Our car got stuck in the mud after the heavy ain.She's eryambitious. 'm sureshe'lL et to the top.I'd like to get in touch with Jin, butl've Losthisphonenumber.I wasust beginning o get worried whenhe phoned.

have1 exoeriences:

I had a cold/fever/headache,so I took an aspirin.Last night, I hod o terribledream about being os t.Have un at the party!

I'm hoving a hoircut this afternoon.WeaLways ave o laugh when weget together.She's oing to have an operation on her bad leg next week.I'm tired. Let's have a rest.

You'LLave a surprisefshockwhenyou see him - he's reollychanged.I had a great time at the party lost night.

2 act ions:Wehad an argument about footbalL.I have o bath/shower everymorning.I hod breakfast/lunch/dinner with CharLie.Can have a look at your holidayphotos?

At weekends have o lie-in tiil about ten.I'm going to hove s porty on my birthday.I think the neighboursare having a row.

They're aving a swim in the hoteLpooL.

Shehod the chance o meet the Leading ctorsafter the show.

3 to possess omething aLso ov egot):

How many brothersand sisters oyou hove?Youmust accept he decision you reallyhave no choic e.I don't know the answer I haven't a clue!Weboth Likemusic ond reading wehave o lot in common.I hove sn idea - why don't wego swimming?

I hove s good/bad memoty.He hos a lot of patience with children.I've tried to give up sweets,but I hsve no willpower.

4 to produce n effect:The war wiLIhove o bad effect on the economy.Theweatherhad an influence on the resuLt f the match.

make1 actions:

Theymade an agreement with us to meetat 6 o'clock.Youshouldmake on appointment at the dentist's.I make my bed as soon as I get up.We'd ike to moke a comploint about the bad service.I had to make a decision before six o'clock.

Wemode an effort to finish on time.He made an excuseor not doing his homework.Don't moke fun of him - it's not fair.Keep aLm.There's o need to make o fuss.He'sso funny. He always makes me laugh.

I'm going to make you an offer you can't refuse!Can make a phone coll, please?

She'smaking progress at school.I'd like to make a reservation at the hoteL or Fridaynight.I think she'll moke a successof her business.

2 to create, r produce:

Itlake me a cup of tea, pLease.

He nvestedweLL nd made a fortune.He makes a l iving seLlinghisown vegetabLes.Don't make o mess n your bedroom

try tokeep

t tidy!I think you've mode o mistake - Mr Smith doesn't ive here.He made a Lot of moneyselling hispaintings.

Our neighbours ften make a lot of noise at weekends.Youmode a good point at the meeting.Could make a suggestion,pLease?

I love watchingold black and white fiLms rom the 1930s.I've got Lotsof bits ond pieces to take to schooL omorrow

incLuding y pen, penciL, aper,and bool<s.ItaLian merchants roveLledar and wide buying and seLling oods.

The loro and fauno in the region is very nteresting, particularLy

the trees, Lowers,birds and a rare breed monkeys.There s a million people n the city, give or take afew thousand.More and more peopLeoined the protestmarch.Therewere oads ond loads of peopLehere - over20,000!I found odds ond ends, Iike my racketand somebool<s.I've been LearningFrenchon ond off for years.

He's eeling better and I've seenhim out and about again.I hate alL his trafic noise. 'd Like o go to the country or some

peace ond quiet.

Youmust take this one - you can't pick and choose.A hundred earsago, both rich ond poor suffereredrom poLio.I'm sick and tired of getting up at sixo'clock. 'd lovea lie-in!Sooner or later you're going to hove o teLL er.He madea reaL ong and donce aboutgoing to the doctor.I expected hem to post my passport ater but theygove t to me

then ond there.Theprice of petrol has beengoing up and down thisyear.I've had my ups ond downs his past year, but it's good

expeience!Pices keepon going up ond up. Theydon't stop.

Word



Wordomilies

This ist gives ou words or saying imitar hings. t is a good de ato make ou r own istsas you ind ne wwords or eachgroup.

Verbsl augh

cackte/'krek/ to Laugh oudtychuckle/t l^kl / to Laugh uietLygiggLe/'gtgl/ to laugh in a si[ty waysmile /smar/ to move he corners f your mouthup to showyou

arenappysnigger/'sntga/ o |"augho yourself n a disrespectfut ay

hotdcling /k1i4/ to hoLd omething ightl.y: The littLeboy was clinging

to his motherbecause e was rightened.ctutch/kl ,r t l / to hotdsomething ightty because ou ar e

frightened:Sheclutched at the poLicefficer's hand.cuddl,e/'ktrdl/ to hotd someone lose o you in a loving way: He

cuddled hisyoung son in hisarms.grab/grnb/ to take something uddenl.ynd quickl.y: he hief

grabbed my bag and ran off.grasp/grosp/ to take hotd of somethingstrongly: He grospedmyhand and Ledme through the crowd.

handte/'hrend/ to hotdor movean object n your hands n orderto examine t: PLeaseandle the slasswith care.

hu g/h^g/ to hotdsomeonen youiarms because ou Like he m a[ot: She hugged her mother when hey met at the airport,

take hotd of f 1etkheuldav/ to take somethingn your hands:

Thecaptain took hold of the trophy and heLd t up to the fans.touch/tx!/ to makecontact,usuatlywith your hand:Sh e

touched her arm to showme where t hurt.

say/speakbe g/beg/ to ask someoneor somethingn an eagerway:He

beggedme not to Leove im.

chat/tjet/ to ta[k to someonen a relaxed,nformaIway: me tan oLdriend and wechatted about our schooldavs.

cta im/kterm/ to s ta te hat someth ings true,a t though ou maynot be able to prove it:.He claimed he hadn't received heLetter.

exclaim/rk'sklerm/ o saysomething oudLynd suddenl"y,suattywhenyo u are shocked r surprised:Hey,

Look t the time!' heexclaimed,'We'reLate!'

howl /haul/ to makea loud cry: He howled in poin whenhefeLLover.

inquire fn'kwatef to ask n a pol.ite nd formaIway orinformation: 'What

time does he plane and?' she nquired.mention /'men[n/ to say somethingwithout giving detaits:

Duing our chat, he mentioned that Suehad had a baby.mutter /'mnte/ to saysomething.in quiet voice.usualtywhen

yo u are not happyabout somethjng: im mutteredsomethingabout not wanting o go shopping.

recatl /rr'kc:f/ to remember omethingand tel"l. t: Doyou recollseei g anything unusua ?

reply /rt'plal to answer: askedhin to hel p ne. He replied thathe was busy.

scream/skrim/ to shout in a high voice: When felL into thewater, screamedor help.

shout /laut/ to say something ery toudly: I heard omeoneshouting for heLp.

shriek /Jrirk/ to shout in a high voice: They hieked withlaughter.

whisper/'wlnpe/ to say somethingn a veryquiet voice:Hewhispered he answer o no one elsecouLd ear.

yel| /jel/ to shout very [oudty:Stopyelting - come hereand telL

me whatyo u want.

l ookgaze/getzf to look at something r someoneor a [ong ime: He

gozed out of the window.

/exicon

glance/glorns/ (often glancearound.at , etc.) o [ookatsomething r someone er y quickly:Sh e lancedot herseLfnthe mirror.

gtimpse/ghmps/ to se esomething uickl.y nd wjthout acomplete view: only glimpsed him - I wouLdn't ecoqnise imagoin.

observe/eb'zz;v/ to [ook and pay carefulattentjon: Observe hechange n colouras I add the acid.

spot /spot/ to identifoor noticesomeone r somethingwhen t

is not easy:Can ou spot me in this oLdphoto?stare /stee/ (often stare at someone/something) o look atsomeone r something or a long time: Whoareyou staring at?

watch /wotl/ to look carefu[[y:Wewatched Arsenalbeat United.witness f'wfimsf o seesomething appen:Di d anyonewitness

the accident?

walklimp /ltmp/ to walk slowly and with difficutty, often becauseof

an injury: He inped hone ofter the long match.march fmott[f to wa[k with regularsteps: he band marched

through the streets in the parade.shuffle /'[t'fl/ to watk stowtywithout Liftingyour feet: couLd

hear the old womannext door shuffling around-stagger /'stnge/ to watk unsteadily:Shestaggeredaway from

her car after the accident.stride /#aflf to walk with long steps: Ihe teacher trodeacross the pLayground o stop the fight.

stroll /straulf to watk s[ow[y n a place or pleasure: heystrolled around the park.

strut /strtltf to walk n a proudway,with your chest forward:vlaLebirdsstrut in front of female birds to attract their attention.

trudge /trd3/ to walk stowly with a tot of effort: Thesoldierstrudged through the mud.

wander/'wonda/ to wa[kstowly n a placewithouta particu[arpurpose:Wewandered ound the shops or an hour.

Adjectivesbig

1 describing er y argean d mpressive uil.dings,nimals rorganisations: oLossaL;normousi igantic;huge;massive

2 describing er y argep[aces, reasor distances: normousihuge; mmense; ast

happycheerfut /'tlrcfel/ showingyou are happy:a cheerful smile.contented /ken'tenttd/ satisfiedand happy:He sat looking

contented after the meal.detighted /dt'lanrl/ very pteasedand happy: 'm delighted to

seeyou.elated /tlettd/ happybecause ou have been successful:WeLeft

the stadiun elated by our team's victory.gtad /gled/ pleasedand happy: 'm glad you come.pleased/plizd/ happyand satisfied:He'spleasedwith your work.thritted /Otrld/ very happyor excited: was hiiled to seeher.

r ichafftuent /nflrcnt/ havingmoney or expensive tothes,mears, rc .Loaded/'leudrd/ extremety ich.prosperous/'pmsperas/ successfuI nd richweatthy/'wel9l very rich and with valuable roperrywell-heeled/,welhi..ld/ ic h an d often rom a high sociaL tasswett-off /,welof/ havingmore ha n enoughmoney o live weU.well-to-do /,welte'du;/ ich an d with a high sociaIposition

saddejected/dtfuekttd/ unhappybecause ou feel.ing isappointeddepressed/drprest/ very unhappy nd not hopefutdownfdaonf (coLLoquiat)nhappy nd sa dfeebte /'fi :bl l weakgloorny/glu.m/ unhappy nd not at aLl. opefutgLum/g\rtm/ sad and not wilting o tatkgrim /grrm/ veryworried, ad or unwe[[miserable/'mtzrabl/ very unhappy ecause ou,repoor, l . t ,etc.



ldiomotiranguoge

animalshave a bqe n your bonnet to havea fixed idea:He's ot a bee

in his bonnet about groffiti.

a boq!ryq1ma very keen reader:She's lwoys eading she'sa

reaL ookworm.

let the cat out of the bag o tetl a secret.often without

intending to:-He let the cat out of the bag obout the surpisePortY.

as sick as a doq very i[[: I was as sick as a dog ofter I ate that

seafood.tike a f jsh out of water uncomfortabte ecause ou ar e not in

your usuaI urroundings: e ives n the city and whenhe goes

to the countrysidehe's like a fish out of water.

be a fl y on the watl to be a secretobserver: 'd love o be a flyon the wall when hose wo are arguing.

a/the ra! race a competitive and stressful ifestyle: Working n

marketing is a rat roce.

the btacksheep of the famity someonen a fumil.y r group

who doesn't behave ike the rest: The Smithsare all verynice,

except or Jim - he's the block sheep of the family.

bodybefore heir very eves n front of something o they can't avojd

it: She sLopped im before my very eyes.

face (u p to) something, ace t to acceptsomething: had to

face (up to) the oct that I wasnevergoing to be afamous

footbaLl player. Let's ace it, it's not going to be easy.

face death to be in a very dangerous ituation: Rocingdivers

foce death whenever hey race.

be knge deep n something o havea lot of things o do:.He's

knee-deep n work at the moment.

no t make head or tail of somet hing o not understand

something: can't make head or tail of these nstructions.putt someone's eg to do or say something s a ok e to make

someoneworry: Don't be upset, 'm onLy ulling your leg

about your girLfriend!

fed up to the (back) eeth to be very angryor bored: 'm fe dup to the back teeth with getting up so ear ly every day.

food/cookingea t humbte pi e to admit hat yo u werewrong:When

discovered hod made a mi stake, had to eat humble pie and

apologiseor my behaviour.

a metting po t a ptacewith an excitingmixtureof cuttures:

London s a melting pot with peoplefrom everypart of the

worLd.for starters to begin with: For storters he'sseffishond he's also

rude.

be Slefvrlg to be extremelyhungry: sn't it time or Lunch?We're

storving to deoth!

chip in: to contribute: f we alL hip in, we'LI aveenough o buy

a coke or her birthdoy.

t i fe/deaththe birth of something he beginning:Th ebirth of EngLish

theatre was n the 16th century.

be the crad[eof something he p[acewhere omething egan:

Greecewas the cradle of western civilisation.

be bored to denltl extremetybored: 'm bored to deoth of your

complaints.be {14ng or something o want something er y much: ['m

dying for a sandwich.be in it s !nfancy o be in the eartystages: rr he 1960s, pace

travel was stilL n its infanal.

money/workbet to sayyou are sureabout something: bet she's ate again.

(att) the beltjltg is that it is tuirty certain that: All the betting

is that he foils his exams.

take it s tott on someone/something o havea bad effect: ll

that hard workhas token its toll on her health.

movementgo dow!h![! to get worse: His health went downhill after the

accident.klSk up a fuss to comptaina [ot: He kicked up a fuss because he

soup was coLd.be within lqAqh o be ab[e o be achjeved:. cure or AIDS s

within our reoch.be a major slep forward o be an importantadvance: anding n

the moon was d mojor step forward for space exploration.

a {epl!!!g stone something ou can use o achieve long-termgoal: want to be a chef but I work n a restaurantas a

stepping stone for the future.no t !qqc[ something with a bargepote o no t ge t nvolvedor

use something ecause ou think it is bad:Thatne wsports lub

sounds awful. I wouLdn't ouch it with a borgepole.

naturebe a breath of ftqs-hair to be something ew or different hat

encourages ou:.My new schooLs a breath of fresh oi r - we

have Lotsof different subjects.pu t someoneout to qras! to make omeoneeavea ob because

they are too otd: They've ut him out to gross and given himthe job of making the coffee.

be (skating/watking)on thin ice to be n a situatjonwhenyou

may makesomeoneangry: When ou reguLarly rive lat e at

work,you're skoting on thin ice.

the last qlqw something hat happens hat, added o otherprob[ems,makes situation mpossible: had oneprobLem fter

another-The ast straw waswhen he car brokedown.

placesa vicious cjlqlg a bad sjtuation hat affectsother hings: He s in

o vicious circle. He'shomeLess. hisneans that he can't get agood ob and so he stayspoor.

to the four !9EeI9 of the globe a[[ over he wortd:He has

traveLled o thefour

corners of the globe.

be fqmq and dry to havesucceededn doingsomething

be right up your gtr.qe! o be n your areaof jnterestor activity:

Science iction is right up my street.

off the beaten ryck a tong way rom anywhere:Wewentto a

IittLe cottage in the countryside ght off the beaten track.

be in the middte of nowhere o be in a place ar from a town:

It's in the niddle of nowhere. The own is miLesaway.

othersset the !att rotting to begin something:Let's set the boll rolling.

Who wants to taLk irst?not have a ctue to not havean y de aabout something:

I haven't got o clue how to repair my computer.

be on a short fuse easitymadeangry:Sh ewas ired and on o

very short fuse.from the word go from the start: We oughtfron the word go.

no t care wo hoots (about someone/something) o no t careat

alL: don't core two hoots if they come or not.(get/give someone/something) ba d name: o ge t or give

someone r something bad reputation:That lub'sgo t a bod

name. Thenolice have closed t dow n wice.(have/get/givesomeone)a hard ime: to experience difficult

period or give someone omplaints:My parentsoregiving me a

hard time because hey wont me to work harder

a lrlll[t4lqry somethingvery unpleasant;Theexam was o complete

nightmore. Everything went wrong.

be no t (att) ptain saiting not easy:Th eob wasn't ol l ploin

sailing.give it to somebodygtlalSh! to say somethingdirectly: 'm going

to give it you straight. I don't loveyou any more.make a !S!L4!d dance(about something) o complain oo

much:Don't mqke a song and donce aboutyour homework.



Prepositionqnk

1 Preposi t ions f t ime

at showsa particularpoint n time: of night; at Lunchtime;at five o'cLock;at Christmas;at sixteenyears of agel at the ageof sixteen;at my oge; at the beginning/endof the year;ot the moment

by no later than a particular n the future: by Fiday; by next week,

year, etc.; by ten o'clock; by the end; by the tine (thot)...

during throughout a period of time: during the afternoon,evening,etc.; during the exami during the hoLidays;during the pastmonth, year, etc.; during (the) winter, sping, etc.

for showsa length of time: for ages; or a coupLe f months; or a

few minutes,days, etc.; or a Long ime; for aLmost week; orthe weekend;or twentyyears

from starting at a particutar ime: rom one o'clock; rom aboutseven n the evening; rom March to JuLy; rom morningtill night; rom now on

i n

1 during a period of time: in the afternoon,morning, etc.; n the

middLe f the night; in the 1990s; n (the) sping; in my sparetime; in the last hundred ears

2 at the end of a period of time: in the end; in the uture; in aminutei in o month or two; in five years; n half an hour; in anhour's ime

3 shows he month,year.etc. when: n May; n 2005; atfivein the morning; in future

into (usuattyat e into or we[[ nto) duringa particu[ar im e orage: Iate int o the night; well into her twenties

on at a time duringa particu[ar ay:. n Chistmasmorningion Tuesdoy;on 5 November;on the right/wrong day

since from a particutar im e or date n the past up to now:since5o'cLock; ince Tuesday; inceJanuary; since200L; sinceher

birthday; since then; since last year; ever since she arrived

throughout duringa periodof time untiI the end: hroughoutMarch; hroughout the ofternoon; hroughout the examithroughout the hoLidays;hroughout her life; throughout thepast month,year, etc.i throughout (the) winter,spring, etc.

unt i l . a lso i l l . ) showswhensometh ing topshappening:until Fridoy;until 9 o'clockiuntil the end of the month;until now; until the 1980s;until next week

up to (atsoup unti l.) unti l an exact ime: up to ten o'cLock;up until the time theygot married

within beforea periodof time haspassed: ithin a year, week,etc.; within a few days

2 Prepositionsf position/order

above: There's mark on the waLLust above the door.across: There s a tree across he road and wecan't qet Dast.against: Thebike was eaning ogoinst the tree.along: Thereare trees along the side of the street.among: Shewasstanding omong a group of people.around (also ound): Theywere tanding round he statue.at '+ 1115 ND F HIS ECTIONback to front: You've ot your veston back to front.behind: I heard a voicebehind me. I turned roundand saw Pete.below: From he top you couLd ee the whoLe ity belowyou.between: I wassitting between two peopLe Tomon my Iefi and

Sue on my right.in front (of): He stood n front of the studentsand started o give

his ecture.in the front/middte (of): Who's hat in the niddle of the picture?

lexrcon

inside out: He'sgot his socl<s n inside out.near to: My house s quite neor to the city centre.next to: I sit next t o her in class nd we do pairwork ogether.ON -+ THE ND F HIS ECTIONon top of: There's churchon top of the hilL.opposite: There's cafd directlyopposite my house.

over: Weput a cLothover the porrot's cage at night.under (atsounderneath,beneath):My case s under my bed.upside down: Thepicture s upside down - put it the ight wayup.within - r rH EEN D FTHIS ECTION

at1 shows he positionor generaI rea:ot the cinema, ank, etc.;

at the corneriot the end; at the entrance;at dinner;at home;at Anna'shousei at the station; of work

2 shows equence: t Last; t my second ttemptiat the end

i n

1 jnside containersor vehjcles: n o bottle, box, etc; n a taxi2 insjde a place: n Afica; in cLass;n bed; n London; n town; n

a book; in a spaceship; n her car; in the street; in the worLd3 part of a group: n a pop group; n the schooLootbaLl eam

4 wjth a particulararrangement:n alphabeticaL rder;in groups of ten; in a line, row, queue, etc.; in the right order

on1 insidea vehicle.etc., or on a vehjcle, nimal:on a boat; on a

busi on a cruise;on horseback2 in a particular re aor place:on a farm; on the beach; n the

coost;on page 52; on the pavemention the planet; on theroadi on the Underground

3 in a particular position: on the Left/right;on the edge,side,etc.i on the insidefoutside; n the top (of)

4 shows ravelling, etc. in a place:on a cruise;on hoLiday,journey, trip, etc.; on the way to work

within insidean area:within range;within reach;within sight of

3 Prepositionsf direction

across: He walkedacross he street to the other side.aLong:Wedrovealong the road untiL we came o the village.around: I ran around the house hree times.away:He stole the appLe nd ron awqy.behind: t wentcold when he sun wentbehindsomeclouds.down: We oLLowedhe path down the hiLI.from: f ran home rom the station to my house.into: I put the papers nto my case.He umped into the water.

I got into bed. He has to go into hospital fo r an operation.on (also onto): f got onfonto the bus outside my house.out of: I went out of the house o get some resh air.over: Thegate was cLosed o I had to ump over the ence.towards: The ans ran towdrds the stadium.through: The hievescame nto the house hrough one of the

windows.ta : I walked o the end of the street to meeta friend.round: He drove ound the cornermuch too ast.under: Themouse on under a cupboard o escape he cat.up: I ran up the stairs and restedwhen got to the top.up to: f went up to a poLicemano as k he way o the museum.

FiLI he kettLeup to the top.



4 Preposi t ionsn phrases

above a[t: Be kind and polite but obove all be helpful.ahead of : Therewasa long queueohead of us.along with: I passed he piano examalong with threeother

people n the closs.apart from: Youressay s verygood, opqrt from a few spelLing

mistakes.as for me, you, etc: My amiLy s noving to Canada.But as for

me, I don't want to go.--+

FORME, o MEat the end of: Let'smeet up ot the end of the month when weare less busy.

at first: I wasongryat first but then I realised he wasverysorry.at home: I stayed at home becouse f the awful weather.at ([ong) last: I've found a good tennis coachot (long) Iast.at the moment: At the moment I'm Living n Athens.at that very moment: I was urning the cornerand at that very

moment a chiLd an into the road.at any rate: I think they are coming - ot any rqte that's what

they toLdme.at risk: YourheaLth s ot risk if you smoke.because of::Wecan't go for a walkbecauseof the rain.by accident: I knockedover he dispLay y accident.by chance: Weplanned to meet on Sundaybut we met by chance

on the bus this morning.by mistake: I'm sorry but I tookyour dictionaryby mistake.by the time: By the tine we arrived, hey had aLready one.for a while: Wewaited or a while ond then Ieft without her.for me, her. you etc.: I don't like that disco-

for me it's toonoisy! --+ ASFoRME,T0 ME

for now: Wehave enough ea or now but we might need morelater.

fo r sale, rent, et c: Is your oLdcomputer or sale?from bad to wors e: Yourbehoviour s going from bod to worse.from memory:. can pLay he whoLeune rom memory.from now on: From now on you must oLIshowyour membership

cards.in addition to: She worlcsn the cafd n oddition to her ob at

the cinema.

in aid of: We'recollecting money n aid of the refugees.in case: Let's ake an umbrella just) in case t rains.in charge ot: Who'sn charge of the ticketson the door?in comparison to/with: She s nuch taLLern comparison to

(or with) most of us here.in contact with: ,4re ou in contact with anyonewe met in

London?in danger of i You're n great danger of faiLing aLl our exams.in demand: Are thoseeLectronic ets stiLln demand?in the end: In the end aLlof us agreedwith her plan.in front of: She stood in front of the mirror admiring herself.in a hurry: Sorry, can't stop, I'm in a hurry to get work.in a mes s: Your oom is in a terribLemess.in my opinion: In my opinion, bus ares should be cheaper.in need ot::Thehouse s veryold and in need of major repairs.

in order that: I did it in order that you wouLd oticeme.in order to: I shouted n order to get help.in reality: Shesaid she was ich but in reality herporentsare

verypoor.

in return for: I lent her a couple of CDsn return for usingher bike.

in search of: They've one n search of o cheap estaurant .in spite of: Weenjoyedour walk n spite of the rain.instead of::Whydon't you go to the match nsteod of ne?in terms of: In terms of their recentsuccesses,he team is a

goodone.in good time: P/eose e there n good time becausewe still hove

to buy the ticke ts.in time: I arrivedust in time for the start of the ilm.in no time: Workhard andyou'lLfinish in no time (at all).

in touch: Goodbye keep n touch and emaiLme.in a way: You're ght in a way but I stiL|don't agreewith you.not at all: I'm not ot ol l happy with my essay.

of course:'Can

I cone?''0f

courseyou can.''Doyou mind?'

Of course not.on a diet: Shehas beenon a diet for the last month.on fire: 0h, Iook! Theshed s on fire!on the grounds of : He wosexpeLledrom schoolon the grounds

of cheating n the exam.on the increase:.SadLy, treet muggingsareon the increose n

major cities.on the Internet: I found a way to buy bool<s heapLy n the

Internet.

on the lottery: Have ou ever won any moneyon the lottery?on his own: Did Sol realLy o to the cinemoon his own?on my mobile: Leavea text message n my mobile.on the phone:. he's n the phone at the moment.on purpose: I think you lost my pen on purpose.on a huge, arge, sma[[, etc. scate: n the 1980s, herewa s

unenpLoyment n a large scole.on time: The rain arrived exactlyon time.on top of that: She efused o heLpand on top of thot she called

me a Liar.on the whote: 0n the whole I prefer swimmingto playing tennis.on the verge of:.Scientists re on the verge of finding a cure or

some cancers.out of breath: I was out of breath when reached he top of the

hiu.out of controt: ouroungerrotherscompletelyut of control.out of order: 7 Thephonesat the station are alwaysout of order.

2 not polite or acceptabte:Herbehaviourwascompletely ut oforder!

out of the ordinary: Nothingout of the ordinary happens nour town.

out of practice: I'd love to play chesswithyou but I'm out ofpractice.

over a mittion, etc:.Thereare over two million refugees n thecamDs.

over the top: Don't you think your onger wasover the t op?He wasn't that bod!

to me, her, us, et c.: T o me, that picture s terrible! -J ASFoRME,FOR E

together with: -I went to the museum ogether with most of ourg ou .

under contro[: Thesituation is now under control ond things areback o normaL,

under your breath:'I'LIprove hat you are wrong,'she muttered

under her breath.under way: Plonsare under woy to build a new stodium.up to you: It's up to you to decide I can't make he decisionor

you.

ups and downs: EveryamiLyhas its ups and downs.

5 Thepassive

Weus eby to show he'agent' WHOs responsibleor the action):'Hamlet'

was written by Shakespeare.Thewebsite was designedby a young computerprogrammer.

We usewith to say HOWhe action wasdone:Thewinning team wasgreetedwith cheers,It was covered with water. It was nade with flour and eggs.

6 Preposi t ionst the endof sentences

I know the msn you ore working or. (with a retativectause)I askedhim who he was alking to . (reportedspeech)Whatareyou getting of.2(questionswith multi-part verbs)I don't l ike being Loughed f. (passiveswith mutti-part verbs)



7 Preposit ions f ter nouns,adject ives,andV E T D S

Indexaboutnounsiorgument;article; complaint;decision;discussioni

opinion;protesti question; eminderadjectives:angryt annoyed;anxioustcurious;disappointed;

enthusiastic; ervousioptimistic; passionate; Leased;ad;worried

verbs:care; compLain; ear; know; talk; think; worryagainst nouns:campaign; omplaint;protestamong noun: competitionatnouns:ookadjectives:amazed;ongry; bad; clever;good; pLeased;ad;

shocked;surpised; uselessverbs; augh; Iook; sniLebetween noun: competitionbyadjectives etc.: annoyed;cLose; isgusted; mpressed; hocked;

surprised -+ tHr pnssIVEbovefornouns;affection; appLicotion; ampaign; ause;competition;

demandiexcuse; ope; ook; need;opportunity;punishment;

reason; request; respect; rewardi suggestion;synpathyadjectives, etc: bad; enough;essential; xcept;amous; good;

ready; responsible;sorry; unfit; weLl-knownverbs:admire;apoLogise;ay; pLay;waitfromnouns:distonce:extract: viewadjectives, etc: absent;different; arverb: sufferi nnoun: confidence;alL; growth; interest; se i taste; trustadjectives:experienced;nterested; nvolvedverbs:believe; nvest; okepartinto noun: research; tudy; transLateofnouns:advantage; pprovaL; eginning;cause;coLLection;radLe;

end; enough;evidence;eat;

hope;mportance; oss;masses;member;mentioni number;opinion; packet;percentage;

period; piece;portion; question; ange; eminderi sk i seiesislice;study; suggestion;hreat; turnout; victim; view

adjectives, etc:.afraid; ashamed:aware; ond; fulL; made;nervous; lenty; proud;short; typicoL; naware

verbs: consrst; emind: hinko nnouns:ogreement; rticle; attack; effect; impact; nfluencei

lecture;opinion; viewadjectives:dependent; eenverbs:commenticoncentrateidecide;depend;ocus: insist;

operate; eLyi pendi workout ofadjective:madevetoi maKe

over noun: ricfo4ztonouns:attention; attitude; damage;entrance; njury; reaction;

relation; reply;soLution; hanl<s;hreatadjectives, etc.: accordi ng; ad; close;due; kind; nextdoori

owing;polite; reLated; ude; similarverbs:apoLogise; eLong; ompLain; migrate;Listen; efer; aLktowards noun: attitudewithnouns:appointment;argument;chat; contacti nterview;

relationship: ynpathy; talk; troubLe r tHt pnssIVEboveadjectives:ongryi annoyed;bored; busy; delighted;disappointed;

disgusted; amiLiar; happy; impressed; nfected; pLeased;satisfied

verbs:argue; chat; deal; al l in love;get in touch;pLoy

u p o nadjective: ependentverb: insist: eLv

Iexicon

Examptes ith adjectives nd nounsabsent from: She wasabsent rom cLassor two weeks ecause

of her iLLness.according to: According to our records, ou haven't paid your fees.advantage of: Surely, don't need o explain he odvontagesof

a good education.affection for After our holiday, I feLt o strong affection for

evetyone n our group.

afraid of: I'n stilLafraid of the dark.agreement on'.They ouldn't reach an agreementon how much

the car was worth.amazed ati I was omozed at how eosy t was o get a ticket or

the match.angry about, at/with: He'lL e angry about your decision o

cancel he party. She was angry at (or with) me or being Late.annoyed about/by, with: She was annoyedabout (or by) their

Loudmusic. 'n annoyed with him or making me wait.anxious about: Areyou anxious obout your exams?application for: Have ou filled in your application for the ob?

appointment with: .I have an appointmentwith my dentist onMonday.

approva[ of : Youneed he opproval of your monagerbefore oucan Leave arLy.

argument with, about: He had on argument with hisparentsabout the mess n his

bedroom.article about/on: Didyou read he article about (or on)Afghanistan?

ashamed of: Youought to be ashamed of yourselffo r being sounkind.

attack on: Thespeechwasan qttock on the government'simmigrationpolicy.

attention to : No-one eemed o poy any attention to whot hewas saying.

attitude to/towards: Theirottitude to (or towards) oreigners sunacceptable.

aware of : I'm sure ou're oware of t he dangersof smoking.bad at, for: She'sbad ot tennis ond even con beat her.

Sweets re bad for your teeth.beginning of : Please ive meyour essay t the beginning of

next week.bored with: I'm bored with watching elevisionaLI he time.busy with: He was oo busy with hfs homework o go to the

cinema.campaign against, for: We ook part in the compaign ogainst

the war. Weneeda strongcompaign or cheaper ubLictransport.

cause of , for:. No-oneknew he cquseof the ire. There's ocouse or olarm,

chat with: Whydon't you hove a chat with your parentsaboutyour problem?

clever at: My sister s veryclever at moths ond aLways etsgood marl<s.

ctose by, to : Is there a bank c loseby? Doyou live close to theschooL?He movedcloser to the fire. I'm very close to my sister

and we teLIeachother everything.coltection ot : He has a superbcollection of stanps.competition among/between. for: There s a Lotof competition

omong (or between) the banls or new customers.comptaint about, against: We've eceived few complaints

about the quality of some of our toys. We nvestigate LIcomplaints against our staff.

concerned about: I'm concernedobout you walkinghomeaLone.confidence in: I have compLete onfidence n your ability to do

the ob.

contact with: I'm still in contact with severalpeopLefrom mypimary school.

cradte of: Is Greecehe cradle of denocracy?curious about: I'm curious obout howyou managed o get a

ticket to the game.

damage to: TheLoodsdid o lot of damoge to the vilLage.decision about: Wehaven'tye t made a decision about who will

have he lead role in the schooL Lay.del.ighted with: Dad'sdelighted with his new car.



demand tor: Therehas beena strong demond or an end to ThirdWorldDebt.

dependent on/upon: YourpLace t universit y s dependent on(or upon) your exam esuLts.

different from: My idea of a perfect holiday is verydifferent

from yours.disappointed about, with: I'm disappointed sbout not being

aLlowed o go out tonight. We weredisappointed with theplayers during the second half.

discussion about: Theywerehaving o disc ussionabout what to

do at the weekend.disgusted by/with: Weweredisgusted by (or with) his obscene

longuage.distance from: ThehoteL s o short distance rom the airport.due to: Thegame has been cancelled ue to the bad weather.effect on: Snoking wiLIhavea very bod effect on your heaLth.end of: NeorLy veryonewascryingat the end of the ilm.enough for, of: There s enough ood for everyone.'ve had

enough oI your bad behaviour.enthusiastic about: Shedidn't seemveryenthusiastic about my

idea.entrance to: Weagreed o meet of the entrance to the cinema.essentiaI for: VegetobLesnd ruit are essentiol or your health.evidence of: Yourexam esuLt howsno evidenceof havingdone

any revision.

except for: Everyone rrivedon time except or Ben.excuse or: Losing our shoes s o poor excuse or being ate.experienced nl. 'm not veryexperienced n using the Internet.extract from: Let me readyou a short extract from his letter.falL in: There's een a dramatic al l in tourists n London.familiar with: Areyou familiar with the ruLes f tennis?far from: Is the station ar from here?famous for: She'samous for writing excellent etectivenovels.feat of: Thebridge s a marvelLouseat of engineeing,fond of: I'm fond of chocoLate.futl of: Thecafd was ul l of people ast night.good at , tor: I'm no good ot remembeingnlmes. Exercises

good for you.growth in: There as beena significantgrowth in the numberof

womenplaying ootball.happy with: I'm not veryhappy with my peformance.hope for, of : Until the war s over we have no hope for the

future. Wehad no hope of escope.impact on: Computers ave had on enormous mpact on

education.importance of : Don't underestimatehe importance ol eating

a good breakfast.impressed by/with: Everyonewas mpressedby (or with) her

piano playing.infected with: MiLlionsof peopLeare inlected with Aids

throughout he world.influence on: Whichof your teachers as had the most nfluence

on you?injury to: He suffered serious njuries to both legs in the accident.interest in : I have no interest in sport whatsoeverinterested in: I am not at alL nterested in sport.interview with: She has on int erview with a ournalist on

Thursday.involved in: Don't get involved in any argumentsaboutpolitics

or reLigion.keen on: I'm not verykeen on swimming n the sea becauset's

too cold.kind to : Be kind to her - she is onLy rying to be helpful.lecture on: He gave an interesting lecture on the latest theories

aboutho w Lifebegan.look at, for:.When ou are in London;have a look at the Tate

Modernbuilding. I'LLhove a look for a postcardof it if you Like.loss of : She never ecoveredrom the loss of her porents n the

car crash.made from: Paper

s made rom wood.made (out) of : My acket is mode of leather. What's his tabLemade out of?

masses of : He wassurrounded y mossesof fans.

member of : You're member of the sportscentre,aren'tyou?mention of : Therewas no mention of his latest ilm in the

newspaper.Was here any mention of the match on TVLastnight?

need for: I think there'sa need or internationalco-operation ostop gLobalwarming.

nervous about, of: I'm verynervousabout my exams.She'snervousof dogs because he wasonce badly bitten.

next door lo: We ive next door to the stadium.number ot : A large number of counti es signed he treaty to

reduce reenhouse qses.opinion about, of, on: I don't have any opinion about who to

blame. What's our opinion of his otestfiLm? 'd Like o hearyour opinion on capitalpunishnent.

opportunity for: A visit to LondonwouLd e a great opportunity

for improving our EngLish.optimistic about: "Idon't eel veryoptimistic about worldpeace.owing to: Themotorwaywas cLosed wing to a seriousaccident.packet of : Can ou get me o packet of cornflakes, lease.passionate about: He'spossionate about footbaLl.percentage of: A largepercentogeof womenvotedogainst he

government.period of: Weare expectinga Longperiod of hot weather.piece of : Can haveanotherpiece of cake;please?pleased about, at , with: Mum was verypleased about my exam

results. We were so pleased at the news of your success.Dad isverypleased with his new car.

ptenty of: TherewiLIbe plenty of food at the party.potite to : MostchiLdren repolite to their parents.portion ot : I'd like two portions of ice-cream, lease?protest about, against: What s your protest about? It's o

protest ogainst the war.prone to: Don't give him anythingvaLuabLeo carry he'sprone to

accidents.proud of : Youcan be veryproud of whatyou haveochieved.punishment for: What s the punishment for murder?question about, of: Theyaskedme lots of questions about my

hobbies. t's a question of who wiLIbe our representotive.range of : Have ou seen heir new rdnge of clothes?Theplane was

in (or within) range of airpoft controL.reaction to: What's our reaction to the news hat the ees will be

increased?ready for: Hurryup and get ready or schooL.reason for: What s your reoson or being ate this time?request tor: There as beena request or morebLood onors.related to: I think iLI heaLth s definitely related to poverty.relation to : 1ppoftunitiesor womenare smalLin relation to men.retationship with: PracticalLy veryone asa good relotionship

with our teacher.reminder aboutfof: Doyou need more remindersabout (or ofl

the dangers of smoking?repty to : Have ou writteno reply to your uncleyet?research into: Theyare doing Lotsof reseorch into a vaccine

for maLoria.respect for:

I havegreat

respect or people who work or chaities.responsibte tor: Who s responsible or olL his mess?reward for: Youcan stqy up Late onight as a reward or your

good behaviour.rise in: Therehas beena rise in crimeover he past year.risk of: There s aLways risk of faiLurebut we must try,rude to: He s never ude to hisparents n front of otherpeople,sad about/at: Weweresad obout Leaving ondon,Everyonewas

sad ot (or about) the newsof the air crash.satisfied with: I'm not sotisfied with your reason or being Late.series of: After a series of failures, we inalLy won a match.short of : We're hort of volunteerso help with the schoolplay.shocked at/by: I wasshocked at (or by) the way he spoke o his

father.similar to:.Her aste in music s similar to mine.

slice of : Can have another slice oI cake;please?sorry for: I'm sorry for al l the troubLe coused ou.solution to : I'm afroid can't think of a solution to your problem.study of, into: He'smakingo study of birds n tropicaLforests.t

will be a study into how birds survive n smaller orests.



suggestion or, of : Doyou havea suggestion or what to do thisweekend? thought I heard o suggestion of doubt in his voice.

surprised at/by: He wasnot surprised ot (or by) her success.sympathy for, with: I've no sympathy for studentswho neverdo

their honework.Doyou have any sympathy with their viewsonworldpoverty?

tal.k with: Have a talk with your parentsand see what theysay.taste in: She has no toste in cLothes.thanks to: Thanks o your help, I passedmy exoms.threat of, to: There's threot of colderweatherLater his week.

Theconflict is a serious threat to world peace.troub[e with: Ihe trouble with you is that you don't listen to good

odvice.trust in: Have rust in your own opinions.turnout of: Weexpecto good turnout of fans in spite of the rain.typical. of : It's so typical of you to say 'no'

at first whenyou mean'ye{.

unaware of : I'm unaware of any opposition o our plans.unfit for: After his Lies,he's obviouslyunfit fo r any ob in

government.usetess at: I'm uselessat learningLanguages.victim of: Manyvictims of crime neverget any support.victory over: The reoty is a victory over those who prefer to fight

than to talk.view from, of, on:.The view acrossLondon

romthe London Eye s

outstanding. The view of Pais in his ast pointing is the best 'veseen.Doyou haveany view on how to solvegLobalwarming?

well-known tor: London s well-known or its museums ndgalleies.

worried about: f wos so worried about waking up in time that Icouldn't get to sleep.

Exampleswith verbs

Many erbshavemore han onepar t hat nc lude reposi t ions.Somet imeshe preposi t ions opt ionaI nd depends n meaning:She's working hard. She's working on a project.r+ 'MULTI-PARTERBS,AGES,70-1,76 om eof these havepreposi t jonsndusuat ty avean d jomat icmeaning:get in touch with someone,makeup for something,come across

something.Remember: erbswith more han two parts ak e he object atth e end: gotin touch with an old schoolfrfend.

admire someone or something: admiredhi m or showinghi strue eelings.

agreewith someone/something: don't agree with the reportonthe match.

apotogise to someone (for): I apologised or my behaviourat thepafty. I opologised to the teacher or arriving Late.

argue with someone (about): I hate arguing with my neighboursabout noise.

believe in something:. 'm afraid don't believe n ghosts. thinkit's all in peopLe'smagination.

betong to someone: Thisbag belongs to a friend of mine.

buck someoneup : Goand tell her the goodnews she needssomething o buck her up.

careabout someone/something:Doyou core at all about what shappening n the world?

chat with someone about): He'schatting with my mum abouthis amiLy.

commenton something: t's stiLl oo earLyo commenton thesuccessof the project.

concentrate on somethingi Concentrateon getting the spellingright.

complain o someone about): Wecomplained o the mqnogerobout the quality of the service n the restaurant.

consist of something: Air consistsof oxygenand hydrogen.deaI with someone/something:Th edentistdealt with my tooth

and the pain stopped.

decide on something: I've decided on a career n computers.depend on/upon someone/something:Yourexam esuLts iL I

depend on the amount of workyou do. (also rely on/uponsomeone/something)Can dependon yo u to be thereon time?

Lexb0k

emigrate to somewhere:. heyemigrated to AustraLia astear.fa[[ in love with someone/something: t I've fallen in love with

you. 2 We'vecompLeteLyallen in love with Mozart'smusic.focus on something: Weuse the passiveform to focus on the

action and not the personwho does t.get in touch (with): Shepromised o get in touch with us as

soon os shegets back rom her hoLiday.hear something about something:Have ou heard he ok e

about the eLephant nd the antTinsist on/upon something:Ou rsports eachernsistedon us

training three daysa week.My mother insists that I eatbreakfastbefore go to school.

invest something n something:Weneed o investmore nsolar energy.

know something (about): don't know a Lo tobout politics.[augh at someone/something:t's not verynice o lough ot

otherpeopLe.

listen to someone/something: I love istening to musicon theradio.

look at someone/something: verybodyookedat me whengot onto the bus.

make something out of something;Sh emade a dress ut ofpure silk.

operate on someone:Theyoperatedon her after her heartattack.pay for something: I paid

for the newspaper nd Ieft the shop.ptay for, with someone/something: ThePortugueseootbaLLer,Luis Figo, used to play for Earcelona.Thechildren are veryboredhere becausehey have no one to ploy with.

preventsomeone rom doing something:A knee njuryprevented hin from playing.

refer to someone/something: You'llneed o refer to your notesbeforeyou do the exercises.

rely on/upon someone/something -+ DEeENDN/upoNremind someoneof someone/something: he emindsme of

my own sister.Seeinghim reminded me of a great hoLiday nthe Lakes.

smile at someone/something: hebu sdriver miled at mewhen poid him.

spend (money)on something:.'v e spent a Lot of money)on

clothes his month.stop someone from) doing something:Th e ai n didn't stop usfrom enjoying the trip.

suffer from something: Doyou suffer from headaches?take someone'smind off something: Th e i lm took my mind

off my probLemsfor o while.take part in something: I took port in a demonstration ast

weekabout t he newpowerstotion.take something out: Thedentist saysshe may have to toke out

one of my back teeth.tatk about someone/something: Hi. Wewere ust talking about

you.talk to someone about): Wemet at o party on d olked obout

music or two hours. I often tolk to my riend Suson n theevenings.

think about, of someone/something:Whatdo you think aboutthat new CDby Prince? often think of ny fanily when amaway rom home.

transtatesomething nt o something:Th enovelha s beentra nslated i nto sevea La guages.

watk out on someone: He wolked out on his amiLy eavingthem no money.

wait for someone/something: I'm woiting for the post. Wewaited for someone o begin dancing. 've beenwaiting forthe bus or ages.

work on something: Scientists avebeenworking on a new drugto cure Parkinson's isease.

worry about someone/something: wouldn'tworry about thatexan if I wereyou.



Multi-porterbs

MostmuLti-parterbshavean objectand we can usuatly ut i t

after he verb or after he preposition: Leaseurn the TV n.Pleaseurn on the TV. he ist shows his by putting something'

or 'someone ' inhe midd l "end us ing n exampte i th t a t theend: + BAcK oMETHINGP.When he objectcan on[y go after he preposition,he l ist ha s'someth ing '

or 'someone ' t the end: r BEAB0VEOMETHING.If the object s a pronoun, t usualty oe sbefore hepreposition: Leaseut it on .Somemulti-part erbsdo not havean object:PLeaseo in an dsit down.0ther mutti-part erbshavean adverb+ preposition nd heobjectgoesat the end. r BE N FOR OMETHING.Brackets how hat an objector a prepositions optionat.- -+cHEERSOME0NE)P.

backout (o f someth ing/do ing ometh ing) o not do someth ingyou have promised:She bocked out of her pronise to help.

backsometh ingup to be proofor ev idenceo suppor tan idea,

exptanation.etc: Find more nformation o bock up your theory.

be abovesometh ing1 to be so impor tant hat you needn ' t oparticu[arhings:5he hinkshe'sobovedoinghousework.2o be

so good hat no one can h ink you did someth ing rong:He3obove susoicion.

be about someth ing atso e to do wi th someth ing) o exp la in ,describe r give actson a particutar ubject: t 's a bookabouti nformation technology.

be about o do something o be readyo start o do something er y

soon: was about to cLosehe door when he phonerang.

be after someone o be trying to catchsomeone: hepoLice ad

been after the robberor months. -- ' G0AffER OMEONE/SOMETHING

be against something/someone o disagreewith or not supportsomeone r something: 'm against every ind of racism. -+TTJRNAGAINSTOMEONE

be getting at something to be exptaining r sayingsomethingimportant: What I'n getting at is that computerscan never

express uman emot ions.

be behind (with) to not havedoneas muchas yo u shou[d: oa'rebehind with your homework. + FALL EHINDwITH)

be down to feel very sad: He's been so down since hefaiLedhisEXAM.-+GET OMEONEOW N

be (at t ) or someth ing/someoneo suppor t n dea, [an, erson,

etc. very strongty: 'm al l fo r nursesbeingpaid more.

be dy ing for someth ing to want someth ing very much:I'n dying for a cup of coffee.

be in 1 to be at home: s your mother n? --+ stev,sToPN 2 to bepopu[ar: Veryshort hair is definiteLy n these days. -+ rIt Itrt

be in for something to be Likel"yo experience omethinguncomfortabteor difficutt: I'm afraid we're n for another very

coLd ight. I coMEN FoR oMETHTNGbe taken in (by) to be made o befieve omething hat jsn't true:

He was compLetely oken in by the girl's sad story.

be nto something o enjoydoinga particu[ar ct ivi tyvery much:I'm not realLy nto stamp collecting.

be off 1 to not be going to happen: The match is off because fth e rain. -- r cALL oMETHINGFF to sme[[or be bad:This is h isoff. --+ co oFF

be tet off to be allowed o go without beingpunished:.uckilywewere et of f by the monoger, -) LET OME0NEFF

be on to be going o happen:The ennismatch s on againbecausethe rain hosstopped.

be no t on to not be acceptab[e:t' s us t not on to change he dateof the meetingso late.

be out 1 to not be at home: 'm sorry, my mother's out. -+ co,WALKuT2 to not be in fushionany more:Hatsare out.

be out o f someth ing o not have ometh ingn yourhome r shop:We'reout of brownbreod, + RUN uT 0F SOMETHING

be over to have finished: ThepLaywill be over by ten o'cLock. -+GET VER 0I"lETHING

be through (with) to be tired or bored wjth someone oran activity and so determined o leave: I can't bear any moreIies - we're through. I'm through with gambling, I promise.

be up 1 to be out of bed:If's veryLate oreyo u stiLLp? + crr,WAIT P 2 to have ncreased n price:Bus ares are up agoin. ---+

G O P

be up to something to be doing somethingwrongor bad:.Whathaveyou been up to?

be caught up (in) to be in a difficutt or dangerous ituation:Sadly,many womenand childrenore caught up in the war.

be made up of something o includeas ts parts:Th e opuLation

is made up of severaL ationalities.

blow something up to us e a bomb to destroy something:Thebridgehos been blown up.

break out to start o happen:Mostof us hope hat peacewil l soonbreak out. Noun:outgRrnK

brighten something up to make something more colourful orinteresting: 1rangesheetswill brighten up your bedroom.

bring something back 1 to return with somethjng:PLeaseringback my pen tomorrow. -+ GET, IVE, AKE OMETHiNGACK tomakeyou remember omethingor someone:Th ephotographbrought it aLL ack to me. --+cOME ACKT0)

bring something down to cause business, tc. o cottapse:

Theunion strikes rought down the government. -+ FALL owNbring someone on to hetp or encourage omeone o make

progress:Her newpiano teacher s bringing her on niceLy.bring somet hing on to c ause t[ health:Rainbrought on my cold.bring somet hing over (to) to hold somethingan d go near to

someone:He brought over anothercup of coffee o us.br ing someone p to have ch i td n your home o l iveandgrow:

My parents brought us up to be poLite and friendly.] GROWP

br ing someth ing p to ment ion t op icor p iece f in format jon:hate to bring it up, but you owe me ten pounds,don't you? --+

C O M EP

bump into someone to meet someoneby chance:Guesswh oI bumped into in the supermarket!

button (something) up to fastenctothesusing buttons:Button

up your coot * it's verycold. ) Do,zP (SOMETHING)pcall somethingof f to cancel r stopsomething:t's raining shaLl

we call off the picnic? Thestrike was called off. + BEoFFca[[ on someone o vis it someone s a routine:Th enursewil l coII

on your mother ater.

ca[[ something out to saysomethingn a loud voice:They alledou t my name.

can/coutd do with something/someone to need or want:I can do with someone o heLome. He could do with a bath.

carry on (with) to continue a particu[ar activ'ity: Theycarried onpLaying n the rain, Be quiet and carry on with your work.

car ry someth ing out 1 to take act ion and complete anexamination. research.etc: Thepolice ore corrying out a fulLinvestigation nto the car crash. 2 to do something ptanned,promised, threatened, etc: They are corrying out essentiaL

repairs o the bidge. She said she'd report us and now she hascarrted out her threat.

catch up (with) 1 to move and reach the same position assomeone [se:Yoa tart cycLing nd 'llyou cotch up. --+KEEPP2 to reach he samestandard r [eve[as someone lse:You'lLneed to work harder if you want to catch up with the others. --+

KEEPPchat with someone (about) He'schatting with my mum about

his amiLy.check n to go to the deskof a hote[or airport and sayyo u have

arrived: Pleasecheck in two hours beforeyour flight. Noun:CHECK-IN

cheer (someone)up to makeyourse l f or someone) app ier :Cheer up, this rain will stop soon. He did his best to cheerme up .

cteansomething up to makea dirty or untidyplaceclean: mustcleon up my bedroomeverySoturday.Noun:cLEAN-uP

ctear (something) up to makea ptacecteanand tidy again: Youcan have o porty if you promise to clear up afterwards.



click on something o pressa keyso that an icon on a computerscreenworks: Click on t hat icon to moke he email ile open.

come about to happen:Ho wdid t comeobout that everyonenowsmy decision?

come across (as someone) to seem o be a particularkind ofperson: He comes across qs an idiot but he's realLy veryinteLligent.How did I come ocrossat the interview?

come across something to find something by chance: cameocross this old acket in my cupboard.

come apart to frtL nto pieces:Honestly, ourdictionory

ustcameopqrt when opened t. --+ FALL PART

come back (from) to return to a p[ace rom another pLace: Leasecome back soon. I wos coming back from the supermarket whenI saw her. -- +BRING, ET, IVE, AKE oMETHINGACK,URN ACK

come back (into fashion) o become ushionab[e gain:Long oatscame back during that coLdwinter astyear. Noun:comEBACK

come back (to) to return to your memory:Wait a ninute * he rname s coming back to /re. -r BRING oMETHINGACK

come betweensomeoneand someone o cause quarrel etweentwo or morepeople:Nothing can evercome between me and mygirlfiend.

come down to decrease: rices ave comedown since he summer.--+CUT,GO,SLOW OWN

come down with something to become tt with a particular

infection: I think I'm coming down with fLu.come from somewhere 1 to be born or live in a oLace:He comes

from IstanbuL 2 to have started or devetoped rom a particular

anjmat,ptantor substance: o humans om e ro m apes?come on 1 to move morequickly:Comeon, Let's o. 2 to begin

graduatty: 've got a coldcoming on. 3 to arrive somewhere fterothers: /ou go and I'Il come on when 've finished working.

come out to arrive n t he shops, etc: Whenwill their new CD omeout?

come round 1 to visit someone's ome:Ca n ou come round thisevening?+ G0RoUNDto become onscjous gainafter uinting:She'scoming round, thank goodness,

come hrough to become nown:News ame hrough hat theyha darived safely.

come hrough something o survivea difficutteventor period:He

hos come through the operation but he's stilLsLeeping-come o to become onscious gainafter ainting:Sh ecome o and

found herseLf ying on the floor.come up 1 to rjse n the sky: Thesun wos coming up as we began

our walk. 2 to be mentioned:Wheneverhere s trouble, her namecomesup . -r BRINGoMETHINGP3 to be used n a test. etc: fhope that comes up in the exam.4 to becomeavailable:,4summerjob has come up in the cafd.

come up against s omeone/something o have to deat with adifficul.ty,opposition, elc: Wecome up agoinst severaLrobLemsin the beginning.

come up to something 1 to reacha particular evel: The watercame up to our knees2 to be as goodas the l eveIpeop[eexpect:Yourhomework oesn't come up to your usuaL igh standard. --+

LIVE PTOSOMETHING

come up with something to produce n excuse, suggestion,hecorrect answer, etc: He come up with a briLliant dea for herbirthday prcsent.

copy something down to write fucts,etc. n your notebook:Copydown these words.--+GET,AKE,wRIrESoMETHINGowN

crack (someone)up to beg in o laugha [o t , or make omeone[augh a Lot:.His okes make me crock up.

cry out (for) to shout [oud[ y: She cried out for heLpbut no oneheardher, + cALL, H0uT, EL L uT F0R)

cut down (on) to use much es sof something:Try o cut down onusingyour mobilephone.

do (somethinS)up 1 to fustena pieceof ctothing,shoes. tc: Doup your laces. The dress does up at the back. --+ BUTToN,lp(SOMEIHING)P 2 to decorate a room. etc: He's doing up thekitchen.

do with something (always to do with) to have somethingas the topic. reason,etc:.Their owsorc to do with noney.

do without to managewithout something: haven'tgo t any moresweets oyou'LL ave o do without.

dress up (a s someone) (for something) to pu t on particutar

[-exicon

clothes so that you look [ike someone:Liz dressedup as TinaTurner or the party.

drop in (on) to vis jt someonewhenyou ar e passing: ' ll drop non you this evening f you Like.

drop off 1 to fal.l. steep: I aLways rop off on the train.2 tobecome ewer: The number of people who go to restaurants sdropping o//. Noun:DRop-oFr-r FALLFF

drop someone off to let a passenger eavea car, bus, etc:Drop me off at th e nextcorner, lease. -+ LET 0MEoNEFF

drop out (of) 1 to leavea courseof study: Manystudentsdrop outof universityat the end of the irst year. 2 to abandon he usuattifestyte of most peopte in society and live apart: The twinsdropped out of society and went to Live with others in themountai s. Noun Dnop-out

eat out to eat a meal n a restaurant:Shall we eat out tonight?eat up (something) o eat the whole amount:He'seaten up aLI

his dinner.fade away to becomeweakergradualLy: hevoiceunder the heap

of briclcswas fading awoy.fa[[ apart to fatl into pieces:.t fell opart in my hands. -- t coME

APARTfatt back on something o use money ou keptbecause ou need

it: Doyou have money o foll back on if you Lose our ob?

fal.l . ehind (with) 1 to movemore towty o hat others re urtherahead:We

el lbehind cyclinguphiLl nd Losthe others.2 to make

slowerprogresshan others:Your on hos ollen behind with hisschoolwork.3 o not make he necessaryegularpayments:or.rhave fallen behind with your rent.

fal.t for someone o feel strong romantic eetings or someone:I've fallen for her in a big way.

faLl, or something to be tricked nto believingsomething hatisn't true: Youdidn't foll for his excuse bout being busy ot inthe Iibrary, did you?

faLLoff 1 to become eparatedrom an object: Ihe handLe as

fallen off. --+ coME FF2 to become ess gradualty:Solesare

falling o/1. r DRoP FFfatl out (of) to fuLLrom a high place:Her avouite toy has ollen

out of the window.fatl.ou t (with) (over) o havea quarreI nd end a f riendship:He's

fallen out with hisgirfiend

over the fact that he's often late.Noun: n t t -outfall over to fa[[ onto the ground: He el l over ond hurt his eg.faLt through to not be agreed, compteted,etc. successfutly:

At the last minute, the negotiationsel l through.f i t l . something in/out to comptetea questionnaire, pplication

form, etc: Please ill in the card and give it to PassportControl.- -+ MAKEOMETHINGUI

fi tL (something)up to pu t tiquid n a container, specja[[y etroIinto a car: Let's fi l l up ot the next petroL station.We iIled up the car before we drove to Germany.

find (something) ou t to [earn information about something:Phoneand ind out when he ilm storts.

find out about something to find fact s about something:What did you find out about dinosaurs t the museum?

finish something off to eat or drink the last parts:Hey,you'vefinished off all the ice-cream!

fish something out to find and take out something: hepolice

fished out two bicyclesbefore hey uund the body n the canal.fi t in to live easitywith your neighbours, riends, amity,etc: For

somereosonshe doesn't it in and she has ew fiends.f i t someth ing n to put someth ing r many h ings n a conta iner :

I couLdn't it in all my things.fix something up 1 to arrangea meeting. etc: Mybestfriend ixed

up a date or me with her brother.2 o repaira homean d makeit attractive: My dad ixed up the Lat or us.

flood something out to cover a ptace with deep water:The whole orea wos completely looded out, wasn't it?

follow something up (with) to take action to deal withsomething:Thedoctors uggested follow up the operationwith

a periodof complete esf. Noun: FoLLoW-UPge t something across to ) to be successfuln explaining ou ridea, ptan, etc: His speechgot ocross to the audienc e thereasonsor the need to raise interest rates,



ge t ahead o havesuccessn your life:Youneeda goodeducationin order o get ohead. -+ GET N N LIFE

ge t around o r GET OUND0 DOINGOMETHINGget at someoneo cr j t ic ise omeone [ [ he jmeand upset hem:

You'realwaysgetting at me.ge t at something -- + ar GETTTNGTsoMETHINGge t away from/to) 1 to be successfuIn goingon hoLiday;Wear e

hoping to get away to BerLinor the weekend.2 to go from ap[ace, ometimes ecauset is djfficutt o stay: realLymustge toway from this town. Noun: Grr-nwny

ge t awaywith something o not be punishedor doingsomethingwrong or bad: He alwaysgets away with being late.

ge t back (from) to return o a place:WhattimewilLyou et back

from school? -+ coME. URN ACKget someth ing back to manage o have someth ing ou own

returned o you: I'll neverget my Lostwatchback. -+ BRING,AKESOMETHINGAC K

get your own back (on someone) o punishor narmsomeonewh o has donesomething ad to you: ' ll ge t my own back onyou one day.

ge t by to have enough money or food: Sh e inds it hard toget by on her pension.

ge t someonedown to cause omeoneo fee[ very sad: AII hesebiLls re getting me down. -+ BEDowN

ge t something down to write something: wasn't ableto

ge tdown her phone number rom the answerphone. --+ copy,pur,

TAKE. RIIE OMETHINGOW Nge t down to something to start doing something:Stop oLking

ond get down to your work!ge t in touch (with someone) o phone.emai[.etc. someone:I ' l l

get in touch with you when I know the exact date.ge t into something 1 to manageo enter a ptaceafter an effort:

Howdid you get into the stadium without a ticket? 2 to start aconversation, ight, etc with someone:He'salwaysgetting intorows with his parents.

get (someone)nto troubte (wi th) to do someth inghat makesyourself eserve unishmentor someone): taying ut late wil lonly get you into trouble with your parents. -) GEr SOMEONE)OUT F ROUBLEWITH)

getof f 1 to leavea bus. train, etc: got off at the train station.-- + DR0P, ET O|{EONEFF. to start a journey: Wego t of f at

eight o'cLock.ge t on (i n tife) to have successn your Life:Yo uneed a good

education n order o get on (in life). -, cETAHEADge t on (with) to have a friendty retationshipwith someone:

I get on verybadly with my cousin. Wedon't get on. RealLy?get on fine/welL with her-

getting on (for) + BEGETTTNGN(FOR)ge t (someone) ut of troubte (with) to dosomething o ha t you

avoid (o r someone voids)punishment: aying ou were iredwon't get you out of trouble with your teacher or being late.--+ GE TSOMEONE)NT OROUBLEWIIH)

get out o f (do ing) ometh ing o manageo avo id o inga ob youdon't Hke: tried to get out of (doing) the washingup.

ge t somethingou t of something o enjoy an activity.a course fstudy,etc. and earn many hings: Wego t o Lotout of our visitto London.

ge t over someone o become appierafter he end of a romanticrelationship: ow can everge t overJona?

ge t over something 1 to becomewe[[ after being itt with aparticular ltness: It takes time to get over a bad coLd.2 tobecomehappierafter being sad, rightened,etc: ' i l neverge tover my mother'sdeath.

ge t round to doing something (also ge t around to) to dosometh ing ou haveplanned r wanted o do for a long ime:WhenwiLLou get round to painting the tabLe?

ge t through 1 to be successfuI he nyou try to phonesomeone:I waited or a long tine but I finaLly got through to the ticket

ffice. 2 to passa test or exam: 'm sureyou'll get through.

ge t through something 1 to pass a test or exam:You'l l ge tthrough your driving test this tine. 2 to survjve an unpteasantor djfficutt period: If I can get through this week, can getthrough anything!

ge t (something) through to someone 1 to manage o reachsomeoneby tetephone: can't get through to the manager. --+

PUTSOME0NEHROUGHT0)2 to manage o make someoneunderstand omething: don't seemable o ge t through to yo uall that this test is very mportant.

ge t to someone o make ou feeI veryangryor upset:He rciticismof my clothes is getting to me.

ge t to somewhere o arrive at a ptace: Whenwill you get toMadrid?

ge t together (with) to join other peopte or a party,meeting, tc:Let's get together with the others after school. Noun: Gsr-TOGETHR

get (someone) p to wake someone) p and get ( them)out ofbed: What ime do you get up on Sundays.T+ BE,sTAy,WAIT p

ge t up to something to do somethingnaughty:Whatore thoseboysgetting up to?

give something away1 to givesomethingo someone ecause oudon't want t or because ou want hem o have t: Wh y on'tyo ugive away that racketsinceyou never use it now? Noun: GIVE-AWAY to te[[ a secret r give nformatjon: omeone id not wantto know: Please on't give awoy the ending we'reseeing he iLmtomorrow,

give (someone)something back to give something o someonewho had jt before you: Pleasegive me back my dictionary. 'l lgive it bock

toyou

tomorrow.give in (to) to agree o something ut not because ou want o:Youmustn't give in to your childrenaLI he time.

give something out 1 to give copjesof the same hing to manypeople: Julia will give out the boolcs. ,r sHARE oMETHTNGul(AMoNG)to te[[ peop[e omething: henewswos givenout thatthe attockerhad been ound.

give up 1 to admjt ha t you don't know: don't know he answerI g iveup.2 to s topdo ing ometh ing ecauseou hinkyoucan ' tmakeprogress:. on't give up - if you practisemore,you'Ll be agood tennispLayer.

give something up 1 to stop doing somethingyo u have doneregu[arty. especialty something bad: I'm trying to give upsmoking.2 o leave ourjob: Sh egaveup herjob n the bankan dtravelled ound the wor ld, didn't she?

go after something/someone1 to try to catch someone: hepolicehove gone ofter the thieves. + BEAFTERoMEoNEto tryto get something:He'sgone after a ob in Paris.

go atong with someone/something to go with someone o aplace:I've decided o go along with the others o the cinena.2to agreewith someone r support something:We went alongwith aLL er suggestions.

go around (aLso o about/round) -- +G0ABoUTgo away 1 to travel and stay somewhere: he'sgone awoy to France

for a hoLiday.2 o stop beingpresent: toldyo u - go oway! W|LLthis cold evergo away?

go down 1 to move o a lower place: he sun went down behind heclouds.2 o change o a lower,amount.price,etc: Do taxes vergo down? --+ coME, uT DowN

go down with something o becomett wjth a particu[ar isease,

etc: I'm afraid she's gone down with flu.go for something to makean effort to ge t or achieve omethingbecause ou want to: She'sgonefor a ob in the new actory. Ifyou want to win, go for it !

go in 1 to enter:We an go in of seven 'clock.2 o be understood:I try to LearnEnglishgrammarbut it just won't go in .

go in for something 1 to do a particularactivity.examor courseof study: 'm thinking of going in for a career n television.2 todo somethingbecause ou enjoy t: I neverdid go in for wotching

footbaLL n TV.go into something 1 to enter a buitdingor room: He went into

hospitaLforhreedays.2 o examinehe detai[s f something:ll ewill have to go into aLI he details of your application.

go off 1 to moveaway o anotherplace:He went off on hoLidayoSpain.Don'tgo off on your own - wait or us. 2 to becomebad:

think this miLkhos gone off. --+ BEoFF to burst nto piecesandcausedamage:A bomb went off in the street.

go off something/someone o stop [iking someone r something:I've gone off Brad Pitt.



go off with someone/somethingo [eavea placewith someone rsomething:My brotherhas gone off with my ootbaLLhirt.

go on 1 to happen: Read newspapersf you want to kno w what'sgoing on in the world.2 to continuedoingsomething:She wasso tired cLimbinghe hill t hat she thought she couldn't go on.

go on something o be used o pa y or something: hismoneywil lgo on the books need.

go on about someone/someth ing to compla in bout omeonersomething:Stopgoing on obout how awfulyour parentsare. 2 tota[k about something

r someone t[ the time: Sh egoes

on on don obout her new boyfriend.go ou t 1 to leavea place:He'sgoneou t to the coffee ar.2 to go

away rom homeand enjoyyoursetf:. don't go out a lot duringthe week. r BEoU T3 to stop burning or producing ight:.Th e

fire's gone out again. SuddenLy,he Light went out.4 (al"so oou t of fashion) to stop being ushionable: igh heelswent outagesago. --+ BEoUT

go out with someone1 to leavea ptacewith someone: e'sgoneout with Max to the coffee bar. 2 to have someone as yourgirtfriend or boyfriend: Are you going out with anyone at themoment?

go over (to) to movenearsomeone: went over (t o her)an dshookher hand.

go over something o readsomething r practise omething gain

and checkyour knowledge: need to go over the grommarweLearned esterday.go round 1 to wa[k, drive. etc. round he outside of a pLace: rucl<s

mustgo round (the city centre).2 to visit a ptace:Let'sgo roundto Charlotte'souse. + COMEoUND to be enough or everyoneor every thing: Is there enough ood to go round? 4 (al.sogoabout/around) -+ GoAB0ur

go through 1 to pass ro m one side o t he other:Th ebed won'tgothrough (the door).2 to searchsomewhere:'ve been through aLLthe drowers ut I can'tfind it.3 to experience ai n or difficuLty:He's gone through a Lot of pain. 4 to do a set of tasks: 6othrough the exercises t home.

go throughwith somet hing o do somethingou have hreatenedodo: He said he'd tell my mum but he didn't go through with it.

go together 1 to go somewhere jth someone: et's o together o

the meeting,shaLlwe? 2 to look attract jve together: Doyou thinkthis blouseand that skirtgo together?go under o go betow he surface f water: Theboy went under or

the third time.go up 1 to move o a higher pLace: hey've one up that hill over

there.2 to jncrease:Pices havegone up again. 3 to be bui[t: ffer,v

ffice bLaclsore going up all over the town.go with someone/something to travelwith someone: he's on e

to Londonwith herparents.2 o look attractivewith something:I don't think this blousegoes with t hat ski rt. 3 to be part ofsomething:Doescrime alwaysgo with poverty?

grow out of something 1 to becomeoo big for ctothingor shoes:You've rown out of thatjackef. Noun:ouTGRow to become oootd for an activity: She'll nevergrow out of biting her nails?

grow nt o someone o become particu[ar ind of personas yo u

grow: He'sgrown into a suchq polite young man.grow up 1 to become n adult: WhatwiLI ou do when ou grow up 7

-- +BRINGOMEONEPNoun:cRowNUp to behave s an adult: 4l i/lthat young man evergrow up?

hang on 1to hol"d omething:We hung on as the car suddenLyturned the corner. 2 to stay on t he phone: Hong on, I'll see ifshe's ti l lhere.3 to be patientor wait: Hang on - the ambuLancewilLbe here soon.

hang up to end a phone catl by putting down he phone: f yo u

shout, 'U hong up.have (got) something on 1 to be wearingparticular tothes:He

hod on blue eans and a whiteshirt, ) pur.TRySOMETHINGN 2 tohavearrangedo do something:Haveyou got anythingon thisevening?

hotd on to someth ing 1 to keepyou handson someth ing s

support:HoId on to that chair.2 to keepsomething:May holdon to your dictionary or the weekend?

hold someone up to prevent someone rom leaving or doingsomething:Thecustomerwasarguing and held up everyonen thequeue. ) BEHELD PNoun:HOLDUP

Lex(czft

hurry up to move, in'ish a job, etc. faster:Hurry up or we'll beIote.

join in to be one a groupdoingsomething:Now, 'Llsing and 'dLikeeveryone o oin in.

keep on (do ing someth ing) o cont inuedoing someth ing:warnedher but s he keeps on smoking.

keep someone/somethingou t to preventsomeone, vehicle,etc. rom going n or througha place:Ho wcon we keep out somany cars in the city centre?

keep out of s omething to not be active n something: try tokeep out of discussions boutpolitics.

keep to something 1 to stay on a particular oad.stay with aschedute,etc: Keep to the motorwayall the way o Manchester.Keep o the left. Wemust keep to the agreed imetabLe.2 o dosomething ou promised r agreed o: Yo u ai dyo u wouLd ayandyou nust keep to that.

keep up (with) to move at the samespeedor leveL:Yo ucan'tcome f you don't keep up with ui . t CATCHp (wrrH)

keep someone up to stop someonero m going o bed: Everyonewas kept up by the noise. Theparty next door kept everyoneupoLL ight. --+ BE,sTAY, ArT p

keep something up to maintain he samehigh "evel.:ee pup thegood work!

kick off (with) 1 to start ptaying ootbalt: Thematch kicksoff at

seven hirty tonight. Noun:KIcK-oFF to start taking part in adjscussion,meeting, etc: Let's kick off with a report ron thesatesmanager. r STARTFF WIIH)

kick up a fuss to comptain ery oud[y ecause ou ar eangry:Shekicked up o terrible fuss just because he bus was ten minutesLate.

kneel down to rest yourself on your knee: WeaLIknelt down onthe loor to Lookor her contactLens. -+LIE,sIT DowN

know something about something I don't know a lot aboutscience.

teave or somewhere o st art a ourney o a ptace:The rain wil lbe leoving for Madrid in one hour.

leavesomething on to tet a l ight or machine ontinueworking:You eft the Lightson aLL ight. -) puT,swrTCH,URNoMErHrNGON

leave someone/somethingou t (of) to not includesomeone rsomething n a group, ist, etc: My nameha s been Ieft out olthe |ist, Didyou leove anyoneout?

le t someone down to makesomeone eel disappointed ecauseyou didn't do something ou promised: ou've greedo ee d hecot while 'm away- don't let me down.

tet someoneof f 1 to [et someoneeavea bus. rain, car, etc:Yo ucan et me off at the corner,J GET FF; uTsoMEONEOWN.toaltow someone o go without being punished:.'l l le t you of fthis tine but don't do it again. + BELE T FFNoun:LET-oFF

[ie down to put yoursetf n a positionwith your body tat on abed, the f loor, etc: I've got a headache o I'll lie down for awhiLe. -+KNEEL,ITDowN. oun:LrE-DowN

li e in to stay jn bed after your usual time for getting up :He lies in alLmorning on Sundays.Noun: LIE-IN

listen to someone/something f Love istening to musicon theradio.

tive it up to enjoyyourself,especia[ty hite yo u spend money:He's iving it up in London.

l ive up to something to do something o the exce[tent eve[peopleexpect: t's hard to live up to your parents'expectations..+ COMEPTOSOMETHING

Lo gon/off to do the actions hat turn a computer n or off: Clickon

'Shutdown' to log off.

look after someone o take careof someone nd give hem whatthey need: Therewasno one to look after Margerywhenshe wosiu.

look after something o watch something o that it isn't stotenor broken: Canyou look ofter my bag whiLe go and buy myticket?

took around (also look round) to look in every direction:I looked oround or an empty seat.

look at someone/something 1 to look in the direction ofsomeoneor something: Look at that LoveLy arden. 2 toexamjne omething: hedoctorwiLI eed o look ot that cut.



look back on someth ing o th ink abouta per iodwhenyou didsomething n your past: 'l l look back on my schooL ays with aIot of pLeasure.

[ook for something/someone to try to f ind someone orsomething: We'vebeen looking for you for ages. ) sEARcHoRSO MON/SOMTHING

look forward o something o be excitedabout something ha twi[[ happen: 'm looking forword to meetingyou.

look into something to try to find the truth about something:ThepoLice re looking into what happened.

look ou t 1 to look hrougha wjndow,etc: lookedout and so wit was aining. Noun: L00KOUT;UT|OOK (aLsowatch out) tobe carefu[:Look out - there'sa car cominq.

look out for someone (al.sowatch out ior) to take care ofsomeone y makingsure they don't ge t jnto difficulties: 'v epromised o look out for theyoungermembers f the group.

look round -- t LooK RoUNDlook through something o search apers, ist, etc. o try to find

something: I've looked through the magozines bu tI can't ind that photogroph.

took something up to find information n a dictionary, n theInternet, etc: If you haveprobLems,ook up the words n yourdictionary.

took up to someone for) to l"ike nd respect omeone, special"Lysomeone n authority: I've always ooked up to my mum

orher

patien e and encou agement.makesometh ing ut 1 to manageo seesometh inghroughbad

Light, a tetescope. etc: We could ust mqke out a dark shapemovingacross he ieLd. 2 to understand omething:We ouldn'tmakeou t hi shandwiting.3 t o claim hat yo u ar esomeoneha tyo u aren't or yo u can do something ou can't do: He made ou tthat he could swim to the islandbut he couldn't.

make up to become riendl.ywith someoneafter a quarret:After a quarrel that Lastedmore than a week,we decided o mokeup.

makesomething up 1 to sayor wrjte something hat is not true:She made up a idiculous excuse.Youdidn't see her - you madeit aLL p.2 to pu t cosmetjcs n your face:Yourac e s made upbefore ou go on television.Noun: MAKE-up to pu t thingstogether

to make something:Youngme n make up most ofUnited's upporters.Noun: MAKt-uPmake up for something 1 to do somethingnice to make a

disappointment, bad experience, tc . better: I 'm sorry IcouLdn't omewithyou but I'll nake up or it nextweekend. tohavea goodquatityso that ba d quatities re ess mportant:Hemaynot be good-Looking ut he mokes up for that by being verycaing.

meet up (with) to meet someoneyo u arranged to meet:You alLgo ahead and I'll meet up with you loter.

miss someone/something ou t to not include someone orsomething:My name was missedout from the list.

mi x somethingup (with) 1 to change he orderor arrangementfsomething:PLeaseon't mix up the CDswith the tapes. 2 (aLsomuddte something up (with)) to pu t two or more things

togetherso that yo u don't knowwhich s which: Theagentho smixed up ourflight hckefs. Noun: trltx-upmove in to take possession f a home: When di d your ne w

neighboursmove n?move on 1 to move urther along a road,etc: Thepolice told us to

move on. 2 to get a better job. home, etc:.You'veworkedhere

for severaLearsand it's time you moved on.move out to leave a home:Theyare moving out next week.muddte something up (with) -- +MI X oMETHTNGp (wrTH)open up 1 to open he dooran d et people n: What ine does he

supermorket pen up? 2 to fee[ retaxed nd atk: After a ew kindwords rom her teacher, she began to open up.

part with something to give something o someonee[se: ?neverpart with your ing.

pass away to die: Hrsmotherpassedoway Lastweek.

pass by to movepast someone r something: saw her smiLe sshe wos passing by. Noun: PASSER-BYlura[:PASSERS-BYpass hrough something o come nto a building, own. etc. and

then leave: Thousands f refugeeshave passed through thisPOT|.-+COMEHROUGHOMETHING

pass ou t to suddenty ecomeunconscious: hepassedout in theheot.

pa y someone/somethingback o return moneyyo u owe: mustpay back a large loan from the bank.

pay up to pay the moneyyou owe: Pay up or I'lL teLI our parents.perk (someone)up to become or makesomeone) appier,more

active, etc: A coffeeshouLd erk me up.pick something ou t to choose omething rom many:Sh epicked

out o smolLblue T-shirt. r porNlsoMETHTNGuTpick someoneup 1 to collectsomeone nd let them ride

nyour

car or taxi: I'll pick you up at seveno'cLock.Noun: pICK-Up2 tomake omeoneee l better:A cupoftea wil lsoonpickyo u up.3 totalk to and get a boyfriendor girlfriend: He tied to pick me up atthe party.

pick something up 1 to take somethjng ro m the ground,etc: you

dropped the bool<sso you must pick them up. 2 to coLLectsomething:'v e come o pick up my post.3 to buy something: Ipicked up a cheapcoat in the market.4 to becomeaffected by adisease:Shepicked up malaia in Zimbabwe.

point somethingou t 1 to showsomething y pointing:Hepointedout the large size T,shirts. --+ prcK S0METHTNGur. 2 to te[[someone omething he y did not know: pointed ou t that night

flights are cheaper.pop off to die: Do more exerciseor you'll pop off beforeyou're fifty!pressahead (with) (atsopress

on(with))

to continue o makeaneffort to do something: n spite of the bad report we decided opress ahead with our pLons.

pu[[ into somewhere o drive nto a ptace:We ulled into the petrolstation and bought a road map.

puLl out (of) to drive away rom a ptace: Wedidn't see he van aswe pulled out of the petrol station.

pu[[ over to drive towards he side of the road: Thepoliceaskedusto pull over and stop.

putt through to recover rom a serious [[ness:Suddenly he openedher eyes- she had pulled through.

pull. up to stop driving, running, etct Wepulled up and lookedatthe map.

pu t somethingaside1 (alsopu t something way/by) o savemoneyregularly: We'reputting oside a few pounds each month to buy a

camera.2 o keepa period ree for a particularactivity:Put asidetwo hours everyevening or your homework.pu t someone down 1 (al.sopu t someone off) to stop and le t

someone eave a taxi. etc: Please ut me down at the corner. -+

LET OMEONEFF to crjticise someone:He alwaysputs her downin front of the chiLdren.Noun:puT-DowN

pu t something down o write something:Where id you put downher phonenumber? -+ c0Ff,GET, AKE, RITEoMETHING0wN

pu t something forward to suggest an idea, p[an. etc: He pu t

forword some nteresting ideos.pu t someoneof f to make omeone ot tjkesomething r not want

to do something: Thedirty knife put me off ny meoL.Adj: oFr-PUTTING

pu t something of f to deLay oingsomething:Hepu t off telLing erabout it until the nextmornina.

pu t something on 1 to dress ria pieceof cl.othing:pu ton a cleanshirt. 2 to make a Light. etc. start working: Pleaseput theteLevision n. 3 to become heavier: He's put on a kilo sinceNovember.4 to perform a p[ay, show, etc: WhichpLay s theNationalTheatreutting on? 5 to pretend o have omething: heput on a posh accent.

pu t i t on to pretend o havea particular eeting:He'snot upsethe'sputting it on.

pu t someoneup to let someone tay n your home: ca npu t youup for a ew nights.

pu t something up 1 to increase n amount: hope he ydon't pu tup the rent.2 to buitdsomething: hey've ut up a statue n themain square.

pu t up with someone/somethingo acceptan unpleasant ersonor situation: I don't think I can put up with this ob for much

tonger.reach for something to put your hand out in order to ge tsomething: saw her reaching or the chocoLate n the sheLf.

read something over o readsomething nd check t: I reod overmy notes before he exam. ) G00vER OMETHING

ring (someone) up to makea phone call:Ring me up when ou get



home. + GE I0N T0 S0|"1E0NEround something of f (with) to comptete r end a mea[,speech.

etc. with something:We ounded off dinnerwith a fruit saLad.run of f (with) to st ea[ something nd run: Thedog ron off with

the cookedmeat. --+MAKEFF wIrH)

run away o run far away o avoid being caught.punished. tc :

Thedog took the meat and ron away.run into someone o meet someone y chance:Guess ho ran

into in the supermarket.run out (of) to have no moresupplies f something:Wehoven't

run out of niLk again, have we? Yes, he miLk's un out.run over someone/something o drivea car,etc. oversomeone,

an anima[. etc : The dog wos run over by a bus.saddteup to ge t a horse eady or yo u to go on a journey:When

we were saddling up, he said we hod too much Luggage.search or someone/something o [ook carefutlyor someone r

something: Weseqrched everywhereor a cheapcafd. -- t toox

FOR OMEONE/SOMETHINGsend away or (alsosend off for) to order omething y post: I 've

sent off fo r an application orm.sendsomeone n someth ing o ar rangeor someoneo go on a

journey, etc: My parentssent me on a trip to London.

send something ou t to distrjbutea notice,etc:A letterha s been

sent out to all our members.

set somethingaside

o savean amountmoney: set asidea

ewpoundselch month or my trip to London.set in to begin or appearand continue:Coldweather as set n.

set off (on) to start to move:Weset off on q walk to the Lake.

set out to start a ourney: Wemust set out eorly omorrow.set ou t (t o do something) o start or plan o achieve omething:

Wehad set out to win but werepleased o comesecond.

set someth ing p 1 to put someth ingn a par t icu [ar os i t ion :he

refugees et up homes n poor soiL.2 o arrange meeting, tc:

I'll set up onothermeeting or next week. Noun: srt-up

settle down 1 to make ourselfcomfortabten a seat, bed, new

home, etc: How are you settling down in England?2 to start

living a responsible ifewith a ob, etc: Isn't it timeyou settled

down and got a decentob?

shout out (for) to shout oud[y:Sh eshoutedou t for heLp ut no

one heardher. + CALL,RY, EL LUrshow someone n to lead someonento a room: When he next

applicantarrives, how her in, pLease.

show of f to showor describe ou r own abjtjties n order o makepeopte dmire ou :Sfopshowingo/ / Noun: How-0FF

shut up to stop alking:Shut up and si t down.sidte up t o someone to move slowty and carefully owards

someone s if you don't want to be seen:He sidled up to me

and askedme or money.si t back 1 to sit comfortably:Sit back in your chairs.2 to make

no effort: He sat back while othersdid the work.si t down o restyourselfn a chair,on the floor, etc:Wesat down

on the nearestseat.sit up to sit with your backstraight:He's bLe o sit up in bed.

slow down 1 to drive, develop, ncrease,etc. moreslowty:Yo u

shouLd low down in a busy street. Sales n super markets howno sign of slowing down, do they? Noun:slowDol\tN

sor t someth ing u t 1 to ar rangehings n groups r a par t icu [ar

order: -I must sort ou t my ol d photographs.2 to settte

disagreements, tc : Theprime ministerhad to sort the chaosout

between he two poLiticians. to deal wjth a bad situation:

Whenwill this ness be sorted out?speakout (a tso peakup) o say n pubt icwhatyou hjnk or feL[ :

If peopLe poke out, the war night end.

speak up 1 to speakmore oudly:Speakup - we con't hear ou .

2 -_ ' SPEAKUTspeed up 1 to move faster: Wespeededup but t he car was still

behind us. 2 to happen more quickly: Changesn cLimatewill

speedup over he next ten yeors.

spti t up (with) to no [ongerbe someone's irlfr iend r boyfriend:

I split up with my girlfiend a few months ago.spread out to move apart and cover or fi[[ a larger area:

I suggesteveryone preadsout and Lool<sor her.

stand by o not do anything o he[p:He us t stood by whiLe thers

heLped s.

t-8xu0ft

stand out to be obvious:Her ntell igencetood out.stand up to rise o your eet with your bodyupright:We tood up

as the vi sitor entered he room.stand up for someone/somethi ngo supportsomeone, n idea,

etc. that is being attacked:Younever tand up for me whendad

blamesme. Stond up for your rights!stand up to someone o refuse o acceptunfair reatment ro m

someone:Don't Let our brother eLI ou who o be riends with -

stand up to him.start off (with) to start an activity: Let's start off with a

vocobulary ome. KICK, ET FFstart out 1 to start a ourney: They torted out at sixo'cLock. to

begin your career:He started out as a Lorry riv erbut became

famous udge.3 to begin o be heard,done.etc: Jazzstorted

out in New0rleans.start something up to begin a business. roup, etc: Helenha s

started up a waLking roup.

stay in (alsostop in ) to be at homeand not go out: I can't come

to the cinema I'n staying in tonight. -+ BE N

stay up (tate) o no t go o bed at the usuaI ime: Yo u anstoy up

on Fiday. ---rwArruP (FoR)

stick something up to attach a notice, etc. on a wat[, etc:

I've stuck up a posterof Madonna.stop in -r srAY N

stop off(at)

to breakyour journey:

We stopped off at themotorwaycafd or d meoL.strolt over (to) -" r wALK vERr0)

sum up to give a shortstatement t the end hat shows he mainpoint: Io sum up, computers on do many tasks.

switch of f to stop paying attention: He switches off when askhim a question.

switch something off to use a switch o stop a l ight, machjne,

etc. working: Don't forget to switch off the lfghfs. --+ ruRru

S0l'4ETHINGFFswitch something on to use a swjtch o makea [i ght, machine,

etc. work: Switch on the ket tle and let's hove tea. --+ TURN

SOMETHINGNtake after someone o look or behave ' ike omeone:He tokes

after his mother.

take something back 1 to returnwith somethingo a shop: hr sjacket doesn't it and I'm taking it back. t BRING, ET,GIVE

SOMETHINGACK to admit that you were wrong to say

something:Howdareyou calLme a Liar toke that bock.take something down to write something: Take down this

message. -+ cOPY, ET, UT,WRITEOMETHING0WNtake something in to understandand remember omething:

I didn't take i n much of what she said. --+BETAKENN (BY)

take off to leave he ground: ThepLane ook off at seven.Noun:TAKf-OFF

take someone n to make omeone elieve omethinghat is not

true: Wewere token in by her expensive Lothes.take somethingof f 1 to remove lothing: took off ny coat.2 to

remove something from a list: Beef has been token off the

menu. 3 to reducea price: They ook ten percentof f the price.

I'll toke off anotherpoundfrom the price.4 to use a period oftjme to have a hotiday. etc: I'm taking off Fiday.

take someoneon to givesomeone job: They'veaken on several

moremen.take something on 1 to accept work: You've dken on too much

work.2 to do someth'ing bouta problem:The overnment us t

take on the probLem f homelessness.take someone out to invite someone o go to a cinema,

restaurant.etc: I'm toking her out for a meaL his evening.

take something/it out on someone o make someonesuffer

because ou are angry: usfbecause e won'tphone ou - don't

toke your disappointmentout on me! You may be angry with

him, but don't take it out on me.take over (from) to take control from someoneeLse:Diana s ill

and she has askedme to take over. I've taken over from Diana.

take over something to take responsibil i ty or something:Thegovernment ook over managementof the railways.Noun:TAKE-OVER

take to someone/something o form a l iking for someone r

somethinq:We ook to our new teacher mmediateLv.



[-exicon

take something up to do an activity: PauLhos token upswimming.

take up something o use an amount of space:Th esofa s nicebut it takes up too much space.

take someone up on someth ing to accept someth ing hatsomeoneoffers: he offersyou the ob, will you take him upon it?

talk something over (with) to discuss omethingbeforemakinga decision:Talk thingsover with your parentsbefore ou decide.

tatk (t o someone) about something We met ot a party an dtolked about music for hours. I often tolk to Susan in theevenings.

think about someone/somethingo think carefutly: hinkoboutwhat ailing the examcould mean.

think of something to jnvent an excuse, tc: Can ou think ofonegood reasonwhy shouldn't punishyou?

throw s omething away(also hrow something out) to ge t rid of

something ecause ou don't wantor need t: I 'm throwingou tmy old cLothes.+ GIVE OMETHINGWAY

throw something off to take of f clothes quickLy: threw ofl mycoot and sat down.

throw someone/something ut (of) to make omeone o, or takerubbish, etc. out, of a ptace: He was thrown out of coLlegebecause e didn't do any work.

tidy (something)up to makean untidy place idy: Tidy up your

room before ou go out.

tr igger somethingof f to cause omethingo start or happen: he

changes n climate have tiggered ofl floods in many countries.

try for something o try to ge t a placeat a college r university.a job. a record: He is trying for the worLd ecord.A place otuniversity s worth trying for.

t ry someth ing n to put on c lo th ing ndsee f i t f i ts or that you

Like t: Why not try on this coat?try something out (on) 1 to use somethingan d find ou t if i t

works wetl : I haven't tried out my new dictionaryyet. Noun:

TRY-ouT to test a skill: Have ou tried out your EngLish nyourpenfriend yet?

turn against someone o becomeunfriendly owardssomeone:

After he came out of prison, everyone ad turned ogainst him.-- ' BEAGAINSTOMETHING/SOI.4EONEturn away to turn round and look in another d i rect jon:

He turned away and put his hands n hispockets.

turn someone away to not a l tow someone nto a p lace:

Theyore turning swsy everyonewithout a ticket.turn back to return the way yo u ha d come: let 's turn bock

because he we can't see our poth in this bad weather.turn down something o turn roundand movea[onga street,etc:

Thecar turned down th e road and went into the cor park.

turn someonedown to refuse o a[[ow someone o have a job,

ptaceat univ ersity, etc: I applied or a place on the computercoursebut they turned me down.

turn something down 1 t o make noise,a Light,heat, etc. less

strong: urn down that teLevision! to decjdenot to take a ob,

offer, etc: He turned down the chance to play professionaLfootbalL.

turn into someone/something to change or develop intosomeone r somethinge[se: He r daughterha s turned into abeautifulyoung woman. ThecaterpiLLarurned into a beautifulbutterfly.

turn off to drive off a road and oin another one: Turn of f at thenext exit.

turn someoneof f to be unpleasant, ot f unny, etc. so that you

do not tike he person esponsibte: is iLIyokes obout womenreaLLyurn me off.

turn somethingoffto stop a Light.machine,ap, etc. rom givingyou tight, power,water, etc:.Please urn the televisionoff, Turnit off. The street Lights are turned off at dawn. -+ swITcHSOMETHINGFF

turn off something to leave on e road and be in another: 1,1/eturned off the High Street nto o narrow oad. Noun:TURN FF

turn on someone o attacksomeone r treat them badlv:Wh vdi dshe turn on you Like hat?

turn something on to makea Light.machine, ap, etc. give you

light, power.water, etc: Please urn on the radio. Turn t on. --+

PUT, W]TCHOMEIHINGNturn out 1 to appear and be present:A Large rowd urned out to

greet he President. oun:TURN-oUTto havea particular esu[t:Luckily, her treatment has turned out well. It turned out thatMax had my ticket.

tu rn someone out (o f ) to make someone eave a p lace:

We were oll turned out of the classroom.

turn something ou t 1 to stop a [amp,etc. from givingyou tight:Turn out the light and go to sleep. Turn it orrt. -- r swITcHS0METHINGUT. to produce pieceof work : She'sbeen urningout somegood essays his term.3 to take everythingout of abag, pocket, etc: turned out my hondbagbut I couLdn'tfindmyaddressbook.

turn over to moveso that you fuce he other way whenyou ar elying down: turned over and aced the waLI.

turn round to fuce he oppositedjrection: turned round to seewho was behind me.

turn to someone for) 1 to turn roundand ook owards omeone:He urned to me andsmiled.2 to asksomeoneor hetoor advice:I don't know who to turn to. He turned to his ather for advice.

turn up to appearsomewhere, speciatly s a surpriseor after adelay: When did Peter turn up? Don't worry - your camera willturn up.

turn someth ingup 1 to increasehe amount f sound n a rad io ,etc: I can't hear - pLease urn up the volume. 2 to shortentrousers. etc: 'll turn up your trousers.Noun:TURN-UP

use something up to use at[ of something:You've sed up aLl hemiLk.

watk out of somewhere o leavea p[ace,usuatly ecause ou ar edisappointed:Have ou everwalked out of a ilm?

wake up (from) to stop steeping:He woke up from the anaestheticwith a ba d headache.

wakesomeoneup to stopsomeonero msteeping: he oundofthewindowbreakingwoke up the whole anily.

walk in to enter: Look who's ust walked in!walk out (of) 1 to leave a meeting, ob, etc: Theyhave wolked out

of the tall<s.Noun:

wALK-ourwalk over (to) (atsostrotl over) to watk towardssomeone: hecaLmLy alked over to him and pushed his arm.

watch out -r L00K UTwatch out fo r someone1 -- +t00Kou TFo R 0ME0NEto pa ycarefuI

attention: Theownerswere watching out for shoplifters.wear off to become ess strong gradua[[y:Thepain will soon weor

off.wind someoneup to do someth ing o that you annoysomeone:

Don't respond he said that t o wind you rrp. Noun:WIND-UPwipe something out to destroy omething: hedisease iped ou t

half the population.

work at something o try hard o do something:. e won't taLk ome but I'm working at becomingriends ogain.

work on something 1 to study something n order to find a

solution: Scienti sts ove been working on a cure or leukaemia,to do work on a building, etc: He'sbeen working on hispaintings

for several weel<s.work out 1 to happen successfully:f things work out, we'LL e

home by six o'clock.2 to do lots of ex ercise:Weworked out hardot the gyn. Noun:woRK-ouT

work something out 1 to manageo fi nd a solutjon o a problem:

I've worked out a way to get there. --+ MAKE 0METHINGuT. 2 tofind the reasonwhy: Try o work out whyyou made mistakes.

wrap up to put on warm clothes: Wrop up well- it's cold outside,wrap something up to coversomething:Have ou wrappedup the

presents et?

wri te something down to write information: wrote down herphonenumber. -+ copy,GET,ur ,TAKEoMETHINGow N

zip (something)up to fastenctothes, tc. usinga zip:Zip up the

tent-

it's verycoLd.-+

BUTTON,0 (S0METHING)p



0bbJ0Yi0liolS (Uuler!rcduureviationsre aia soneworo.t

0 gani sations/ Co n ri esBBCBritish roadcastingorporation;UEuropeannion;CI ACentraIntetl igencegencyAm);FB IFederalureau fInvestigationAm); Uf InternationaIonetaryund;PCCInternationaIanelor CLimateontrot;SS nternationaIpaceStation;NAFIANorthAmerican ree rade rea;NASANorthAmericanpace gency; 1![QNorthAttanticTreaty rganisation;NZNew ealandonl.y ritten);UK UnitedKingdom; NUnited

Nations; SAUnitedStates f AmericaPeopIeGI ordinary mericanoldier; PgeneraIracticionerdoctorBr);MPmember f partiamentBr);pU primeministerBrE);PC otice onstabteBrE); IPvery mportant erson

HealthAidsauto-immuneeficiencyyndrome;SmuLtiplecterosis;Btubercutosis

Economics/ usinessGDP ross omesticroduct; NP ross ationaIroduct;Ltd timitedcompany; no. or nearest ffer foradvertisements)

Lang age dict io aries)adj. adjective;dv .adverb; . noun; rep.preposition;pron.pronoun;. verb; ing.singutar;l. ptura[; transit ive(verbwith object); intransifive verbwithoutobject);AmEAmericanngl.ish;rEBrit ishEngLish.

Colloquialpc pol.iticaLLyorrect

ComputersPC ersonaIomputer;T nformationechnotogy

Measurementsspeed:,ph. kilometres er hour;mph. milesperhourdistance:m. kitometres;m. centimetres; . metres;

mm. mitt imetres;. miles 1 mite= 1.6kmweight:lb. ound 1 pound 0.45kitos); z.ounce28 grams)temperatureiemp. emperature;Cdegrees entigrade;

qFdegreesahrenheitwater oits t 2't2e nd reezest 32e)

WritingTittes f peopte: rdoctor;Mr man;Mswoman;

Mrsmarried oman;Prof.professorAddresses:/o in careof (sending letter or somebodyo

another erson'sddress);veAvenue; dRoad; t StreeUNr near NrLudtow)

Letters: sa passoon spossibteinformal.);TO leaseur nover pagen [etter);RSVP teaseeply o this nvitation;

PSpostcript extramessaget the endof a [etter);tet. - teLephoneumber.Others:.g. or example;tc. andso on; .e. that s to say

(exampl.e);BpteaseoteInformaI mait/mobitehoneext messages:BF N yebye or

now;BRB e rightback;CUse e ou ;CW2CUan'twait osee ou ; DK don'tknow; IUVU [ove ou ;HAND av eniceday;KITkeepn touch;NR N o repty eeded;PCM teaseontactme ;TI A hanksn advance;LS tease;kiss.

pronunciotionymbols/p/ = pen /e/ = tet

/b/ = bad /n/ = act

/V = top /i/ = steep

/d/ = do /4 = bit

/t[/ = cheese /a/1

/$/ = job /au/ -

/m/ = man /ct/ =

/n/ = not /re/ =

/n/ = nns /ee/ =

/h/ = hot /ue/ =

/t/ = let

/r/ = rain

/i/ = yet

/w/ = way

shynowboynear

carck/ = can

/s/ = get

/t/ = hsh

/sr/ = aft

/o/ = dos

/cr/ = formcure

/v/ = van /u/ = put

/e/ = three /v/ = boot

/6/ = there /l = cup

/s/ = see /zf = skirt

/z/

= zoo/e/

= the

/[/ = shop /et/ = make

/s/ = treasure /au/ = home/' / = nainstress fter /'ufte//,// = secondarytress fternoon ,otfte'nulnf

,*f;I\ tff||r.tfl{lf*r* d*ffmfr}r fitMti{4 !r*ti&r* t*r rnd^fffi|t onltnecroLsm or brdrr: ol d lc,t* ffid sdrflrAf afl5 ry. \fohurfurrue,=-rpedfia C,lrapr*on Fdetritnr,orrKF $rliruerirloili d il Lcngmm irh+ nd 6(ft** mrllk(d

lrrrqmxr $lr$rlrr! dkcr rrd crnt6ct&srfrrrdhrffidd.,fhfurcgfubdmmmmrbof mu&m ar?drfu*{tr ot {qnr,ffi,

l"o.enrggf*

Iryrrr Ellerror*E co{"1$0sgit* bffi]*|5il€rlttc,rdf-pmd *tdy CISlxu.Aerfidop€d fflnpl€rn:flt drr$uffir lmtffitisor iar $Srne* lexning finrrcr ssrilErC€fr*rdfing[btl e***rr ErrgliJr, rd EIffi P|tpmtir:=T;--*g=Elffirsll

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English students book-Opportunities Upper Intermediate Student