English Notes for Year 6 pupils

8/12/2019 English Notes for Year 6 pupils

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Articles1. There are 3 types of articlesa, an and the.

2. A and an

indefinite articles and only used with singular countable nouns.2.1 a is used before words thatbegin with consonants sounds or words which

begin with the vowel u but has a consonant sound(you).

a) a boy

b) a flower

c) a pineapple

d) a zebra

e) a university

f) a unit

g) a unique school

h) a one-way street

2.2 an is used before words which begin with vowels (a, e, i, o, u) or words

which begin with the silent h.

a) an ant

b) an apple

c) an earring

d) an elephant

e) an insect

f) an onion

g) an umbrella

h) an hour

i) an honour

j) an honest girl

2.3 a and an are not use before uncountable nouns. E.g: rice, sand, oil, etc.

3 Thedefinite article and is used with plural countable nouns and also

3.1 To show something that is special and one of its kinds in the world.

a) The sun is setting in the west.

b) The air is fresher in the countryside.

3.2 To refer to a particular person, animal, thing or place.

a) The white cat is under the chair.

b) That is the car which honked at me yesterday.

3.3 For the superlative form of an adjective.

a) She is the tallest girl in her class.

b) I bought the cheapest book.

3.4 With things which are already mentioned before.

a) A pupil is in a library. The pupil is reading quietly.


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NounsCountable and Uncountable Nouns

1. A noun is used to refer to a person, place, animal or thing.

a) teacher (person)

b) market (place)

c) rabbit (animal)

d) car (thing)

2. Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

Countable Nouns

(can be counted)

Uncountable Nouns

(cannot be counted)

pen

boy

house

cat

car

bag

key

plate

oil

sand

dust

ink

water

curry

rice

paper

3. Can be used in the following ways.

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

a lot of

many

a few

plenty of

a few

several

somea large number of

a small number of

books

pencils

houses

cars

bags

keys

bookscows

durians

a little

a lot of

plenty of

some

much

less

morea large amount of

a small amount of

oil

water

sand

rice

ink

butter

moneycurry

petrol

a lot of positive statements, negative statements, questions.

some positive statements, questions.

any negative statements, questions

plenty of


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Collective Nouns Used to refer to people, animals or things as a unit.

People

1. a band of musicians 9. a patrol of policemen 2. a choir of singers 10. an army of soldiers

3. a class of pupils 11. a staff of servants

4. a caravan of gypsies 12. a team of players

5. a batch of students 13. a tribe of natives

6. a gang of prisoners 14. a troupe of artistes

7. a crew of sailors 15. a panel of judges

8. a crowd of people 16. a party of friends

Animal

1. an army of ants 11. a plague of locusts

2. a brood of chickens 12. parliament of owls

3. a cloud of flies 13. a shoal of fish

4. a nest of mice 14. a smack of jellyfish

5. a gaggle of geese 15. a team of oxen

6. a flight of swallows 16. a swarm of bees

7. a flock of birds 17. a pack of wolves

8. a troop of monkeys 18. a pride of lions

9. a litter of kittens

a litter of puppies

19. a flock of birds

a flock of sheep

10. a school of dolphins

a school of whales

20. a herd of buffaloes

a herd of elephants

Things / Plants

1. a string of pearls 11. a garland of flowers

2. a bale of cotton 12. a layer of dirt

3. a bowl of rice 13. a queue of vehicles

4. a bunch of keys 14. a pack of cards

5. a cluster of coconuts 15. a bouquet of flowers

6. a column of smoke 16. a tuft of grass

7. a bundle of sticks 17. a wad of currency

8. a suit of clothes 18. a cloud of dust

9. a clutch of eggs 19. a comb of bananas10. a crate of fruits 20. a set of tools


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Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun1 person, animal, place or thing.

A plural nounmore than 1 person, animal, place or thing.

2) The letter s is usually added to form a plural noun.

a) fruit fruits

b) girl girls

c) lamp lamps

d) song songs

3) For nouns which end with s, x, sh and ch, the plural is formed by adding es.

a) class classes

b) box boxes

c) dish dishes

d) matchmatches

4) For a noun which ends with y preceded by a consonant, the letter y is changed

into ies to form the plural.

a) activityactivities

b) berryberries

c) lorrylorries

d) puppy - puppies

5) For a noun which ends with y preceded by a vowel(ay, ey, oy, uy), the letter s

is added to form the plural.

a) boyboys

b) daydays

c) keykeys

d) guy - guys

6) For a noun which ends with the letter o preceded by a vowel, the letter s is

added to form the plural.

a) radioradios

b) studiostudios

c) bamboobamboos

d) pianopianos

e) zoozoos


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7) For a noun which ends with the letter o preceded by a consonant, s or es is

added to form the plural.

a) photophotos

b) potatopotatoes

c) heroheroes8) For a noun which ends with the letter f or fe, the plural form is made by either

adding the letter s or by changing f/ fe to ves.

a) leafleaves

b) knifeknives

c) halfhalves

d) thief - thieves

e) roof - roofsf) safesafes

g) chef - chefs

9) Some nouns are called irregular as their plural form is spelt very differently from

the singular form.

a) oxoxen

b) childchildren

c) footfeet

d) toothteeth

e) goosegeese

f) mousemice

g) manmen

h) womanwomen

10) A few irregular nouns maintain the same spelling and pronunciation for both

singular and plural forms.

a) deerdeer

b) sheepsheep

c) salmonsalmon

d) furniturefurniture

11) Some nouns occur only in the plural form:

binoculars, glasses, scissors, spectacles, pants, pyjamas, shorts, tights, trousers,

clothes, stairs, goods

12) Some nouns have no plural:

news, work, homework, rubbish


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PronounsSingular Plural

First

Second

Third

I

You

He / She / It

We

You

They

Subject of the verb Object of the verb

Singular I like to play badminton.

Youare late.

Heis an engineer.

Sheis an only child.

Itis a Persian cat.

My parents took meout.

I called youlast night.

The teacher scolded him.

They found herin the room.

The car knocked itdown.

Plural Wevisited the museum.

Theywon the singing competition.

They are waiting for us.

The teacher praised them.

Personal

Pronouns

Possessive

Adjectives

Possessive

Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

my

your

his

her

its

our

their

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

theirs

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

ourselves

themselves

This is mybag.

This is yourbook.

This is hispen.

This is herpencil.

This is itskennel.

That is ourhouse.

These are theirchairs.

The bag is mine.

The book is yours.

The pen is his.

The pencil is hers.

The kennel is its.

The house is ours.

The chairs are theirs.

I paint the picture myself.

You have to do it yourself.

He writes the poem himself.

She cut the fruit herself.

The dog scratched itself.

We saw it ourselves.

They helped themselves.


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AdjectivesComparison of Adjectives (Regular)

Positive Comparative Superlative1 big bigger than the biggest

2 brave braver than the bravest3 bright brighter than the brightest

4 busy busier than the busiest

5 cheap cheaper than the cheapest

6 clean cleaner than the cleanest

7 clear clearer than the clearest

8 clever cleverer than the cleverest

9 cold colder than the coldest

10 cool cooler than the coolest

11 cruel crueler than the cruelest12 dark darker than the darkest

13 deep deeper than the deepest

14 dirty dirtier than the dirtiest

15 fat fatter than the fattest

16 friend friendlier than the friendliest

17 great greater than the greatest

18 happy happier than the happiest

19 hard harder than the hardest

20 healthy healthier than the healthiest

21 heavy heavier than the heaviest

22 high higher than the highest

23 hot hotter than the hottest

24 large larger than the largest

25 lazy lazier than the laziest

26 light lighter than the lightest

27 long longer than the longest

28 low lower than the lowest

29 near nearer than the nearest

30 neat neater than the neatest

31 nice nicer than the nicest

32 noisy noisier than the noisiest

33 pretty prettier than the prettiest

34 poor poorer than the poorest

35 quiet quieter than the quietest

36 rich richer than the richest

37 strong stronger than the strongest

38 tall taller than the tallest

39 thick thicker than the thickest


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40 thin / thinner than the thinnest

41 weak weaker than the weakest

42 warm warmer than the warmest

43 wise wiser than the wisest

44 young younger than the youngest

Comparison of Adjectives (By adding more and most)

Positive Comparative Superlative1 beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

2 careful more careful most careful

3 comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

4 dangerous more dangerous most dangerous

5 difficult more difficult most difficult

6 exciting more exciting most exciting

7 expensive more expensive most expensive8 famous more famous most famous

9 helpful more helpful most helpful

10 intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

11 joyful more joyful most joyful

12 obedient more obedient most obedient

13 peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

Comparison of Adjective (Irregular)

Positive Comparative Superlativebad worse worst

good better best

little less least

many more most

much / more most

far further/farther furthest/farthest

There is no comparison for positive

The comparativeis used to compare two things

The superlativeis used to compare three or more things

The suffixes -er and -est are added to the positive adjectives to form most

comparatives and superlatives. However, -ier and -iest are needed when a two-

syllable adjective ends in y.

When an adjective of one syllable ends in a single consonant, double the consonant

for the comparative and superlatives forms. However, letters -w and -x are not

doubled.


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ConjunctionsConjunction Usage Example

and To join two sentences with

the same or similar ideas

- Sandy likes singing.

- Sandy likes dancing.Sandy likes singing anddancing.

but To join two sentences with

different ideas

- I want to go Singapore by bus.

- He insists on taking the plane.

I want to go Singapore by bus buthe

insists on taking the plane.

because To give reason - Danny was punished.

- He did not do his homework.

Danny was punished becausehe did not

do his homework.

so To show cause and effect - The children are tired.

- They go to bed early.

The children are tired sothey go to bed

early.

or To show a choice or

possibility can be made

- Would you prefer tea?

- Would you prefer coffee?

Would you prefer tea orcoffee?

if To show a condition - You work harder.

- You will pass your examination.

If you work harder, you will pass your

examination.

although To show contrast

(beginning / middle)

- It is raining heavily.

- They continue with the climb.

Althoughit is raining heavily, they

continue with the climb.

- Nobody wants to live in that mansion.

- It is beautiful.

Nobody wants to live in that mansion

althoughit is beautiful.


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Wh-question WordsWh-question Word Usage Example

Who To ask about people Whoare you?Whois the man?

Whois your mother?Whois your best friend?

What To ask about things

or something

general.Whatis this?Whatis in your bag?

Whatare they doing?

Whatdoes he want?

Whatdid you do yesterday?

Which Choices between afew possibilities

(people, things /

places)Whichis your pen?Whichis the capital?Whichbook is better?

Whichshirt should I wear?Why To ask the reason for

something Whyare you here?Whyis the bag wet?Whyis he going out?

Whydo you want to be a singer?

Whose To ask about who the

owner of something

is / belong to

(possessives)

Whosepencil is this?Whoseruler is this?

Whosecar is that?Whosebooks are these?

Where To ask about places Where are you?Whereis the ruler?

Wheredo you live?Whereis the car key?

When To ask about the time

something happens Whenis your brothers birthday?Whenare we going home?Whendid you come?Whenwill you leave?

How To ask about the way

how something is

done / quality,

quantity

Howare you?

Howwas your trip?Howdo you cook the fish?

Howdo you get to London?* 7 W, 1 Hused to ask questions.


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Verbs to be, to have and to doVerb Present Tense Past Tense Example

to beis

am

was

He isthe head prefect.

I ama boy.

She wasin Langkawi yesterday.

are wereThese boys ar emy nephews.

We werethere last month.

to havehas

havehad

She hasa yellow raincoat.

You havea dictionary.

He hada football practice yesterday.

to dodoes

dodid

She doesthe housework every day.

We doour work quietly.

They d idtheir homework just now.

Subject-Verb Agreement The verb must agree with its subject. If the subject is singular, the verb must be

singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural as well.

Singular Plural

The pupil singsduring the music class. The pupils singduring the music class.

He / She preparessome food for

supper.

They preparesome food for supper.

The child runsaround in the field. The children runaround in the field.

The dog doesnot like its new owner. The dogs donot like their new owner.

The backpacker hasno place to sleep

tonight.

The backpackers haveno place to

sleep tonight.

He isa friend of mine They arefriends of mine.

Singular Plural

is

has

does

are

have

do


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Simple Present Tense1) Facts, things that are always or generally true.

The sky isblue.

The moon isround.

A hen layseggs.

A dog hasfour legs.

The sun risesin the east.

Tropical fish are beautiful.

Water boilsat 100 degrees.

Plants diewithout water.

My birthday isin September.

2) For situations that are (more / less) permanent.

I livein Malaysia.

She likesdrawing.

They lovecoffee.

My father worksin a bank.

She hasthree children.

The boy studiesin SJK(C) Kundang.

3) Things that we do regularly / often routines, habits.

(every day, once a week, twice a month, every Sunday, four times a year)

(always, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, never)

I goto school by car.

He always wakesup at 6 a.m.

Mei Ling often listensto music.

Carol brushesher teeth twice a day.

I drinka cup of coffee every morning.

4) Short actions.

He looksat his watch.

She opensthe door. I switchon the computer.


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5) Imperatives statements / order

Do not litter!

Keep off the grass!

Do not feed the animals.

Go to your bedroom now.

6) We also use it to talk about the future after words like when, until, after,

before, as soon as in a future sentence.

I will call you when I havetime.

I won't go out until it stopsraining.

She'll come as soon as her babysitter arrives.

I'm going to make dinner after I watchthe news.

I'll give you the book before you go.

***Spelling: In general, for single subject we add s in the verb.However...

a) For verbs that end in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x,or -zwe add -es.

o

gogoeso catchcatches

o washwashes

o kisskisses

o fixfixes

o buzzbuzzes

b) For verbs that end in a consonant + y, we remove the yand add -ies.

o marrymarries

o studystudies

o carrycarries

o worryworries

c) For verbs that end in a vowel + y, we just add -s.

o playplays

o enjoyenjoys

o saysays


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Simple Past Tense1) Something has happened in the past (specific time) and has finished.

I tookher home just now.

They wereat his birthday party last night.

The cleanedthe house last weekend.

He knewthe answer yesterday.

2) Telling stories or past events.

Once upon a time, a lord livedin the castle.

There wasan ugly witch living in the middle of the forest.

In the past, the knights travelledon strong horses.

3) Indicate a time in the past.

I livedin Johor in 1994.

4) Express habit in the pass.

I collectedstamps when I wasa child.

*** Spelling: Verbs in the Past Simple Tense

Regular Verb

-d, -ed, -ied

Irregular Verb Verb

remaining same

livelived

wantwanted

carrycarried

stopstopped

planplanned

panicpanicked

sellsold

drinkdrank

buybought

cutcut

putput

letlet


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Positive and Negative StatementsPositive statement in the Present Tense

I

You

WeThey

go

to the towns library on

weekends.He

She

It

goes

Negative statement in the Present Tense

I

You

We

They

do not go

to the towns library on

weekends.He

She

It

does not go

Positive statement in the Past Tense

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

went to the zoo last Saturday.

Negative statement in the Past Tense

I

You

We

They

HeShe

It

did not go to the zoo last Saturday.


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Prepositions of Time

Prepositions Use

in

month

year

season

part of the day (morning, afternoon, evening)

duration

at

specifictime of day (noon, midnight)

part of the day (night)

celebrations

on

days of the week

dates

special daysafter something will happen later

by adeadline in the future

during through the whole of a period of time

Prepositions Examples

in

- My birthday is inDecember.

- Jenny was born in1990.

- Tom wakes up early inthe morning.

- Mr Siew will be here inthree minutes.- The van will be here inten minutes.

at

- Lunch is atnoon.

- Dinner is at6 oclock.

- Tuition is at2.30 p.m.

on

- Ali is going to Ipoh onFriday.

- I am going to visit my grandmother onSaturday.

- My birthday is onthe 25th of June.

- We are going to the party onmy birthday.

after

- I will see you afterschool.

- Afterthe holidays, I will start studying French.

by

- I expect rain bynoon.

- I want to have those papers byFriday.

during - duringthe holidays

Documents

English Notes for Year 6 pupils