English Literature Summary

8/17/2019 English Literature Summary

1/301

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

BEQUEST

OF

STEWART HENRY BURNHAM

1943

Cornell Univeri!"

Li#r$r"

T%e ori&in$l o' !%i #oo( i in

!%e Cornell Univeri!" Li#r$r")

T%ere $re no (no*n +o,"ri&%! re!ri+!ion in

!%e Uni!e- S!$!e on !%e .e o' !%e !e/!)

%!!,0***)$r+%ive)or&-e!$il+.319241334325

AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY

OF EN6LISH LITERATURE


2/301

An

Hi!ori+$l S.77$r"

o' En&li% Li!er$!.re

B"

E) W) E8MUN8S M)A) B)S+)

A.!%or o' !%e A,,en-i/ !o Morle":$ ;Fir! S(e!+% o'

En&li% Li!er$!.re< ; C%$.+er $n- %i =oe!r";

; S%elle" $n- #i =oe!r"); >o)

WITH FULL IN8E?

CASSELL AN8 COM=ANY LT8

Lon-on Ne* Yor( Toron!o $n- Mel#o.rne

192

MA8E AN8 F:@iNTEO

H 6REAT SHlTAIN


3/301

=REFACE

An"!%in& in !%e n$!.re o' $ +r$7#oo( on En&li%

li!er$!.re l$" i! +o7,iler o,en !o !%e +%$r&e o'

li!er$r" v$n-$li7 $n- +$ll 'or $ *or- $! le$! o'

$,olo&") I! *o.l- no! #e i7,oi#le !o -e'en- !%e

+r$7#oo( in !%i +$e $ in o!%er i' i! *ere ne+e$r"

#.! !%e i-e$ $! !%e #$+( o' !%i .77$r" i no! *%oll"

!%$! o' +onve"in& in'or7$!ion in $ .++in+! !$#loi- 'or7)

In re&$r- !o i7,or!$n! in-ivi-.$l $.!%or i! -r$*

$!!en!ion !o !%e $lien! '$+! o' !%eir o.!er li'e !o !%e

le$-in& +%$r$+!eri!i+ o' !%eir *or( $n- !o !%eir ,l$+e

in li!er$!.re) No ,re!en+e !o #io&r$,%i+$l or #i#lio

&r$,%i+$l +o7,le!ene i 7$-e #.! i! i %o,e- !%$! no

i7,or!$n! *or( %$ #een overloo(e- $n- no -$!e o' $n"

i&ni@+$n+e o7i!!e-) Si7il$rl" no -eire o' ori&in$l

+ri!i+i7 %$ #een en!er!$ine- $n- !%e +o7,iler:

,eron$l ,re'eren+e $n- ,re-ile+!ion %$ve #een $ '$r

$ ,oi#le %el- in $#e"$n+e) Hen+e i! i %o,e- !%$! !%e

#oo( 7$" #e $ $'e $n- reli$#le &.i-e !o !%e !.-en!

%el,in& %i7 in !%e +%oi+e o' *%$! !o re$- $n- -r$*in&

%i $!!en!ion !o !%oe o,inion $n- +ri!i+i7 *%i+%

%$ve #e+o7e #" !%e *e$r $n- !e$r o' !%e ,$! !$n-$r-

$n- .n$$il$#le)

T%e #oo( %o*ever $i7 $! #ein& o7e!%in& 7ore

!%$n $ +en!o o' '$+! $n- o,inion $#o.! in-ivi-.$l

*ri!er) I! %$ o.&%! !o ,reen! in .77$r" 'or7 !%e

&ro*!% o' o.r li!er$!.re 'ro7 i! r.-i7en! in !%e S$/on

,erio- !o !%e l$!e! ,ro-.+!ion o' i! &eni. o !%$! !%e

=REFACE

re$-er 7$" ee $l7o! $! $ &l$n+e *%$! %$ #een -one

in !%oe ,erio- *%i+% %e %$ no! 7$-e !%e .#De+! o'


4/301

,e+i$l !.-") I! i %o,e- !%$! on !%i i-e !%e #oo(

*ill ,rove $ .e'.l +o7,$nion or no!e#oo( !o !%e

$-e.$!e $n- e/+ellen! %i!orie o' o.r li!er$!.re !%$!

$re $v$il$#le) No!e on !%e +on!e7,or$r" li!er$!.re

$n- &ener$l +on-i!ion o' E.ro,e %$ve #een $--e- !o

7o! o' !%e +%$,!er *%enever !%e" ee7e- !o #e$r .,on

o.r o*n)

I! *o.l- #e -i+.l! !o $+(no*le-&e $ll one: in

-e#!e-ne in .+% $ *or( $ !%i) A,$r! %o*ever

'ro7 !$n-$r- #io&r$,%ie $n- +ri!i+$l *or( I o*e

7.+% !o Mr) Co.r!%o,e: Hi!or" o' En&li% =oe!r" !o

!%e v$rio. *ri!in& o' =ro'eor S$in!#.r" o' Mr)

E-7.n- 6oe Sir Ielie S!e,%en !%e l$!e =ro'eor

8o*-en =ro'eor W) =) Ger 8r) S(e$! S!o,'or-

Broo(e Ten Brin( =ro'eor W) H) S+%o@el- =ro'eor

H.&% W$l(er $n- 7$n" o!%er $n- e,e+i$ll" !o !%e

C$7#ri-&e Hi!or" o' En&li% li!er$!.re $n- i! inv$l.

$#le #i#lio&r$,%ie *%i+% %$ve #een !$(en $ !%e @n$l

$.!%ori!" in !%e 7$!!er o' -$!e)

E) W) E)

Bi%o,: S!or!'or-

8e+e7#er 1919)

vi

CONTENTS

CHA=TER


5/301

=A6E

In!ro-.+!or" C%$,!er i

I Ol- En&li% Li!er$!.re )))

E.ro,e$n Li!er$!.re 4491 0 =re

C%ri!i$n =oe!r" in En&l$n- 0 C%ri!i$n

=oe!r" 1 0 An&loS$/on =roe 15 0 An&lo

S$/on L$n&.$&e 1

II Mi--le En&li% =erio- 113 ) 21

Hi!ori+$l No!e 21 0 Li!er$!.re .n-er !%e

Nor7$n 22 0 Flo.ri%in& o' Ro7$n+e 25 0

Mi--le En&li% Wri!er 1213 29

III C%$.+er $n- %i S+%ool ))) 42

6eoJre" C%$.+er 42 0 Con!e7,or$rie $n-

S.++eor o' C%$.+er 4 0 S+o!!i% =oe!r" 49

IV Fro7 !%e Mi--le A&e !o !%e Re

n$i$n+e 53

6ener$l C%$r$+!eri!i+ 53 0 =roe Wri!er 54

=oe!r" 0 Be&innin& o' !%e 8r$7$ 3

V EliK$#e!%$n =oe!r" $n- =roe 159


6/301

125

C%$r$+!eri!i+ 0 Sir =%ili, Si-ne" 9 0

E-7.n- S,ener 0 L$!er EliK$#e!%$n

=oe!r" 5 0 EliK$#e!%$n =roe 0 Fr$n+i

B$+on 3

vii

CONTENTS

CHA=TER =A6E

VI T%e EliK$#e!%$n 8r$7$ )))

Forer.nner 0 S%$(e,e$re 9 0 A'!er

S%$(e,e$re 99

VII C$v$lier $n- =.ri!$n ) ) ) 1

6ener$l C%$r$+!eri!i+ 1 0 =oe!r" 1 0

=roe Wri!er 114

VIII T%e Re!or$!ion =erio- ) ) ) 11

6ener$l C%$r$+!eri!i+ 11 0 =oe!r" 119 0

o%n 8r"-en 122 0 8r$7$ 125 0 =roe 12

I? T%e A.&.!$n A&e )))) 133

6ener$l C%$r$+!eri!i+ 133 0 T%e =erio-i+$l

E$" 133 Mi+ell$neo. =roe 135 0 =oe!r"

Ale/$n-er =o,e 141


7/301

? I"ATER Ei&%!een!% Cen!.r" ) ) 14

6ener$l No!e 14 0 o%non $n- %i Cir+le

149 0 T%e Novel 154 0 Mi+ell$neo. =roe

159 0 =oe!r" 15

?I T%e Ro7$n!i+ Move7en! ) ) ) 15

6ener$l C%$r$+!eri!i+ 15 0 T%e Wor-*or!%

6ro., 1 0 S+o!! $n- %i Follo*er 12 0

Mi+ell$neo. =roe Wri!er 1 0 T%e S%elle"

6ro., 193

?II T%e Vi+!ori$n =erio- )))) 22

6ener$l 22 0 =oe! 23 0 6ener$l =roe

Wri!er 219 0 Noveli! 234 0 T%e =reen!

8$" 24

In-e/ 251

Vlll

An Hi!ori+$l S.77$r" o'

En&li% Li!er$!.re

INTRO8UCTORY CHA=TER

Be'ore !%e An&loS$/on inv$-er 7$-e $ %o7e 'or

!%e7elve in Bri!$in o.r il$n- %$- lon& #een in

,oeion o' 7en o' $no!%er Ar"$n r$+e *%o %$-


8/301

-evelo,e- $ +.l!.re $n- l$i- !%e ee- o' $ li!er$!.re

,e+.li$rl" !%eir o*n $ li!er$!.re !%$! *$ !o ,l$" $

,ro7inen! ,$r! in !%e i7$&in$!ive *or( o' !%e 7ore

.++e'.l r$+e $n- !o in'.e i! *i!% $ ,iri! ,erv$-in&

"e! no! e$" !o -e@ne enri+%in& i! *i!% $ ro7$n!i+

&l$7o.r $n- 7"!i+ $,ir$!ion $,,$ren!l" $lien !o !%e

i7,le Te.!oni+ &eni.) W%ile !%ere'ore !%e #$i o' o.r

En&li% li!er$!.re i Te.!oni+ i! i no! in$,,ro,ri$!e

'or . !.-"in& i! ori&in !o &l$n+e #" *$" o' in!ro

-.+!ion $! !%e li!er$r" re7$in o' !%e Cel!i+ ,eo,le

*%i+% .rvive !o .)

T%e Cel!i+ r$+e ee7 !o %$ve +o7e !o Bri!$in in !*o

7$in 7i&r$!ion 'ro7 !%e Con!inen!) T%e @r! or

6oi-eli+ #r$n+% !$(e . #$+( $ '$r ,ro#$#l" $

iooo B)C) i' no '$r!%er) T%ee 6oi-el .,,l$n!e- $

neoli!%i+ ,eo,le '$irl" $-v$n+e- in +.l!.re !%e #.il-er

o' S!one%en&e $n- ,ro#$#l" !%e 'o.n-er o' !%e 8r.i-i+

*or%i,) 8riven *e!*$r- nor!%*$r- $n- in!o Irel$n-

#" !%e e+on- or Br"!%oni+ 7i&r$!ion !%e 6oi-el ee7

!o %$ve ,$r!i$ll" '.e- *i!% !%eir I#eri$n ,re-e+eor

!%e $-7i/!.re .rvive in !%e S+o!!i% Hi&%l$n- $n- in

Irel$n- $n- !%i 6$eli+ ,eo,le %$ le'! . $ l$r&e #o-"

o' !orie $n- le&en- *%i+% $re !%e -e#ri $n- 7i.n-er

!oo- .rviv$l o' ,ri7i!ive Ar"$n 7"!% R%")


T%e e/!$n! 6$eli+ li!er$!.re i +on!$ine- in $ n.7#er

o' 7$n.+ri,! +%ie" Iri% !%e e$rlie! o' *%i+% &oe

#$+( !o !%e eleven!% +en!.r") T%ere $re vere !$le

le&en- o' %eroe !orie o' S!) =$!ri+( $n- o!%er Iri%

$in! +%roni+le !r$nl$!ion) T%e vere i *ri!!en in

+o7,le/ 7e!ri+$l 'or7 i! .&&e! $ -eli+$!e 'eelin&

'or n$!.re $n- $ ,rev$len! 7el$n+%ol" -iJeren! 'ro7


9/301

$n"!%in& in An&loS$/on $n- in .+% $ ,oe7 $

; 8eir-re: l$7en! ;< reve$l $ ene o' #e$.!" in 'eelin&

$n- e/,reion 'or *%i+% En&l$n- %$- !o *$i! 'or

+en!.rie) T%e !$le %$ve i7il$r .$li!ie $n- $lo !%e

-i!in&.i%in& +%$r$+!eri!i+ o' %eroi+ $&$ in &ener$l 0

$ -eli&%! in +o7#$! $n- #loo-%e- in 'e$!in& $n-

$-ven!.re $n- $ n$ive +re-.li!" in '$+e o' !%e 7$rvello.)

T*o +"+le $re e,e+i$ll" no!e*or!%" 0 i !%$! o'

C.+%.l$inn !%e ; Iri% A+%ille; !%e Ul!er %ero

$n- 2 !%$! o' Oi$n -e$lin& *i!% Fionn $n- o!%er

%eroe ,re.7e- !o %$ve live- in !%e !%ir- +en!.r" A)rP)

T%e l$!!er +"+le i o' ,e+i$l i7,or!$n+e !o !%e %i!or"

o' li!er$!.re in En&l$n- $n- in E.ro,e) A +olle+!ion

o' Oi$ni+ !orie ri'e $7on& !%e S+o!!i% 6$el *$

7$-e #" !%e 8e$n o' Ii7ore $#o.! 1512 i! $!!r$+!e-

no no!i+e $n- no! !ill M$+,%eron i.e- %i o+$lle-

!r$nl$!ion 13 -i- Oi$n $n- *i!% %i7 !%e

,iri! o' !%e 6$el re$ll" en!er in!o o.r li!er$!.re)

M$+,%eron: ,oe7 ,) 12 7$" or 7$" no! %$ve #een

$.!%en!i+ in !%e n$rro* ene !%e" re $*o(e !%e

Cel!i+ no!e in!o +on+io. li'e ,o*er'.ll" $Je+!e- !%e

Ro7$n!i+ reviv$l in !%e ei&%!een!% +en!.r" $n- e!

$'oo! $ !ron& *$ve o' in!ere! in Cel!i+ !%in& !%$! !ill

.rvive ,) 24)

T%e Br"!%oni+ #r$n+% o' !%e r$+e over+$7e !%e

6oi-el $n- *$ in ,oeion o' So.!%ern En&l$n- $!

le$! #" 3 # ) +) T%e Br"!%on *ere li!!le in.en+e- #"

!%e 6oi-el !%o.&% ,$r!i$ll" %$rin& !%eir !r$-i!ion)

T%e Ro7$n inv$ion ,$e- over !%e7 *i!%o.! -e!ro"

in& !%e7 #.! !%e" never #e+$7e $ ,oli!i+$l .ni! $n-

*ere $n e$" ,re" !o !%e or&$niKin& $#ili!" o' !%eir

S$/on +on.eror) T%e #$!!le o' 8eor%$7 5

< L"r$ Cel!i+$ 0 e-) Willi$7 S%$r, 6e--e 0 E-in#.r&%)


10/301


iol$!e- !%e Corni% Bri!on $n- -rove 7$n" overe$

!o Bri!!$n" i7il$rl" !%e #$!!le o' C%e!er 13

e,$r$!e- !%e C"7r" o' W$le 'ro7 !%eir (in7en in

C.7#ri$ $n- Win*oe-@el- 55 *$ !%e -e$!%(nell o'

!%e C"7r": l$! %o,e)

T%e e$rl" ,oe!r" o' !%e C"7r" i +on!$ine- in ever$l

7e-iev$l 7$n.+ri,! o' *%i+% !%e 7o! i7,or!$n! $re

!%e ; Bl$+( Boo( o' C$r7$r!%en ; +) 1112 $n-

!%e ; Re- Boo( o' Her&e! ; 1314) T%e ,oe7

$re $o+i$!e- *i!% !%e n$7e o' !%e le&en-$r" #$r-

T$lieini I"l*"$r+% Hen Ane.rin !%e" ree+! !%e $&e

o' +oni+! $n- &o #$+( e,e+i$ll" !o !%e !ri'e #e!*een

I-$ $n- Urien 'or !%e ,oeion o' Nor!%.7#ri$)

Ane.rin: Y 6o-o-in i !%e 7o! $n+ien! o' $.!%en!i+

Wel% ,oe7) A reviv$l o' Wel% ,oe!r" !oo( ,l$+e in

!%e !en!% +en!.r" $n- $&$in -.rin& !%e 7e-iev$l ,erio-

*%en !%e MSS *ere re-$+!e-) T%e in!rini+ v$l.e o'

!%e ,oe7 ee7 !o #e 7$ll !%e" $re o'!en i7$&in$

!ive #.! $lo v$&.e $n- +onven!ion$l !%eir 'or7 i

o'!en +o7,le/ $n- o,%i!i+$!e- !%e !ro,%i+ ; !ri$- ;

#ein& !%e 7o! +%$r$+!eri!i+ $n- !%eir -ire+! in.en+e

over En&li% li!er$!.re i ne&li&i#le)

T%e ,roe !$le 'o.n- in !%e 7$n.+ri,! $re .,erior

!o !%e ,oe7) T%e #e! $re +on!$ine- in !%e !*elve

!orie o' !%e M-#ino&ion e-i!e- $n- !r$nl$!e- in!o $n

e/+ellen! En&li% 'or7 #" L$-" C%$rlo!!e 6.e! in 149)

T%e !orie $re !ol- *i!% $ n$ive i7,li+i!" reve$lin& no

'orei&n in.en+e @ve o' !%e7 $re Ar!%.ri$n o' *%i+%

Gvl(*+% $n- Ol*en $n- !%e 8re$7 o' R%on$#*" $re no!

'o.n- ele*%ere) C$re'.l $n$l"i #" 7o-ern +%ol$r

%$ %o*n !%e7 !o #e !%e +on'.e- reli+ o' $n+ien!

7"!% re-$+!e- #" 7en *%o -i- no! .n-er!$n- !%eir


11/301

7e$nin&)

I$!in *ri!in& .rvive !o %o* . !%$! C%ri!i$ni!"

$n- +%ol$r%i, %$- 'o.n- $ +on&eni$l %o7e $7on& !%e

Bri!on) 6il-$ 5 in %i 8e E/+i-io e! Con

.e!. Bri!$nni$ %$ le'! . $ v$l.$#le ,i+!.re o' !%e

,erio- o' +on.e! .n'or!.n$!el" %e *$ $ r%e!ori+i$n

$n- $ ,re$+%er no! $n %i!ori$n %e i $ ere7i$% #e

*$ilin& !%e in o' %i +o.n!r"7en $n- 7$(e no 7en!ion


o' Ar!%.r or %i vi+!orie) A Hi!ori$ BriUon.7

.n+ri!i+$l $n- in-ee- i7,oi#le #.! 7.+% .e- #"

l$!er +o7,iler *$ $+ri#e- !o $n .n(no*n Nenni.

o' !%e ei&%!% +en!.r") Aer -) 911 !%e #io&r$,%er o'

Al're- *$ $ Wel% 7on( o' S!) 8$vi-:) A 7ore

i7,oin& Cel!i+ @&.re i !%$! o' !%e '$7o. +%ol$!i+

,%iloo,%er o%n S+o!. Eri&en$ ) 5 *%oe n$7e

i $l7o! !%e onl" evi-en+e o' %i ori&in) B.! -.rin&

!%e -$r( $&e Irel$n- *$ !%e %o7e o' !%e #e! +%ol$r

%i, $n- !%e ,.re! C%ri!i$ni!" in E.ro,e)

T%e #ri&%!e! r$" o' Cel!i+ li!er$!.re %o*ever $re

!%oe *%i+% +$7e !o E.ro,e 'ro7 !%e !or" o' Ar!%.r)

T%e le&en- *%i+% &re* ro.n- !%e n$7e o' $ Bri!i%

r.ler *%o ee7 !o %$ve .++e'.ll" rei!e- !%e S$/on

inv$-er +) 5 *ere (e,! in 7e7or" $7on& !%e Wel%

$n- Bre!on Cel! $n- *ere le! looe .,on li!er$!.re in

!%e &.ie o' %i!or" #" 6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!% in 1139)

T%i le&en- !r$n'.e- #" C%ri!i$n $n- 'e.-$l in

.en+e %$ ,rove- i!el' !%e 7o! vi!$l n.+le. o'

ro7$n!i+ !or" in En&li% li!er$!.re 'ro7 I"$"$7on !o

S*in#.rne $n- *%$!ever i! .l!i7$!e ori&in 7$" %$ve

#een i! i $ ,.rel" Cel!i+ &i'! !o .) T%ro.&% i! in !%e


12/301

*or- o' Ren$n ; !%e +re$!ion o' $ %$l' +on.ere-

r$+e %$ve #e+o7e !%e .niver$l 'e$! o' i7$&in$!ion 'or

7$n(in-);

T%e @r! Te.!oni+ e!!ler in Bri!$in *ere !%e .!e

*%o o++.,ie- Gen!) E$rlier re,onive !o +on!inen!$l

in.en+e !%e" +on!ri#.!e- li!!le !o Ol- En&li% li!er$

!.re) T%en +$7e !%e S$/on 'ro7 Hol!ein $n- Nor!%

6er7$n" *%o +on.ere- S.e/ Wee/ $n- Ee/

+) 45 $n- !%ro.&% !%e '$7il" o' Cer-i+ #e+$7e !%e

-o7in$n! #r$n+%) Fin$ll" !%e An&le 'ro7 !%e lo*

l$n- #e!*een !%e El#e $n- Ei-er ,ro#$#l" (in7en o'

!%e Io7#$r- +on.eror o' I!$l" 5 'o.n-e- E$!

An&li$ 8eir$ Berni+i$ $n- Mer+i$ +) 5) A! @r!

!%e An&le *ere !%e 7o! ,o*er'.l &ro., $n- i! *$

$7on& !%e7 !%$! Ol- En&li% li!er$!.re #e&$n)

Beo*.l' $n- o!%er ,oe7 no -o.#! !%e" #ro.&%! in

o7e 'or7 'ro7 !%eir %o7e #.! $ Cel!i+ e,e+i$ll"

6$eli+ in.en+e $,,e$re- e$rl" $7on& !%e7) C%ri!


i$ni!" +$7e !o !%e7 'ro7 Ion$ $n- .n!il 4 !%e Iri%

!",e o' *or%i, ,rev$ile-) S+%ol$r o' E.ro,e$n '$7e

li(e Be-e o.ri%e- in !%e Nor!%.7#ri$n 7on$!erie

!*o ,ro-.+!ive +%ool o' ,oe!r" !%oe o' Ce-7on $n-

o' C"ne*.l' &re* ., $n- !%e l$!!er e,e+i$ll" %o*

7.+% 7ore !%$n $ !r$+e o' Cel!i+ in.en+e) B.! !%e

8$ni% $!!$+( $n- o!%er +$.e *e$(ene- !%e Nor!%.7

#ri$n $+en-$n+" $n- -e!ro"e- $ 7o! ,ro7iin& &ro*!%

o' ,oe!r") T%e We!S$/on ,ro-.+e- !%e &re$! ,roe

o' Al're- $n- Sl'ri+ #.! no ,oe!) I i! '$n+i'.l !o

+onne+! !%i *i!% !%e lo o' !%e 'er!iliKin& Cel!i+ !re$7

T%e Cel! %$ #een +.! oJ 'ro7 e/er+iin& $ -ire+!

eJe+! on o.r li!er$!.re #" %i l$n&.$&e 'e* o' %i *or-


13/301

$re on o.r li, $n- !%oe +%ie" n$7e o' ,l$+e $n-

n$!.r$l ,%eno7en$ e)&) A#er-een Inverne 8.n

!$#le IHr$+o7#e L" n7on!% Avon =ennine *i!% $

'e* o!%er *or- li(e +l$n &len +$irn #o& #ro&.e e!+)

B.! %i .n-o.#!e- +on!ri#.!ion !o !%e n$!ion$l #loo-

%$ %$- i! eJe+! on !%e #r$in $n- !%e o.l o' !%e En&li%

,eo,le $n- %en+e .,on i! li!er$!.re) ; I! +%or- o'

,ene!r$!in& ,$ion $n- 7el$n+%ol"; *ro!e M$!!%e*

Arnol- ; i! Ti!$ni7 $ *e ee i! in B"ron *%$! o!%er

E.ro,e$n ,oe!r" ,oee !%$! li(e !%e En&li% $n-

*%ere -o *e &e! i! 'ro7 ) ) ) T%e Cel! $re !%e

,ri7e $.!%or o' !%i vein o' ,ier+in& re&re! $n- ,$ion);

T%e $7e *ri!er in %i e$" on Cel!i+ Li!er$!.re 1

e/,ree o.r -e#! !o !%e Cel! in l$n&.$&e o' elo.en!

en!%.i$7 0 ; !%e Cel!: .i+( 'eelin& 'or *%$! i no#le

$n- -i!in&.i%e- &$ve %i ,oe!r" !"le %i in-o7i!$#le

,eron$li!" &$ve i! ,ri-e $n- ,$ion %i eni#ili!" $n-

nervo. e/$l!$!ion &$ve i! $ #e!!er &i'! !ill !%e &i'!

o' ren-erin& *i!% *on-er'.l 'eli+i!" !%e 7$&i+$l +%$r7

o' n$!.re); Ano!%er ,%$e o' !%e Cel!i+ &eni. i

-*el! .,on in Erne! Ren$n: ill.7in$!in& e$" on !%e

,oe!r" o' !%e Bre!on) ;I' i! #e ,er7i!!e- .; %e

$" ; !o $i&n e/ !o n$!ion $ !o in-ivi-.$l *e

%o.l- %$ve !o $" *i!%o.! %ei!$!ion !%$! !%e Cel!i+

r$+e e,e+i$ll" in re&$r- !o i! C"7ri+ or Bre!on #r$n+%

i $n een!i$ll" 'e7inine r$+e) No %.7$n '$7il" I

#elieve %$ +$rrie- o 7.+% 7"!er" in!o love); W%en


*e re7e7#er $ll !%$! i7$&in$!ion %$ *oven in!o !%e

v$&.e !i.e o' !%e Ar!%.ri$n !orie i! i %$r- !o +o7#$!

!%ee vie*) T%e Te.!on *$ in %i *$" re,onive

!o n$!.re $n- !o love #.! *%en *e ee %i7 in %i

ori&in$l n$(e-ne $ in !%e E--$ or !%e Ni#el.n&enlie-


14/301

!%e $#en+e o' !%$! ; n$!.r$l 7$&i+; !%$! *i!'.l

7el$n+%ol" $n- !%$! ro7$n!i+ loveno!e *%i+% !%e

Cel!i+ en!%.i$! %ol- #elon& !o !%e Cel!i+ r$+e i

,$in'.ll" no!i+e$#le) T%e Cel! in-ee- '$ile- !o $+%ieve

$n" re$ll" &re$! *or( 0 'or !%$! !%e 7ore ,$!ien! $n-

+on!r.+!ive Te.!on *$ 7.+% #e!!er .$li@e-) B.!

i' !%i i !r.e i' !%$! i !%e H$7le! $n- O!%ello o'

o.r li!er$!.re $re Te.!oni+ in +on+e,!ion $n- !ill 7ore

in e/e+.!ion i! i $lo !r.e !%$! !%e Ti!$ni$ $n-

Ariel no! !o 7en!ion !%e Ro$lin- $n- I7o&en $re

-o7in$!in&l" Cel!i+) T%e Fren+% I!$li$n $n- +l$i+$l

li!er$!.re %$ve ,l$"e- !%eir ,$r! in 7o.l-in& o.r

#.! !%eir in.en+e %$ #een +%ie" e-.+$!ive or e/!er

n$l #e$rin& on !%e '$%ion o' i! r$!%er !%$n on i!

een+e) T%e Cel!i+ in.en+e i in !%e #loo- $n- 'or

!%$! re$on !.-en! o' En&li% li!er$!.re %o.l- ,$" $

li!!le $!!en!ion !o !%e i7,er'e+! Cel!i+ re7$in !%$!

%$ve #een $ve-) T%$! in.en+e i no -o.#!

&re$!er in Mr) W) B) Ye$! $n- Mr) Neil M.nro !%$n in

Mr) Gi,lin& or Mr) Well #.! i! i $ !r.l" $live in

7o-ern li!er$!.re $ $! $n" o!%er ,erio- $n- i '$r

7ore el'+on+io.)

CHA=TER I

Ol- En&li% Li!er$!.re

A) E.ro,e$n Li!er$!.re 4491

T%e in!erv$l #e!*een !%e '$ll o' !%e Ro7$n E7,ire

$n- !%e 'or7$!ion o' !%e ,reen! n$!ion o' E.ro,e

..$ll" (no*n $ !%e 8$r( A&e 7o! o' !%e *ri!in&

C%ri!i$n or e-.+$!ion$l in ,.r,oe *ri!!en in L$!in

#e&innin& o' vern$+.l$r li!er$!.re no!e*or!%" in

En&l$n- le o in 6er7$n" +r.-e #e&innin& o'

ro7$n+e $n- $lle&or" in Fr$n+e $n- 6er7$n" 0 -i-


15/301

no! $Je+! En&li% !ill $'!er !%e Con.e! li!er$!.re

$n- le$rnin& !ron& in Irel$n- +) 9)

L$!in $.!%or i7,or!$n! !o En&li% !.-en! $re 0

Boe!%i. 4525 0 7ini!er o' !%e E7,eror T%eo-ori+

'ell o.! o' '$vo.r *i!% %i 7$!er $n- *%ile in ,rion *ro!e %i

8e Conol$!ione =%iloo,%i+ one o' !%e 7o! in.en!i$l #oo(

o' !%e Mi--le A&e !r$nl$!e- #" Al're- $n- C%$.+er $

,%iloo,%i+$l -i$lo&.e in !%e ,iri! o' =l$!o e!!in& 'or!% !%e

,ro#le7 o' F$!e $n- Free Will $n- $-vo+$!in& $ re$on$#le

$+.ie+en+e in !%e .n(no*n $n- i7,er'e+! *or(in& o'

=rovi-en+e ,$r!l" in vere #.! !%e ,roe !%e #e! ,or!ion)

Mo! +%$r$+!eri!i+ *or( o' !%e ,erio- lin( =l$!o *i!% 8$n!e

!%e ol- *orl- *i!% !%e ne*) ; Boe!%i. i !%e in!er,re!er o' !%e

$n+ien! *orl- $n- i! *i-o7); Ger 0 T%e 8$r( A&e)

6re&or" !%e 6re$! 544 0 o,,oe- ,ro'$ne le$rnin&

%i *ri!in& Mor$l =$!or$l C$re 8i$lo&.e %$ve $ !ron&

-i-$+!i+ ,.r,oe $n- $ -i!in+!ive !"le 'or7e- $n i7,or!$n!

ele7en! in reli&io. e-.+$!ion)

Al-%el7 9 0 $##o! o' M$l7e#.r" $n- #i%o, o' S%er

#orne $ *i-el"re$- +%ol$r reve$lin& $+.$in!$n+e *i!% $ lon&

li! o' L$!in $.!%or *ro!e in $ ori- !"le in ,roe $n- vere

re7e7#ere- #" %i L$!in Ri--le #.! lon& '$7o. 'or o!%er

*or( $ ,ro-.+! o' !%e +%ool o' T%eo-ore $n- H$-ri$n o'

C$n!er#.r" 'ollo*e- #" $ +%ool o' i7i!$!or !%e #e! (no*n

#ein& S!) Boni'$+e %i En&li% vere no! ,reerve-<


Be-e 335 0 live- 7o! o' %i li'e $ !e$+%er $n-:+%ol$r $!

!%e 7on$!er" o' $rro* !%e &re$!e! *ri!er o' %i !i7e in

E.ro,e $ !e!i7on" !o !%e !ren&!% o' !%e +%ool o' Nor!%


16/301

.7#ri$ +) $.!%or o' 7$n" +o77en!$rie $n- e/

,oi!ion o' +ri,!.re o' Live o' S!) C.!%#er! $n- !%e $##o!

o' $rro* $n- We$r7o.!% $n- o' !%e E++lei$!i+$l Hi!or" o'

!%e :En&li% =eo,le o.r 7$in $.!%ori!" 'or !%e e$rl" %i!or"

o' En&l$n- %o*e- $ @ne %i!ori+$l ene in ,i!e o' +re-.li!"

in -e$lin& *i!% !%e 7ir$+le o' !%e $in! .+% $ C.!%#er! love

o' !r.!% $n- in+eri!" o' $i7 +on,i+.o. !%ro.&%o.! $ &re$!

+%ol$r $ &re$! 7$n $n- $ &re$! C%ri!i$n)

Al+.in 354 0 no! %i7el' $ &re$! *ri!er #.! $ &re$!

!e$+%er e-.+$!e- $! Yor( %e +$rrie- En&li% le$rnin& !o !%e

+o.r! o' C%$rle7$&ne *%ere %e #e+$7e !%e +en!re o' $ reviv$l o'

le$rnin& in Fr$n+e %i le!!er $n- %i L$!in ,oe7 %$ve in!ere!)

Hi!or" +on!in.e- !o #e *ri!!en #.! !%e o!%er L$!in %i!ori$n

o' !%i ,erio- %$- no in.en+e in En&l$n-)

L$!in Vere &r$-.$ll" !.rne- !o ,o,.l$r !%e7e J%e

H"7n o' !%e C%.r+% *ere *i-el" (no*n $n- !%e ,o,.l$r vere

in i7il$r 7e!re *$ i7,or!$n! $ $ !r$ni!ion !o !%e 7e!ri+$l

"!e7 o' Fren+% $n- I!$li$n $n- %en+e l$!er !o En&li%)

B) =reC%ri!i$n =oe!r" in En&l$n-

Ver" li&%! $re !%e evi-en+e o' !%e ,$&$n #elie'

$n- reli&io. 7"!% o' o.r Te.!oni+ $n+e!or in

En&li% li!er$!.re) T%e &o- o' !%e An&le $n- S$/on

-o no! $,,e$r nor $n" le&en- +on+ernin& !%e7) A

#elie' in W"r- $ (in- o' F$!e or ine+$,$#le $n-

invin+i#le -e!in" i $ +%$r$+!eri!i+ An&loS$/on no!e

$n- in!ere!in& .rviv$l o' $n+ien! +.!o7 $re !o #e

'o.n- in Beo*.l') C%ri!i$ni!" +$7e !oo oon $n-

over*%el7e- !%e An&loS$/on '$i!% *i!%o.! -e!ro"in&

i! ,iri! %o*ever) T%e %eroi+ *$rrior 0 !%e &enero.

*$rlor-0 !%e '.ll 7e$-+.,0 $ %e$ven o' @&%!in&

$n- 'e$!in& 'or !%e #r$ve 0 $ +ol- $n- &loo7" %ell 'or

!%e +o*$r- 0 !%ee $re !%e 7ovin& !%e7$)


17/301

E$rl" En&li% ,oe!r" ,ro#$#l" !%e *or( o' iol$!e-

7in!rel +o,$ e/i!in& @r! $ %or! #$ll$-

+ele#r$!in& !%e -ee- o' $ %ero +o7,oe- ori&in$ll"

'or or$l re+i!$!ion or in&in& in !%e %$ll o' o7e lor-

no En&li% %ero +ele#r$!e- in $n" o' !%e7 !%e" -e$l

*i!% ,eron$&e 'ro7 6er7$n" or 8en7$r( %en+e


,ro#$#l" +$7e over *i!% !%e ori&in$l S$/on or An&li$n

inv$-er)

Wl-l!% 0 !%e ; *i-e !r$velle- ; one $ 'r$&7en! -e,i+!in& !%e

li'e o' $ *$n-erin& 7in!rel 7en!ion A!!rl$ $n- $ n.7#er o'

6o!%i+ +%ie'!$in o' !%e e$rl" ,$r! o' !%e @'!% +en!.r" 7$"

#e -$!e- in i! ori&in$l 'or7 $#o.! 42)

W$l-%ere 0 !*o 'r$&7en! -e$lin& *i!% !%e !or" o' one

W$l!%$ri. $ %ero o' !%e *$r $&$in! A!!il$)

T%e Co7,l$in! ol 8eor 0 $ %or! l"ri+$l 'r$&7en! in ele&i$+

!ro,%e)

T%e W$n-erer 0 $ @ne ,oe7 ,ro#$#l" in i! ,reen! 'or7 o'

7.+% l$!er -$!e li(e T%e Se$'$rer i! -e$l *i!% !%e e$ $n- i!

7in&le- +%$r7 $n- !error 0 #o!% $re !o #e re&$r-e- $ e/+ellen!

e/$7,le o' !%e #e!DAn&loS$/on vere #elon&in& in ,iri! !o !%e

$-ven!.ro. e$rl" ,erio- !%e C%ri!i$n ele7en! ,ro#$#l" $ l$!e

$--i!ion)

T%e Fi&%! $! Flnn#.r% 0 $ 'r$&7en! $#o.! 5 line o' $ lo!

$&$ or e,i+ o' *%i+% $no!%er 'r$&7en! .rvive $ $n e,io-e


18/301

in Beo*.l' $ ,ie+e o' e/+ellen! @&%!in&)

Beo*.l'0 !%e onl" +o7,le!e .rviv$l o' Ol- En&

li% e,i+ ,oe!r"0 ne$rl" 32 line in len&!% -e$l

*i!% !%e e/,loi! o' Beo*.l' ne,%e* o' H"&e(+ (in&

o' !%e 6e$!$) T%ere $re !*o 7$in e,io-e 0

i T%e @&%! *i!% 6ren-el $n- 6ren-el: -$7 evil

7on!er *%i+% %$ve r$v$&e- !%e l$n- o' Hro!%&$r $n-

-eol$!e- %i %$ll Heoro! !%ee @&%! #elon& !o !%e %ero:

"o.!% 0 !%e" $re !ol- in vivi- !"le +le$rl" $n- *i!% -.e

re&$r- !o .i!$#le -e!$il)

ii T%e @&%! *i!% !%e @re#re$!%in& -r$&on *%i+% in %i

ol- $&e r$v$&e !%e l$n- o' !%e 6e$!$ Beo*.l' !%o.&%

-eer!e- #" %i +o7r$-e e/+e,! !%e '$i!%'.l Wi&l$' l$"

!%e -r$&on #.! i %i7el' 7or!$ll" inD.re- !%e ,oe7

+loe *i!% ole7n #.rnin& o' %i +or,e on !%e #$rro* #"

!%e e$)

C%$r$+!eri!i+) N$rr$!ive r$!%er !%$n e,i+ $

+olle+!ion o' %ero on& &iven .ni!" #" $ in&le 7in!rel

#.! !%e .ni!" i no! *ell 7$in!$ine- 0 in !%e l$! ,$r!

e,e+i$ll" !%ere i 7.+% +on'.ion $n- 7$n" re,e!i!ion)

Ye! #o!% n$rr$!ive $n- -i$lo&.e o'!en r$,i- 'or+e'.l

$n- -r$7$!i+ i7,reion o' +ener" o'!en ,o*er'.l

no $!!e7,! $! $-orn7en! e/+e,! $ 'e* o#vio. $n-

+on!$n!l" .e- 7e!$,%or D no -eli+$+" o' 'eelin&

B 9


#.! !%e !ron& i7,le %.7$n ,$ion !ron&l" -e,i+!e-

$ re7$r($#le ,ro-.+! o' i! $&e $n- +on-i!ion)


19/301

T%e %ero $ !",i+$l S$/on *$rrior !ron& 'e$rle

#o$!'.l $ @r7 *ie $n- &enero. le$-er *i!%

$n o++$ion$l ,$$&e o' &en!lene $n- $ r.-e +o.r!e"

!o.+%e- *i!% !r$&i+ ,$!%o $! %i lonel" en- 0 %i !or"

,eron$l no! n$!ion$l)

So.r+e o' !%e =oe7) =ro#$#le !%$! Beo*.l'

$+!.$ll" live- in !%e i/!% +en!.r" 0 $ r$i- #" H"&el$+

$&$in! !%e C%$!!.$rii !%e He!*$re o' Beo*.l' i

re'erre- !o #" v$rio. Fr$n(i% *ri!er) So7e o' !%e

n$7e o' Beo*.l' re$,,e$r in S+$n-in$vi$n !orie o'

l$!er -$!e) E/,loi! o' $ re$l Beo*.l' ,ro#$#l"

i-en!i@e- *i!% +.rren! 'ol(!$le 0 !%ee #ein& !%e

.rviv$l o' $n+ien! 7"!% e)&) !%e @&%! *i!% 6ren-el

i '.n-$7en!$ll" !%e @&%! #e!*een *in!er $n- .77er

!%$! *i!% !%e -r$&on !%e 7"!%i+$l +oni+! o' li&%! $n-

-$r(ne) T%e !orie *ere #ro.&%! over #" !%e

An&li$n inv$-er .ni!e- #" o7e ,$&$n ,oe! ,er%$,

$ e$rl" $ 5 *ri!!en over #" o7e C%ri!i$n revier

*%o -i- no! -e!ro" i! een!i$ll" ,$&$n +%$r$+!er

#e'ore !r$nl$!e- in!o We! S$/on $n- ,reerve-

in $ MS o' !%e !en!% +en!.r")

" C) C%ri!i$n =oe!r"

(i(e !%e ,$&$n ,oe!r" !%e C%ri!i$n -evelo,e- @r!

in Nor!%.7#ri$) T%e ne* ,oe!r" %o* !%e '.n-$

7en!$l +%$r$+!eri!i+ o' !%e ol- 0 i! love o' +oni+! i!

-eire'or &lor" i! *or%i, o' v$lo.r no +%$n&e in

7e!ri+$l 'or7 or i7$&er" ne* .#De+! o' #i#li+$l

$n- 'orei&n ori&in !re$!e- li(e !%e ol- e,e+i$ll" in !%e

@ne! ,$$&e e)&) .-i!% i $ Bi#le !or" +on+eive-

in !%e ,iri! o' $ ,$&$n $&$)

Ye! !%ere $re ne* ele7en! 0 $ o'!enin& o' !%e

%$r% o.!loo( on li'e $n- n$!.re $ lo'!" reli&io. !one


20/301

*%i+% reve$l i!el' in o.!#.r! o' ,r$ie !o 6o- in !%e

&lori@+$!ion o' $,o!le $n- $in! $n- o' 7$r!"r

-o7 in $ vivi- ,eron$l 'eelin& o' orro* 'or in in $

're.en!l" e/,ree- -eire 'or $n e!ern$l %$,,ine


%i&%er !%$n !%e 7e$-%$ll or ,e$r,l$" +$n &ive 0

!%ee #" !%e i-e o' $%e $n- !o.+%e *%i+% re+$ll !%e

,iri! o' Beo*.l')

T%e &en!ler 'eelin& !o*$r- n$!.re $n- !%e ,erv$-in&

l"ri+$l !one o' !%ee ne* ,oe7 -o.#!le +onne+!

!%e7elve *i!% !%e Cel!i+ ori&in o' Nor!%.7#ri$n

C%ri!i$ni!") To !%e ol- Te.!oni+ 7el$n+%ol" $n-

#elie' in $ r.!%le W"r- +o7e !%e *i!'.lne o' !%e

Cel! !%e Cel!i+ 7iion$rie ,re$+%e- $ ,eron$l

C%ri!i$ni!" in *%i+% %.7$ni!" *$ 7ore i7,or!$n!

!%$n ri!.$l !%i i !%e no!e o' !%e #e! o' Ol- En&li%

vere #e!*een 5 $n- $n- i! re,reen! !%e #e!

,oe!r" ,ro-.+e- in E.ro,e -.rin& !%e ,erio-)

$ T%e S+%ool o' C$e-7on 0 T%e n$7e o' C$e-7on

,reerve- !%ro.&% $n e,io-e n$rr$!e- #" Be-e Hi!)E++l)TV 24)

C$e-7on $ ne$!%er- o' !%e A##e" o' W%i!#" *%oe ,oe!i+ &i'! *$

reve$le- !o %i7 in $ viion %i @r! %"7n ,reerve- #"

Be-e in L$!in #e+$7e $ 7on( $n- $ Be-e $" ; $ll !%$! %e

+o.l- le$rn #" li!enin& %e ,on-ere- in %i %e$r! $n-

!.rne- i! in!o !%e *ee!e! o' on& ; ,$r$,%r$e- !%e e$rl"

+ri,!.re in!o vere $ *ell $ !%e li'e o' C%ri! $n- Hi $,o!le

$n- $n& !%e !error o' !%e -$" o' D.-&7en!)

=ro#$#l" li!!le o' %i ori&in$l *or( .rvive !%e ,oe7


21/301

$!!ri#.!e- !o %i!n $re +er!$inl" o' l$!er -$!e #.! !%e" 7$" %$ve

#een 'o.n-e- .,on %i on& .n& !o !%e %$r, in !%e Nor!%.7

#ri$n 7on$!erie)

6enei A 0 on !%e *%ole $ -.ll ,$r$,%r$e o' !%e even!

o' 6enei e/+e,! *%ere !%e Te.!oni+ ,iri! ,eer !%ro.&% !%e

C%ri!i$n e)&) in !%e @&%!in& e,io-e in !%e +%$r$+!er o'

A#r$%$7 in !%e $+ri@+e o' I$$+ one o' !%e #e! ,$$&e in

!%e $++o.n! o' !%e oo- e!+)

6enei B 0 $n in!er,ol$!ion o' over line in !%e $#ove

!%e *or( +le$rl" o' $no!%er %$n- !%$n A %o*n #" 7o-ern

ree$r+% !o #e $ !r$nl$!ion or ,$r$,%r$e o' $n Ol- S$/on ,oe7

#" !%e $.!%or o' Heli$n- 0 ;$n e$rl" $n- $ ,le$in& in!$n+e o'

!%e 'r.i!'.l e/+%$n&e o' li!er$r" i-e$ #e!*een !*o &re$!

n$!ion);< Con!$in o7e e/+ellen! *or( no!$#l" !%e +%$r$+!er

o' S$!$n *i!% *%i+% i! i %$r- !o #elieve !%$! Mil!on *$ no!

$+.$in!e-)

E/o-. 0 ,$r$,%r$e !%e +roin& o' !%e Re- Se$ $n- !%e

-e!r.+!ion o' !%e E&",!i$n $ vivi- n$rr$!ive o' $l7o! e,i+

-i&ni!" !%e *or( o' $ re$l ,oe! no! $'r$i- !o #e ori&in$l

7$r!i$l in ,iri! ri+% in -e+ri,!ion '.ll o' 'or+i#le *or-

,$in!in& !%e ,oe! *$ evi-en!l" $n e,i+ in&er *%o %$-

< C$7#) Hi!) En&) Li!) i 4)

II


!.rne- +leri+ or $! le$! Bi#le,oe! #.! *%o %$- re!$ine- %i

$n+ien! ,re-ile+!ion 'or %eroe $n- $r7 ; Ten Brin()

8$niel 0 $n in-iJeren! $n- +olo.rle ren-erin& %o7ile!i+ in

,.r,oe)


22/301

.-i!%0 $ 7$&ni@+en! 'r$&7en! +on!$inin& $#o.! $ .$r!er

o' $ ,oe7 o' e,i+ &r$n-e.r %$l' %e$!%en %$l' C%ri!i$n &ive

$ @ne ,or!r$i! o' !%e %eroine !%e ; 7$i- o' !%e Cre$!or; 7ore

v$rie- $n- 7ore ,ro'.e in -e!$il !%$n ..$l !%e 7$r!i$l !%e7e

%$n-le- *i!% #rilli$n! ,o*er $ ver" '$vo.r$#le ,e+i7en o'

An&loS$/on vere +o7,oe- ,oi#l" in %ono.r o' B!%ele-$

!%e L$-" o' !%e Mer+i$n 0 i' o #elon& !o e$rl" !en!% +en!.r"

+er!$inl" no! #" Ce-7on)

T%e S+%ool o' C"ne*.l' 0 No!%in& +er!$in (no*n o'

C"ne*.l' e/+e,! %i n$7e ,reerve- $ $ i&n$!.re in r.ne !o

'o.r ,oe7 ,ro#$#l" $ Nor!%.7#ri$n o' !%e ei&%!% +en!.r" 0

!%i ,ro#$#ili!" #$e- on &ener$l &ro.n- onl" e)&) !%e +ener"

o' !%e ,oe7 !%e (no*le-&e o' !%e e$ !%e $-) !one $ o' $ 7$n

*%o 'el! !%e #$i o' o+i$l or-er li,,in& $*$" *%i+% *$ no!

!%e +$e in Mer+i$ $n- Wee/ 5 $lo on !%e (no*n

e/i!en+e o' $ ,oe!i+ +%ool in Nor!%.7#ri$ #.! no! in !%e

So.!% $ 7$n o' +oni-er$#le le$rnin& $n- $++o7,li%e- ,oe!i+

(ill reli&io. in 'eelin& l"ri+$l $n- in!enel" .#De+!ive

in 7$n" ,l$+e ,oi#l" $ +o, *%o ,en! $ *il- "o.!% $n-

*ro!e %i ,oe7 in $ re,en!$n! ol- $&e)

T%e 'o.r i&ne- ,oe7 $re 0

Cri!0 $ lon& ,oe7 in !%ree ,$r! -e$lin& *i!% C%ri!: #ir!%

$+enion $n- e+on- +o7in& -erive- no! 'ro7 !%e &o,el

7erel" #.! 'ro7 v$rio. L$!in o.r+e no!$#l" !%e *ri!in& o'

6re&or" !%e 6re$! never!%ele $ &re$! ori&in$l ,oe7 !%e

*or( o' $ +on+io. $r!i! '.ll o' $ @ne reli&io. ,$ion reve$l

!%e ,oe!: ,eron$li!" ; $ 7$n o' orro* *%o %$ 'o.n- ,e$+e ;

in !%e Cro)

.li$n$ 0 !%e le&en- o' $ $in! $n- 7$r!"r .n-er !%e E7,eror

M$/i7i$n)

T%e F$!e o' !%e A,o!le 0 $ +o7,$r$!ivel" ,oor *or()


23/301

Elene 0 C"ne*.l' : 7$!er,ie+e in 'o.r!een +$n!o *i!% $

@'!een!% +on!$inin& $n inv$l.$#le ,eron$l re'eren+e !o !%e ,oe!

-e+ri#e !%e vo"$&e o' Helen$ in e$r+% o' !%e !r.e Cro %er

-i+over" o' i! !%e +one.en! +onverion o' Con!$n!ine $n-

%i vi+!or" over !%e H.n $ni7$!e- #" %i&% reli&io. ,.r,oe

!ren&!%ene- #" i7$&in$!ive -e+ri,!ion %eroi+ +o7#$!

l"ri+$l ,$ion $n- $ ,oe!i+ 'eelin& 'or n$!.re .ni!e Te.!oni+

'or+e Cel!i+ -eli+$+" o' 'eelin& $n- $ C%ri!i$n erio.ne)

I7,or!$n! ,oe7 *%i+% %$ve #een $!!ri#.!e- !o C"ne*.l'

$n- *%i+% #elon& !o !%e $7e +%ool o' !%o.&%! $! le$! $re 0

T%e 8re$7 o' !%e Roo- 0 $l7o! +er!$inl" %i !%o.&% onl"

in!ern$l evi-en+e $v$il$#le -e+ri#e %o* !%e ,oe! 'o.n- ,e$+e


$n- %$,,ine !%ro.&% $ viion *%i+% reve$le- !%e #e$.!" $n-

,o*er o' !%e !r.e Cro)

An-re$ 0 ver" ,ro#$#l" %i 'ro7 i! $o+i$!ion :*i!% !%e

F$!e o' !%e A,o!le *%i+% %$ #een !%o.&%! !o #e i! e,ilo&.e

i in !*o ,$r! 0 !%e i7,rion7en! o' M$!!%e* $7on& !%e

Mer7e-oni$n $n- An-re*: vo"$&e !o .,,or! %i7 l$+( !%e

,eron$l no!e o' !%e C"ne*.l' 7oo- -e$l in !%e ol- e,i+ ,iri!

*i!% !%e e/!ern$l $,e+! o' !%in& e,e+i$ll" @ne in i! e$ ,ie+e)

6.!%l$+ 0 %$ in ,l$+e !%e C"ne*.l@$n no!e @r! ,$r! !$7e

$n- in'erior e+on- ,$r! in C"ne*.l': #e! 7$nner +o7#ine

!%e !ri.7,%$n! ,iri! o' Beo*.l' *i!% !r.e C%ri!i$n 'eelin&

!%e ori&in$l i l$!in !%o.&% 6.!%l$+ *$ $n En&li% $in!)

T%e =%oeni/0 !%e +li7$/ o' Ol- En&li% -e+ri,!ive $n-

ree+!ive ,oe!r" !%e le&en- o' !%e ,%+eni/ 7$-e in!o $n $lle&or"


24/301

o' !%e re.rre+!ion i! ,i+!.re o' +ener" $n- .n%ine re$ll"

#e$.!i'.l i7,rove !%e L$!in ori&in$l o' L$+!$n!i. !%ir-

+en!.r" $l7o! o.! o' re+o&ni!ion)

Ri--le 0 $ +%$r$+!eri!i+ 'or7 in !%e ei&%!% +en!.r" o7e

o' C"ne*.l': !r$nl$!e- 'ro7 Al-%el7 ,) $n- o!%er

L$!in ori&in$l -e$l in $n eni&7$!i+ *$" *i!% n$!.r$l $n-

'$7ili$r o#De+! o'!en ,oe!i+$l $n- (il'.l ,ro#$#l" !%e *or(

o' !%e ,oe!: e$rl" li'e $ $ +o,)

+ =oe7 no! +l$i@e- 0 i A n.7#er o' ele&ie *%i+% $re

no7in$ll" C%ri!i$n ee7 !o #elon& !o $n e$rlier -$!e $!

le$! in !%eir ori&in$l +on+e,!ion) S.+% $re T%e W$n-erer

T%e Se$'$rer T%e H.#$n-: L$7en! T%e Wi'e: Co7,l$in!

T%e R.ine- B.r&) T%e" %o* $ le %o,e'.l !one o'

rei&n$!ion !o evil -$" !%$n C"ne*.l' $n- none o' !%e

r$,!.re o' '$i!% o' Ce-nion: +%ool) T%e" $re $l7o!

-e,$irin& ,l$in! o' &lorie &one *i!% $n in!ene ,o*er o'

-e+ri#in& *il- n$!.re)

ii T*o 7$&ni@+en! #$!!le ,ie+e $re ,reerve- in !%e

C%roni+le ,) 1 0 viK) T%e B$!!le o' Br.n$n#.r% 93

'$7ili$r in Tenn"on: 7o-erniKe- verion $n- T%e B$!!le

o' M$l-on 991 re+o.n!in& !%e Ho7eri+ +oni+! #e!*een

E$rl Br"!%no!% $n- !%e inv$-in& 8$ne !%e l$! $% o'

!%e ol- En&li% ,iri! in vere) A'!er !%i En&li% ,oe!r"

-ie o.! 0 onl" $ 'e* ini&ni@+$n! vere %$ve +o7e !o

. in En&li% -.rin& !%e !*o +en!.rie 112)

- M$n.+ri,! 0 T%e +%ie' MSS +on!$inin& An&loS$/on

,oe7 $re 0

i Beo*.l' e/i! in one MS onl" in !%e Co!!oni$n

+olle+!ion o' !%e Bri!i% M.e.7 @r! no!i+e- 13 @r!

!r$n+ri#e- 1 $n- ,.#li%e- 115 e-i!e- $n- ,rin!e-

in '$+i7ile #" .,i!K$ 12) O!%er e-i!ion in+e)

Tr$nl$!e- in!o 7o-ern vere #" Willi$7 Morri $n- A) )


25/301

W"$!! 19)

13


ii 6enei E/o-. 8$niel Cri! $n- S$!$n in $ in&le

MS .ni. ?I in !%e Bo-lei$n @r! e-i!e- #" .ni.

155

iii T%e ; E/e!er Boo(; &iven !o E/e!er C$!%e-r$l #"

Bi%o, Leo'ri+ 11 e-i!e- #" T%or,e 142 $n- *i!%

!r$nl$!ion #" 6oll$n+K 195 : +on!$in $7on& o!%er

,oe7 Cri! .li$n$ 6.!%l$+ T%e =%oeni/ Wi-i!% Co7

,l$in! o' 8eor T%e W$n-erer T%e Se$'$rer Ri--le 6no7i+

vere $n- ,$r! o' $n O)E) =%"iolo&.)

iv T%e ; Ver+elli Boo(; 'o.n- in $ li#r$r" $! Ver+elli

in Io7#$r-" 122 +on!$in *i!% %o7ilie $n- o!%er ,roe

An-re$ T%e F$!e o' !%e A,o!le T%e 8re$7 o' !%e Roo- $n-

Elene) T%e MS i -$!e- ,ro#$#l" in !%e eleven!% +en!.r" 0

e-i!e- *i!% !r$nl$!ion #" ) M) Ge7#le 1435)

C%$r$+!eri!i+ o' An&loS$/on Vere

An&loS$/on vere i $ (in- o' #l$n( vere *i!%o.!

ri7e 0 onl" in one +$e T%e Co7,l$in! o' 8eor -oe

i! '$ll in!o i7,er'e+! !$nK$ e$+% +loe- #" $ re'r$in)

E$+% line i %$r,l" -ivi-e- in!o !*o %$l'line

*%i+% $re +onne+!e- !o&e!%er #" $lli!er$!ion) E$+%

%$l'line %$ i! o*n in-e,en-en! r%"!%7i+$l +%e7e

$n- nor7$ll" +$rrie !*o $++en!e- "ll$#le $lli!er$

!ion $l*$" '$ll on *or- *%i+% #e$r !%e r%"!%7i+$l

!re never on .ne7,%$!i+ *or- #.! $ll !%e !ree-


26/301

*or- o' $ line $re no! Doine- #" $lli!er$!ion) T%e

n.7#er o' "ll$#le in e$+% 'oo! v$rie ver" *i-el" $n-

!%e 7ove7en! 7$" #e ei!%er !ro+%$i+ or i$7#i+ or

#o!% in !%e $7e %$l'line) T%i &ive $ +er!$in v$rie!"

!o !%e vere 7ove7en! #.! !%e #e! e/$7,le o'

An&loS$/on vere -o no! e+$,e !%e i7,reion o' $

7e+%$ni+$l 7ono!on" 'or !%e @ner eJe+! o' ,oe!r"

!%e $lli!er$!ive ,rin+i,le i $ ,oor in!r.7en!) I!

!ri(e o.! vivi- ,%r$e #.! +$nno! 7$in!$in !%e

+o7,le/ r%"!%7 o' $ ,$r$&r$,%)

Nor $re !%e An&loS$/on ,oe! ri+% in 7e!$,%or

$n- o!%er @&.re o' ,ee+% !%e i7ile o++.r r$rel"

!%e 7e!$,%or *%en .e- i i7,le $n- o#vio.

e)&) ; *or-%or- onle$+ ; ; .nlo+(e- !%e *or-%o$r- ;

Wi-i!% ; 7ere!re! ; ; o+e$n ; Beo*.l') T%e

,oe! $re $lo 'on- o' e/,reive +o7,o.n- *or- e)&)

e$ro&ri7 &ri7 in #$!!le &ol-%*+e! &ol- &ree-")

14


T%e '$vo.ri!e -evi+e 'or $!!$inin& v$rie!" in -i+!ion i

!%e "non"7 e)&) in .-i!% ;6en$7 $ *.n-enlo++

S+",,en-e 7$e&- +e$r,ne 7e+e ; ; T%e +.rl"%$ire-

one !%e 7$i- o' !%e Cre$!or !oo( $ %$r, (ni'e); A

l$r&e n.7#er o' .+% "non"7 re'errin& !o 6o- !%e

(in& !%e lor- !%e *$rrior e!+) o++.r) T%. !%e Gin&

in .-i!% i -e+ri#e- v$rio.l" $ ; !%e 'ol(le$-er; ;!%e

*ine lor-; ; !%e &iver o' !re$.re; ; lor- o' e$rl;

;el-er o' !%e +i!"; ;+%ie' o' !%e %iel- *$rrior;

; ,rin+e o' %eroe; ; !%e &ol-&iver; ; &ol-'rien- o'

%eroe; e!+)


27/301

8) An&loS$/on =roe

=roe *$ o' l$!er -evelo,7en! !%$n ,oe!r" $n-

*$ $ We!S$/on ,ro-.+!) Be'ore Al're-: !i7e

l$* %$- #een *ri!!en -o*n no!$#l" .n-er Ine o'

Wee/ 2 $n- OJ$ o' Mer+i$ 59 !%e

C%roni+le %$- #een #e&.n #.! no *or!%" l$n&.$&e in

,roe %$- #een 'or7e-) S+%ol$r li(e Be-e %$- *ri!!en

in I$!in #.! !%e r$i- o' !%e 8$ne (ille- Nor!%.7

#ri$n +%ol$r%i, #" -e!ro"in& i! +en!re !%e 7on$

!erie 0 $! Al're-: $++eion $ %e !ell . no +%ol$r

+leri+ or l$" +o.l- #e 'o.n- +$,$#le o' re$-in& !%e

7$#oo()

$ Al're- !%e 6re$! 0 Li'e) So. o' Gin& E!%el*.l'

#orn $! W$n!$&e 4 !$(en !o Ro7e 55 %i '$!%er 7$rrie

.-i!% -$.&%!er o' !%e Gin& o' !%e Fr$n( 5 @&%! $&$in!

!%e 8$ne $! A%-o*n 1 .++ee- E!%elre- $ (in& 1

6.!%r.7 $!!$+( Wee/ Al're- $! A!%elne"

-e'e$! 6.!%r.7 $n- 7$(e ,e$+e r.le ,e$+e'.ll" !%e

So.!% o' En&l$n- 92 ne* B$ni% inv$ion 92

#.il- $ ee! $n- -e'e$! !%e 8$ne 9 -ie 9 or 91)

In.en+e) E!$#li%e- Wee/ $ !%e n.+le. o' $ .ni@e-

En&l$n- re'or7e- !%e l$* en+o.r$&e- reli&ion $n- le$rnin&

*ro!e $n-) !r$nl$!e- $n- en+o.r$&e- o!%er !o -o o #ro.&%!

Wee/ in!o +onne/ion *i!% E.ro,e$n +iviliK$!ion #ro.&%!

over 6ri7#$l- $ 7on( o' Fl$n-er !o !e$+% %i ; le$rnin&

(ni&%!); Ri&%!'.ll" re&$r-e- $ !%e ; '$!%er o' En&li%

,roe);

Wor() Wri!!en ,$r!l" #" %i7el' ,$r!l" $lo #" o!%er .n-er

%i &.i-$n+e -o no! %o* ori&in$l &eni. #.! !%o.&% !r$nl$

!ion %$ve $ -i!in+! ,eron$l '$+!or !%e (in& o'!en e/,ree

%i o*n vie* %i ,roe +le$r $n- .n$-orne- no! *i!%o.!

15


28/301


%.7o.r !ron&l" -i-$+!i+ $n- reli&io. in $i7 !%e -$!e $n-

or-er o' +o7,oi!ion .n+er!$in)

Tr$nl$!ion o' Oroi.: Hi!orie 0 !%e ori&in$l 41

+o7,ile- .n-er !%e in.en+e o' S!) A.&.!ine $ +o7,en

-i.7 o' .niver$l %i!or" 'ro7 !%e C%ri!i$n ,oin! o' vie*

!r$nl$!ion i7,er'e+! $n- +o7,ree- e,io-e $--e- *%en

in!ere!in& e)&) !%e ,iri!e- n$rr$!ive o' !%e Vo"$&e o'

O%!%ere $n- W.l'!$n)

Tr$nl$!ion o' Be-e: Hi!ori$ E++lel$!i+$ 0 no! ver"

$!i'$+!or")

Tr$nl$!ion o' Boe!%l. ,) 0 $ 'ree ren-erin& o'

!%e 7o! '$7o. ,roe *or( o' !%e 8$r( A&e v$l.$#le

e,e+i$ll" 'or !%e e/,$n-e- e/,oi!ion *%i+% !%ro* li&%!

on Al're-: o*n !%o.&%! $n- $i7)

Tr$nl$!ion o' 6re&or": C.r$ =$!or$li 0 e,e+i$ll"

v$l.$#le 'or i! ,re'$+e &ivin& $n $++o.n! o' !%e +on-i!ion

o' le$rnin& in En&l$n- ; !%e @r! i7,or!$n! ,ie+e o' ,roe

in En&li%; C$7#) Hi!) En&) Li!) ! 92)

T%e Co-e o' L$* +o7,oe- +) 9 ) *i!% $n in!ro

-.+!ion $n- Ine: l$* $ *ell $ Al're-: in.en+e o' !%e

Mo$i+ l$* !o #e no!e-)

V$rio. *or( ,ro#$#l" no! #" Al're- $re $+ri#e-

!o %i in.en+e 0 !r$nl$!ion o' A.&.!ine: Solilo.ie

$n- 6re&or": 8i$lo&.e $ We! S$/on M$r!"rolo&" $ +ol

le+!ion o' =rover# $ =$l!er)


29/301

A,,re+i$!ion) ; He 'o.n- le$rnin& -e$- $n- %e re!ore- i!

e-.+$!ion ne&le+!e- $n- %e revive- i!); Mon.7en! !o Al're-

$! W$n!$&e)

; T%e @r! !o &ive !o %i ,eo,le $ n$!ion$l ,roe li!er$!.re);

Ten Brin()

> T%e Ol- En&li% C%roni+le0 A n$rr$!ive o'

En&li% %i!or" .ni.e in !%e vern$+.l$r o' E.ro,e ,ro#$#l"

#e&.n #" Al're- +on!in.e- !o 1154) %< l$n&.$&e i7,le $n-

+le$r 're.en!l" no 7ore !%$n $ #$re .77$r" o7e!i7e $

vivi- $n- !irrin& n$rr$!ive !%e *or( o' $n $++o7,li%e- *ri!er

!%e rei&n o' Al're- e,e+i$ll" !%e "e$r 93 !ne ,erio-

9124 !%e !ro.#lo. !i7e o' E!%elre- !%e revol! o' Here*$r-

$n- o7e in+i-en! o' S!e,%en: rei&n $re) e/$7,le o' !%e

+%roni+ler: #e! *or( o++$ion$ll" $ in 93 $n- 991 $ ,oe!

!oo( ., !%e ,en) I! i $n inv$l.$#le %i!ori+$l -o+.7en!)

T%ere $re @ve i7,or!$n! re+enion o' !%e C%roni+le 0 i

T%e Win+%e!er Ann$l !r$n'erre- !o C$n!er#.r" +) 15

ii !%e %or!er A#in&-on C%roni+le +o7,ile- $#o.! 9

iii !%e lon&er A#in&-on C%roni+le *i!% en!rie ., !o 14 iv

!%e Wor+e!er or Eve%$7 C%roni+le $ +o," o' i *i!% $--i!ion

,rin+i,$ll" rel$!in& !o Mer+i$n $n- Nor!%ern $J$ir $n- e/

!en-in& $ '$r $ 19 v !%e Ann$l o' =e!er#oro.&% *ri!!en

1


!o +o7,en$!e 'or !%e -e!r.+!ion o' MSS $! $ @re in 1 1 1 0 #$e-

on $ lo! Gen!i% C%roni+le i! i +o7,le!e -o*n !o ii$i !%en

&oe on .nevenl" !o i! l$! en!r" in 1154)

+ Reli&io. =roe0 Al're-: e-.+$!ion$l *or( *$ no!


30/301

,er7$nen!) E/+e,! 'or !%e C%roni+le En&li% li!er$!.re i $

#l$n( 'or "e$r) Wi!% !%e $++eion o' E-&$r 959 !%e

in.en+e o' 8.n!$n ,rev$ile- !%e Bene-i+!ine r.le *ere

en'or+e- in !%e 7on$!erie !ri!e reli&ion $n- le$rnin& revive-

+%ool *ere e!$#li%e- !%oe $! Win+%e!er $n- A#in&-on

#ein& 7o! '$7o.)

E!%el *ol- $##o! o' A#in&-on #i%o, o' Win+%e!er 93

$ ,.,il $n- -i+i,le o' 8.n!$n 7$-e $n En&li% verion o'

!%e Bene-i+!ine r.le)

T%e Bll+(lin& Ho7ilie0 $ +olle+!ion o' 19 %o7ilie in $

i7,le %or!$!ive ,roe *ere ,ro#$#l" in,ire- #" !%e ne*

i7,.le no!%in& i (no*n o' !%eir $.!%or%i, #.! !%e"

ee7 !o -$!e 'ro7 95 !%e" re+eive- !%eir n$7e 'ro7

!%e lo+$!ion o' !%e in&le MS $! Bli+(lin& H$ll Nor'ol(

#.! !%e" $re $l7o! +er!$inl" o' We! S$/on ori&in)

El'ri+ 955 io23 0 !%e &re$!e! ,roe *ri!er in Ol-

En&li% #orn +) 955 $ ,.,il o' E!%el*ol-: en! !o Cerne

A##e" $ !e$+%er 9 *ro!e %i @r! Ho7ilie in !*o erie

o' 4 e$+% 994 *ro!e e-.+$!ion$l *or( $ L$!in

&r$77$r $n- &lo$r" $ Collo.i.7 or -i$lo&.e #e!*een !e$+%er

$n- ,.,il $n- ,oi#l" $n $!rono7i+$l !re$!ie 8e !e7,ori#.

,ro-.+e- !%e =$ion o' !%e S$in! $ ne* e! o' %o7ilie +) 99

!r$nl$!e- ,$r! o' !%e Ol- Te!$7en! $! !%e re.e! o' !%e

e$l-or7$n E!%el*e$r- 991 *ro!e $ ,$!or$l le!!er

C$none Ael'ri+i 'or !%e #i%o, o' S%er#orne 99 #e+$7e

$##o! o' E"n%$7 15 *ro!e in L$!in Vi!$ Ae!%el*ol-i 1

$! E"n%$7 *ro!e $ n.7#er o' -o+!rin$l !r$+! !o v$rio.

no#le7en in+l.-in& one on !%e Seven'ol- 6i'! o' !%e Hol"

S,iri! $no!%er on !%e Ol- $n- Ne* Te!$7en! $n- !r$nl$!ion

o' v$rio. *or( o' S!) B$il *ro!e $lo $ ,$!or$l le!!er

Ser7o $- S$+er-o!e 'or W.l'!$n $r+%#i%o, o' Yor(

1141 $n- -ie- in o#+.ri!" o7e!i7e l$!er !%$n 12)

T%e ,roe o' iEl'ri+ i .,erior !o Al're-: !%e *e$,on i


31/301

7ore ,oli%e- $n- %e +$n .e i! *i!% e$e $n- elo.en+e

%e i $#le !o e/,re -i+.l! i-e$ $ *ell $ +o7,oe $ i7,le

n$rr$!ive) L$!in in.en+e $re 'el! in !%e -i+!ion) In %i

l$!er *or( %e #e+o7e 7ore ori- $n- in-.l&e in $lli!er$!ive

$n- %$l' r%"!%7i+ ,roe no -o.#! 'or !%e $(e o' !%e i77e-i$!e

eJe+! on $n i7,er'e+!l" e-.+$!e- $.-ien+e) A $ 7$n %e *$

i7,le .n$7#i!io. ,io. *i!% $ &en.ine love 'or reli&io.

le$rnin&) Hi in.en+e *$ &re$! #o!% !%ro.&% *%$! %e

$++o7,li%e- $n- *%$! %e in,ire-) He *$ no! $n

ori&in$l *ri!er #.! 7$-e $v$il$#le !o o!%er X!%e #e! i-e$ o'

%i !i7e)

1


W.l'!$n $r+%#i%o, o' Yor( 1223 0 $ 'rien- o'

iEl'ri+: *ro!e %o7ilie in $ %$r- -e@ni!e le-&e%$77er

!"le !%e #e! (no*n i !%e A--re !o !%e En&li% in

*%i+% %e !$(e En&li%7en !o !$( 'or !%e evil o' !%e !i7e

v' %e $7e !%e7e i -evelo,e- in %i Ser7o L.,i $- An&lo)

Br"%!'er!% ) 91 0 $no!%er -i+i,le o' 8.n!$n:

*ro!e on M$!%e7$!i+ %i H$n-#o+ i in!ere!in& evi-en+e

o' !%e le$rnin& o' !%e !i7e %i 7in- le$ne- !o +ien+e

7ore &eni$ll" !%$n !o %o7ilie)

En&li% verion o' !%e 6o,el *ere 7$-e on !%ree -iJeren!

L$!in MSS -.rin& !%e !en!% +en!.r") T%e Lin-i'$rne

6o,el +o,ie- $#o.! %$ve $n in!erline$r !r$nl$!ion in

Nor!%.7#ri$n -i$le+! 7$-e $#o.! 95 !%e R.%*or!% MS

%$ $ i7il$r in!ere! in +onne+!ion *i!% !%e Mer+i$n -i$le+!

$ We! S$/on &lo $lo -$!e 'ro7 +) 1 $n- *$ on+e !%o.&%!

!o #e Sl'ri+: *or() T%e $,o+r",%$l 6o,el o' Ni+o-e7. *$

$lo !r$nl$!e- 0 i! ,o,.l$ri!" i i7,or!$n! in +onne/ion


32/301

*i!% oe,% o' Ari7$!%e$ $n- !%e 6r$$l le&en-) O!%er

$,o+r",%$l li!er$!.re o' !%e e$rl" C%.r+% ,$e- in!o En&li%

$#o.! !%i !i7e)

Lee+% Boo( e!+) T%e in-.!r" o' !%e 7on( e/,ree-

i!el' $lo in 7e-i+ine $n in!ere!in& L+e+e Bo+ '.ll o' .eer

,re+ri,!ion $n- .,er!i!ion +o7e !o . 'ro7 !%e "e$r

951 $n En&li% Her#$ri.7 i o' $ li!!le l$!er -$!e o!%er

re+i,e 'or7.le $n- +%$r7 %$ve +o7e !o . in l$r&e n.7#er)<

T%. En&li% ,roe *$ ,.! .++e'.ll" !o $ v$rie!" o' .e

#.! *i!% !%e Nor7$n Con.e! !%e vern$+.l$r *$ 'or 7ore !%$n

15 "e$r over*%el7e- $ $ li!er$r" in!r.7en!) Never!%ele

i! -i- no! -ie !%$n( !o !%e $nn$li! o' Wor+e!er $n- =e!er

#oro.&%)

A lin( *i!% !%e +o7in& $&e i '.rni%e- #" !%e $,,e$r$n+e

o' !%e E$!ern ro7$n+e o' A,olloni. o' T"re in $n En&li%

verion +) 15)

E) T%e An&loS$/on L$n&.$&e '

$ Ori&in 0 Ol- En&li% #elon& !o !%e Lo*

6er7$n #r$n+% o' !%e We! 6er7$ni+ #r$n+% o' !%e

&re$! Te.!oni+ !ree o' l$n&.$&e) I! ne$re! rel$!ive

$re Ol- Frii$n $n- Ol- S$/on in *%i+% $ lon& ,oe7

Heli$n- %$ #een ,reerve-) T%e ol-e! ,ie+e o'

Te.!oni+ *ri!in& i $ ,$r!i$l verion o' !%e Bi#le #" !%e

6o!%i+ #i%o, Ul'-$ 3111)

=e+.li$ri!ie 0 O)E) i -i+.l! $! @r! i&%!

#.! i! !.-" i 7.+% %el,e- #" $ (no*le-&e o' 6er7$n)

< Co+($"ne0 ;Lee+%-o7 Wor!+.nnin& $n- S!$r+r$'! ; 3 vol)) 14)

! For $ '.ll $n- +$re'.l %i!or" o' !%e En&li% !on&.e ee E7eron 0 Hi!or" o'

!%e En&li% L$n&.$&e M$+7ill$n 19)


33/301


T%e -i+.l!ie $rie 'ro7 0 i !%e +o7,le/ "!e7 o' in

e/ion ii !%e .n+er!$in!" o' !%e ,ellin& in MSS o'

-iJeren! -i$le+! $n- -$!e iii $ vo+$#.l$r" l$r&el"

o#ole!e iv $ +r.-e "n!$/ *%i+% 7$(e !%e e/

,reion o' $n" #.! !%e i7,le! i-e$ i7,oi#le)

i T%ere $re ever$l -e+lenion o' no.n *%i+% %$ve

.nn$!.r$l &en-er $-De+!ive $re '.ll" ine+!e- o $re

!%e $r!i+le e !%e $n- !%e ,rono.n $-De+!ive %$ve

*e$( $n- !ron& -e+lenion $ in 6er7$n !%e !ron&

ver# *i!% i! +o7,li+$!e- &r$-$!ion o' vo*el i !%e ,re

v$len! +onD.&$!ion !%o.&% !%ere $re 7$n" *e$( ver#) In

%or! O)E) i $ '.ll" ine+!e- l$n&.$&e)

ii E/$7,le o' !%i o++.r in one $n- !%e $7e ,$$&e 0

e)&) in .-i!% *e @n- !%e 'or7 %ier$ %ir$ %"r$ %eor$ $ll

.e- $ !%e &en) ,i) o' %e)

iii In !*o line o' .-i!% !$(en $! r$n-o7 *e %$ve 0

*eo!ole +le$rl" i&ero' e$&er 'or vi+!or" %+ele!% %ero

leo-e ,eo,le r$*$ +%ie' l$!% %o!ile) Mo! o' !%ee

*or- %$ve #een re,l$+e- #" L$!in e.iv$len! 'e* L$!in

*or- $re 'o.n- $n- !%oe 7o!l" reli&io. ,reo! #i+eo, )

A n.7#er o' e/,reive %or! *or- $re $ lo !o !%e l$n&.$&e

e)&) ro' #r$ve l$!% +') lo$!%o7e e!+) #.! !%e l$n&.$&e

nee-e- *or- 'or !%e e/,reion o' +o7,le/ i-e$) T%e

'or7$!ion o' +o7,o.n- *or- i&ero' *$ $ +%$r$+!eri!i+

no* l$r&el" lo! in !%e l$n&.$&e e/+e,! in ,oe!r")

iv T%e +o7,le/ en!en+e i $l7o! #e"on- !%e r$n&e

o' O)E) In $n" ,$$&e o' vere !%e $#en+e o' +onD.n+!ion

i no!i+e$#le $n- *i!% !%e7 !%e .$li'"in& ,$r!i+le !%e %i

e!+) T%e @n$l +l$.e !%$! *i!% .#D.n+!ive i !%e 7o!

're.en! o' !%e .#or-in$!e !",e) T%. O)E) -i- no!


34/301

len- i!el' !o lo&i+$l .e) A !$++$!o eJe+! i +on

!$n!l" ,reen!)

+ 8i$le+! 0 T%e !$n-$r- -i$le+! o' O)E) i !%e

We! S$/on o' Al're- $n- iEl'ri+ !%e MSS o' *%oe

*ri!in& $re o7e o' !%e7 +on!e7,or$r") Mo! o' !%e

,oe7 $re $lo ,reerve- in We! S$/on in MSS +o,ie-

in !en!% $n- eleven!% +en!.rie Nor!%ern ,e+.li$ri!ie

.rvive in 7$n" o' !%e7) Mer+i$n i ,reerve- i7

,.rel" in !%e R.%*or!% 6o,el ,) 1 $n- Nor!%

.7#ri$n in !%e Lin-i'$rne MS) Onl" $ 'e* 'r$&7en!

o' Gen!i% .rvive) T%e &r$77$r o' !%e -i$le+! %o*

!%$! !%e -iol.!ion o' !%e +o7,le/ ine+!ion$l "!e7

%$- #e&.n in !%e Nor!% $n- Mi-l$n- #e'ore !%e

Con.e!)

i9


$ A,,re+i$!ion) ; T%ere i $ 'or+e vi!$li!" +le$rne $n-

-i!in+!ivene o' ,or!r$i!.re no! onl" in Beo*.l': ,eron$li!"

#.! in !%$! o' $ll !%e o!%er ,eron$&e *%i+% r$ie !%e ,oe7 in!o

$ %i&% ,l$+e $n- ,re-i+! !%$! ,e+i$l e/+ellen+e o' ,e+i$l

,or!r$i!.re *%i+% %$ 7$-e !%e En&li% -r$7$ o '$7o. in !%e

*orl-) 6re$! i7$&in$!ion i no! one o' !%e e/+ellen+e o'

Beo*.l' #.! ) ) ) !%e ,oe7 i &re$! in i! o*n *$" $n-

!%e *$" i $n En&li% *$") T%e 7en !%e *o7en $! %o7e $n-

in *$r $re one in +%$r$+!er *i!% .) I! i o.r 6enei !%e #oo(

o' o.r ori&in); S!o,'or- Broo(e)

; T%e An&loS$/on *$ +$,$#le $n- $lone o' &oo- ,roe on

$ll ,r$+!i+$l .#De+! o' e/+ellen! $n- $++.r$!e %i!or" o'

,r$+!i+$l *or( on +ien+e o' +loe +ri!i+i7 o' reli&io.

7or$l or ,%iloo,%i+$l -i+o.re !o.+%e- o'!en *i!% $ 7"!i+$l


35/301

even $n i-e$l .$li!" o' $ !en-er -ee,l"'el! reli&io. ,oe!r"

o' n$rr$!ive ,oe!r" $! -i,ro,or!ion$!e len&!% $n- %e %$- $

7o! n$!.r$l $n- %$,," !.rn 'or ,o,.l$r loveon&) ) ) B"

%i -o7in$n+e in $ll !%e .$li!ie *%i+% 7$(e $ 'ree $n- e!!le-

n$!ion$l li'e %e e+.re- $ $ ve%i+le o' li!er$!.re !%e En&li%

l$n&.$&e) ) ) T%e -o7in$n! no!e in !%e li!er$!.re o' !%ee

il$n- i !%e En&li% no!e); S!o,'or- Broo(e)

;T%e An&loS$/on *$ !%e e$rlie! vern$+.l$r C%ri!i$n

,oe!r" $ -i7 ,ro,%e+" o' *%$! !%$! ,oe!r" 7i&%! #e+o7e in

8$n!e $n- Mil!on); Mii7$n)

2

CHA=TER II

Mi--le En&li% =erio- 113

A) Hi!ori+$l No!e

An in!ere!in& ,erio- '.ll o' +%$n&e $n- -evelo,

7en! o' &re$! i7,or!$n+e !o li!er$!.re)

$ T%e Cr.$-e #ro(e -o*n #$rrier #e!*een E$! $n-

We! o,ene- !%e We! !o !%e le$rnin& $n- +.!o7 o' !%e E$!

e!$#li%e- !%e 'e.-$l +o-e o' (ni&%!%oo- $n- +%iv$lr" le- !o

!%e Fren+% ro7$n+e $n- !%e =roven+$l lovel"ri+)

# Reviv$l o' Mon$!i+l7 0 T%e !ri+! r.le $n- %i&%

reli&io. i-e$l o' Cl.n" #e&innin& o' !%e Ci!er+i$n $n- C$r

!%.i$n ,o*er o' S!) Bern$r- o' Cl$irv$./ 191153 %o!ile

!o 'ree !%o.&%! $n- ,ro'$ne le!!er &re$! in.en+e o' 7on( on

!%e $r! $n- e-.+$!ion $lo on !%e &ener$l li'e o' !%e +ler&" $n-

+one.en!l" on !%e C%.r+% $ $n in!i!.!ion) T%e C%.r+% .n-er


36/301

Hil-e #r$n- 6re&or" VII 0 135 $n- Inno+en! III 1 19

121 $! i! &re$!e! ,o*er e)&) Be+(e!: .$rrel *i!% Henr" II 0

114)

+ Be&innin& o' !%e Univeri!ie0 T%e *or( o' !%e

12!% +en!.r" !e$+%in& o' Willi$7 o' C%$7,e$./ +)i 121 -re*

7$n" !.-en! !o =$ri !%$! o' A#el$r- -) 1142 -re* 7$n"

7ore !%e re.l! *$ !%e 'or7$!ion o' $ +olle&e o' M$!er o'

Ar! *%i+% re+eive- i! +%$r!er +) 12 $ rio! in 1229 le- 7$n"

o' !%e +%ol$r !o En&l$n- *%ere !%e" ,.%e- 'or*$r- !%e

e7#r"o .niveri!ie o' O/'or- $n- C$7#ri-&e !%e re.l! *$ $

7ore 7in.!e !.-" o' !%eolo&" ,%iloo,%" e,e+i$ll" Ari!o!le

$n- !%e +ien+e o' !%e Ar$# *%i+% +.l7in$!e- in !%e 7e!i+.lo.

,re+iion o' !%e +%ool7en)

- T%e Fri$r $lo -i- 7.+% 'or e-.+$!ion $n- li!er$!.re)

T%e Fr$n+i+$n or-er 'o.n-e- in 12 1 -evo!e- !%e7elve !o !%e

o+i$l i-e o' !%eir reli&ion #.! ,ro-.+e- 7$n" +%ol$r e)&)

Ro&er B$+on) T%e 8o7ini+$n 'o.n-e- 1215 *ere in!elle+!.$l

'ro7 !%e @r! !%eir $i7 *$ !o 7$(e C%ri!i$ni!" re$on$#le

!o !%e +%ol$r) Al#er!. M$&n. 119312 $n- S!) T%o7$

A.in$ 12254 re+on+iler o' C%ri!i$ni!" $n- Ari!o!le

&re$!e! o' !%e +%ool7en *ere 8o7ini+$n) Bo!% or-er *ere

o' &re$! i7,or!$n+e !o !%e .niveri!ie)

21


8o7ini+$n $! =$ri 121 $! O/'or- 1221 C$7#ri-&e

124)

Fr$n+i+$n $! O/'or- $n- C$7#ri-&e 1224 $! =$ri

123)


37/301

Z T%e Fe.-$l S"!e7 ,rev$ile- in En&l$n- $n-

Fr$n+e #.! !%e 'or7$!ion o' $ !ron& +en!r$l 7on$r+%" 7$-e

li!er$!.re n$!ion$l ,oe! *%e!%er $ !ro.#$-o.r or !ro.vere

*ere *el+o7e- #" 7$n" o' !%e &re$!er #$ron)

In En&l$n- Willi$7 I Henr" I $n- Henr" II or&$niKe-

!%e (in&-o7 !ron&l" #.! !%e" *ere een!i$ll" 'orei&n

r.ler 0 !%e lo o' Nor7$n-" 124 $n- o' =oi!o. 1242

!%re* !%e (in& 7ore on !o %i En&li% ,oeion M$&n$

C%$r!$ 1215 $n- !%e B$ron: W$r 1245 +o77en+e-

o.r "!e7 o' ,o,.l$r &overn7en! !%e En&li% l$n&.$&e

revive- +) 12 #.! *$ no! .e- o+i$ll" #e'ore 132)

B) Li!er$!.re .n-er !%e Nor7$n

T%e Nor7$n $n ener&e!i+ $n- virile r$+e $+!e- $

$ !oni+ !o !%e En&li% #ro.&%! l$* or-er $n- .ni!"

!o $ -ivi-e- ,eo,le &$ve !%e En&li% $ !ron& ene o'

reli&ion $n- $ 7ore +.l!.re- +iviliK$!ion en+o.r$&e-

!%e 7on$!erie $n- !%e le$rnin& $o+i$!e- *i!% !%e7)

T%e" .ni!e- !%e $+!ivi!" o' !%e !",i+$l Te.!on *i!% !%e

+.l!.re o' Fr$n+e #.! &r$-.$ll" #e+$7e En&li% in

,iri! $n- i-e$l)

T%eir in!ro-.+!ion o' Con!inen!$l +.l!.re ,reerve-

En&li% li!er$!.re 'ro7 i! -ri'! in!o in.l$r n$rro*ne

li!er$!.re #e+$7e 7ore 7.n-$ne in i! in!ere! 7ore

$!!en!ive !o &r$+e $n- %$r7on" $n- le !o e-i@+$!ion

!%e ro7$n+e $n- !%e l"ri+ o' !%e !ro.#$-o.r +$7e in

'ro7 Fr$n+e !o &ive #ri&%!ne $n- i7$&in$!ive ,o*er

!o !%e En&li% &eni.)

T%e En&li% l$n&.$&e lo*l" "iel-e- !o Nor7$n


38/301

in.en+e &ivin& i! $ l$r&er $n- 7ore e/i#le vo+$#.l$r"

$n- $ i7,ler &r$77$!i+$l !r.+!.re) 8.rin& !%e

!ri+!l" Nor7$n ,erio- 11154 !%ere *$ li!!le

li!er$r" in!er+o.re #e!*een !%e r$+e) T%ree l$n&.$&e

e/i!e- i-e #" i-e 0 L$!in 'or !%e +%ol$r Fren+% 'or

!%e #$ron: +$!le En&li% 'or !%e illi!er$!e $n- .#

-.e- S$/on 0 even Henr" II -i- no! ,e$( En&li% $n-

*$ 7ore $ Fren+%7$n !%$n $n En&li%7$n) Ye! in

,i!e o' !%i En&li% .rvive- $n- *%en !%e n$!ion$l


li!er$!.re e7er&e- $&$in i! *$ En&li% in ,iri! $ *eU

$ in l$n&.$&e)

I) I$!in A.!%or

$ E++lei$!i+$l 0 T%e En&li% C%.r+% :!ren&!%ene- #"

!%e $,,oin!7en! o' reno*ne- 'orei&ner !o i! See)

L$nlr$n+ 1919 0 $n I!$li$n o' &oo- '$7il" $n-

&re$! le$rnin& 'o.n-e- !%e $##e" o' Bee 14 $r+%

#i%o, o' C$n!er#.r" 19 $.!%or o' Li#er S+in!ill$r.7 $

,ole7i+$l !re$!ie on !%e E.+%$ri! +%ol$r $n- !$!e

7$n %e &$ve $ &re$! !i7.l. !o le$rnin& $n- reli&ion in

En&l$n-)

Anel7 1331190 $lo $n I!$li$n $ ,.,il o' L$n'r$n+

,rior o' Bee 13 $##o! 1 $r+%#i%o, o' C$n!er#.r"

i[93 .$rrel *i!% Willi$7 II $#o.! !%e @e' o' !%e

C%.r+% $n- inve!i!.re +o7e !o $n $&ree7en! *i!%

Henr" I 115 $ .#!le reli&io. ,%iloo,%er $n- $ 7$n

o' ,ro'o.n- ,iri!.$l +%$r$+!er *ro!e 7$n" i7,or!$n!

!%eolo&i+$l *or( %o*in& e/+e,!ion$l -i$le+!i+$l (ill

e)&) C.r 8e. Ho7o 8e In+$rn$!ione Ver#i Monolo&ion


39/301

=rolo&ion e!+) -e$lin& *i!% !%e r$!ion$l #$i o' C%ri!i$n

#elie' in $ =l$!oni+ !"le)

E$-7er -) +)1124 0 $ 7on( o' C$n!er#.r" 'rien- $n-

'ollo*er o' Anel7 *ro!e !%e !r.!*or!%" Vi!$ Anel7i

$lo Hi!ori$ Novor.7 $n e/+ellen! !or" o' +on!e7,or$r"

even! e,e+i$ll" on !%e e++lei$!i+$l i-e)

Hi!ori$n 0 T%e #e! li!er$r" *or( o' !%e 7on( *$

!%eir L$!in +%roni+le inv$l.$#le $ $.!%ori!ie on $++o.n! o'

!%eir '$i!%'.lne) T%e 7on( no! $ 7ere re+l.e #.! o'!en in

!o.+% *i!% $J$ir $n- !%e 'rien- o' &re$! 7en) 6ener$ll" !%e

+%roni+le i no! %i!or" in !%e 7o-ern ene !%o.&% o7e!i7e

*e ee $n eJor! !o 7$(e !%e n$rr$!ive e$" $n- ,le$$n! !o re$-)

Be-e *$ !%e 7o-el o' 7o! o' !%e7)

Or-erl+. Vi!$ll 0 #orn in S%ro,%ire 15 #e+$7e $

,.,il $n- 7on( $! S!) Evro.l in Nor7$n-" *ro!e $n

E++lei$!i+$l Hi!or" 'ro7 A)8) 1 !o 1141 $#o.! *%i+%

-$!e %e -ie- $ v$l.$#le $.!%ori!" 'or o.r Nor7$n (in&

e,e+i$ll" 'or !%e $J$ir o' Nor7$n-")

Willi$7 o' M$l7e#.r" -) +) 1142 0 !%e &re$!e! o' !%i

&ro., $ ,i+!.re.e !"li! $ *ell $ $ &en.ine %i!ori$n

i7,$r!i$l ,er%$, o*in& !o %i 7i/e- Nor7$nEn&li%

#loo- *ro!e 8e 6e!i Re&.7 An&lor.7 449112 $n-

Hi!ori$ Novell$ 11242 #ei-e $ %i!or" o' 6l$!on#.r"

$n- live o' $in! ; !%e le$-er o' $ ne* %i!ori+ +%ool

*%i+% !re$! En&li% even! $ ,$r! o' !%e %i!or" o' !%e

23


*orl- $n- e7.l$!e +l$i+ 7o-el #" $ 7ore ,%iloo,%i+


40/301

$rr$n&e7en! o' !%eir 7$!eri$l ; ) R) 6reen)

Henr" o' H.n!in&-on -) +) 1155 0 no! $ 7on( %$- no! !%e

,$!ien! -r.-&er" re.ire- 'or ori&in$l *or( %i Hi!ori$

An&lor.7 !%o.&% no! $ !$n-$r- *or( *$ lon& .e- $

.+% i! i $ r$!%er -r" +o7,il$!ion)

6eo!lre" o' Mon7o.!% ee ,) 2 7$-e %i!or" in!o

ro7$n+e)

O!%er +%roni+ler o' o7e v$l.e !o !%e %i!ori$n $re

Floren+e o' Wor+e!er -) 11 1 $.!%or o' C%roni+on e/

C%roni+i $ +o7,il$!ion o' .niver$l %i!or" Si7eon o'

8.r%$7 ) 113 !%e 7o! -i!in&.i%e- o' !%e

Nor!%ern +%ool $n- Ri+%$r- o' He/%$7 ) 1125

$n ori&in$l $.!%ori!" 'or S!e,%en: rei&n)

+ S+ien!i@+ Le$rnin& *$ !$(en ., e$&erl" o'!en in

-e@$n+e o' $.!%ori!" i! *$ #$e- .,on !%e (no*le-&e o' !%e

Ar$# r$-i$!in& 'ro7 S,$in) T%ere $re *or( on 7$!%e7$!i+

$n- $!rono7" $ !r$nl$!ion o' !%e Gor$n in!o I$!in #" Ro#er!

-e Re!ine 11413 $n- 7$n" *or( on +ien+e $n- ,%iloo,%"

#" "S!%el$r- o' B$!% $.!%or o' 8e Eo-e7 e! 8ivero $ ,%ilo

o,%i+$l -i$lo&.e)

II) VERSE

$ Ro7$n!i+ 0 T%e Nor7$n $n& $ on& o' Rol$n- on !%e

#$!!le@el- o' Senl$+ #.! !%e e,i+ o' C%$rle7$&ne -i- no! !$(e

roo! in En&l$n- !%e 7e!%o- o' !%e +%$non -e &e!e -ie- o.!

Nor7$n lo! !o.+% *i!% !%e Fren+% e,o in &ener$l) Till

6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!% $*o(e !%e n$!ion$l Bri!i% le&en-

ro7$n+e l$n&.i%e-) A7on& 7inor Fren+% *ri!er $!!$+%e-

!o !%e Nor7$n *e 7$" 7en!ion =%ili,,e -e T%$.n $.!%or o'

$ Be!i$ire 1121 $ +er!$in Bene-ei! $.!%or o' !%e Le&en- o'

S!) Br$n-$n $n- 6eoJre" 6$i7$r *%o *ro!e $n E!oire -e

Bre!on lo! ,ro#$#l" veri'"in& 6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!% $n-


41/301

$n E!orie -e An&l$i +) 1145 i7,or!$n! $ $ 'o.n-$!ion 'or

W$+e: Br.! ee ,) 2) 6eoJre" *ro!e in %or!line- ri7in&

+o.,le!)

N$!ive 0 T%e eleven!% +en!.r" $ ,erio- o' -e+$") In !%e

ol- $lli!er$!ive !"le one @ne ,oe7 Be 8o7e 8+e&e $ (in- o'

%o7il" in vere .rvive $lo $ Menolo&i.7 or ,oe!i+$l

+$len-$r $n- 7e!ri+$l verion o' +er!$in ,$l7) To !%e

rei&n o' Henr" I #elon& =oe7$ Mor$le ; !%e line$l .++eor

o' !%e %o7ilie o' iEl'ri+; #.! in ri7in& vere o' 'o.r!een

"ll$#le $lo $ ,oe7 o' !%e =$!erno!er !%e e$rlie! (no*n

En&li% ,oe7 in !%e %or! ri7in& +o.,le!) A7on& !%e ,eo,le

$ $ *%ole ,o,.l$r on& *ere !ill .n& 0 !%e -ee- o' Here*$r-

Ro#in Hoo- H$velo( !%e 8$ne *ere !%. (e,! in !%e +on

+io.ne o' En&li%7en)

24


C) Flo.ri%in& o' Ro7$n+e

I) Fren+% Li!er$!.re 1154125

$ T%e Tro.#$-o.r !%e in&er o' =roven+e +%ie"

l"ri! in&in& !%e i-e$l o' +%iv$lr" in vere o' v$rie- 'or7

!%e @r! Willi$7 o' =oi+!ier 11112 no!e*or!%" $lo

$re Bern$r- -e Ven!$-o.r 11495 *%o o.ri%e- $! !%e

Co.r! o' Q.een Ele$nor o' =oi!o. $n- Ber!r$n- -e Born

'!) 1112 ,oli!i+i$n $ *ell $ ,oe!) T%eir +onven!ion

-o no! re$,,e$r in En&li% ,oe!r" #.! !%eir &r$+e $n- ,iri!

,$e- !o . !%ro.&% !%e Nor7$n Fren+%)

T%e Tro.vere *ere !%e !ro.#$-o.r o' Nor!%ern

Fr$n+e 7$n" o' !%e7 Nor7$n o7e #e+$7e !%e $7#i!io.


42/301

,oe! o' !%e Ro7$n+e) T%ee -evelo,e- in !%e Co.r!,oe!r"

o' Nor7$n ,oe! e)&) C%re!ien -e Tro"e)

+ For7 o' vere n$!.r$liKe- in Fren+% *ere 1 !%e l$i $

(in- o' l"ri+$l !$le o' Bre!on ori&in 2 !%e irven!e or reli&io.

l"ri+ 3 !%e '$#li$. $ %or! ,o,.l$r $n- o'!en ,i+" !or" in

vere 4 !%e -i! inril$r !o !%e '$#li$. #.! 7ore en!en!io.)

M$rie -e Fr$n+e ) 120 *$ !%e #e! e/,onen! o' !%e

l$i in *%i+% %e veri@e- v$rio. ol- Cel!i+ le&en- %e

live- 7.+% in En&l$n- $n- *ro!e $n Yo,e! or verion o'

Bo, $ *ell $ !%e L$i -e Sir L$.n'$l !%e L$i le Freine

Or'eo Le C%ivre'e.ille e!+) $ll in !%e ,.re! Fren+% o' %er

,erio-)

- T%e '$%ion o' ro7$n+e &r$-.$ll" 7er&e- in!o !%$! o'

$lle&or" $ een in !%e Ro7$n -e l$ Roe ,) 42)

II) T%e ; M$!!er o' An!i.i!" ;

L$!in ,oe! #e+$7e #e!!er (no*n e)&) C%$.+er *$

'$7ili$r *i!% Ovi- S!$!i. $n- L.+$n #ei-e Vir&il

6ree( no! !.-ie- #.! !%e !orie o' !%e Ili$- $n- o'

Ale/$n-er #e+$7e ver" ,o,.l$r $ !%e #$i o' ro7$n!i+

!$le $n- le&en-)

$ T%e Tro" $&$ 0 Me-iev$l ; (no*le-&e; &$ine- 'ro7

!*o ,.rio. ; +on!e7,or$rie ; o' !%e TroD$n *$r 0 8i+!" !%e

Cre!$n 6ree( $n- 8$re !%e =%r"&i$n TroD$n) 8i+!": *or(

$,,e$re- @r! in !%e e+on- +en!.r" $)-) 0 !%$! o' 8$re in !%e

i/!%) M$n" verion o' e$+% *ere 7$-e $n- !%e !or" &re*

&re$!l")

Benoi! -e S!e) More *ro!e %i Ro7$n -e Troie in o7e

3 line $n- !%. &$ve ,oe!i+ +.rren+" !o !%e le&en-

+) 1 15 i! i $n e/+ellen! 7e-iev$l ,oe7 #.! $ ,i+!.re

o' 'e.-$l +%iv$lr" r$!%er !%$n o' Tro" i! &ive ,e+i$l


43/301

+ 25


e7,%$i !o !%e !or" o' Wroil. $n- Crei-$) 6.l-o -ell$

Colonne *ro!e in L$!in *i!% $--i!ion $ ne* $++o.n! o'

!%e -e!r.+!ion o' Tro" *%i+% .,ere-e- Benoi!: 12)

M$n" o!%er verion o' !%i $&$ $,,e$re- $n- i! %$ #een

i77or!$liKe- in En&li% #" C%$.+er $n- L"-&$!e)

T%e Ale/$n-er $&$0 E/i!e- in !%e 'or7 o' ro7$n!i+

le&enin !%e !%ir- +en!.r" B)C) in !%e ,e.-oC$lli!%ene)

T%i *$ re-.+e- !o L$!in in !%e 'o.r!% +en!.r" #" .li.

V$leri. $n- $&$in in !%e !en!% #" Leo !%e Ar+%,re#"!er

i! *$ ,.! in!o 6er7$n #e'ore 1125 $n- in!o Fren+% vere #"

Al#eri+ -e Be$n+on @) 115) A#o.! 12 !%e &re$!

Ro7$n -:Ali$.n-re *ri!!en in Ale/$n-rine *$ ,ro-.+e- #"

L$7#er! !%e Croo(e- $n- Ale/$n-er o' Bern$") A#o.! 13

$,,e$re- $n En&li% ,oe7 o' Gin& Ali$.n-er in ri7in& +o.,le!

#" $n .n(no*n ,oe!) O!%er 'r$&7en! *ere (no*n !o C%$.+er

$n- ri&%! on !o 15 !%e le&en- *$ e/!re7el" ,o,.l$r in S+o!l$n-)

+ O!%er !$le +on!e -:$ven!.re 'ro7 Orien!$l $n- B"K$n

!ine o.r+e %$- ,o,.l$ri!" $n- o7e re+eive- $n En&li% -re 0

e)&) Flore $n- Bl$n+%ee.r A7i $n- A7ilo).n =$r!%eno,e

e!+)

III) T%e Ar!%.ri$n le&en- ; M$!!er o'

Bri!$in ;

$ Gin& Ar!%.r0 6ener$l in!ere! in %i !or"

$ro.e- #" 6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!%: Hi!or" 1139

!r.l" %i!ori+$l #$i o' Ar!%.r: li'e ver" len-er

le&en- +on+ernin& %i7 +.rren! 7.+% e$rlier in Cel!i+


44/301

+o.n!rie e)&) !%e !or" o' G.l%*+% $n- Ol*en in !%e

M$#ino&ion $n- !%e Wel% Tri$- $ re$l ,eron *%oe

-ee- #e+$7e $i7il$!e- *i!% Cel!i+ 7"!% e)&) !%e

Ile o' Av$lon !%e Cel!i+ O!%er*orl- !%e !orie

,$e- in!o Bri!!$n" $n- !%en+e !o Fr$n+e ,ro,er *%ere

!%e" #e+$7e !%e n.+le. o' !%e *orl-: &re$!e! #o-" o'

ro7$n+e o!%er le&en- ori&in$ll" in-e,en-en! *ere

'.e- *i!% i! !%e Cel!i+ ori&in ree+!e- in !%e v$&.e

#e$.!" o' !%e e!!in& 0 e)&) no lo+$!ion !o #e &iven !o

Bro+eli$n-e L"onnee o"o. 6$r- e!+) #.! !%e

e/!ern$l $n- !%e !one o' !%e ro7$n+e een!i$ll" 'e.-$l

$n- +%iv$lro.)

6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!% +) 1154 : $ +leri+ ,oi#l"

$r+%-e$+on o' Ll$n-$J $n- #i%o, o' S!) A$,% $lo $

7$n o' !%e *orl- .in& li!er$!.re !o erve %i o*n in!ere!

$.!%or o' !%e L$!in Hi!ori$ Re&.7 Bri!$nni$ +) 1139 0 $

.77$r" o' Bri!i% (in& 'ro7 !%e le&en-$r" Br.! !o

2


Ar!%.r %$l' !%e #oo( &iven !o i7,oi#le $++o.n! o'

Ar!%.r: e/,loi! !%ro.&% !%i Ar!%.r in!ro-.+e- $ $

%ero o' ro7$n+e %en+e !%e Ar!%.ri$n le&en- i o' Wel%

ori&in in .#De+!7$!!er $n- in i! li!er$r" $,,e$r$n+e)

B.! 6eoJre" %$- %i e"e on !%e Nor7$n Co.r! $ 7.+%

$ %i ,eo,le: !r$-i!ion)

Ro#er! W$+e$!ro.vereo' !%e Co.r! o' Henr" II veri@e-

6eoJre": Hi!or" in !%e Nor7$n Fren+% ,oe7 !%e Br.!

\ 1 155 %e $--e- !%e !or" o' !%e Ro.n- T$#le) Alo

re+o.n!e- !%e ; &e!e ; o' !%e Nor7$n in !%e Ro7$n -e

Ro.)


45/301

L$"$7on $ ,$ri% ,rie! o' Arle" on !%e Severn ) 12

ren-ere- W$+e: Br.! in!o En&li% 125 $--e- 7$n"

in+i-en! $n- $7,li@e- o!%er 'ro7 !%e !r$-i!ion o' !%e

%.7#le ,e$$n!r" o' !%e Wel% #or-er *ro!e in $ ,$!rio!i+

,iri! 'or !%e e-i@+$!ion o' %i +o.n!r"7en o !%$! !%eir

!orie %o.l- no! #e !%e 7ono,ol" o' !%e +o.r!l" e! .,

Ar!%.r $ !%e ; 7o! C%ri!i$n (in&; in vere *%i+% i

o'!en ,iri!e- $n- ,oe!i+$l $n- $l*$" e$rne!) T%e

Br.! i $lo i7,or!$n! $ !%e @r! *or( o' v$l.e in !%e

vern$+.l$r in+e !%e Con.e! i! i in !%e Ol- En&li%

$lli!er$!ive 7e!re *i!% o++$ion$l ri7e $n- $on$n+e

%$ 'e* Fren+% *or- in ,i!e o' i! ori&in $n- %o* !%e

#e&innin& o' !%oe &r$77$!i+$l +%$n&e !%e lo o' 7$n"

+%$r$+!eri!i+ Ol- En&li% ine/ion *%i+% !%e Nor7$n

Con.e! e! $'oo!) I! i $n inv$l.$#le 7on.7en! o' o.r

l$n&.$&e in i! !r$ni!ion !$&e $ *ell $ $ ver" in!ere!in&

,oe7)

O' !%e 7$n" ,oe7 in En&li% -e$lin& *i!% Ar!%.r *e

7$" 7en!ion !%e Mor!e Ar!%.r e $n $lli!er$!ive ,oe7 o'

+) 135 #" $n .n(no*n #.! re$l ,oe! $n- $ ri7in& ,oe7

o' !%e $7e !i!le in *%i+% *e 7ee! !%e !or" o' L$n+elo!

$n- El$ine)

T%e Hol" 6r$$l 0 T*o o.r+e o' !%i le&en-

!%e ver" ol- Wel% le&en- o' =ere-.r =er+iv$l

$n- !%e C%ri!i$n !or" o' oe,% o' Ari7$!%e$

@r! #len-e- in !%e Ro7$n+e o' !%e S$n 6r$$l o' Ro#er!

-e Borron +) 11 $n An&loNor7$n (ni&%! $ li!!le

l$!er #" C%re!ien -e Tro"e in !%e Con!e -el 6r$$l

$n- $#o.! 12 #" $ 6er7$n ,oe! o' %i&% &eni.

Wol'r$7 von E+%en#$+% in =$rKiv$l *%o .e- $no!%er

Fren+% verion no* lo!) T%e !or" o' L$n+elo! $n-

6.inevere *$ .ni!e- *i!% !%e 6r$$l le&enin $ lon&

,roe ro7$n+e L$n+elo! -. L$+ '$7o. 'or i! re'eren+e

in 8$n!e $n- C%$.+er $n- .,,oe- !o #e !%e *or( o'


46/301

2


W$l!er M$, *ri!!en !o '.r!%er !%e reli&io. ,l$n o'

Henr" II) T%e %ero o' !%e &r$$l .e! i no* 6$*$in

no* =er+iv$l $n- l$!er 6$l$%$- !%e on o' L$n+elo!

e++lei$!i+$l in.en+e *$ -o.#!le !ron& in !%i

+%$n&e)

W$l!er M$, 113 120 #orn on !%e Wel% #or-er

e-.+$!e- $! =$ri +$7e !o !%e Co.r! o' Henr" II $n-

#e+$7e $n i!iner$n! D.-&e 112 $r+%-e$+on o' O/'or-

. 9 $.!%or o' 8e n.&i +.ri$li.7 $ e! o' $!iri+$l

!orie in L$!in on !%e vi+e o' +o.r! $n- +ler&" re,.!e-

$.!%or o' !%e ori&in$l ; &oli$r-i+ ; vere *ri!!en ro.n- !%e

+%$r$+!er o' $ -r$7$!i+ *orl-l" #i%o, 6oli$ $o+i$!e-

*i!% !%e 6r$$l le&en- $ !%e $.!%or o' !%e L$!in ori&in$l

o' L$n+elo! -. L$+ on !%e !ren&!% o' $ MS re'eren+e 0 i'

o i! i %i %ono.r !o %$ve Doine- !%e !orie o' L$n+elo!

$n- !%e 6r$$l !o !%e Ar!%.r +"+le)

+ Tri!r$7 $n- Ie.l! 0 A ,.rel" Cel!i+ !or"

@r! ,.! in!o Fren+% vere lo! #" C%re!ien -e Tro"e

$'!er*$r- #" !*o Nor7$n ,oe! T%o7$ $n- Bero.l

+) 11 !%en in 6er7$n #" 6o!!'rie- von S!r$#.r&

H) 12 $,,e$re- in $ Nor!%ern En&li% ,oe7 +) 13

!%e re,.!e- *or( o' T%o7$ o' Er+el-o.ne)

C%re!ien -e Tro"e ) 11590 !%e &re$!e! o' !%e

Fren+% ro7$n+er $n- !%e 7o! in.en!i$l *ro!e !%e

Con!e -el 6r$$l ,$r! Tri!$n lo! Ere+ e! Eni-e

Yv$in !%e !",e o' !%e +.l!.re- 'e.-$l ,oe!)


47/301

- 6$*$in 0 T%e 7o! ,o,.l$r o' !%e Ar!%.ri$n

%eroe in En&l$n- 7$n" ,oe7 on %i7 +.l7in$!in& in

Sir 6$*$"ne $n- !%e 6rene Gni&%! +) 13 !%e @ne!

#" '$r o' Mi--le En&li% ro7$n+e !%e *or( ,ro#$#l"

o' $ L$n+$%ire 7$n in !%e ol- $lli!er$!ive vere lo'!"

in !one ,io. "e! '.ll o' !%e Do" o' li'e e/+ellen! in

-e+ri,!ion le +onven!ion$l !%$n !%e Fren+% ,oe7

!%e *or( o' $ @ne ,oe! ee ,) 34)

e Merlin 0 T%e en+%$n!er *%oe e$rl" %i!or" i

+lo.-e- *i!% !%e v$&.e! !r$-i!ion $ re,.!e- #$r- $n-

7$&i+i$n lin(e- *i!% Ar!%.r #" 6eoJre" !%e !or"

veri@e- #" Ro#er! -e Borron +) 11 !%en !r$n7.!e-

in!o $ lon& ,roe ro7$n+e *%i+% i !%e #$i o' $ #e!!er

En&li% ,oe7 Ar!%.r $n- Merlin +) 13 in %or!

+o.,le!)

2


IV) En&.% Ro7$n+e

] Cer!$in ro7$n+e o' En&li% $ -i!in+! 'ro7 Bri!i%

ori&in $re ,reerve- 7o! o' !%e7 ,$e- !%ro.&% !%e

Fren+% ere !%e" re+eive- !%eir @n$l 'or7 $n- !%.

&$ine- $n .n+on&eni$l veneer o' !%e +%iv$lro. $n-

+r.$-in& ,iri!) S.+% *ere !%e ver" ,o,.l$r !$le o'

Sir 6." o' W$r*i+( $n- Sir Bevi o' H$7,!on) 8e

$-.l!er$!e- i T%e 6e!e o' Gin& Horn $ +o7,$r$!ivel"

%or! ,oe7 o' -$!e +) 125 in %or! ri7in& +o.,le!

$n .no,%i!i+$!e- ,oe7 !ellin& $ le&en- o' Nore or

8$ni% ori&in $o+i$!e- ,ro#$#l" *i!% !%e Ile o' M$n)

S!ill 7ore +r.-e i !%e li&%!l" l$!er ; l$" ; o' H$velo(

!%e 8$ne $ !or" o' !%e 'o.n-$!ion o' 6ri7#" '.ll

o' !%e Vi(in& ,iri! $n- ,ro#$#l" $ #e.e! o' !%e


48/301

8$ni% r.le in En&l$n- 0 H$velo( Anl$' #e+o7e

Gin& o' En&l$n- $n- 8en7$r( li(e Cn.!)

T%. En&li% -re* ro7$n+e 'ro7 v$rio. o.r+e

$n- $ ver" l$r&e #o-" o' !%e7 *$ *ri!!en #e!*een 125

$n- 15) On !%e *%ole !%e" -el$"e- !%e &ro*!% o' $

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ven!ion$l $n- o'!en $#.r- !%e" l$+(e- in-ivi-.$li!"

$n- !o.+% *i!% re$li!" $n- +one.en!l" 'ell .n-er !%e

+orn o' $ re$l ,oe! in C%$.+er: Sir T%o@$) En&l$n-

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Ar!%.r $n- Merlin !%e $lli!er$!ive Mor!e Ar!%.r e $n-

Sir 6$*$"ne $n- !%e 6rene Gni&%! *ere no! *%oll" .n

*or!%" o' !%eir !%e7e)

8) Mi--le En&li% Wri!er 1213

Mi--le En&li% !%$! ,%$e o' o.r l$n&.$&e in *%i+%

!%e !r$ni!ion 'ro7 Ol- !o Mo-ern En&li% !oo( ,l$+e

!%e l$n&.$&e .i- $n- .ne!!le- v$r"in& ver" 7.+%

$++or-in& !o !i7e $n- lo+$li!") T%ree -i$le+! .rvive-

!%e Nor!%ern Mi-l$n- $n- So.!%ern #" !%e !i7e o'

C%$.+er !%e Mi-l$n- *%i+% *$ !%e l$n&.$&e o'

Ion-on %$- #e+o7e !%e n$!ion$l !$n-$r- ,ee+%

*ri!in& in !%e o!%er -i$le+! 7ore -i+.l! #e+$.e 7ore

$r+%$i+ !%$n C%$.+er)

29


T%e ,rin+i,$l +%$n&e in !%e l$n&.$&e *%i+% +$7e

$#o.! in M)E *ere 0


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$ T%e levellin& o' ine/ion i7,li@+$!ion o' -e+lenion

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in+l.-in& !%e $-o,!ion o' !%e 'or7 %e !%e" !%e7 !%eir !%e

!%$! !%i no lon&er v$ri$#le ver#$l 'or7 $,,ro/i7$!e !o

!%e ,reen! one 3r- ,er) in& in e!% .rvive- l$!er ,$r!i+i,le

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in.en+e- #" !%e Fren+% ,o(en #" !%e le$rne-)

C%$n&e in ,ron.n+i$!ion $n- ,ellin& 0 !%e 'or7er -.e

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+ C%$n&e in vo+$#.l$r" 0 ver" lo* in L$"$7on $#o.!

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$'!er 12 #e+$7e $ -i$le+! $n- -iJeren! 'ro7 =$rii$n Fren+%)

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- B" !%e 'o.r!een!% +en!.r" En&li% %$- #e+o7e !%e

n$!ive l$n&.$&e o' $ll 0 .,,l$n!in& Fren+% $ !%e l$n&.$&e o'

li!er$!.re $n- l$r&el" L$!in $ !%e l$n&.$&e o' +%ol$r%i,)

C,) C%) Ill 6o*er)

I) E$rl" En&li% Tr$ni!ion$l Wri!in&

115125

$ Or7.l.7 +) 12 !%e *or( o' Or7 $ 7on( o' Lin+oln

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even i$7#i+ r%"!%7 v$l.$#le 'or i! +%e7e o' ,ron.n+i$!ion


50/301

$n- ,ellin& $ ,ie+e o' n$!ive *or( %o*in& no Fren+%

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on $ L$!in =%"iolo&. +on!$inin& !*elve !orie o' !%e lion

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iii o!%er $lle&ori+$l ,oe7 o' le v$l.e iv reli&io. l"ri+

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3


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,ie+e o' ,roe in So.!%ern En&li% o7e!i7e $+ri#e- !o

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&.i-$n+e o' !%ree n.n livin& $! T$ren!e 8ore! $ .eer +o7

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*i!% !%e $7e $,,e$l e,e+i$ll" !o *o7en $re live o' S!)

G$!%$rine $n- S!) .li$n$ $n- H$li M$i-en%e-e)

- T%e O*le $n- !%e Ni&%!in&$le +) 1225 $ #ri&%!

$n- ,iri!e- ,oe7 in !%e 'or7 o' $ -e#$!e or +on!en!ion !%e

$.!%or .n(no*n ,oi#l" one o%n o' 6.il-'or- in !%e -i$lo&.e

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,reen! #o!% ,oin! o' vie* *i!% -r$7$!i+ '$irne in!ro-.+e

!o En&li% $ ne* (in- o' ,oe!r" 'ree 'ro7 e++lei$!i+$l #i$


51/301

%o* $ re$l love o' n$!.re $n- +oni-er$#le ,o*er o' -e+ri,!ion

ree+! !%e li'e o' !%e o.!%ern +o.n!r" *i!% %.7$n ini&%! $n-

"7,$!%" $n- o7e %.7o.r &ive &li7,e $lo o' !%e &ener$l

li'e o' !%e !i7e) T%e 7e!re i !%e %or! ri7e- +o.,le! o' 'o.r

$++en! $n- i e/+e,!ion$ll" +orre+!) T%e l$n&.$&e i ver"

'ree 'ro7 Fren+% *or- 'or!"one in $ll) T%e ,oe7 reve$l $

&oo- ,oe! +$,$#le o' -e$lin& *i!% %.7$n !%e7e in $ ,iri! o'

#e$.!" 0 i! i !%e #e! En&li% ,oe7 o' !%e +en!.r" 'ore+$!in&

!%e &re$! .$li!ie o' C%$.+er)

e T%e =rover# o' Al.re- *ere +.rren! in !%e !*el'!%

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,o,.l$r $"in& o++$ion$ll" reli&io. #.! &ener$ll" o' !%e

%re*- !",e #orn o' e/,erien+e) A 7ore *i!!" +olle+!ion +o7e

!o . 'ro7 +) 13 in !%e =rover# o' Hen-"n& ,.! !o&e!%er #" $n

.n(no*n ,oe!)

Li(e - $n- e L$"$7on re,reen! !%e] e7$n+i,$!ion

o' li!er$!.re 'ro7 ,.rel" reli&io. !%e7e $n- i! -evo!ion !o

*or( o' !%e i7$&in$!ion *ri!!en 'or ,le$.re $ *ell $ e-i@+$!ion)

II) En&li% Tr$ni!ion$l Wri!in& 12513

T$le $n- Le&en-) To !%e "e$r 12513

#elon& 8$7e Siri $n orien!$l !$le viv$+io.l" !ol- in

En&li% vere o' %or! line T%e L$n- o' Co+($"ne $

'$#li$. !re$!in& 7on( $n- 'ri$r in $ +o$re $!iri+ vein

$n- !%e Vo/ $n- !%e Wol' !%e onl" $!!e7,! !o !r$n,l$n!

!%e ver" livel" #e$!e,i+ Re"n$r- !%e Fo/ in!o En&li%)

T%e '$7o. 6e!$ Ro7$nor.7 .e- #" S%$(e,e$re in

i! l$!er En&li% 'or7 *$ ,ro#$#l" +o7,oe- in

31



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En&l$n- in I"$!in $#o.! 129) T%e T$le o' 6$7el"n i

l$!er +) 135)

8.rin& !%ee "e$r $lo !*o +olle+!ion o' !%e live o'

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in vere *%i+% r$rel" #e+o7e in!ere!in& #.! $re %i!ori+$ll"

v$l.$#le 'or !%e li'e o' Be+(e! $n- o!%er n$!ive $in!)

C%roni+ler) T%e e/$7,le o' I$"$7on o' *ri!in&

%i!or" in En&li% vere *$ no! 'ollo*e- !ill !%e en-

o' !%e 13!% +en!.r" ori&in$l +%roni+le !ill *ri!!en

in I"$!in)

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C%roni+le in lon&line- vere i li!!le (no*n ,eron$ll"

%i ,oe7 i r$!%er -re$r" #.! ,$!rio!i+ 0 ; En&l$n- i $

*ell &oo- l$n- I *een o' $ll l$n- !%e #e!; %e $" in %i

@r! line %e -re* 'ro7 6eoJre" o' Mon7o.!% Willi$7 o'

M$l7e#.r" $n- o!%er ,re-e+eor #.! #e+o7e $n ori&in$l

$.!%ori!" o' re$l v$l.e in !%e l$!!er ,$r! %$- ,eron$l

$+.$in!$n+e *i!% even! in !%e S)W) Mi-l$n- e)&) !%e

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!i7e $n- -evelo,e- $n e/+ellen! n$rr$!ive 7e!re .i!e-

!o %i !%e7e)

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*or( ver" lon& in !%e Nor!%ern -i$le+! in %or! +o.,le!

!%e %i!or" i +$rrie- !o 132)

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!%e 7on$!er" o' Se7,rin&%$7 in Lin+oln%ire *ro!e in

133 $ 'ree !r$nl$!ion in En&li% vere o' $ Fren+% +%roni+le

*ri!!en #" =er o' L$n&!o'! $n A.&.!ini$n +$non $!

Bri-lin&!on v$l.$#le 'or !%e rei&n o' E-*$r- I $n- 'or


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!%e *$r in S+o!l$n-) M$nn"n& i #e!!er (no*n 'or %i

H$n-l"n&e Sinne 133 !r$nl$!e- 'ro7 !%e M$n.el -e

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En&li%) T%e H$n-l"n&e Sinne i $ erie o' !orie in

vere !o ill.!r$!e !%e evil re.l! o' !%e v$rio. in !%e

*or( o' $n e/+ellen! !$le!eller i7$&in$!ive $n- vivi- in

-e!$il e/%or! #" e/$7,le r$!%er !%$n ,re+e,! ,i+!.re

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7e-i$ev$l li'e %i erio. ,.r,oe %o*ever -i- no! o#+.re

%i &i'! $ $ -r$7$!i+ !or"!eller)

Nor!%ern En&li%) T%e e$rl" 'o.r!een!% +en!.r"

$* $ li!er$r" reviv$l in !%e Nor!% o' En&l$n-)

C.ror M.n-i 132 $ lon& ,oe7 #" $n .n(no*n $.!%or

-e$l *i!% !%e %i!or" o' !%e *orl- 'ro7 !%e Cre$!ion !o

32


8oo7-$" in %ono.r o' !%e Vir&in *ri!!en in o+!o

"ll$#i+ 'or illi!er$!e ,eron i! *$ ver" ,o,.l$r %o7ile!i+

in in!en!ion $n- %o*in& evi-en+e o' *i-e re$-in& i! i

#ri&%! o'!en ,i+!.re.e $l*$" %.7$ne)

T%e Nor!%ern =$l!er $ r.-e verion o' !%e =$l7

#elon& !o !%e $7e ,erio-)

Ri+%$r- Rolle !%e %er7i! o' H$7,ole ne$r 8on+$!er

1 291 349 *$ $ *$n-erin& ,re$+%er o' ver" %i&%

re,.!e 'or %oline o' li'e *ro!e -evo!ion$l $n- 7"!i+$l

*or( in L$!in $n- !%e =H+(e o' Con+ien+e $ lon&

irre&.l$r $n- &loo7" ,oe7 %$vin& li!!le &r$+e o' !"le #.! $


54/301

r.!%le e$rne!ne *%i+% 7$-e i! ,o,.l$r $7on& reli&io.

7en $n- *o7en)

L$.ren+e Mino! i3oo 13520 $ ,oe! o' $ -iJeren! (in-

,ro#$#l" $ ,ro'eion$l 7in!rel $!!$+%e- !o !%e +ir+le o'

E-*$r- III *ro!e ,iri!e- ,oe7 violen!l" ,$!rio!i+ on

+on!e7,or$r" even! e)&) !%e B$!!le o' H$li-on Hill

L$ Ho&.e C$l$i Neville: Cro Win+%ele$ 135

6.ine 1352 re$-" $n- &r$,%i+ vere ,$r!l" in ri7e-

!ro,%e ,$r!l" $lli!er$!ive v$l.$#le 'or !%eir ,$!rio!i+

en!i7en! !%o.&% l$+(in& in re@ne7en! $n- &eneroi!"

o' !one)

So.!%ern En&li%) T%ere *$ le $+!ivi!" %ere

!%$n in !%e N) $n- W) T%e l$n&.$&e .e- %o* le

7o-i@+$!ion !%$n !%$! o' !%e Nor!% +one.en!l" i!

i o7e*%$! 7ore -i+.l! !o re$-)

8$n Mi+%el o' Nor!%&$!e $ +leri+ $!!$+%e- !o !%e li#r$r"

o' C$n!er#.r" *ro!e !%e A"en#i!e o' In*"! A'!er#i!e or

Re7ore o' Con+ien+e 134 !r$nl$!e- 'ro7 !%e Fren+%

L$ So77e -e Vi+e e! -e Ver!. $ !i!le *%i+% .+ien!l"

,e+i@e !%e +on!en! $lle&ori+$l $n- !e-io. ,oi#l"

(no*n !o C%$.+er =$ron: T$le in !%e Gen!i% -i$le+!)

Willi$7 ol S%ore%$7 '!) 134 0 $lo *ro!e in

Gen!i% *$ vi+$r o' C%$r! ne$r Lee- Gen! *ro!e

,oe!i+ %o7ilie on !%e S$+r$7en! !%e Ten Co77$n-7en!

!%e Seven 8e$-l" Sin !%e Vir&in M$r" e!+) in vere

*%i+% i een!i$ll" l"ri+$l o'!en li&%! in !o.+% $n- -eli+$!e

in en!i7en!)

A-$7 8$v" ) 130 $ n$!ive o' Lon-on i (no*n !o .

!%ro.&% $ %or! ,oe7 in o+!o"ll$#i+ +o.,le! !%e 8re$7

!%e ,oe7 n$rr$!e @ve o#+.re viion in *%i+% E-*$r- II

$ =rin+e o' W$le @&.re- ,er%$, in!en-e- $ $ *$rnin&

!o !%e "o.n& (in&)


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