MODALNI GLAGOLI

MODAL VERBS

Definicija modalnih glagolaU engleskom jeziku, modalni glagoli su pomoćni

glagoli (dakle, stoje uz glavni glagol) koji se koriste da se iskaže gramatički način u rečenici (npr.kondicionalni). Glavna karakteristika modalnih glagola je što nemaju sve oblike, npr.nemaju participe ni infinitiv.

U engleskom postoje sledeći modalni glagoli. Ovde su predstavljeni kao oblik za sadašnje i prošlo vreme:

shall i shouldwill i wouldmay i mightcan i couldMust (samo jedan oblik)

Navedeni glagoli nisu modalni ali mogu da se koriste u istu svrhu:

ought to i had betterused todare i need have toIako su se nekada zaista odnosili na

prošlost, oblici za prošlo vreme se u mnogim slučajevima upotrebljavaju bez takvog značenja.

Can, could and (be) able toCan je jedan od najčešće upotrebljavanih

modalnih glagola.Značenja:1. possibility/allowance (mogućnost/dozvola)2. ability (sposobnost)We can see the lake from our bedroom

window. (ability)‘I haven’t got a pen.’ ‘You can use mine.’

(allowance)Negativni oblik je cannot (can’t):I’m afraid I can’t come to the party on Friday.

Ukoliko can ima značenje sposobnosti, umesto njega se može upotrebiti izraz (be) able to:

We are able to see the lake from our bedroom window.Can ima samo dva oblika, can (sadašnji) i could

(prošli). Za druga glagolska vremena zato se koristi (be) able to:

I can’t sleep. / I haven’t been able to sleep recently.(Ne mogu da spavam. U poslednje vreme ne mogu da

spavam)Tom can come tomorrow. / Tom might be able to come

tomorrow. (Tom može da dođe sutra. Tom će možda moći da dođe sutra.)

Can and CouldCould se kao prošlo vreme od can koristi uz glagole:See hear smell taste feel

remember understandWe had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the

lake.As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas.I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn’t

hear very well.Could se takođe koristi da bi se izrazila opšta

sposobnost ili dozvola koju je neko imao u prošlosti.My grandfather could speak five languages.

(sposobnost – u ovom smislu can/could se prevode kao “umeti/znati”)

We were totally free. We could do what we wanted.

Could (do) and Could have (done) Could ima više upotreba:1. kao prošlo vreme od can. Uporedi:Listen! I can hear something. (now)I listened. I could hear something. (past)2. Kao modalni glagol, i tada označava ne prošlo

vreme nego mogućnost u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti (za predloge):

What shall we do this evening? –We could go to the cinema. (mogli bismo-predlog)

Takođe se može reći “We can go to the cinema.” (Možemo ići). Ako koristimo could, manje insistiramo na predlogu.

3. Could se koristi i za radnje koje nisu realne. Na primer:I’m so tired. I could sleep for a week. (ne I can sleep for a

week)Uporedi can i could:I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (realno, jer ona

tamo živi)Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (moguće,

ako se ona složi)This is a wonderful place. I could stay here for ever.

(nerealno)4. Could = it is possible/will be possibleThe story could be true, but I don’t think it is. (možda je

istinita)I don’t know what time Liz is coming. She could get here

any time. (možda će stići)

Could have (done)Could have (done) koristimo za mogućnost, ali

koja je postojala u prošlosti:The situation is bad, but it could be worse. (now)The situation was bad, but it could have been

worse. (past)It could have happened = it was possible

but did not happen:I didn’t know that you wanted to go to the

concert. I could have got you a ticket. (I didn’t get you a ticket.) = Nisam znala da želiš da ideš na koncert. Mogla sam ti uzeti kartu. (ali nisam)

Dave was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he’s OK.

Couldn’t (do) i couldn’t have (done)Couldn’t (do) = it is not possible/will not

be possible (nepostojanje mogućnosti u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti):

I couldn’t live in a big city. I would hate it.Everything’s fine right now. Things couldn’t be

better.Za nepostojanje mogućnosti u prošlosti:

couldn’t have done = it was not possibleWe had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have

been better.(Divno smo se proveli na odmoru. Nije moglo biti

bolje.)

Must and can’tMust je takođe modalni glagol, s tim što ima

samo jedan oblik – sadašnji.Značenje: must može da označava postojanje

obaveze, ali takođe izražava i verovatnoću, odnosno da je govornik siguran u nešto.

It must be true = I am sure it is trueYou’ve been travelling all day. You must be

tired. (I’m sure you’re tired.)Carol must get very bored in her job. She

does the same thing every day.Sally gave me her phone number. I must have

it somewhere.

Kad želimo da kažemo da smo sigurni da nešto nije verovatno ili moguće, koristimo can’t:

It can’t be true = I’m sure it is not trueYou’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry

already.They haven’t lived here for very long. They

can’t know many people.Can’t u ovaknoj upotrebi prevodimo sa

“sigurno ne” ili “nemoguće je”

Za prošlost koristimo konstrukcije:Must have (done)There’s nobody home. They must have gone

out. (Sigurno su izašli.)= I’m sure they went out.

Can’t have (done)Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t have got

my message. (Sigurno nije dobila moju poruku.) = I’m sure she didn’t get my message.

Must/can’t (do) = sigurni smo da je nešto moguće (ili nemoguće) u sadašnjosti

Must / can’t have (done) = sigurni smo da je nešto bilo moguće (ili nemoguće) u prošlosti.

May and might 1Modalni glagoli may i might označavaju

mogućnost/verovatnoću da je nešto tačno. Might nije prošlo vreme od may, već se koristi da označi manju verovatnoću, tj. da je govornik smatra da je nešto manje verovatno .

She may know = perhaps she knowsShe might knowOdrični oblici su may not i might not:She may/might not work here any more =

perhaps she doesn’t work here.

Za mogućnost/verovatnoću u prošlosti, koristimo may/might have (done):

I wonder why Kate didn’t answer the phone. She may have been asleep = perhaps she was asleep

She might have not known that we were coming.= perhaps she didn’t know

May/might i could imaju skoro isto značenje.The story could be true= It may/might be true.Ali couldn’t ima drugačije značenje od may/might

not:Sarah couldn’t have got my message ≠ Sarah

might not have got my message.

May and might 2May/might takođe koristimo da bismo govorili

o mogućim aktivnostima ili događajima u budućnosti:

I haven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Greece. = perhaps I will go

Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later. = perhaps it will rain

Uporedi will i may/might:I will be late this evening. (sigurno)I may/might be late this evening. (moguće)

Obično su may i might međusobno zamenljivi, a razlika u značenju je minimalna:

I may go to Greece ili I might go to Greece

Ali ukoliko govorimo o nerealnoj situaciji, možemo koristiti samo might:

If I were in Tom’s position, I might look for another job. (but I am not in Tom’s position) = Kad bih bio na Tomovom mestu, možda bih tražio drugi posao.

HAVE TO and MUSTMUST je modalni glagol koji ima samo jedan oblik –

sadašnji. Jedno značenje ovog glagola je obligation (obaveza) – koja postoji po mišljenju govornika:

I haven’t spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her. (Smatram da mi je to obaveza)

Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him. (Preporučujem to, mislim da je neophodno)

Ukoliko želimo da iskažemo obavezu u nekom drugom vremenu, umesto must, moramo upotrebiti have to

It was very late. I had to go home.If the pain gets worse, you’ll have to see the

doctor.

HAVE TO – obavezaHAVE TO takođe znači obavezu, koja

proizilazi iz opštih pravila. Nije u pitanju mišljenje govornika.

You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left.

George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work late.

Uporedi:I must phone Sue. (an opinion)I have to work from 9.00 to 5.00 every

day. (a fact)

MUST and MUSTN’TMUST/HAVE TO = it is necessary to do

something (morati)MUSTN’T = it is necessary not to do

somethingYou must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell

anyone.MUSTN’T ≠ ne morašMUSTN’T = ne smešDON’T HAVE TO = it is not necessary to do

somethingI don’t have to work tomorrow.DON’T HAVE TO = ne moraš

MUST, MUSTN’T, NEEDN’TYou must do something = it is necessary

that you do itWe haven’t got much time. We must hurry.

(Moramo da požurimo)You mustn’t do something = it is necessary

that you don’t do it.The baby is sleeping. We mustn’t make

noise. (Ne smemo praviti buku)You needn’t do something = it isn’t

necessary that you do it.We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t

hurry. (Ne moramo žuriti).

Umesto needn’t, možemo koristiti don’t/doesn’t need to.

We needn’t hurry.We don’t need to hurry.NEEDN’T HAVE (DONE) = it wasn’t

necessary to do something.He needn’t have taken the umbrella = He

took the umbrella, but this was not necessary.

Everything’s OK. You needn’t worry. (Ne treba da brineš)

Everything was OK. You needn’t have worried. (Nije trebalo da brineš)

SHOULD 1You should do something = it’s a good thing

or the right thing to doSHOULD ima značenje preporuke. Koristi se

za predloge, savete, preporuke.You look tired. You should go to bed.The government should do more to reduce

crime.Sa should često koristimo I think / I don’t

think / Do you think...?I think the government should do more to

reduce crime.Do you think I should apply for another job?

You shouldn’t do something = it isn’t a good thing to do

You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers. (Ne bi trebalo)

Should nema istu jačinu kao must/have to:You should apologize. (= it’s a good thing to

do.)You must apologize. (=it’s necessary to do so.)Should takođe koristimo kad očekujemo da se

nešto desi:She’s been studying hard for the exam, so she

should pass.

SHOULD HAVE DONEYou should have done something = it was the

right thing to do, but you didn’t do it (Trebalo je)You missed a great party last night. You should

have come.You shouldn’t have done something = you did it,

but it was the wrong thing to do (Nije trebalo)I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.Uporedi:You look tired. You should go to bed now.You went to bed late last night. You should have

gone to bed earlier.

OUGHT TOUmesto should, može se upotrebiti

ought to, sa istim značenjem:Do you think I ought to apply for this job?She’s been studying hard for the exam,

so she ought to pass.Jack ought not to stay up late.It was a great party last night. You ought

to have come.

SHOULD 2Should se posebno koristi posle nekih

glagola, kao što su:Demand – zahtevatiInsist – insistiratiPropose – predložitiRecommend – preporučitiSuggest – predložitiThey insisted that we should have dinner

with them.I demanded that he should apologize.

If...should...Može se reći ‘If something should

happen...’If Tom should phone while I’m out, tell him

I’ll call him back. (Ako bi Tom nazvao, reci mu da ću ga nazvati kasnije.)

I should/I shouldn’t koristimo da bismo nekome dali savet.

I shouldn’t stay up too late. You’ll be tired tomorrow.

I shouldn’t stay up= I advise you not to stay up

WOULDWOULD/WOULDN’T koristimo kad

zamišljamo neku situaciju ili aktivnost:It would be nice to buy a new car, but we

can’t afford it. (Bilo bi lepo da kupimo nov auto, ali nemamo novca.)

I would love to live by the sea. (Volela bih da živim kraj mora.)

WOULD HAVE DONE koristimo kad zamišljamo situacije ili aktivnosti u prošlosti (koje se nisu dogodile):

They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we would have done without their help.

Uporedi:I would phone Sue, but I haven’t got her

number. (now)I would have phoned Sue, but I didn’t

have her number. (past)I’m not going to invite them to the party.

They wouldn’t come anyway. (Neću ih pozvati na žurku. Ionako neće doći.)

I didn’t invite them to the party. They wouldn’t have come anyway. (Nisam ih pozvala na žurku. Ionako ne bi došli.)

Would se koristi u rečenicama sa if:I would phone Sue if I had her number.

(Nazvala bih Sju kad bih imala njen broj.)I would have phoned Sue if I’d had her

number. (Nazvala bih Sju da sam imala njen broj.)

Would koristimo i za aktivnosti koje su se redovno dešavale u prošlosti:

In summer, if the weather was fine, we would get up early and go for a swim. (Ustajali bismo rano i išli na plivanje.)

CAN/COULD/WOULD YOU...?Mnogi modalni glagoli koriste se za molbe,

zahteve, pozive, itd.Zahtevi:Can/could you wait a moment, please?Can you do me a favour?Will you do me a favour?Would you please be quiet?Molbe:Can I have these postcards, please?Could I use your phone?May i come in?

Ponude i pozivi:Can I get you a cup of coffee?Can I help you?Would you like a cup of coffee?Would you like to come to dinner

tomorrow evening?