Eng102 APA Parallelism Modifiers

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    Eng 102Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

    Parallelism

    APA

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    Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

    • Reading a book, my cat crawled into my lap.

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    Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

    • The hunter crouched behind a tree waiting for a bear to come alongwith a bow and arrow.

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    Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

    At the beginning of the novel, Tom Joad comes across a turtle on hisway home from spending four years in prison.

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    Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

    • Modifiers are words that describe other words in a sentence

    • Modifiers should be near the words they modify

    Linda saw the White House flying over Washington, D.C.

    Flying over Washington, D.C., Linda saw the White House.

    Trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.

    While I was trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.

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    Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

    modify

    • Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just

    • These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb

     At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less grasp them.

    • If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, theyshould be placed in front of that word.

    • The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.

    • The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

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    Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

    modify

    • Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just

    • These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb

     At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less grasp them.

    • If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, they

    should be placed in front of that word.• The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.

    • The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

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    Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

    modify

    • If you just interview chemistry majors, your picture of the studentbody’s response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.

    • If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the studentbody’s response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.

    • If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the studentbody’s response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.

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    Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

    modify

    • In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were not slaves.

    • In the United States in 1860, all black southerners were not slaves.

    • In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were slaves.

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    Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

    glance what they modify

    • The soccer player returned to the clinic where he had undergoneemergency surgery in 2004 in a limousine sent by Adidas.

    • He had surgery in a limousine???

    • Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, the soccer player returned tothe clinic where he had undergone emergency surgery in 2004

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    Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

    glance what they modify

    • There are many pictures of comedians who have performed at Gavin’son the walls.

    • The comedians are performing on the walls?

    • On the walls are many pictures of comedians who have performed atGavin’s.

    • The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a heavy mustacheweighing 170 pounds.

    • That’s a heavy mustache!!! 

    • The robber was described as a 170-pound, six-foot-tall man with a

    heavy mustache.

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    Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

    glance what they modify

    • A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity

    • The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned usabout our latest slang.

    • Did they meet occasionally? Or did the questioning happenoccasionally? 

    • The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee questioned usabout our latest slang.

    • The exchange students we met for coffee questioned us occasionallyabout our latest slang.

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    Move awkwardly placed modifiers

    • A sentence should flow from subject to verb to object without lengthydetours along with way

    • Hong Kong, after more than 150 years of British rule, was transferredback to Chinese control in 1997.

    • After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferredback to Chinese control in 1997.

    • After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferredback to Chinese control in 1997.

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    Avoid awkward split infinitives

    • Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think)

    • Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb (to carefully balance, tocompletely understand)

    • When a long word or phrase appears between parts of the infinitive,result is usually awkward

    • If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs.

    • The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and down stairs.

    • If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs.

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    Dangling Modifiers

    Modifier fails to refer logically to any word in the sentence• Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the

    Constitution divided the government into three branches.

    • The document understood the need for checks and balances?

    • Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the

     framers of the Constitution divided the government into threebranches.

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    Exercise 12 – 1 pg. 130

    1. The flood nearly displaced half of the city’s residents, who packed into

    several overcrowded shelters.

    The flood displaced nearly half…

    2. Most lions at night hunt for medium-size prey, such as zebra.

    Most lions hunt at night…

    3. Several recent studies have encouraged heart patients to more carefullywatch their cholesterol levels.

    …patients to watch their cholesterol levels more carefully.

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    Exercise 12 – 1 pg. 130

    4. The garden’s centerpiece is a huge sculpture that was carved by three

    women called Walking in Place.

    The garden’s centerpiece is a huge sculpture called Walking in Place thatwas carved by three women.

    5. The old Marlboro ads depicted a man on a horse smoking a cigarette.

    The old Marlboro ads depicted a man smoking a cigarette on a horse.

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    Exercise 12-2

    1. While working as a ranger in Everglades National Park,

    a Florida panther crossed the road in front of my truckone night.

    While I was working as a ranger in Everglades NationalPark, a Florida panther crossed the road in front of my

    truck one night.

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    Exercise 12-2

    2. By following the new recycling procedure, the city’s

    landfill costs will be reduced significantly.If residents follow the new recycling procedure, the city’s

    landfill costs will be reduced significantly.

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    Exercise 12-2

    3. Serving as president of the missionary circle, one of

    Sophia’s duties is to raise money for the church.Serving as president of the missionary circle, Sophia is

    responsible for raising money for the church.

    4. After buying an album by Ali Farka Toure, the rich androlling rhythms of Malian music made more sense toSilas.

    After buying an album by Ali Farka Toure, Silasunderstood the rich and rolling rhythms of Malianmusic.

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    Exercise 12-2

    5. Opening the window to let out a huge bumblebee, the

    car swerved into an oncoming truck.When the driver opened the window to let out a huge

    bumblebee, the car swerved into an oncoming truck.

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    Where vs. When

    April the first is known as All Fools’ Day ______ people play practical jokeson each other.

    The pound _____ Bella found me is in Kittanning.

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    Which Vs. That

    Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.

    Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.

    There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.

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    Which Vs. That

    Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.

    Restrictive Clause—That

    A restrictive clause is just part of a sentence that you can't get rid ofbecause it specifically restricts some other part of the sentence.

    Here's an example: The words that sparkle restrict the kind of gemsyou're talking about. Without them, the meaning of the sentence wouldchange. Without them, you'd be saying that all gems elicit forgiveness,not just the gems that sparkle. (And note that you don't need commas

    around the words that sparkle.)

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    Which Vs. That

    Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.

    There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.

    Nonrestrictive Clause—Which

    A nonrestrictive clause is something that can be left off withoutchanging the meaning of the sentence. You can think of a nonrestrictiveclause as simply additional information.

    Explanation: Diamonds are always expensive, so leaving out the wordswhich are expensive doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. (Alsonote that the phrase is surrounded by commas. Nonrestrictive clausesare usually surrounded by, or preceded by, commas.)

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    Grammar Portfolio

    • Create and illustrate 5 misplaced or dangling modifiers.

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    ParallelismEng 102 BC

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    What is Parallelism?

    Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideashave the same importance

    • Patterns fall into four areas:

    • Words and phrases

    • Forms

    • Clauses

    • Lists

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    Parallelism

    Words & Phrases

    Do not mix patterns with the –ing form (gerund) of words:

    The construction manager established a protocol that includes reviewingplans every morning, asking questions at stated intervals, and thesummarization of work at the end of the day.

    The construction manager established a protocol that includes reviewingplans every morning, asking questions at stated intervals, and summarizingwork at the end of the day.

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    Parallelism

    Words & Phrases

    Do not mix patterns of infinitive phrases.

    A daily protocol was established to review plans, field questions, andsummarize work.

    A daily protocol was established to review plans, to field questions, and tosummarize work.

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    Parallelism

    Words & Phrases

    Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs

    Either…or neither…nor

    not only…but also both…and whether…or

    The clerk told me either to change my flight or take thetrain.

    The clerk told me either to change my flight or to takethe train.

    Thomas Edison was not only a prolific inventor but alsowas a successful entrepreneur.

    Omit was

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    Parallelism

    Forms

    Do not mix forms.

    The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately,and in a detailed manner.

    The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately,and thoroughly.

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    Parallelism

    Clauses

    A parallel structure that begins with clauses must continue using clauses.

    The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that theyshould not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before thegame.

    The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that theyshould not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercisesbefore he game.

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    Parallelism

    Clauses

    Repeat function words to clarify parallels

    • By, to, that, because

    Our study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to havetrouble with classroom desks and rearranging desks for exam periods wasuseful.

    Our study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to havetrouble with classroom desks and that rearranging desks for exam periodswas useful.

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    Parallelism

    Lists

    Be sure to keep al the elements in a list in the same form.

    The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings,pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.

    The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings,pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.

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    Grammar Portfolio

    Create a brochure about parallelism. Include an unbalanced exampleof each parallel rule/category and its correction (there are 4).

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    Eng 102BC

    APA Style

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    What is APA?

    • The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a method forsource documentation that is used in most social sciences courses. The

    social sciences place emphasis on the date a work was created, so mostAPA citation involves recording the date of a particular work in thephysical text. The date is usually placed immediately after the author’sname in the “References” page at the end of an essay.

    • Essays following the APA style of formatting typically include a title page,abstract, main body, and references.

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    Formatting Differences

    • APA uses a title page.

    The title page contains the following information, centered:• the title of the paper (centered, no more than 12 words)

    • May take up one or two lines

    • Your name (first name, middle initial, last name)

    • institutional affiliation (where research was conducted)

    • https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

    https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

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    Formatting Differences (cont.)

    • The page header at the top of every page contains the “TITLE OF YOURPAPER” on the left hand side in all capital letters. This page header is

    usually a shortened version of the essay’s title and cannot exceed 50characters including spacing and punctuation.

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    In-Text Citation Differences

    • APA adds to MLA style by including an author name(s), page number(s),and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically whenever the

    author’s name is given while page numbers always appear at the end ofthe sentence. The date is important in social science because it helpsdemonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited.

    • Example (Author named in a signal phrase): Philosopher Stephen C.Pepper (1961) refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of

    evidence” (p. 49).• Example (Author not named in a signal phrase): This phenomenon is best

    referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p.49).

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    In-Text Citation Differences

    • Example (unknown page number): This phenomenon is best referred to asa “cumulative collaboration of evidence:” (Pepper, Evidence and

    Corroboration section, para. 22).

    • However, if only referring to an idea but not directly quoting the material,only make reference to the author and year of publication and not thepage number in the in-text citation.

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    Exercise 64-1

    1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasleypublished in 2000.

    a. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are soinclined to find the sessions impressive that “few can blame them forleaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction.” (p. 26).

    b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are soinclined to find the sessions impressive that “few can blame them for

    leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction” (p. 26).

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    Exercise 64-1

    1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasleypublished in 2000.

    b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are soinclined to find the sessions impressive that “few can blame them forleaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction” (p. 26).

    In APA style, the period comes after the parenthetical citation.

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    Exercise 64-1

    2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980 bookwith two authors, Marks and Kammann.

    a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurswhen people choose source material and authorities that reflect whatthey already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).

    b. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurswhen people choose source material and authorities that reflect what

    they already believe (Marks and Kammann, 1980, p. 176).

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    Exercise 64-1

    2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980 bookwith two authors, Marks and Kammann.

    a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurswhen people choose source material and authorities that reflect whatthey already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).

    In an APA parenthetical citation for a work with two authors, an ampersand(&) is placed between the authors’ names.

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    Exercise 64-1

    3. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article published in 2000 byPaul Kurtz.

    a. Kurtz has observed that “science has been investigating our ability tocommunicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has attemptedto discover empirical evidence in support of the claim” (2000, p. 29).

    b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that “science has been investigating ourability to communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has

    attempted to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim” (p.29).

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    Exercise 64-1

    4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E. R.Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher

    Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.

    a. Schwartz et al. (2001) insisted that the study had eliminated fraud andcoincidence as possible explanations for the success of the mediumstested.

    b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen (2001) insisted that the study

    had eliminated fraud and coincidence as possible explanations for thesuccess of the mediums tested.

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    Exercise 64-1

    4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E. R.Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher

    Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.

    b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen (2001) insisted that the studyhad eliminated fraud and coincidence as possible explanations for thesuccess of the mediums tested.

    In APA style for a work with three to five authors, the signal phrase includes

    all the authors’ last names the first time the source is cited. Forsubsequent citations of the source, “et al.” is used after the firstauthor’s name.

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    Exercise 64-1

    5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,Wiseman and O’Keeffe, that was published in 2001.

    a. According to Wiseman and O’Keeffe (2001). “The Schwartz et al.studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) thepotential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control group,and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage” (p. 27).

    b. According to Wiseman & O’Keeffe (2001). “The Schwartz et al. studies

    suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) thepotential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control group,and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage” (p. 27).

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    Exercise 64-1

    5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,Wiseman and O’Keeffe, that was published in 2001.

    a. According to Wiseman and O’Keeffe (2001). “The Schwartz et al.studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) thepotential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control group,and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage” (p. 27).

    In APA style, the word “and” joins two authors’ names in a signal phrase;

    the ampersand (&) is used in a parenthetical citation.

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    Exercise 64-1

    6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, “Talking to theDead,” by Leon Jaroff . The list of references contains another article, “The

    Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks,” also written by Jaroff and also publishedin 2001.

    a. Jaroff  (2001b) claimed that the medium used “a sophisticated form ofthe game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hearfrom the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or the

    departed, is supplying the answers” (p. 52).b. Jaroff  (2001) claimed that the medium used “a sophisticated form of

    the game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hearfrom the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or thedeparted, is supplying the answers” (“Talking to the Dead,” p. 52).

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    Exercise 64-1

    6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, “Talking to theDead,” by Leon Jaroff . The list of references contains another article, “The

    Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks,” also written by Jaroff and also publishedin 2001.

    a. Jaroff  (2001b) claimed that the medium used “a sophisticated form ofthe game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hearfrom the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or the

    departed, is supplying the answers” (p. 52).In APA style, two or more works by the same author in the same year are

    listed alphabetically by the first word of the title (other than A, An, orThe) in the list of references. A lowercase letter is added to the year,with “a” for the first and “b” for the second reference by the author in

    that year. The lowercase letter is also used with the year in the in-textcitation.

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    Exercise 64-1

    7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by TravisDacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page numbers.

    a. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a technique used by tarot cardreaders, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men to getpeople to believe that the cold reader knows all about them, eventhough they have never met” (para. 1).

    b. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a technique used by tarot card

    readers, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men to getpeople to believe that the cold reader knows all about them, eventhough they have never met.”

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    Exercise 64-1

    7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by TravisDacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page numbers.

    a. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a technique used by tarot cardreaders, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men to getpeople to believe that the cold reader knows all about them, eventhough they have never met” (para. 1).

    In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not

     page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the abbreviation“  para.” and the paragraph number.

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    Exercise 64-1

    7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by TravisDacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page numbers.

    a. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a technique used by tarot cardreaders, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men to getpeople to believe that the cold reader knows all about them, eventhough they have never met” (para. 1).

    In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not

     page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the abbreviation“  para.” and the paragraph number.

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    Exercise 64-1

    8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article byRay Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.

    a. Hyman pointed out that no medium has ever managed to demonstratepsychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions, even thoughlarge cash prizes have been offered to anyone who succeeds.

    b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has ever managed todemonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions,

    even though large cash prizes have been offered to anyone whosucceeds.

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    Exercise 64-1

    8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article byRay Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.

    b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has ever managed todemonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions, eventhough large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who succeeds.

    For a source without a date, the abbreviation “ n.d .” is used in the parenthetical citation.

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    Exercise 64-1

    9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the NationalScience Board. No individual author is given. The entry in the list of

    references begins like this: National Science Board.

    a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believers inparanormal phenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: “Theirbeliefs may indicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary notonly for informed decision making in the voting booth and other civic

    venues (for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choicesneeded for everyday living” (p. 12).

    b. The National Science Board cautioned that believers in paranormalphenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: “Their beliefs mayindicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary not only for

    informed decision making in the voting booth and other civic venues(for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choices needed foreveryday living” (Anonymous, 2000, p. 12).

    Exercise 64-1

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    9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the NationalScience Board. No individual author is given. The entry in the list ofreferences begins like this: National Science Board.

    a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believers inparanormal phenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: “Theirbeliefs may indicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary notonly for informed decision making in the voting booth and other civicvenues (for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choices

    needed for everyday living” (p. 12).The National Science Board is listed as the author in the reference list, so it

    appears with the date in the signal phrase. “Anonymous” is not used inthis case.

    Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the

    title in your attributive tag or the first word or two of the title in theparentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

    In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as theauthor's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the nameAnonymous as the author.

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    Exercise 64-1

    10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 andcontinues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student provides

    a page reference for this summary because the article is long.a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the

    dead were aided at the end of the twentieth century by mass mediaexposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).

    b. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the

    dead were aided at the end of the twentieth century by mass mediaexposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29+).

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    Exercise 64-1

    10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 andcontinues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student provides

    a page reference for this summary because the article is long.a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the

    dead were aided at the end of the twentieth century by mass mediaexposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).

    When information is taken from more than one consecutive page in the

    source, the range of pages is given.

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    Citation Differences

    • The last page is titled “References” not “Works Cited.” It is centered at thetop of the page. Do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks.

    • Only the first word of a title is capitalized. Also capitalize the first wordafter a dash or colon.

    • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter workssuch as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

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      ne more thing…

    While the APA manual provides many examples of how to citecommon types of sources, it does not provide rules on how to cite alltypes of sources. Therefore, if you have a source that APA does notinclude, APA suggests that you find the example that is most similarto your source and use that format.

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    Synthesis Essays

    • Like an analysis but with multiple sources

    • Thesis statement format can be the same as an analysis essay

    • Two ways to organize:

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    Synthesis Essays

    org 1

    II. Body

    A. How novel component relates to greater issue

    1. source quote

    2. explanation of how quote shows novel component

    repeat 1-2 as needed

    *Concluding sentence

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    Synthesis Essays – org 2

    II. Body

    A. How greater issue relates to novel

    1. novel quote

    2. explanation of how quote shows greater issue

    repeat 1-2 as needed

    *Concluding sentence

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    Grammar Portfolio

    • Your essay is 9 pages in length. Create a complete APA References page usingsources listed on Weebly (same ones used for the MLA Works Cited page)

    • interview in person with Robert Akins, November 19, 2010

    • Website article by Dr. Joshua Smith entitled The Many Uses of Pencils. It waspublished March 22, 2010 and viewed August 3, 2012. The URL iswww.articlesonline.smith/pencils.html

    • Pens vs. Pencils written by Henry Goldman and Elizabeth Howard. Published by GoldHouse in Philadelphia in 1989.

    • The Beauty of Mechanical Pencils by Alexander Morrow, published by Westing Forgein Denver, CO in 2011.

    • Short video called The Ink of Mystery , directed by Bernard Howard and starring KurtSherman, distributed by Public Video in November 2009.

    • Encyclopedia of Style article, “Writing Utensils,” by John Gruber, published in 2008,5th edition

    http://www.articlesonline.smith/pencils.htmlhttp://www.articlesonline.smith/pencils.html

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    Tuesday...

    • Create reference pages in class

    • Meeting in Writing Lab

    Do assignment on Weebly