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ENERGY,
Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration
Releasing Food Energy
I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule• All ______ is broken down by the body into
small molecules through digestion.– By the time food reaches your ____________, it has
been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can enter your cells.
food
bloodstream
I. ATP: Energy In A MoleculeCellular reactions
releasing
Energy
• ___________________ then break down the food molecules, __________ energy for the biological work your cells need to perform.
– ______ = the ability to do work
I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule• _____________________________= energy storing molecule
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
• Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _______________ to ____ (adenosine diphosphate) to form ____.
• Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ____ and _________!
phosphate group ADPATP
ADP phosphate
I. ATP Energy In A Molecule
I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule• Within a cell, _________ of ATP from ADP
and phosphate occurs over and over, ________________ each time!storing energy
formation
I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
• Cells use energy for:– Maintaining ____________– Eliminating _______– Transmitting _________ (nerve cells)– Cellular __________ (muscle cells)– Without ATP a cell would ____!
movementdie
impulseswasteshomeostasis
Photosynthesis
I. Overview:“The Big Picture”
• _______________ = the process that provides energy for almost all life.
• ___________ = organisms that make their own food.– Ex. plants
• Photosynthesis requires:– The _____________, ______ and ________________
to make ________________________ and _______ as byproducts.
Sun’s energy carbon dioxidewater
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis
carbohydrate molecules oxygen
• The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
I. Overview: “The Big Picture”• The energy stored in glucose and
other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ____ during the process of _____________________.
–We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!
cellular respirationATP
I. Overview: “The Big Picture”• The process of photosynthesis does
____ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages:NOT
I. Overview: “The Big Picture”• STAGE 1 – called the ________________.
–_____________ is converted to _______________.
–Takes place - _______ is captured from _________ in the _____________ of the chloroplasts of plant cells
• A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!
Light energyLIGHT REACTIONS
chemical energyEnergy
sunlight chlorophyll
Stage 1: Light Reactions• ______ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and
oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain.
• The _____________ is now converted to __________________, which is temporarily stored in _______________ (energy molecules).
• The ___ diffuses out of the chloroplasts.
Water
light energychemical energy
ATP and NADPHO2
Stage 2: Calvin Cycle• Stage 2 – Called the _______________ or
________________
• _______________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _____ and _________ powers the formation of ______________________________ (sugars, starch and fiber)
CALVIN CYCLE
Carbon dioxide
Dark Reaction
ATPcarbohydrate molecules
NADPH
Stage 2: Calvin Cycle• Takes place – in the ________ of a chloroplaststroma
Stage 2: Calvin Cycle
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flowchart
Light Reaction
DarkReaction
NADPH
ATP
H2O Sunlight
O2
CO2
C6H12O6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation
______ + _____ + _________ → ________ + ____6H2O 6CO2 Sunlight C6H12O6 6O2
chlorophyll
*Cellular Respiration
*OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture*______________________ = an
energy (ATP) releasing process.
*PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during _______________ are broken down so energy is released.
*ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during __________ are broken down so energy is released.
Cellular respiration
photosynthesis
digestion
*OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture*Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
*The PRODUCTS of ________________
glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the
REACTANTS used in _____________________.
*The WASTE PRODUCTS of
______________________, CO2 and water, are
the REACTANTS used in _________________.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
cellular respiration photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
*OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture*Processes:
1. ____________
2. ______________ (Citric Acid Cycle)
3. ____________________ (ETC)
Glycolysis
Kreb’s CycleElectron Transport Chain
*II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration
*1. ___________________ – OXYGEN is present
*If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the __________ of
glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic
respiration.
*2 major stages: ______________ &
________________________
*Produces large amounts of ATP
Aerobic respiration
products
Kreb’s CycleElectron Transport
Chain
*II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration
*2. _____________________ = No OXYGEN is present.
*Aka . . . ____________
*___ additional _____ is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP.
Anaerobic respiration
fermentation
No
ATP
*Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with ____________.
glycolysis
*III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
* 1. __________ :
* Occurs in the ____________ of the cell
* Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________ (__________)
Glycolysis
cytoplasm
glucose C6H12O6
*Glycolysis . . .
* Produces: TWO _______________ or ___________ (________)
* ____________ molecules
* Attaches H’s and Nad+ (electron carrier) and forms _______ (_______________________)
pyruvic acidspyruvates
2 ATP
NADH
C3H6O3
high energy molecule
*III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
* 2. ___________________________________: _____________________
* ____________ process (requires oxygen)
* Occurs in the ________________
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Aerobic
mitochondrion
Aerobic respiration
*Kreb’s Cycle:
* Starting molecules: _____________ and ________
* Produces: ______________, ____ and _______ molecules
* Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _____ in the _____.
2 pyruvates
NADH and FADH2
ETC
oxygen CO
22 ATP
ATP
*III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
* 3. ___________________________________: _____________________
* ____________ process (requires oxygen)
* Occurs in the ________________ of the ______________
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Aerobic
inner membrane
Aerobic respiration
mitochondria
*ETC . . . :
* Starting Molecules: _____________________ and _________.
* Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______________ and another NADH from ____________.
NADH and FADH2
Kreb’s Cycle
oxygen
Glycolysis
*ETC:
* Produces: _______ and ___________
* FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can
attach to ________ and produce _______.
* Energy is released as a result of breaking
down these molecules.
water
oxygen
32 ATP’s
water
*Importance of Aerobic Respiration:
* To transfer chemical energy (_________) to a form of energy that is __________ by cells (_____)!!!
*Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ____________
glucose
36 ATP’s
useableATP
*Anaerobic Respiration
aerobic
anaerobic
*IV. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
* Occurs _______ glycolysis, only if ____ oxygen is present.
* ____ additional _____ is created after the 2 ATP’s from glycolysis!
AFTER
No ATP
NO
* 1. _____________________:* Occurs in ________________
* Starting molecules: _____________
and ______ (from glycolysis)
* Produces: _______________ and ________________.
*Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of _______.
*
Anaerobic Respiration2 Types
Alcoholic fermentation
NADH
ethyl alcohol
plants and yeast 2 pyruvates
carbon dioxide
yeast
Used to make wine and beer.
* 2. _______________________:* Occurs in ________
* Starting molecules: _____________
and ______ (from glycolysis)
* Produces: _______________.
*Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________ and ________.
Anaerobic Respiration2 Types
Lactic Acid fermentation
NADH
lactic acid
animals
2 pyruvates
yogurt
cheese
* DURING EXERCISE: breathing ________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration
cannot
*Lactic Acid Fermentation:
* When muscles run out of ________, the cells switch to _________________________.
* Provides your _________ with the energy then needed during exercise.
oxygen
*Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise:
lactic acid fermentationmuscles
* Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are _________________, ______, ________, and __________.
*Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen comes available.
muscle fatigue
*Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise:
pain crampssoreness
*AEROBIC Respiration
*(_____________________________________)oxygen PRESENT
2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP
2 Pyruvates
NADH
FADH2 + NADH
NADH
#1Glycolysis
#2Kreb’s Cycle
#3ETC
Aerobic Respiration
*Aerobic Respiration EQUATION:
________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______6H2O 6CO2 36 ATPC6H12O6 6O2
*ANAEROBIC Respiration
*(_____________________________________)NO oxygen PRESENT
Animals
Plants & Yeast EthylAlcohol
LacticAcid
2 Pyruvates
NADH
2 ATP
Glycolysis
AlcoholicFermentation
Lactic AcidFermentation
Anaerobic Respiration
