Energy- Introduction- Non-renewable- Renewables- Transportation

Energy trivia…• USA has 4.5% of the world’s

population• 25% of world’s commercial energy

• India:– 16.4% of the population– 3% of world’s commercial energy

United States

Total energy consumption

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Energy Sources for Total US Energy Use

• 40% Oil• 22% Coal• 22% Natural Gas• 7% Nuclear• 5% Hydropower, Geothermal, Solar• 4% Biomass

Energy Sources for Transportation Sector

• 98% Oil• 2% Natural Gas and Electricity

(from a variety of sources)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec2_2.pdf

Electricity Energy Source

Nonrenewable and renewable• Nonrenewables

– Oil– Coal– Natural gas– Nuclear

• Renewables– Solar– Wind– Biomass – Geothermal– Hydroelectric

• What is it?• Availability• Cost• Impacts

Oil• Refining through distillation

Oil: Availability

• Peak of oil production expected 2010-2030.– Some say it has already occurred

• World oil economic depletion 2035-84 (27 to 76 years from now)

• BUT: Oil use is growing (18% from 1990-2003)

United States production and consumption

Oil

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Crude oil production

Petroleum consumption

56% imports in 2003

Proven oil reserves at end 2004

• ~2/3 of world’s reserves in the Middle East.

• 20% of world’s reserves in Saudi Arabia.

• 3% in United States

Oil: Maintaining Production?• New Oil Field Finds?

• Oil Shale (or, heavy oil)– costs 75% more than pumped oil– mining waste, low net energy yield

• Tar Sands– severe environmental problems, low net energy

yield• New Technology to Exact more Oil from

Existing Sites?– Some already in place now– Note: world production has increased <10% in

the last two decades

Oil: Consequences

Heidi Snell

Oil spill off the Galapagos Islands 2001

Oil: EvaluationAvailability and cost• Still available and cheap (sort of)

and will be for short-term– probably not for mid-term– definitely not for long-term

Net energy efficiency• HighEnvironmental and other costs• Pollution (air and water)

– carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx

• Political dependence

COAL

http://www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/007/43.html

Coal: What is it?

• Remains of buried swamp plants that have been pressurized over eons.– Largely carbon, with varying

amounts of water and sulfur:– Lignite (brown coal)

• low heat, low sulfur content– Bituminous coal (soft coal)

• high heat, usually high sulfur content– Anthracite (hard coal)

• high heat, low sulfur content

PA electricity generation

Energy use in Ohio

Coal: Supply Expectations• Identified coal reserves:

– last 220 yrs at current rate of use– last only 65 yrs if rate rises 2% per

yr

• Unidentified coal reserves:– last 900 yrs at current rate of use– last 149 yrs if rate rises 2% per yr

MOST ABUNDANT FOSSIL FUEL

Proved coal reserves at end 2004

66% world’s known reserves in :

•United States (24%)•former Soviet Union•China

•US anthracite:•only 2% of total

United States

Production and consumption of coal

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Coal

Coal consumption

Coal: Cost

• Cost– Low– However

• many old coal-burning facilities

• 45% of cost of new plant is environmental compliance

Coal: Environmental Impacts

• Dirtiest fossil fuel

• Mining effects:

• Combustion Effects:

Coal: evaluation• Availability

– High

• Cost– Cheap without environmental controls– Getting more expensive

• Environmental effects– HIGH

Clean coal?? Integrated gasification combined cycle

Natural Gas

Conventional vs Unconventional NG vs Biogas

• found with oil deposits = conventional

• found by itself = unconventional

• gas from biomass of recent origin = biogas– landfills, cows, termites, decomposition– methane

Proven natural gas reserves at end 2004

•40% of known reserves in former Soviet republics•6% of known reserves in US•In 2003 net imports of natural gas were ~15% of gas consumed

Natural gas

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Natural gas

Natural gas consumption

Other uses of natural gas

• Chemical industry– Feedstock for ammonia, methanol,

ethylene

• Energy source

California energy usage

“US Government policy has somehow concluded that natural gas should be the burned fuel of choice. That is something the equivalent of burning rare mahogany rather than common pine.”- Andrew Liveris CEO Dow Chemical

Natural Gas: Availability• At PRESENT rate of use:

– US conventional supplies: 65-80 years– World conventional supplies: 125 years– Unconventional supplies: >200 years

• Rates increasing 2% per year 200 year supply becomes 80 year

supply

Natural Gas: Environmental Impacts• Cleanest of all fossil fuels

Natural Gas:

• Availability:• Cost

– Going up

• Env effects– Clean for a fossil fuel, but still many

issues

Nuclear power

Nuclear fission: how it works

Nuclear power: how it works

Structure of a Nuclear Reactor

Nuclear Fission: Non-Renewable?• Conventional Nuclear Reactors: Splits

uranium-235 • U-235 is just 0.7% of total U supply• U-238 is >99% of world’s U• Availability of U-235: 100-200 years• Other potential nuclear fission

reactors: breeders reactors: could use U-238

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Nuclear power consumption and production

The evolution of nuclear power

• 1961: 1• 1969: 25• 1975: 31• 1979: 20• 1985: 14• 1990: 3

No new plants licensed since 1978

April 9, 1979

Chernobyl, 1986

www.spaceman.ca/gallery/ chernobyl/CHERNOBYL_002

Can nuclear power ever be safe?

http://www.angelfire.com/extreme4/kiddofspeed/chapter11.html

Nuclear waste• Low level waste

– 100-500 y

• High level waste– 100,000 – 240,000 y

• Who has responsibility for waste in US??

Yucca Mountain

Environmental impact

Nuclear energy - evaluation• Availability:

– Short term– Possibly renewable in long term

• Cost– High, though promoted as cheap

• Waste– No known safe storage

• Efficiency– Low

• Safety

Energy: Renewables

Solar: types• Solar heating

– Passive

If in northern hemisphere,

Raystown Field Station

SOLAR: types

Photovoltaics

Solar consumption in USA

Renewables

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Solar

Wind consumption

PV: past and future• Global production increasing: 32% from

2003-2004• Highly encouraged and supported by

government in Japan and Germany• Why not USA?• Future:

– PV roof arrays– PV shingles

OLYMPIC SIZE Site of the 1996 Olympic swimming competitions, Georgia Tech's Aquatic Center is powered by one of the world's largest grid-connected rooftop solar arrays (blue and gray structure).GEORGIA TECH PHOTO

These roof shingles are coated with PV cells made of amorphous silicon. When installation is complete, the PV shingles look much like ordinary roofing shingles, but they generate electricity. http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html

SOLAR: Evaluation

1. Availability

SOLAR: Evaluation (cont.)

CostConsequences

Wind

http://www.vma.cape.com/~relweb/Wind%20Power.htm

http://www.friendsofbruce.ca/images/calif_wind_farm.jpg

California Wind Farm

Proposed off shore wind farm in Cape Cod

Wind: current status

Renewables

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Solar

Wind consumption

Wind: current status• Increased 27% in 2004• Still only 0.4 % US total energy• Significant in some countries:

– Denmark, Northern Germany, parts of Spain

– 20-40% of electrical loads• Still reliable energy grid with no backup

system

Wind: Evaluation1. Availability

Wind: Evaluation1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences

http://www.microclimetrics.com/public.cfm

Great Plains, USA

Biomass: How it works

Solid Biomass

Gas Liquid

Biogas (methane)

Alcohols(methanol,ethanol)Used for transportation(gasohol)New: Biodiesel

Convert

Consumption of biofuel: USA

Biofuel - wood, waste and alcohol (ethanol)

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Biomass: Evaluation1. Availability2. Cost 3. Consequences

* No net increase in CO2

Geothermal: how it works

http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/energy/geothermal/

Geothermal consumption: USA

Renewables

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Solar

Wind consumption

Geothermal1. Availability 2. Cost3. Consequences

Geothermal electricity plant,Imperial Valley, CA

http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoelectricity.html

Hydropower

Hydropower consumption in USA

Renewables

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Conventional hydroelectric

Geothermal

Solar

Wind

Hydropower: DAMS1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences

Glen Canyon Dam

Tidal and wave power

Artist's conception of a wave farm of 750-kW Pelamis wave converters, one of which is being

installed off the coast of Scotland by maker Ocean Power Delivery Ltd.

OCEAN POWER DELIVERY LTD. PHOTOA 125-kW Ocean Power Technologies energy buoy off the coast of Hawaii supplies electricity to a Navy installation.OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES PHOTO

EAST RIVER Six Verdant Power 36-kW tidal turbines are being installed in New York City's East River in a pilot program the company hopes will grow to 300 units.VERDANT POWER PHOTO

                                                                                                

                                                                                        

TIDAL POWER A 300-kW turbine prototype, developed by Marine Current Turbines Ltd., was installed over a year ago in Britain's Bristol Channel to take advantage of the 5-knot tidal flow.MARINE CURRENT TURBINES LTD. PHOTO

Other Energy Choices???

Conservation

1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences

Electricity:YOU have a choice!

http://www.green-e.org/

http://www.resource-solutions.org/lib/librarypdfs/Purchasing_Guide_for_Web.pdf

Average house = $15/mo extra

Fueling our vehicles• Ethanol and biodiesel?• Hybrids?• Hydrogen?

City of San Diego

Ethanol: a renewable biofuel• Energy legislation requires refiners to

blend 7.5 million gal ethanol into gas by 2012 (nearly double current amount)

• Displace >2 billion barrels of imported crude oil

• Distilled from corn or other vegetative material

• Net energy efficiency???– takes 29% more energy to make then ethanol

provides (Patzek – oil background)– 67% energy gain (USDA – corn biased?)– 35% energy gain (Energy Department)

Biodeisel• Biodiesel:

– Generated from soybeans or oilseed plants

– Can be blended with regular diesel and run in any engine

– Still costs more– Use is growing, but

still less than ethanol

Hybrid cars• Hybrid of gas and electric• Why better gas mileage?• How much better?• Honda Civic

– Hybrid: 46 city, 51 highway– Normal: 32 city, 38 highway

• Honda Insight 60 city, 66 highway• Toyota Prius 60 City, 51 highway• Ford Escape SUV, 4 WD

– Hybrid: 33 City, 29 highway– Normal: 21 city, 24 highway

Hydrogen