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Energy Flow Pyramids and Trophic Levels
TROPHIC LEVELS
An organisms trophic (feeding) level is determined
by the organism’s source of energy
There are 3 main trophic levels in a food web. 1. Autotrophs
2. Heterotrophs
3. Saprotrophs
1. AUTOTROPHS:
• Capture energy from the sun (photosynthetic) or inorganic molecules (chemosynthetic) and converts it into usable energy.
• Also known as (AKA) PRODUCERS – produces food (make energy storing
molecules),
• Eg. Plants, algae and some kinds of bacteria
2. HETEROTROPHS- • AKA CONSUMER
– obtains the energy to build their molecules by consuming plants or other organisms
Includes:
– primary,
– secondary,
– tertiary (etc.) consumers, and
– decomposers and detritivores
Saprotrophs
• AKA detritivores and decomposers
• An organism that feeds off of dead or decaying organic matter
• Examples:
– Fungus
– Vultures
DETRITIVORES
• Organisms that eat detritus, or dead organic matter.
– Eg. Earthworm, vulture, crab
DECOMPOSERS • A kind of detritivore
– Break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
• release essential nutrients back into the environment to
be recycled.
– Eg. Fungus
Energy Pyramid Model
• Organisms convert food (glucose) into energy.
• This energy is given off as heat which is lost to space.
• Energy is a one way path. It is not a cycle.
Energy Flow Models:
graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community.
Energy Pyramid Model
• An energy pyramid is a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels.
• As a rule each trophic level receives only 10% from the trophic level below.
• In other words each trophic level loses 90% heat to the atmosphere.
Student Task
• Study the food web and convert it into an energy pyramid model.
• The autotrophs in this food web start off with 123,000 kilojoules of energy and the decomposers are included on the outside of the pyramid.
• Also label the levels with the terms on paper
flowers, grasses (seeds, berries)
Marmot, grouse, butterfly, deer, chipmunk
Red-tailed hawk, grizzly bear, Mushrooms and earthworms
Hawk
Producers autotrophs
Primary Consumer Heterotroph, herbivore
Secondary Consumer Heterotroph, Decomposer, detritivore, carnivore
Carnivore
123,000 kJ
12, 300 kJ
1,230 kJ
123 kJ
Saprotrophs Mushrooms, earthworms
Pyramid of Biomass
• Biomass is the mass of organisms minus water.
• Biomass refers to the amount of carbon and other trace elements an organism’s body contains.
Student Task
• Study the food web below and convert it into a biomass pyramid model.
• The autotrophs in this food web start off with 5,693,112 Kg of biomass and the decomposers are included on the outside of the pyramid.
• Also label the levels with the terms found on your paper
Phytoplankton
cod, krill, zooplankton
Penguin, Leopard seal, squid, cod
Elephant Seal, Killer Whale
Autotrophs, producers
Primary consumer, herbivore, heterotroph
Secondary Consumer, Carnivore, heterotroph
Tertiary Consumer, Heterotroph, Carnivore
5,693,112 kg
569,311 kg
56,931 kg
5,693 kg Whale
Mushrooms, earthworms
Pyramid of Numbers
Illustration of the number of organisms at each level
How can more people be supported on Earth when there is a limited supply of resources?
• It depends on what they are eating.