Electrical Professional

Knowledge

CONTENTS

1. Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Electric current | Concept of E.M.F. and Potential difference | Drift Velocity | Resistance | Conductance

| Conductivity | Ohm’s law | Current and Voltage | Capacitive Voltage Divider | Effect of Temperature

on Resistance | Coulomb’s Law | Relative Permittivity | Electric field | Electric Flux | Gauss Theorem |

Electric Potential.

2. AC Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Alternating voltage and current | R.M.S. or effective value of alternating current and voltage | Form

factor and peak factor | AC Circuit Series Circuit | True power and reactive power | Resonance in AC

circuits | Q-factor | Parallel ac circuit | Parallel Resonance | Three Phase System | Types of Connections

in Three-Phase System | Star Connection | Delta Connection | Power Factor Correction | Transients.

3. Circuit law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Network Terminology | Ideal sources | Dependent Sources | Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law | Kirchhoff’s

Current law | Thevenin’s theorem | Norton’s Theorem | Superposition theorem | Maximum power

transfer theorem | Milliman’s Theorem | Reciprocity Theorem | Compensation theorem | Tellegen’s

Theorem.

4. Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Magnet | Types of artificial magnets | Laws of magnetic force | Magnetic field | Magnetic effect of

electric current | Magnetic flux | Magnetic flux density | Magnetomotive force | Magnetic field intensity

| Reluctance | Absolute and relative permeability | Relation between B and H | Classification of

materials | Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor | Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic

Induction | Lenz’s law | Fleming's Right-Hand Rule | Self-inductance | Co-efficient of self-induction |

Mutual inductance | Coefficient of coupling | Effect of Mutual Induction in Series Connected Inductors

| Effect of Mutual Induction in Parallel Connected Inductors | Biot-Savart law | Ampere’s Circuital law

| B due to Various Current Carrying Conductor Arrangements | Right-hand palm rule | Right-hand grip

rule.

5. Electrical Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Alternator | Classification and operating principle | Classification of Alternator | Operating principle

(Revolving-field type) | Constructional features | Pitch factor | Distribution OR Breadth OR Winding

Factor | E.M.F. Equation | Alternator on load | Parallel operation of Alternators | Requirements for

Paralleling | Two-Reactance Concept For Salient Pole Synchronous Machine | Losses and Efficiency |

Rating of Alternators | Synchronising Current | Power and Torque | hunting of alternators | maximum

power output.

6. Fractional Kilowatt Motors and Single-Phase Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Single-Phase Motors | Types of Single-phase Motors | Single-phase Induction Motors | Double-Field

Revolving Theory | Split-Phase Induction Motor | Capacitor-Start Motor | Capacitor-Start Capacitor-

Run Motor | Shaded-Pole Motor | A. C. Series Motor or Universal Motor | Repulsion Motor | Single-

phase Synchronous Motors | Reluctance Motor | Hysteresis Motor.

7. Measurement and measuring instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Types of Electrical Instruments | Indicating instruments | Integrating instruments | Recording

instruments | Principles of Operation of Electrical Instruments | Ammeters and Voltmeters |

Permanent-Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters) | Range Extension

of PMMC Instruments | Dynamometer Type Instruments | Induction Type Instruments | Dynamometer

Wattmeter | Single phase Induction Watthour Meter | AC & DC bridges | AC bridges for measurement

of C | AC bridges for measurement of L | AC bridges for measurement of ‘f’ | Oscilloscope | Cathode Ray

Tube | Lissajous Patterns in CRO for Measurement of Phase & Frequency | Measurement Error | Types

of Errors in Measurement | Accuracy & Precision.

8. Generation | Transmission and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Generation of Electrical Energy | Sources of Energy | Generating Stations | Steam Power station

(Thermal Station) | Important Components of Steam Power Station | Hydro-Electric Power Station |

Schematic Arrangement of Hydro-electric Power Station | Diesel Power Station | Nuclear Power

Station | Load Curves | Connected load | Maximum demand | Demand factor | Average load | Load factor

| Diversity factor | Economics of Power Generation | Cost of Electrical Energy | Expressions of cost of

Electrical Energy | Methods of Determining Depreciation | Straight line method | Diminishing value

method | Sinking fund method | Importance of High Load Factor | Tariff | Simple tariff | Flat rate tariff

| Block rate tariff | Two-part tariff | Maximum demand tariff | Power factor tariff | Three-part tariff |

Power Factor | Power Triangle | Calculations of power Factor Correction | Power Factor Improvement

Equipment.

Comparison of D.C and A.C Transmission | D.C. transmission | A.C. transmission | Advantages of High

transmission Voltages | Limitations of high transmission voltage.

Switchgear | Switchgear Equipment | Fuses | Circuit breakers | Relays | Bus-bar Arrangements | Arc

voltage | Re-striking voltage | Recovery voltage | Classification of Circuit Breakers | Oil circuit breakers

| Air-blast circuit breakers | Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers | Vacuum circuit breakers | Oil

Circuit breakers | Air-Blast Circuit Breakers | Sulphur Hexafluoride (sf6) Circuit Breakers | Vacuum

Circuit Breakers (VCB) | Circuit Breaker Ratings | Breaking capacity | Making capacity | Short-time

rating | Desirable Characteristics of Fuse Element | Fuse Element Materials | Important Terms | Pre-

arcing time | Arcing time | Total operating time | Breaking capacity | Types of Fuses | Protective Relays

| Basic Relays | Electromagnetic attraction relays | Induction relays | Relay Timing | Instantaneous

relay | Inverse-time relay | Definite time lag relay | Functional Relay Types | Protection of alternator |

transformer | busbar | Protection of Alternators | Failure of prime-mover | Failure of field |

Overcurrent | Overspeed | Over-voltage | Unbalanced loading | Stator winding faults | Differential

Protection of Alternators | Protection of Transformers | Common transformer faults | Protection

System for Transformers | Buchholz devices | Earth-fault relays | Overcurrent relays | Differential

system | Combined leakage and Overload Protection | Busbar Protection | Differential protection |

Fault Bus protection | Protection of Lines | Time-graded Overcurrent Protection | Radial feeder |

Parallel feeders | Ring main system | Differential Pilot-wire Protection | Distance Protection | Causes

of Over voltages | Harmful Effects of Lightning | Protection Against Lightning.

9. Utilization of Electrical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Illumination Theory | Plane angle (θ) | Solid angle (ω) | Relation between Plane angle (θ) and solid

angle (ω) | Luminous flux (ϕ) | Lumen | Candela power | Illumination | Lux | Luminous Intensity | Mean

Horizontal Candle Power (M.H.C.P.) | Mean Spherical Candle Power (M.S.C.P) | Mean Hemi-Spherical

Candle Power | Lamp Efficiency | Space -height Ratio | Utilization Factor | Solid Angle | Law of Inverse

Squares | Lambert's Cosine Law | Arc lamps | Carbon arc lamp | Flame arc lamp | Magnetic arc lamp |

Incandescent lamps | Gas filled lamps | Gaseous discharge lamps | Sodium vapour lamp | High pressure

mercury vapour lamp | Neon lamp | discharge lamp | fluorescent lamp (low-pressure mercury vapor

lamp | Direct lighting | Semi-direct lighting | Semi-indirect lighting | Indirect lighting | General

reflection | Illumination level | Uniformity of illumination | Color of light | Shadows | Glare | mounting

height | spacing of luminaires | Color of surrounding walls | Watt per square meter method | Lumen or

light flux method | Point to point or Inverse-square law method.

10. Estimation and costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

IE Rules | Voltage classification (IE rule-1956) | Types of Electrical Wiring | Tee system or Joint box

system | Loop-in system | Cleat Wiring | Batten Wiring | Casing and Capping Wiring | Lead Sheathed

Wiring | Conduit Wiring | Surface Conduit Wiring | Concealed Conduit Wiring | Metallic Conduit |

Earthing system | Components of Earthing System.

11. Basic Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Semiconductor | Properties of Semiconductors | Effect of Temperature on Semiconductors |

CONDUCTORS SEMI CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS | Intrinsic Semiconductor | Extrinsic

Semiconductor | n-type Semiconductor | p-type Semiconductor | PN junction | Biasing the pn junction

| Volt-Ampere Characteristics of pn junction | Peak inverse voltage (PIV) | Semiconductor Diode |

Resistance of Crystal Diode | Crystal Diode Equivalent Circuits | Crystal Diode as a Rectifier | Zener

Diode | Light-Emitting Diode (LED) | Photo-diode | Tunnel Diode | Varactor Diode | Transistors |

Naming the Transistor Terminals | Transistor Action | Transistor Currents | Transistor Connections |

common base (CB) connection | common emitter (CE) connection | common collector (CC) connection

| field effect transistor (FET) | Boolean Algebra.

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