Alanna Morton Instructor: Malcolm Campbell UWRT 1103 Due: April 6th, 2015

IQ at its Highest: Schizophrenia The debate on whether or not schizotypal individual is considered to be genius is a huge controversy. What is the connection between schizophrenia and genius? A stigma

associated with schizophrenia is that those with the disease are insane. Insanity is defined

as the state of being severely mentally ill. People tend to generally think of anyone with a

mental disease as having defects, but instead we should think and understand in depth

both the pros and cons of the particular sickness that is being referred to, such as

schizophrenia. There is a very fine line between schizophrenia and genius. This major

debate takes into consideration the biology of the brain, the creative aspects of thinking,

and the personality and actions of a person. Whether we consider schizophrenia to be a

disease or a blessing will affect the population of those who have schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia has been proven to have both negative and positive effects on the

individual. It is just a matter of which is more dominant: the negative or positive effects?

Which treatment is most effective? What is the percentage of people with schizophrenia

capable of ignoring the altered reality associated with the disease? And if schizophrenics

have several cognitive impairments then why are they so gifted in the area of creativity?

I am going to propose the evidence to prove that there is a correlation between

schizophrenia and genius.

What is the brain up to?

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Alanna Morton 4/16/2015 4:03 PMDeleted: In fact, schizotypal individuals are believed to correlate more with genius than insanity because certain forms of psychopathology are said to profoundly affect the neural substrates for rule-based thought that can significantly influence the quantity of creative production (SOURCE 2).

Schizophrenia is defined as a brain disorder which people interpret reality

abnormally. Individuals with the disease show affected enlarged ventricles in the brain

seen in CAT scans. A recent theoretical proposal has highlighted the potential competing

interactions between prefrontal and subcortical brain systems that determine the

appropriate level of cognitive control filtering over bottom-up information for optimal

task performance. (Ramey) In other words, this proves that there is a stigma with

schizophrenia that involves people believing that schizotypal individuals only experience

negative symptoms. Schizophrenics experience cognitive deficits and impairments of the

emotional drive, hallucinations, and delusions. In fact, it has been found that this form of

psychopathology that profoundly affects the neural substrates for rule-based thought in

the brain can drastically influence the quantity of creative production. In the current

edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a German-

American team of researchers, with the cooperation of the Goethe University, reports that

a selective dopamine midbrain population that is crucial for emotional and cognitive

processing shows reduced electrical in vivo activity in a disease mouse model.

(Frankfurt) This means that from a study performed on mice, researchers were able to see

an increased amount of dopamine in the midbrain, which affects emotional and cognitive

behavior in schizophrenics. Their brain may appear differently on the screen and they

may act differently at times than those without the disease, but they are capable as being

just as in control of their actions. It depends on the current chemistry going on in their

brain and the medication being used by the individual to determine the will power they

struggle to win over to fight all of the false reality that they face. In a sense,

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schizophrenics have stronger will power because they can ignore the abnormal reality

their brain has stirred up into becoming reality.

Schizotypal Individuals CAN Ignore the Altered Reality

In the 2001 movie, Beautiful Mind, directed by Ron Howard and produced by

Howard and Brian Grazer, the infamous case of the mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr.

is captured as he undergoes the many problems encountered with the mental illness

schizophrenia, all the while captivating the divide between the notions of genius and

madness. The directors tremendously succeed in depicting the relationships among the

concepts of genius, madness, and alternate reality conceptualization, all of which Nash

faces throughout his life. Nashs mind divides into conscious genius and latent madness.

To counterweigh his self-inflicted social isolation and need to succeed, he appears to

unconsciously access his inactive madness and proceeds to create a false reality to give

him the steadiness he needs to give full control to his creative thoughts. He had a burden,

which included a lot of stress for the need to be and to achieve something of significance.

This drove him to embrace his inherent madness to continue functioning at a high level of

mental awareness. Here we can very clearly see the correlation between schizophrenia

and genius because Nash is a living example. He embraced his mental illness and fought

off the abnormal reality and used it to engage in his mathematical thought process. As

Russell, B. (1996). The Conquest of Happiness said, One of the symptoms of an

approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that ones work is terribly important (61)

(Griffith) This describes Nashs predicament because in accessing his madness he

increased his intelligence by allowing him to achieve an alternate conceptualization of

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reality, even though it also slowly diminished his connection to reality. He was

eventually able to even overcome these struggles in the absence of medicine or any

treatment.

HELP: What do the Treatments Involve?

Some treatments are more affective than others when it comes to schizophrenia.

While severe psychotic states of schizophrenia have been successfully treated with

psycho-pharmaceutical drugs for decades, cognitive scarcities and lack of motivation

dont respond well to standard drug therapy. This means that an schizotypal individual

with a major lack of emotion is unresponsive or unchanged after receiving psycho-

pharmaceutical drugs. They are more likely to behave more sanely, however their

emotional drive and responsiveness will decrease. This is a central problem because as

the long-term diagnosis of a patient is usually determined by the severity of the negative

symptoms. Consequently, the shortened average life span of about 25 years for

schizophrenia patients remained largely unaltered in recent decades. (Frankfurt) "In

order to develop new therapy strategies we need an improved neurobiological

understanding of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia," explains Prof. Roeper of the

Institute for Neurophysiology of the Goethe University. (Frankfurt)

The Best: Atypical or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs

An experiment was conducted where twenty-six patients (13 men, 13 women)

with schizophrenia were recruited from a long-term chronic care inpatient facility and

divided into two groups on the basis of their current medications in between-subjects

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design. More specifically, the medications included thirteen patients (six men and seven

women) receiving clozapine (N=5), olanzapine (N=6), or risperidone (N=2). They were

compared to another group of thirteen patients (seven men and six women) receiving

conventional neuroleptic medications. This was conducted to further describe the effects

of atypical antipsychotic medications compared to conventional antipsychotic

medications on schizophrenic patients and to which one was more effective. It was found

that atypical antipsychotic medications effectively treat schizophrenics more efficiently

than psychotic medications. This research concluded patient groups did not differ on

clinical or demographic measures. The results support the researchers hypothesis that

patients treated with atypical antipsychotic medications have normal P50 measures of

sensory gating. To clarify, P50 suppressions are used to study cognitive and intellectual

dysfunction. It is an operational measure of sensory gating that can be calculated by

averaging electroencephalographic responses to many pairs of auditory clicks separated

by 500 milliseconds. Usually, the second click is smaller than the response to the first

click. The researchers used this information to determine which patients, based on their

P50 suppressions, should be treated with either of the two antipsychotic drugs. It was

determined that atypical antipsychotic medications have a greater efficiency in treating

cognitive symptoms.

Whats going on in Your Prefrontal Cortex? (SOURCE 4 SOMEWHERE)

Professors at Goethe University performed a study with lab mice in order to

research the detected typical impairment in working memory with corresponding

neurochemical changes in dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. This would mainly prove

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and show the likeliness of occurrence of schizophrenia in an individual during treatment,

such as think processes like working memory. They were able to show, by using single

cell recordings in the intact brain of mice, that dopamine midbrain neurons are

responsible for emotional and cognitive processing. They displayed altered patterns and

frequencies of electrical activity. In contrast, contiguous dopamine neurons, which are

involved in the process of motor control, were not affected. Schizophrenics brain activity

is obviously different in comparison to someone without the mental illness. An

schizotypal individual thinks differently, rather they think more complexly. They

interpret and see things differently than the average person, mostly because of their

negative symptoms including hallucinations and delusions. This is why the average

schizophrenic has a higher likeliness of accessibility to creativeness.

Lets Determine the Severity

Gifted in Creativity More than you Could Imagine The five most prevalent types of schizophrenia (dis- organized, catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated, paranoid schizophrenia) are said to be in about 40% of those with the disease. (Griffith) The author takes all of these types and compares them to the result of the effected schizophrenics level of creativity and intelligence as a result of the disease. It is found to be much higher in comparison with those who do not have the disease. The author presents that the link between genius and madness dates back more than 2,000 years and continues

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to the present. In fact, the emphasis in psychological research began to change from genius to creativity and giftedness. (Griffith) Ironically, individuals with mental illness exhibit more creative abilities than

those without them. Patients with schizophrenia marked by psychotic features are shown

to exhibit significant disruptions in the front parietal control network. These

neurocognitive abnormalities in forms of psychopathology may extend periods of

hallucinations in the patients, thus, altering dramatically the quantity of creative output

by increasing the generative phase of creative production. (Ramey) I acknowledge the

concept that there is evidence of serious methodological limitations, correlational designs, and problematically unidirectional interpretations for those with schizophrenia.

However, schizotypal individuals are believed to correlate more with genius than insanity

because certain forms of psychopathology are said to profoundly affect the neural

substrates for rule-based thought that can significantly influence the quantity of creative

production. (Ramey)

However, the more output of the individual the more likeliness there is to be a higher

quality of creativity. With creativity comes madness. If every creative individual thought

exactly the same as the next then there would be no creativity at all. To be unique we

must think outside of the box. An altered reality, although considered a negative

symptom of schizophrenia, can also morph itself into a positive symptom. There is a

correlation between schizophrenia and genius, and that is just it: the schizotypal

individual can be genius.

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Works Cited Page

Franfurt, George. Goethe University. "Schizophrenia: Impaired activity of the selective

dopamine neurons." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 19 Feb. 2015.

Web.

7 Mar. 2015.

Griffith, Mary Bess. Alternate Reality Conceptualization: Venturing Along the Fine

Line Between Genius and Madness. Issues in mental health nursing, 2011;

32(10): 624-31. Web. 12 Feb. 2015

Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., Clementz, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Braff, D. L. Normal P50

Suppression in Schizophrenia Patients Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic

Medications. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 157 Issue 5, May

2000, pp. 767-771

Ramey, Christopher H. Not in their right mind: the relation of psychopathology to the

quantity and quality of creative thought. Frontiers in psychology, 2014; 5: 835.

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Deleted: Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., Clementz, B. A., Clementz, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Braff, D. L. Normal P50 Suppression in Schizophrenia Patients Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 157 Issue 5, May 2000, pp. 767-771Alanna Morton 4/16/2015 4:47 PMDeleted: Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., Clementz, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Braff, D. L. Normal P50 Suppression in Schizophrenia Patients Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 157 Issue 5, May 2000, pp. 767-771