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Effective Presentations. D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD Emeritus Professor Biomechanics, Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Contents. Effective presentations should consist of five parts. Introduction Background/Theory/Review of Literature Methods - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Effective PresentationsEffective Presentations
D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD
Emeritus Professor
Biomechanics, Laboratory,
School of Human Kinetics,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD
Emeritus Professor
Biomechanics, Laboratory,
School of Human Kinetics,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Contents
Effective presentations should consist of five parts.
1. Introduction2. Background/Theory/Review of
Literature3. Methods4. Results & Discussion5. Conclusions/Future
Directions
Introduction
• Must answer the question why is/was this research conducted or necessary
• Includes purpose of the study
• Hypothesis(es) being tested
• Short and long term objectives may be identified
• What is the “question”?
Background
• Includes “essential” review of the literature
• Should include basis (thesis) for any hypotheses
• Keep it brief
• Theoretical framework may be presented if necessary
Methods
• Sample size and population described−give statistical power, if known
• Show figure of experimental setup
• Outline of methods, refer to literature if possible
• Describe experimental protocol
• In a proposal include statistical methods, in a defense save these for results and discussion
• Another researcher should be able to duplicate study from description
Results
• Consists of tables, figures and descriptive statistics
• Be sure to include all relevant labels and units of measure
• Identify any codes or abbreviations used in figures and tables
• Point out most significant results (only a few if there are time constraints)
Discussion
• Interpret the results in light of the objectives and hypotheses outlined in the Introduction
• Presumably you can answer the question(s) posed in the Introduction
• Present and interpret the major statistical findings especially any “significant differences”
• Relate your study to the existing literature
Conclusions
• List the most important statistically significant findings
• Any statement must be supported by the data you collected
• Do not extrapolate your findings
• Avoid weak statements (may, might, seems, etc.)
• Use affirmative language and active verbs
• Should answer the “question”
Visual Presentation
The following slides show various good and bad layouts.
Too Many Figures and Cluttered Placement• Instrumentation
in Biomechanics– Photocells and
timers
– Videography
– Electromyographs
– Accelerometers
Slightly Better
• Instrumentation in Biomechanics
– Photocells and timers
– Videography
– Electromyographs
– Accelerometers
Keep Graphics toMaximum of Four or Five
Delsys electrodes Mega system
Noraxon systemBortec system
Too Cluttered?
EMG cables
Force platform
Cine or Video camera
Control points
Keyboard
Monitor Subject
Trial number
Better
EMG cables
Force platform
Cine or Video camera
Too Many Levels of Bullets
• Angular position– Protractor– Goniometer
» Manual» Electrical» Photo-optical
• Linear acceleration– Accelerometry
» Strain-gauge» Piezoelectric» Piezoresistive
• Calibrated• Uncalibrated
– Videography» VHS» Beta» CCD Miniature
accelerometers
Manual goniometer
Better
• Linear position– Ruler, tape measure, optical
• Angular position– Protractor, inclinometer,
goniometer
• Linear acceleration– Accelerometry, videography
• Angular acceleration– Videography
Miniature accelerometers
Manual goniometer
Too Much Text and Fonts Too Small
Podiatric clinicians suggest that FHL can result in slight disruptions of the inverted pendulum's centre of gravity (CoG) through the sagittal plane (Winter, 1995; Dananberg, 1986, 1993). According to clinicians, FHL leads to compensatory postural changes such as a forward lean to restore the pendulum (Figure 3). Clinicians suggest this FHL compensatory action may be a contributor to low back pain.
The podiatric community uses custom foot orthoses (CFO) with the Kinetic Wedge modification (Langer) to improve MTP joint function and gait posture of individuals with FHL (Figure 5).
The Kinetic Wedge was designed to place the first ray in a greater plantar flexed position and the proximal phalanx more dorsiflexed relative to the first metatarsal. Clinicians believed that the limitation of the joint is bypassed with the joint at this initial position, thereby increasing the ability of the first MTP joint to dorsiflex (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Compensatory forward lean
About Right?
Causes of motion
• Forces and moments of force
• Work, energy and power
• Impulse and momentum
• Inverse Dynamics derives forces and moments from kinematics and body segment parameters (mass, centre of gravity, and moment of inertia)
Background Too Complex and Too Distracting
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Better but stillToo Distracting
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Use a Simple Background and Maintain Throughout
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Background can beDark or Light
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Transitions should be Simple and Consistent
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Use a Different Transition for Effect but Sparingly
• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)
Keep the Fonts Simple(presentation computer may not have
your font installed)
•Female subject•Laboratory walkway• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Many Presentations use San Serif Only
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Others use San Serif for body butSerif for Headings
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Use Text Colours for Emphasis(One or Two, Three is Maximum)
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Use Colour Coordinated TemplatesHigh Contrast (Text/Background)
{not like this one}
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Textbooks use Sans Serif (e.g., Arial) for Titles, Serif (e.g., Times) for Text
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Proper Font Size is Important(24 to 32 points, Below are 18 and 14)
• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS = contralateral foot-strike
• CTO = contralateral toe-off
Should be Approximately One Slide per Minute
• The use of dual slide projectors (now uncommon) is NOT recommended.
• If used, make sure there are two slides for each transition, otherwise you may get out of synchrony.
35mm Slides
• It is advisable to number your slides to ensure correct ordering and to permit quick loading.
• Use of “thumbprints” are recommended to ensure that slides are projected correctly.
• Slides go in projector upside down.
• Thumbprints don’t actually appear in the slide.
35
Clipart
• Text only presentations are boring.
• Clipart adds interest but can be distracting.
• Don’t use too many–one or two.
Tables and Histograms
• Tables should be used to summarize numerical data.
• Histograms can be used if there are too few numbers for a table.
Table Too Detailed
Subject Trial
Subject Height
(cm)Sampling Rate (Hz)
Stride Length
(cm)
Stride Length/ Height
First ITO (#) IFS (#)
Example 0 183.00 60.00 100.00 0.55 1 37Subject 2 Trial 1 73.00 60.00 30.90 0.42 2 21(2 Month) Trial 2 73.00 60.00 26.30 0.36 2 25
Trial 4 73.00 60.00 34.20 0.47 3 16Trial 6,1 73.00 60.00 34.20 0.47 7 19Trial 6,3 73.00 60.00 24.30 0.33 7 19Trial 9,1 73.00 60.00 38.50 0.53 5 21Trial 9,3 73.00 60.00 32.90 0.45 6 24Trial 10 73.00 60.00 38.10 0.52 6 21Trial 11 73.00 60.00 38.40 0.53 2 20Trial 13,3 73.00 60.00 36.00 0.49 5 20Trial 16 73.00 60.00 38.50 0.53 6 24
Average SL/H 0.46Subject 3 Trial 1 84.00 60.00 53.00 0.63 4 14(7 Month) Trial 2, 1 84.00 60.00 59.90 0.71 1 16Run Trial 2, 3 84.00 60.00 62.60 0.75 4 18Run Trial 3 84.00 60.00 60.50 0.72 2 15Run Trial 5 84.00 60.00 62.80 0.75 4 17Run Trial 6 84.00 60.00 58.90 0.70 5 19Run Trial 10 84.00 60.00 53.70 0.64 7 21Run Trial 12 84.00 60.00 65.90 0.78 1 15Run Trial 13 84.00 60.00 48.00 0.57 3 16Run Trial 15 84.00 60.00 60.20 0.72 3 15Run Trial 17 84.00 60.00 55.70 0.66 3 17
Still Too Many and Difficult to Read
Table 3: Average absolute power method results for trained runners. Subject Mass Speed Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (kg) (m/s) (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 52.0 5.72 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 59.1 7.12 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 49.1 5.74 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 61.7 6.41 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 65.8 6.33 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 57.5 6.26 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0
Still Too Many but Readable
Table 3: Average absolute power method results for trained runners. Subject Mass Speed Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (kg) (m/s) (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 52.0 5.72 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 59.1 7.12 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 49.1 5.74 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 61.7 6.41 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 65.8 6.33 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 57.5 6.26 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0
About Right or Less?
Table 3: Average absolute powers for trained runners. Subject Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0
Keep Number of Bars Small
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East
West
North
Background Box Helps
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East
West
North
Time
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Flexion
Extension
Flexors
Extensors
Concentric
Eccentric
H1H3
H2
Keep Figures Big
Including Text Focuses Your Audience
• Positive work by flexors to swing leg
• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh
• Negative work by flexors to control extension
Time
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Flexion
Extension
Flexors
Extensors
Concentric
Eccentric
H1H3
H2
Colours Help to Distinguish Different Items in Figures
• Positive work by flexors to swing leg
• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh
• Negative work by flexors to control extension
Time
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Flexion
Extension
Flexors
Extensors
Concentric
Eccentric
H1H3
H2
Include Labels and Units in Figures and Tables
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)
-200
-100
0
100
-100
0
100
-10
0
10
P
ow
er
(W)
Mo
me
nt
(N.m
)
A
ng
. V
el.
(ra
d/s
)
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Flexion
Extension
Flexors
Extensors
Concentric
Eccentric
• Positive work by flexors to swing leg
• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh
• Negative work by flexors to control extension
H1H3
H2
PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and Multimedia)
• Bulleted text can be sequenced.
• So can other elements such as figures, tables and arrows.
• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must be in separate windows and grouped.
• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for each element to appear.
5
PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and Multimedia)
• Bulleted text can be sequenced.
• So can other elements such as figures, tables and arrows.
• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must be in separate windows and grouped.
• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for each element to appear.
5
• Don’t use too many effects, unless there is a good reason.
Ungrouped Elements Require Extra Mouse Clicks
• Dorsiflexors produce dorsiflexion during swing• Plantar flexors control dorsiflexion
• Large burst of power by plantar flexors for push-off
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)
-200
-100
0
100
-100
0
100
-10
0
10
P
ow
er
(W)
Mo
me
nt
(N.m
)
A
ng
. V
el.
(ra
d/s
)
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexors
Plantar flexors
Concentric
Eccentric A1
A2
Grouped Elements are More Efficient
• Negative work by extensors to control flexion at push-off
• Burst of power to cushion landing
• Negative work by flexors to control extension prior to foot-strike
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)
-200
-100
0
100
-100
0
100
-10
0
10
P
ow
er
(W)
M
om
en
t (N
.m)
A
ng
. V
el.
(ra
d/s
)
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Extension
Flexion
Extensors
Flexors
Concentric
EccentricK1
K2
K3K4
Be Sure to Test the Animation Thoroughly
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)
-200
-100
0
100
-100
0
100
-10
0
10
P
ow
er
(W)
Mo
me
nt
(N.m
)
A
ng
. V
el.
(ra
d/s
)
Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower
CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO
Flexion
Extension
Flexors
Extensors
Concentric
Eccentric
• Positive work by flexors to swing leg
• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh
• Negative work by flexors to control extension
H1H3
H2
Multimedia Items Add Interest but Create Large Files
• Be sure the file is included with your presentation
• Zip disks, CD-ROMs and USB (Pen) drives can hold large files
• Keep the clip short and allow continuous play
Avoid Too Many Types of Media
• Video
• Overheads
• Handouts
• Slides
• Computer projections
• Chalkboards
• Whiteboards
PowerPointMovement Keyboard Shortcuts
• F1 = help with shortcut
• Esc = end show
• Home = first slide
• End = last slide
• N, Up, Right, PageUp, Spacebar, Enter or LeftMouse = forward one slide
• P, Down, Left, PageDown, Backspace = backward one slide
• number and Enter = go to slide number
Other Keyboard Shortcuts
• Right Mouse click = menu
• A = hide/show arrow
• B = black screen
• W = white screen
• Ctrl-A = activate arrow
• Ctrl-P = activate pen
• Ctrl-H = hide pen or arrow
• E = erase pen drawings
Questions?
Answers?
Comments?