55
Effective Presentations D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD Emeritus Professor Biomechanics, Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Effective Presentations

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Effective Presentations. D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD Emeritus Professor Biomechanics, Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Contents. Effective presentations should consist of five parts. Introduction Background/Theory/Review of Literature Methods - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: Effective Presentations

Effective PresentationsEffective Presentations

D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD

Emeritus Professor

Biomechanics, Laboratory,

School of Human Kinetics,

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD

Emeritus Professor

Biomechanics, Laboratory,

School of Human Kinetics,

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Page 2: Effective Presentations

Contents

Effective presentations should consist of five parts.

1. Introduction2. Background/Theory/Review of

Literature3. Methods4. Results & Discussion5. Conclusions/Future

Directions

Page 3: Effective Presentations

Introduction

• Must answer the question why is/was this research conducted or necessary

• Includes purpose of the study

• Hypothesis(es) being tested

• Short and long term objectives may be identified

• What is the “question”?

Page 4: Effective Presentations

Background

• Includes “essential” review of the literature

• Should include basis (thesis) for any hypotheses

• Keep it brief

• Theoretical framework may be presented if necessary

Page 5: Effective Presentations

Methods

• Sample size and population described−give statistical power, if known

• Show figure of experimental setup

• Outline of methods, refer to literature if possible

• Describe experimental protocol

• In a proposal include statistical methods, in a defense save these for results and discussion

• Another researcher should be able to duplicate study from description

Page 6: Effective Presentations

Results

• Consists of tables, figures and descriptive statistics

• Be sure to include all relevant labels and units of measure

• Identify any codes or abbreviations used in figures and tables

• Point out most significant results (only a few if there are time constraints)

Page 7: Effective Presentations

Discussion

• Interpret the results in light of the objectives and hypotheses outlined in the Introduction

• Presumably you can answer the question(s) posed in the Introduction

• Present and interpret the major statistical findings especially any “significant differences”

• Relate your study to the existing literature

Page 8: Effective Presentations

Conclusions

• List the most important statistically significant findings

• Any statement must be supported by the data you collected

• Do not extrapolate your findings

• Avoid weak statements (may, might, seems, etc.)

• Use affirmative language and active verbs

• Should answer the “question”

Page 9: Effective Presentations

Visual Presentation

The following slides show various good and bad layouts.

Page 10: Effective Presentations

Too Many Figures and Cluttered Placement• Instrumentation

in Biomechanics– Photocells and

timers

– Videography

– Electromyographs

– Accelerometers

Page 11: Effective Presentations

Slightly Better

• Instrumentation in Biomechanics

– Photocells and timers

– Videography

– Electromyographs

– Accelerometers

Page 12: Effective Presentations

Keep Graphics toMaximum of Four or Five

Delsys electrodes Mega system

Noraxon systemBortec system

Page 13: Effective Presentations

Too Cluttered?

EMG cables

Force platform

Cine or Video camera

Control points

Keyboard

Monitor Subject

Trial number

Page 14: Effective Presentations

Better

EMG cables

Force platform

Cine or Video camera

Page 15: Effective Presentations

Too Many Levels of Bullets

• Angular position– Protractor– Goniometer

» Manual» Electrical» Photo-optical

• Linear acceleration– Accelerometry

» Strain-gauge» Piezoelectric» Piezoresistive

• Calibrated• Uncalibrated

– Videography» VHS» Beta» CCD Miniature

accelerometers

Manual goniometer

Page 16: Effective Presentations

Better

• Linear position– Ruler, tape measure, optical

• Angular position– Protractor, inclinometer,

goniometer

• Linear acceleration– Accelerometry, videography

• Angular acceleration– Videography

Miniature accelerometers

Manual goniometer

Page 17: Effective Presentations

Too Much Text and Fonts Too Small

Podiatric clinicians suggest that FHL can result in slight disruptions of the inverted pendulum's centre of gravity (CoG) through the sagittal plane (Winter, 1995; Dananberg, 1986, 1993). According to clinicians, FHL leads to compensatory postural changes such as a forward lean to restore the pendulum (Figure 3). Clinicians suggest this FHL compensatory action may be a contributor to low back pain.

The podiatric community uses custom foot orthoses (CFO) with the Kinetic Wedge modification (Langer) to improve MTP joint function and gait posture of individuals with FHL (Figure 5).

The Kinetic Wedge was designed to place the first ray in a greater plantar flexed position and the proximal phalanx more dorsiflexed relative to the first metatarsal. Clinicians believed that the limitation of the joint is bypassed with the joint at this initial position, thereby increasing the ability of the first MTP joint to dorsiflex (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Compensatory forward lean

Page 18: Effective Presentations

About Right?

Causes of motion

• Forces and moments of force

• Work, energy and power

• Impulse and momentum

• Inverse Dynamics derives forces and moments from kinematics and body segment parameters (mass, centre of gravity, and moment of inertia)

Page 19: Effective Presentations

Background Too Complex and Too Distracting

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 20: Effective Presentations

Better but stillToo Distracting

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 21: Effective Presentations

Use a Simple Background and Maintain Throughout

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 22: Effective Presentations

Background can beDark or Light

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 23: Effective Presentations

Transitions should be Simple and Consistent

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 24: Effective Presentations

Use a Different Transition for Effect but Sparingly

• Weight (W)

• Ground reaction force (Fg)

Page 25: Effective Presentations

Keep the Fonts Simple(presentation computer may not have

your font installed)

•Female subject•Laboratory walkway• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 26: Effective Presentations

Many Presentations use San Serif Only

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 27: Effective Presentations

Others use San Serif for body butSerif for Headings

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 28: Effective Presentations

Use Text Colours for Emphasis(One or Two, Three is Maximum)

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 29: Effective Presentations

Use Colour Coordinated TemplatesHigh Contrast (Text/Background)

{not like this one}

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 30: Effective Presentations

Textbooks use Sans Serif (e.g., Arial) for Titles, Serif (e.g., Times) for Text

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)

• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 31: Effective Presentations

Proper Font Size is Important(24 to 32 points, Below are 18 and 14)

• Female subject

• Laboratory walkway

• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)• IFS = ipsilateral foot-strike

• ITO = ipsilateral toe-off

• CFS = contralateral foot-strike

• CTO = contralateral toe-off

Page 32: Effective Presentations

Should be Approximately One Slide per Minute

• The use of dual slide projectors (now uncommon) is NOT recommended.

• If used, make sure there are two slides for each transition, otherwise you may get out of synchrony.

Page 33: Effective Presentations

35mm Slides

• It is advisable to number your slides to ensure correct ordering and to permit quick loading.

• Use of “thumbprints” are recommended to ensure that slides are projected correctly.

• Slides go in projector upside down.

• Thumbprints don’t actually appear in the slide.

35

Page 34: Effective Presentations

Clipart

• Text only presentations are boring.

• Clipart adds interest but can be distracting.

• Don’t use too many–one or two.

Page 35: Effective Presentations

Tables and Histograms

• Tables should be used to summarize numerical data.

• Histograms can be used if there are too few numbers for a table.

Page 36: Effective Presentations

Table Too Detailed

Subject Trial

Subject Height

(cm)Sampling Rate (Hz)

Stride Length

(cm)

Stride Length/ Height

First ITO (#) IFS (#)

Example 0 183.00 60.00 100.00 0.55 1 37Subject 2 Trial 1 73.00 60.00 30.90 0.42 2 21(2 Month) Trial 2 73.00 60.00 26.30 0.36 2 25

Trial 4 73.00 60.00 34.20 0.47 3 16Trial 6,1 73.00 60.00 34.20 0.47 7 19Trial 6,3 73.00 60.00 24.30 0.33 7 19Trial 9,1 73.00 60.00 38.50 0.53 5 21Trial 9,3 73.00 60.00 32.90 0.45 6 24Trial 10 73.00 60.00 38.10 0.52 6 21Trial 11 73.00 60.00 38.40 0.53 2 20Trial 13,3 73.00 60.00 36.00 0.49 5 20Trial 16 73.00 60.00 38.50 0.53 6 24

Average SL/H 0.46Subject 3 Trial 1 84.00 60.00 53.00 0.63 4 14(7 Month) Trial 2, 1 84.00 60.00 59.90 0.71 1 16Run Trial 2, 3 84.00 60.00 62.60 0.75 4 18Run Trial 3 84.00 60.00 60.50 0.72 2 15Run Trial 5 84.00 60.00 62.80 0.75 4 17Run Trial 6 84.00 60.00 58.90 0.70 5 19Run Trial 10 84.00 60.00 53.70 0.64 7 21Run Trial 12 84.00 60.00 65.90 0.78 1 15Run Trial 13 84.00 60.00 48.00 0.57 3 16Run Trial 15 84.00 60.00 60.20 0.72 3 15Run Trial 17 84.00 60.00 55.70 0.66 3 17

Page 37: Effective Presentations

Still Too Many and Difficult to Read

Table 3: Average absolute power method results for trained runners. Subject Mass Speed Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (kg) (m/s) (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 52.0 5.72 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 59.1 7.12 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 49.1 5.74 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 61.7 6.41 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 65.8 6.33 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 57.5 6.26 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0

Page 38: Effective Presentations

Still Too Many but Readable

Table 3: Average absolute power method results for trained runners. Subject Mass Speed Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (kg) (m/s) (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 52.0 5.72 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 59.1 7.12 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 49.1 5.74 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 61.7 6.41 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 65.8 6.33 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 57.5 6.26 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0

Page 39: Effective Presentations

About Right or Less?

Table 3: Average absolute powers for trained runners. Subject Int. Work Int.Work/Mass Locomotor Cost C.V Trials (J ) (J /kg) (J /kg)/(m/s) (%) RNDS 356.0 6.85 1.21 7.8 RNAO 602.9 10.44 1.43 8.1 RNVW 384.5 7.83 1.36 4.6 RNLH 638.8 11.05 1.72 16.4 RNHO 467.1 7.10 1.12 14.2 AVG. 506.1 8.75 1.39 19.0

Page 40: Effective Presentations

Keep Number of Bars Small

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East

West

North

Page 41: Effective Presentations

Background Box Helps

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East

West

North

Page 42: Effective Presentations

Time

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Flexion

Extension

Flexors

Extensors

Concentric

Eccentric

H1H3

H2

Keep Figures Big

Page 43: Effective Presentations

Including Text Focuses Your Audience

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

Time

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Flexion

Extension

Flexors

Extensors

Concentric

Eccentric

H1H3

H2

Page 44: Effective Presentations

Colours Help to Distinguish Different Items in Figures

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

Time

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Flexion

Extension

Flexors

Extensors

Concentric

Eccentric

H1H3

H2

Page 45: Effective Presentations

Include Labels and Units in Figures and Tables

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)

-200

-100

0

100

-100

0

100

-10

0

10

P

ow

er

(W)

Mo

me

nt

(N.m

)

A

ng

. V

el.

(ra

d/s

)

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Flexion

Extension

Flexors

Extensors

Concentric

Eccentric

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

H1H3

H2

Page 46: Effective Presentations

PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and Multimedia)

• Bulleted text can be sequenced.

• So can other elements such as figures, tables and arrows.

• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must be in separate windows and grouped.

• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for each element to appear.

5

Page 47: Effective Presentations

PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and Multimedia)

• Bulleted text can be sequenced.

• So can other elements such as figures, tables and arrows.

• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must be in separate windows and grouped.

• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for each element to appear.

5

• Don’t use too many effects, unless there is a good reason.

Page 48: Effective Presentations

Ungrouped Elements Require Extra Mouse Clicks

• Dorsiflexors produce dorsiflexion during swing• Plantar flexors control dorsiflexion

• Large burst of power by plantar flexors for push-off

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)

-200

-100

0

100

-100

0

100

-10

0

10

P

ow

er

(W)

Mo

me

nt

(N.m

)

A

ng

. V

el.

(ra

d/s

)

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Dorsiflexors

Plantar flexors

Concentric

Eccentric A1

A2

Page 49: Effective Presentations

Grouped Elements are More Efficient

• Negative work by extensors to control flexion at push-off

• Burst of power to cushion landing

• Negative work by flexors to control extension prior to foot-strike

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)

-200

-100

0

100

-100

0

100

-10

0

10

P

ow

er

(W)

M

om

en

t (N

.m)

A

ng

. V

el.

(ra

d/s

)

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Extension

Flexion

Extensors

Flexors

Concentric

EccentricK1

K2

K3K4

Page 50: Effective Presentations

Be Sure to Test the Animation Thoroughly

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (s)

-200

-100

0

100

-100

0

100

-10

0

10

P

ow

er

(W)

Mo

me

nt

(N.m

)

A

ng

. V

el.

(ra

d/s

)

Trial: 2SFN3Ang. velocityMomentPower

CFS ITO IFS CTO CFS ITO

Flexion

Extension

Flexors

Extensors

Concentric

Eccentric

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

H1H3

H2

Page 51: Effective Presentations

Multimedia Items Add Interest but Create Large Files

• Be sure the file is included with your presentation

• Zip disks, CD-ROMs and USB (Pen) drives can hold large files

• Keep the clip short and allow continuous play

Page 52: Effective Presentations

Avoid Too Many Types of Media

• Video

• Overheads

• Handouts

• Slides

• Computer projections

• Chalkboards

• Whiteboards

Page 53: Effective Presentations

PowerPointMovement Keyboard Shortcuts

• F1 = help with shortcut

• Esc = end show

• Home = first slide

• End = last slide

• N, Up, Right, PageUp, Spacebar, Enter or LeftMouse = forward one slide

• P, Down, Left, PageDown, Backspace = backward one slide

• number and Enter = go to slide number

Page 54: Effective Presentations

Other Keyboard Shortcuts

• Right Mouse click = menu

• A = hide/show arrow

• B = black screen

• W = white screen

• Ctrl-A = activate arrow

• Ctrl-P = activate pen

• Ctrl-H = hide pen or arrow

• E = erase pen drawings

Page 55: Effective Presentations

Questions?

Answers?

Comments?